168:
644:
144:
758:. This saucer-shaped organ is attached to the oral sucker in some Trematodes and other parasitic worms. This allows for parasitic worms to attach to their host by penetrating the host’s tissue with spines lining the acetabulum organ. In trematodes, the oral sucker is linked to the pharynx via a canal composed of meridional, equatorial, and radial muscle fibers. Together, the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus form the foregut in Trematodes.
991:. This infects the first intermediate host in one of two ways, either active or passive transmission. The first host is normally a mollusk. a) Active transmission has adapted for dispersal in space as a free swimming ciliated miracidium with adaptations for recognizing and penetrating the first intermediate host. b) Passive transmission has adapted for dispersal in time and infects the first intermediate host contained within the egg.
36:
1044:
snail. The miracidium develops into the sporocyst, which is a sac-like structure, and in this sac the larvae begin to develop. The cells multiply. The rediae and cercariae develop from the larvae which are then released and encyst as metacercariae, for instance on aquatic plants. Humans as well as larger sea creatures get infected when they eat these plants.
1097:
The soldiers are not evenly distributed throughout the host body. They’re found in the highest numbers in the basal visceral mass, where competing trematodes tend to multiply during the early phase of infection. This strategic positioning allows them to effectively defend against invaders, similar to
1110:
Trematodes can cause disease in many types of vertebrates, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish. Cattle and sheep can become infected by eating contaminated food. These infections lead to a reduction in milk or meat production, which can be of significant economic importance to the livestock
1043:
The first stage is the miracidium that is triangular in shape and covered by a ciliated ectoderm which is the outermost layer of the three germ layers. The epidermis and epidemic tissues of the parasite will develop from the miracidium. They also have an anterior spin which helps them drill into the
1059:
Like other flukes, the liver flukes need intermediate hosts and as a result, the transmission from animals to humans happens in three phases. The first phase is the infection of the snail (the first intermediate host) via feces. They complete their gestation and hatch as cercariae. They leave their
1082:
Soldiers are smaller, more mobile, and develop along a different pathway than sexually mature reproductives. One big difference is their mouthparts (pharynx), which are five times as big as those of the reproductives. They make up nearly a quarter of the volume of the soldier. These soldiers don’t
750:
Body wall musculature: Formed of three different muscle layers: circular, longitudinal, and diagonal. The outermost layer is formed by the circular muscle fibers, directly behind that are the longitudinal muscle fibers. The inner layer is formed by the diagonal muscle fibers. Together these muscle
881:
Trematodes have a very complex life cycle and depending on what taxa they belong to, their life cycles can be completed with as little as one host compared to the typical three hosts. When there is one host, this is normally a specific species of snail of the family
Lymnaeidae. Almost all
1078:
involving a colony of them creating a class of sterile soldiers. One fluke invades a host and establishes a colony of dozens to thousands of clones that work together to take it over. Since rival trematode species will might also invade and replace them, a specialized caste of sterile soldier
1055:
Liver flukes, one of the different species, are responsible for causing liver fluke disease which is also known as fasciolosis. They are hermaphroditic internal parasites. They are caused by the migration of a large number of immature flukes through the liver passageway or by adult flukes that
1101:
They "appear to be an obligately sterile physical caste, akin to that of the most advanced social insects". Reflecting on their use for understanding the evolution of animal social castes, one review commented, "trematodes are a lineage for sociobiologists to keep a careful watch on!"
579:, the oriental lung fluke. Lung flukes require three different hosts in order to complete their life cycle. The first intermediate host is a snail, the second intermediate host is a crab or crayfish, and the definitive host for lung flukes is an animal or human host.
831:(the common external opening of the male and female reproductive systems). The location of the ovary varies among different species, making the female reproductive system useful in species identification. At the base of the oviduct is a copulatory duct — termed
1060:
snail hosts and infect fish who are their second intermediate host. Lastly, larger animals ingest the metacercariae in raw and undercooked fish. In humans or grazing animals, the metacercariae complete their life cycle and become full grown liver flukes.
962:
and it forms a central body in the snail's digestive gland that extends into a brood sac in the snail's head, muscular foot and eye-stalks. It is in the central body of the sporocyst where the parasite replicates itself, producing many tiny embryos
651:
Trematodes are flattened oval or worm-like animals, usually no more than a few centimeters in length, although species as small as 1 millimetre (0.039 in) are known. Their most distinctive external feature is the presence of two
1028:
are adapted for dispersal in space and exhibit a large variety in morphology. They are adapted to recognize and penetrate the second intermediate host, and contain behavioral and physiological adaptations not present in earlier life
979:
Trematodes have a large variation of forms throughout their life cycles. Individual trematode parasites life cycles may vary from this list. They have five larval stages along with the cystic and fully matured adult phases.
447:(the larval forms of trematodes) penetrate the skin. Any contact with water containing these cercariae can potentially result in infection. Adult blood flukes can live for years in human or animal
1654:"Gross anatomy of the musculature and a new description of the reproductive system of Tanaisia bragai and Tanaisia inopina (Trematoda: Eucotylidae) analysed by confocal laser scanning microscopy"
1086:
Soldiers are readily distinguished from the immature and mature reproductive worms. Soldiers are more aggressive than reproductives, attacking heterospecific trematodes that infect their host
954:. The adult parasite in the bird's gut produces eggs and these eventually end up on the ground in the bird's feces. Some eggs may be swallowed by a snail and hatch into larvae (
1745:
Metz, Daniel C. G.; Hechinger, Ryan F. (30 July 2024). "The physical soldier caste of an invasive, human-infecting flatworm is morphologically extreme and obligately sterile".
778:(have both a male and female sex). Blood flukes are unique in the way that they can undergo both asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction occurs in the
1589:
1334:
Antoni, S.; Ferlay, J.; Soerjomataram, I.; Znaor, A.; Jemal, A.; Bray, F. (2017). "Bladder Cancer incidence and mortality: A global overview and recent trends".
1122:. Humans can be infected by trematodes by immersion in or ingestion of contaminated water, or by consuming raw or undercooked contaminated animals or plants.
863:, the ducts of which also open into the ootype. From the ootype, the fertilized egg then travels back into the uterus, and is ultimately released from the
731:
run down the length of the body. The nerve cords running along the ventral surface are always the largest, while the dorsal cords are present only in the
909:
In the definitive host, in which sexual reproduction occurs, eggs are commonly shed along with host feces. Eggs shed in water release free-swimming
3178:
2290:
3767:
3793:
3099:
1687:
476:
1428:
Hughes T, O'Connor T, Techasen A, Namwat N, Loilome W, Andrews RH, Khuntikeo N, Yongvanit P, Sithithaworn P, Taylor-Robinson SD (2017).
988:
306:. Infection by trematodes can cause disease in all five traditional vertebrate classes: mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and fish.
1033:
1025:
689:, which occupy most of the length of the body. In some species, the caeca are themselves branched. As in other flatworms, there is no
1434:
1970:
809:. The male reproductive system varies considerably in structure between species; this can be very useful in species identification.
3741:
3219:
3780:
3161:
1997:
849:(the dilated distal part of the oviduct), where fertilization occurs. The ootype is connected via a pair of ducts to a number of
786:, which serves as an intermediate host. Sexual reproduction occurs later in the life cycle, in the definitive (vertebrate) host.
1010:
1935:
1114:
Human trematode infections are most common in Asia, Africa and Latin
America. However, trematodes can be found anywhere where
1726:
1697:
1302:
1239:
1211:
712:, with those on each side of the body opening into a collecting duct. The two collecting ducts typically meet up at a single
1593:
1056:
migrate to the bile ducts. Liver flukes infect all grazing animals and infect humans when they eat raw or undercooked fish.
3870:
3785:
845:(the dilated proximal end of the oviduct). Sperm cells travel from the seminal vesicles through the uterus to reach the
100:
72:
3092:
1633:
119:
3832:
3720:
3502:
995:
886:
as the first host in the life cycle, and most have a complex life cycle involving other hosts. Most trematodes are
1592:. Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 13 October 2010. Archived from
3798:
3733:
79:
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When they infect humans, it can take 3–4 months for the metacercariae to mature into adult flukes and lay eggs.
3558:
3224:
3183:
984:
Trematodes are released from the definitive host as eggs, which have evolved to withstand the harsh environment
653:
57:
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in those species that inhabit the gut of larger animals. It is also the surface of gas exchange; there are no
3563:
3543:
3497:
3470:
3341:
3173:
1886:
1800:
Richards, Miriam H. (10 September 2024). "Social evolution and reproductive castes in trematode parasites".
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1990:
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inhabit the blood in some stages of their life cycle. Blood flukes that cause disease in humans include
3507:
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876:
53:
17:
167:
68:
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3512:
3047:
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have a germinal mass, can’t metamorphose to be reproductive, and are, therefore, obligately sterile.
930:
3837:
1534:"Paragonimiasis diagnosed by CT-guided transthoracic lung biopsy: Literature review and case report"
3573:
3139:
3053:
2134:
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1847:
1154:
517:
488:
411:
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755:
624:
405:
379:
46:
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3309:
3188:
2888:
2669:
2522:
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2207:
2198:
2174:
1983:
1161:
is effective in the treatment of all diseases caused by flukes (clonorchiasis, dicrocoeliasis,
608:
575:
547:
423:
1369:
Khurana S, Dubey ML, Malla N (April 2005). "Association of parasitic infections and cancers".
440:
3819:
3476:
3316:
3194:
3123:
2755:
2298:
2179:
2060:
1714:
614:
583:
541:
460:
417:
287:
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1975:
1206:. Systematics Association Special Volume. Vol. 60 (1 ed.). CRC. pp. 168–185.
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2848:
2674:
2648:
2630:
2400:
1754:
918:
914:
895:
342:. Aspidogastrea is the smaller subclass, comprising 61 species. These flukes mainly infect
295:
1407:
890:
and alternately reproduce sexually and asexually. The two main exceptions to this are the
677:
The mouth is located at the forward end of the animal, and opens into a muscular, pumping
334:
There are 18,000 to 24,000 known species of trematodes, divided into two subclasses — the
8:
3628:
3366:
3256:
3230:
3060:
3035:
2962:
2615:
2564:
2139:
2120:
2066:
2055:
1003:
754:
Oral sucker and acetabulum: In some species of
Trematoda, such as T. bragai, there is an
716:, opening to the exterior through one or two pores near the posterior end of the animal.
663:
602:
523:
511:
435:
429:
1758:
793:, though some species may have more. The testes are located posterior and dorsal to the
3860:
3261:
3199:
2921:
2907:
2827:
2799:
2779:
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2609:
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162:
93:
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2006:
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how soldier distribution patterns are seen in other animals with defensive castes.
958:). These larvae grow and take on a sac-like appearance. This stage is known as the
899:
802:
783:
701:
314:
Trematodes are commonly referred to as flukes. This term can be traced back to the
3642:
1960:
1013:
also forms inside the snail first intermediate host and feeds through a developed
857:. After the egg is surrounded by yolk, its shell is formed from the secretions of
3655:
3383:
3330:
3206:
2821:
2767:
2681:
2419:
2369:
2364:
2262:
2247:
2186:
2085:
1430:"Opisthorchiasis and cholangiocarcinoma in Southeast Asia: an unresolved problem"
1347:
1182:
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1142:
1138:
798:
709:
597:
587:
468:
394:
263:
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924:
A species that exemplifies the remarkable life history of the trematodes is the
559:
are carcinogenic parasites that are strongly associated with the development of
3728:
3715:
3553:
3241:
3155:
2913:
2876:
2807:
2622:
2601:
2570:
2528:
2407:
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854:
779:
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291:
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3613:
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2387:
2375:
2126:
2010:
1821:
1774:
1557:
1312:
1134:
891:
767:
732:
643:
492:
350:. Digenea — which comprise the majority of trematodes — are found in certain
335:
240:
224:
1901:
1813:
1766:
1256:"A Checklist of the Aspidogastrea (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) of the World"
3433:
3377:
3040:
2996:
2892:
2785:
2660:
2231:
1917:
1833:
1786:
1575:
1532:
Cong, Cung-Van; Anh, Tran-Thi Tuan; Ly, Tran-Thi; Duc, Nguyen Minh (2022).
1518:
1467:
1390:
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produces biflagellate sperm (sperm with two tails). Sperm is stored in the
740:
736:
480:
367:
347:
1965:
3754:
3622:
3439:
3278:
3149:
3027:
3012:
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2735:
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2695:
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2513:
2495:
2462:
2448:
2240:
2166:
2111:
2046:
1686:
Bogitsh, Burton J.; Carter, Clint E.; Oeltmann, Thomas N. (28 May 2018).
1448:
1408:"IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans"
1162:
1146:
1130:
1075:
1017:. Either the rediae or the sporocyst develops into the cercariae through
566:
506:
498:
399:
389:
374:
315:
1039:
The adult is the fully developed form which infects the definitive host.
656:, one close to the mouth, and the other on the underside of the animal.
3533:
3413:
3134:
2932:
2854:
2839:
2595:
2554:
1499:
1119:
1115:
955:
887:
682:
355:
303:
283:
209:
155:
3759:
1902:"Treatment of Egyptian dicrocoeliasis in man and animals with Mirazid"
1036:
are an adapted cystic form dormant in the secondary intermediate host.
366:
Flukes that cause disease in humans are often classified based on the
3702:
3568:
3548:
3538:
3452:
3401:
3296:
2540:
2383:
999:
903:
660:
502:
179:
143:
3584:
35:
3746:
3707:
3607:
3290:
2981:
2862:
2740:
2689:
2504:
2018:
1628:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 230–235.
968:
943:
935:
883:
790:
724:
569:: there are ten species of lung flukes that infect humans, causing
444:
351:
343:
323:
319:
267:
199:
3144:
2578:
2320:
1481:
Kaewpitoon N, Kaewpitoon SJ, Pengsaa P, Sripa B (February 2008).
1014:
998:
forms inside the snail first intermediate host and feeds through
947:
824:
744:
713:
678:
339:
302:. The definitive host, where the flukes sexually reproduce, is a
247:
1480:
1427:
1289:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 766.
3481:
3352:
838:
821:
817:
775:
686:
189:
1333:
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2005:
951:
910:
813:
720:
700:
occurs mostly through the tegument, trematodes do possess an
573:. Of these, the most common cause of human paragonimiasis is
299:
1483:"Opisthorchis viverrini: the carcinogenic human liver fluke"
1887:"CDC - Paragonimiasis - Resources for Health Professionals"
939:
925:
690:
1201:
1094:
soldiers do not attack conspecifics from other colonies.
693:, and waste material must be egested through the mouth.
967:). These embryos move to the brood sac and mature into
917:
that are infective to the intermediate host, in which
761:
1934:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
1685:
727:
in the head region, from which two or three pairs of
647:
Various trematodes, from 1911 Encyclopædia
Britannica
509:
in certain mammalian and avian species. They include
493:
Group 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans) carcinogen
1202:
Littlewood D T J; Bray R. A. (2000). "The
Digenea".
154:, a giant digenean parasite from the intestine of a
751:fibers form the segmented body wall of trematodes.
361:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1899:
1226:
789:The male reproductive system usually includes two
1900:Massoud, A.; Morsy, T. A.; Haridy, F. M. (2003).
1623:
1368:
659:The body surface of trematodes comprises a tough
3852:
770:, as are many internal parasites. Blood flukes (
3107:
1906:Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology
1873:"Triclabendazole: MedlinePlus Drug Information"
1802:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1747:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1220:
812:The female reproductive system consists of one
743:species do possess one or two pairs of simple
475:in humans. This organism is classified by the
3093:
1991:
1744:
1283:Toledo, Rafael; Fried, Bernard, eds. (2014).
1149:, and may also be useful in the treatment of
987:Released from the egg which hatches into the
1717:. In Toledo, Rafael; Fried, Bernard (eds.).
1712:
1531:
735:. Trematodes generally lack any specialized
1713:Peoples, Robert C.; Fried, Bernard (2014).
1282:
946:multiplies (intermediate host) are various
805:, which are connected to the testes by the
774:) are the only form of trematodes that are
477:International Agency for Research on Cancer
459:are of particular importance, as these are
3100:
3086:
2494:
1998:
1984:
827:. The uterus opens to the exterior at the
142:
1565:
1508:
1498:
1457:
1447:
1435:International Journal of General Medicine
1204:Interrelationships of the Platyhelminthes
974:
704:, which is instead mainly concerned with
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1924:
1799:
1195:
1050:
642:
471:, is among the most important causes of
1740:
1738:
1706:
1651:
1181:, opisthorchiasis, paragonimiasis, and
481:Group 1 (extensively proven) carcinogen
14:
3853:
1402:
1400:
1248:
487:is associated with the development of
3589:
3588:
3220:Photobacterium damselae ssp piscicida
3179:Hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis
3081:
1979:
1938:from the original on 20 December 2016
1681:
1679:
1647:
1645:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
934:. The definitive hosts, in which the
841:are released from the ovary into the
3734:562d78d2-41fd-45f8-a87a-247720028791
1793:
1735:
1278:
1276:
681:. The pharynx connects, via a short
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1652:D’ávila, Sthefane (18 March 2010).
1582:
1397:
762:Reproductive system of blood flukes
24:
1715:"Form and function in the Digenea"
1676:
1642:
1608:
1474:
837:— which is analogous to a vagina.
294:. The intermediate host, in which
25:
3882:
1954:
1487:World Journal of Gastroenterology
1273:
938:reproduces, are various woodland
3503:Diseases and parasites in salmon
1848:"Foodborne trematode infections"
1670:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00393.x
1079:trematodes protects the colony.
362:Trematodes of medical importance
166:
34:
1893:
1879:
1865:
1840:
1525:
942:, while the hosts in which the
708:. This consists of two or more
443:, humans are infected when the
322:, and refers to the flattened,
45:needs additional citations for
3559:Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning
3184:Infectious pancreatic necrosis
1421:
1362:
1327:
1063:
870:
666:, which helps protect against
582:Intestinal flukes inhabit the
13:
1:
3564:Paralytic shellfish poisoning
3544:Diarrheal shellfish poisoning
3498:Diseases and parasites in cod
3471:Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae
3342:Epizootic ulcerative syndrome
1383:10.1016/S0300-483X(01)00357-2
1188:
1105:
685:, to one or two blind-ending
634:(which cause heterophyiasis).
387:, and seven species of genus
2457:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
1721:. Springer. pp. 14–15.
1348:10.1016/j.eururo.2016.06.010
1234:. Smithsonian. p. 216.
1125:
309:
27:Class of parasitic flatworms
7:
3871:Taxa named by Karl Rudolphi
3529:Amnesic shellfish poisoning
3109:Fish diseases and parasites
2794:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
2443:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
1550:10.1016/j.radcr.2022.02.046
329:
10:
3887:
3508:Disease in ornamental fish
1624:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
1068:One species of tremtaoda,
877:Trematode lifecycle stages
874:
816:connected to an elongated
696:Although the excretion of
638:
501:are commonly found within
370:they infect. For example:
3597:
3521:
3513:List of aquarium diseases
3490:
3270:
3115:
3048:Capillaria philippinensis
3011:
2980:
2971:Halicephalobus gingivalis
2942:Strongyloides stercoralis
2931:
2838:
2734:
2706:
2659:
2548:
2539:
2512:
2503:
2481:
2418:
2334:
2319:
2230:
2197:
2110:
2045:
2030:
2017:
1295:10.1007/978-1-4939-0915-5
931:Leucochloridium paradoxum
491:, and is classified as a
237:
232:
163:Scientific classification
161:
150:
141:
136:
3574:Scombroid food poisoning
3054:Intestinal capillariasis
2135:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
561:cancer of the bile ducts
518:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
326:shape of the organisms.
3459:Sphaerothecum destruens
3447:Schistocephalus solidus
3391:Lernaeocera branchialis
3237:Spring viraemia of carp
3041:Trichuriasis / Whipworm
2991:Enterobius vermicularis
2772:Cutaneous larva migrans
2345:Echinococcus granulosus
2285:Heterophyes heterophyes
2271:Gastrodiscoides hominis
2094:Trichobilharzia regenti
1814:10.1073/pnas.2414228121
1767:10.1073/pnas.2400953121
1230:; Serge Morand (2005).
1145:is often used to treat
625:Heterophyes heterophyes
380:Trichobilharzia regenti
290:requiring at least two
3420:Nanophyetus salmincola
3310:Clinostomum marginatum
3162:Hematopoietic necrosis
3130:Nervous necrosis virus
2889:Visceral larva migrans
2670:Gnathostoma spinigerum
2523:Dracunculus medinensis
2429:Diphyllobothrium latum
2208:Paragonimus westermani
2175:Opisthorchis viverrini
1538:Radiology Case Reports
1371:Indian J Med Microbiol
975:Life cycle adaptations
723:consists of a pair of
648:
609:Metagonimus takahashii
576:Paragonimus westermani
548:Opisthorchis viverrini
461:carcinogenic parasites
3820:Paleobiology Database
3317:Dactylogyrus vastator
3195:Mycobacterium marinum
3124:Aeromonas salmonicida
2756:Ancylostoma duodenale
2299:Metagonimus yokogawai
1232:Parasite Biodiversity
1133:can be used to treat
1116:untreated human waste
1051:Example: liver flukes
646:
615:Metagonimus yokogawai
542:Opisthorchis felineus
298:occurs, is usually a
3729:Fauna Europaea (new)
3465:Swim bladder disease
3427:Pseudorhabdosynochus
3408:Myxobolus cerebralis
3360:Gyrodactylus salaris
3285:Amoebic gill disease
3214:Pfiesteria piscicida
3168:Heterosigma akashiwo
3022:Trichinella spiralis
2849:Ascaris lumbricoides
2649:Lymphatic filariasis
2631:Wuchereria bancrofti
1719:Digenetic Trematodes
1626:Invertebrate Zoology
1449:10.2147/IJGM.S133292
1286:Digenetic Trematodes
919:asexual reproduction
896:asexual reproduction
766:Most trematodes are
467:, which infects the
296:asexual reproduction
54:improve this article
3367:Henneguya zschokkei
3231:Streptococcus iniae
3036:Trichuris trichiura
2963:Trichostrongyliasis
2565:Onchocerca volvulus
2121:Clonorchis sinensis
2056:Schistosoma mansoni
2037:Trematode infection
1808:(37): e2414228121.
1759:2024PNAS..12100953M
1753:(31): e2400953121.
1596:on 16 December 2013
603:Metagonimus miyatai
524:Dicrocoelium hospes
512:Clonorchis sinensis
3866:Protostome classes
3200:Aquarium granuloma
2922:Parascaris equorum
2908:Dioctophyme renale
2828:Oesophagostomiasis
2800:Angiostrongyliasis
2780:Necator americanus
2750:Hookworm infection
2610:Dirofilaria repens
2435:Diphyllobothriasis
2326:Tapeworm infection
2257:Fasciolopsis buski
1889:. 3 December 2021.
1692:. Academic Press.
1689:Human Parasitology
1500:10.3748/wjg.14.666
1171:gastrodiscoidiasis
1071:Haplorchis pumilio
882:trematodes infect
672:respiratory organs
649:
631:Heterophyes nocens
593:Fasciolopsis buski
530:Fasciola gigantica
152:Botulus microporus
3848:
3847:
3807:Open Tree of Life
3591:Taxon identifiers
3582:
3581:
3303:Ceratomyxa shasta
3075:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3007:
3006:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2351:E. multilocularis
2315:
2314:
2155:Fasciola hepatica
2007:Parasitic disease
1728:978-1-4939-0915-5
1699:978-0-12-813713-0
1304:978-1-4939-0914-8
1241:978-1-58834-170-9
1213:978-0-7484-0903-7
1090:. Interestingly,
698:nitrogenous waste
668:digestive enzymes
536:Fasciola hepatica
257:
256:
251:
244:
228:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3878:
3841:
3840:
3828:
3827:
3815:
3814:
3802:
3801:
3789:
3788:
3776:
3775:
3763:
3762:
3750:
3749:
3737:
3736:
3724:
3723:
3711:
3710:
3698:
3697:
3685:
3684:
3672:
3671:
3659:
3658:
3646:
3645:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3586:
3585:
3373:Ich (freshwater)
3337:Eustrongylidosis
3324:Diphyllobothrium
3189:Koi herpes virus
3174:Hole in the head
3140:Enteric redmouth
3102:
3095:
3088:
3079:
3078:
2956:Trichostrongylus
2948:Strongyloidiasis
2814:Metastrongylosis
2546:
2545:
2510:
2509:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2491:
2396:Hymenolepis nana
2332:
2331:
2232:Intestinal fluke
2043:
2042:
2028:
2027:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1828: 11406270.
1797:
1791:
1790:
1781: 11295071.
1742:
1733:
1732:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1649:
1640:
1639:
1621:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1590:"Paragonimiasis"
1586:
1580:
1579:
1569:
1544:(5): 1591–1597.
1529:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1502:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1461:
1451:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1404:
1395:
1394:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1336:European Urology
1331:
1325:
1324:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1199:
894:, which have no
803:seminal vesicles
784:freshwater snail
739:, although some
702:excretory system
590:. These include
250:
243:
223:
171:
170:
146:
134:
133:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3836:
3831:
3823:
3818:
3810:
3805:
3797:
3792:
3784:
3779:
3771:
3766:
3758:
3753:
3745:
3740:
3732:
3727:
3719:
3714:
3706:
3701:
3693:
3688:
3680:
3675:
3667:
3662:
3654:
3649:
3641:
3636:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3593:
3583:
3578:
3517:
3486:
3384:Kudoa thyrsites
3331:Cymothoa exigua
3266:
3207:Novirhabdovirus
3111:
3106:
3076:
3067:
3003:
2976:
2927:
2834:
2822:Oesophagostomum
2768:Ancylostomiasis
2738:
2722:
2702:
2682:Gnathostomiasis
2655:
2552:
2535:
2486:
2483:
2469:
2420:Pseudophyllidea
2414:
2365:Taenia saginata
2323:
2311:
2263:Fasciolopsiasis
2248:Echinostomiasis
2226:
2193:
2187:Opisthorchiasis
2106:
2086:Schistosomiasis
2080:S. intercalatum
2034:
2032:Fluke/trematode
2023:
2020:
2013:
2004:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1898:
1894:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1798:
1794:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1684:
1677:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1622:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1530:
1526:
1479:
1475:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1367:
1363:
1332:
1328:
1305:
1281:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1260:www.biotaxa.org
1254:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1183:schistosomiasis
1169:, fasciolosis,
1167:fasciolopsiasis
1163:echinostomiasis
1143:Triclabendazole
1139:opisthorchiasis
1128:
1108:
1066:
1053:
977:
879:
873:
851:vitelline ducts
799:Spermatogenesis
764:
641:
598:fasciolopsiasis
588:small intestine
469:urinary bladder
449:reservoir hosts
441:definitive host
412:S. intercalatum
395:schistosomiasis
383:, which causes
364:
332:
312:
286:with a complex
222:
200:Platyhelminthes
165:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3884:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3829:
3816:
3803:
3790:
3777:
3764:
3751:
3738:
3725:
3716:Fauna Europaea
3712:
3699:
3686:
3673:
3660:
3647:
3634:
3619:
3603:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3554:Marine viruses
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3522:Related topics
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3467:
3462:
3455:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3431:
3423:
3416:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3294:
3287:
3282:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3242:Taura syndrome
3239:
3234:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3164:
3159:
3156:Flavobacterium
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3082:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3044:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3017:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2937:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2914:Dioctophymosis
2904:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2877:Toxocara canis
2873:
2872:
2871:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2808:Metastrongylus
2804:
2803:
2802:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2762:A. braziliense
2752:
2746:
2744:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2665:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2623:Dirofilariasis
2613:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2602:Mansonelliasis
2592:
2591:
2590:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2571:Onchocerciasis
2560:
2558:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2529:Dracunculiasis
2518:
2516:
2507:
2498:
2489:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2408:Hymenolepiasis
2392:
2391:
2390:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2357:Echinococcosis
2340:
2338:
2336:Cyclophyllidea
2329:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2305:Metagonimiasis
2295:
2294:
2293:
2291:Heterophyiasis
2281:
2280:
2279:
2277:Amphistomiasis
2267:
2266:
2265:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2220:Paragonimiasis
2203:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2147:Dicrocoeliasis
2131:
2130:
2129:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2100:Swimmer's itch
2090:
2089:
2088:
2074:S. haematobium
2051:
2049:
2040:
2025:
2015:
2014:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1955:External links
1953:
1950:
1949:
1932:"Praziquantel"
1923:
1912:(2): 437–442.
1892:
1878:
1864:
1839:
1792:
1734:
1727:
1705:
1698:
1675:
1664:(2): 139–149.
1658:Acta Zoologica
1641:
1634:
1607:
1581:
1524:
1473:
1420:
1396:
1361:
1326:
1303:
1272:
1247:
1240:
1228:Poulin, Robert
1219:
1212:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1179:metagonimiasis
1175:heterophyiasis
1155:dicrocoeliasis
1151:paragonimiasis
1127:
1124:
1107:
1104:
1074:, has evolved
1065:
1062:
1052:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1030:
1022:
1007:
992:
985:
976:
973:
875:Main article:
872:
869:
865:genital atrium
860:Mehlis' glands
834:Laurer's canal
795:ventral sucker
780:hepatopancreas
768:hermaphrodites
763:
760:
710:protonephridia
706:osmoregulation
640:
637:
636:
635:
620:metagonimiasis
596:(which causes
580:
571:paragonimiasis
564:
496:
473:bladder cancer
465:S. haematobium
453:S. haematobium
385:swimmer's itch
363:
360:
331:
328:
311:
308:
255:
254:
253:
252:
245:
235:
234:
230:
229:
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
159:
158:
148:
147:
139:
138:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3883:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:Microsporidia
3395:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3225:Salmon anemia
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3010:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2901:Baylisascaris
2898:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2637:Brugia malayi
2633:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2480:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2388:Cysticercosis
2385:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2214:P. kellicotti
2210:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2127:Clonorchiasis
2125:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2021:platyhelminth
2016:
2012:
2011:helminthiases
2008:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1888:
1882:
1874:
1868:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1739:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1680:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1635:0-03-056747-5
1631:
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1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1493:(5): 666–74.
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1424:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1342:(1): 96–108.
1341:
1337:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1277:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:clonorchiasis
1132:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1061:
1057:
1048:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1034:metacercariae
1031:
1027:
1023:
1021:in the snail.
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
990:
986:
983:
982:
981:
972:
970:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
932:
927:
922:
920:
916:
912:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
892:Aspidogastrea
889:
885:
878:
868:
866:
862:
861:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
835:
830:
826:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
759:
757:
752:
748:
746:
742:
741:ectoparasitic
738:
734:
733:Aspidogastrea
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
662:
657:
655:
645:
633:
632:
627:
626:
621:
618:(which cause
617:
616:
611:
610:
605:
604:
599:
595:
594:
589:
585:
581:
578:
577:
572:
568:
565:
562:
558:
554:
550:
549:
544:
543:
538:
537:
532:
531:
526:
525:
520:
519:
514:
513:
508:
505:, liver, and
504:
500:
497:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:
432:
431:
426:
425:
424:S. malayensis
420:
419:
414:
413:
408:
407:
406:S.haematobium
402:
401:
400:S. guineensis
396:
392:
391:
386:
382:
381:
376:
373:
372:
371:
369:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:Aspidogastrea
327:
325:
321:
317:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
249:
246:
242:
241:Aspidogastrea
239:
238:
236:
231:
226:
221:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
169:
164:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
135:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3598:
3469:
3457:
3445:
3438:
3425:
3418:
3406:
3389:
3382:
3378:Ich (marine)
3365:
3358:
3351:
3346:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3289:
3277:
3229:
3212:
3205:
3193:
3166:
3154:
3122:
3061:
3046:
3034:
3020:
2997:Enterobiasis
2989:
2969:
2955:
2940:
2920:
2906:
2899:
2893:Toxocariasis
2882:
2875:
2861:
2847:
2820:
2806:
2792:
2786:Necatoriasis
2778:
2761:
2754:
2715:
2688:
2675:
2668:
2661:Thelazioidea
2642:
2635:
2629:
2616:
2608:
2594:
2585:
2577:
2563:
2521:
2455:
2441:
2428:
2401:
2394:
2376:
2370:
2363:
2350:
2343:
2297:
2283:
2269:
2255:
2246:
2239:
2213:
2206:
2180:
2173:
2161:F. gigantica
2160:
2153:
2140:
2133:
2119:
2092:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2062:S. japonicum
2061:
2054:
2036:
2031:
1940:. Retrieved
1926:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1881:
1867:
1855:. Retrieved
1851:
1842:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1750:
1746:
1718:
1708:
1688:
1661:
1657:
1625:
1598:. Retrieved
1594:the original
1584:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1439:
1433:
1423:
1411:. Retrieved
1377:(2): 74–79.
1374:
1370:
1364:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1285:
1263:. Retrieved
1259:
1250:
1231:
1222:
1203:
1197:
1159:Praziquantel
1129:
1113:
1109:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1070:
1067:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1019:polyembryony
978:
929:
923:
908:
902:, which are
900:schistosomes
880:
864:
858:
855:produce yolk
850:
846:
842:
832:
829:genital pore
828:
811:
807:vas deferens
788:
771:
765:
753:
749:
737:sense organs
718:
695:
676:
658:
650:
629:
623:
613:
607:
601:
591:
574:
557:Opisthorchis
556:
552:
546:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
510:
499:Liver flukes
489:liver cancer
485:S. japonicum
484:
479:(IARC) as a
464:
457:S. japonicum
456:
452:
434:
428:
422:
418:S. japonicum
416:
410:
404:
398:
393:which cause
388:
378:
375:Blood flukes
368:organ system
365:
333:
313:
275:
271:
259:
258:
219:
206:Superclass:
151:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3755:iNaturalist
3623:Wikispecies
3491:Fish groups
3440:Saprolegnia
3434:Salmon lice
3279:Abergasilus
3150:Fish dropsy
3062:C. hepatica
3028:Trichinosis
3013:Adenophorea
2869:Anisakiasis
2736:Strongylida
2717:Gongylonema
2708:Spiruroidea
2696:Thelaziasis
2676:G. hispidum
2550:Filarioidea
2514:Camallanida
2496:Secernentea
2463:Sparganosis
2449:Sparganosis
2402:H. diminuta
2371:T. asiatica
2241:Echinostoma
2181:O. felineus
2167:Fasciolosis
2112:Liver fluke
2047:Blood fluke
1852:www.who.int
1600:6 September
1442:: 227–237.
1147:fasciolosis
1131:Albendazole
1118:is used as
1076:eusociality
1064:Eusociality
1002:across the
915:(Miracidia)
871:Life cycles
772:Schistosoma
729:nerve cords
567:Lung flukes
507:gallbladder
390:Schistosoma
356:vertebrates
348:bony fishes
316:Old English
278:. They are
233:Subclasses
69:"Trematoda"
3855:Categories
3534:Brevetoxin
3414:Myxosporea
3262:Yellowhead
3257:White spot
3135:Columnaris
2933:Rhabditida
2855:Ascariasis
2840:Ascaridida
2617:D. immitis
2596:Mansonella
2588:filariasis
2555:Filariasis
2482:Roundworm/
2199:Lung fluke
2068:S. mekongi
2009:caused by
1971:ZipcodeZoo
1942:8 December
1413:4 December
1189:References
1120:fertilizer
1111:industry.
1106:Infections
1092:H. pumilio
989:miracidium
898:, and the
888:monoecious
756:acetabulum
683:oesophagus
584:epithelium
553:Clonorchis
503:bile ducts
436:S. mekongi
430:S. mansoni
324:rhomboidal
304:vertebrate
288:life cycle
276:trematodes
210:Neodermata
156:lancetfish
137:Trematoda
80:newspapers
18:Trematodes
3861:Trematoda
3656:Trematoda
3643:Trematoda
3629:Trematoda
3599:Trematoda
3569:Saxitoxin
3549:Fish kill
3539:Ciguatera
3453:Sea louse
3402:Monogenea
3297:Carp lice
3271:Parasites
3116:Pathogens
2643:B. timori
2541:Spirurida
2487:infection
2384:Taeniasis
2377:T. solium
2141:D. hospes
2024:infection
2019:Flatworm/
1961:Earthlife
1822:0027-8424
1775:0027-8424
1558:1930-0433
1313:0065-2598
1126:Treatment
1026:cercariae
1000:diffusion
996:sporocyst
960:sporocyst
956:miracidia
904:dioecious
776:dioecious
661:syncytial
445:cercariae
318:name for
310:Etymology
284:parasites
282:internal
270:known as
268:flatworms
260:Trematoda
220:Trematoda
186:Kingdom:
180:Eukaryota
110:July 2023
3608:Wikidata
3291:Anisakis
2982:Oxyurida
2863:Anisakis
2741:hookworm
2690:Thelazia
2505:Spiruria
2485:Nematode
1936:Archived
1918:14964658
1857:25 April
1834:39226370
1787:39042696
1576:35309377
1519:18205254
1468:28848361
1391:15928434
1356:27370177
1321:28198614
1088:in vitro
1004:tegument
969:cercaria
944:parasite
936:parasite
921:occurs.
884:molluscs
822:ciliated
664:tegument
352:mollusks
344:bivalves
338:and the
330:Taxonomy
320:flounder
280:obligate
225:Rudolphi
196:Phylum:
190:Animalia
176:Domain:
3614:Q207547
3145:Fin rot
2883:T. cati
2586:Loa loa
2579:Loa loa
2321:Cestoda
1755:Bibcode
1567:8927937
1510:2683991
1459:5557399
1265:11 June
1029:stages.
1015:pharynx
948:species
928:fluke,
839:Oocytes
825:oviduct
725:ganglia
714:bladder
679:pharynx
654:suckers
639:Anatomy
622:), and
586:of the
439:. As a
340:Digenea
248:Digenea
216:Class:
94:scholar
3825:319058
3812:407243
3760:121726
3708:1TREMC
3482:Xenoma
3477:Velvet
3353:Glugea
3347:Flukes
2379:(pork)
1966:BioLib
1916:
1832:
1820:
1785:
1773:
1725:
1696:
1632:
1574:
1564:
1556:
1517:
1507:
1466:
1456:
1389:
1354:
1319:
1311:
1301:
1238:
1210:
1011:rediae
913:forms
911:larval
847:ootype
843:oocapt
818:uterus
791:testes
745:ocelli
545:, and
272:flukes
227:, 1808
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3838:19948
3833:WoRMS
3786:54556
3768:IRMNG
3721:16178
1317:S2CID
965:redia
952:snail
940:birds
853:that
820:by a
814:ovary
782:of a
721:brain
687:caeca
300:snail
292:hosts
264:class
262:is a
101:JSTOR
87:books
3799:6178
3794:NCBI
3781:ITIS
3773:1259
3742:GBIF
3703:EPPO
3695:2894
3664:BOLD
3430:spp.
2958:spp.
1944:2016
1914:PMID
1859:2022
1830:PMID
1818:ISSN
1783:PMID
1771:ISSN
1723:ISBN
1694:ISBN
1630:ISBN
1602:2012
1572:PMID
1554:ISSN
1515:PMID
1464:PMID
1415:2022
1387:PMID
1352:PMID
1309:ISSN
1299:ISBN
1267:2024
1236:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1153:and
1137:and
1032:The
1024:The
1009:The
994:The
926:bird
719:The
691:anus
628:and
555:and
455:and
354:and
346:and
73:news
3747:345
3690:EoL
3677:CoL
3651:AFD
3638:ADW
3252:VHS
3247:UDN
1826:PMC
1810:doi
1806:121
1779:PMC
1763:doi
1751:121
1666:doi
1562:PMC
1546:doi
1505:PMC
1495:doi
1454:PMC
1444:doi
1379:doi
1344:doi
1291:doi
1185:).
950:of
600:),
274:or
266:of
56:by
3857::
3835::
3822::
3809::
3796::
3783::
3770::
3757::
3744::
3731::
3718::
3705::
3692::
3682:JW
3679::
3669:36
3666::
3653::
3640::
3625::
3610::
2891:/
2880:/
2770:/
2759:/
2673:/
2640:/
2634:/
2399:/
2386:/
2374:/
2368:/
2348:/
2211:/
2178:/
2158:/
2138:/
2077:/
2071:/
2065:/
2059:/
1910:33
1908:.
1904:.
1850:.
1824:.
1816:.
1804:.
1777:.
1769:.
1761:.
1749:.
1737:^
1678:^
1662:91
1660:.
1656:.
1644:^
1610:^
1570:.
1560:.
1552:.
1542:17
1540:.
1536:.
1513:.
1503:.
1491:14
1489:.
1485:.
1462:.
1452:.
1440:10
1438:.
1432:.
1399:^
1385:.
1375:23
1373:.
1350:.
1340:71
1338:.
1315:.
1307:.
1297:.
1275:^
1258:.
1177:,
1173:,
1165:,
1157:.
1141:.
971:.
906:.
867:.
797:.
747:.
674:.
612:,
606:,
551:.
539:,
533:,
527:,
521:,
515:,
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