1666:
1229:
1509:
1347:
553:
1073:
930:
1597:
1541:. However, Athenian orators faced serious structural obstacles. First, there was a rule that individuals were supposed to plead their own cases, which was soon bypassed by the increasing tendency of individuals to ask a "friend" for assistance. However, around the middle of the fourth century, the Athenians disposed of the perfunctory request for a friend. Second, a more serious obstacle, which the Athenian orators never completely overcame, was the rule that no one could take a fee to plead the cause of another. This law was widely disregarded in practice, but was never abolished, which meant that orators could
3414:, eds. Lawrence M. Friedman and Rogelio Perez-Perdomo, 414–478 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 459. For example, a 1997 study found that not a single law school in Venezuela had bothered to integrate any part of the Convention on Children's Rights into its curriculum, even though Venezuela had signed the treaty in 1990 and subsequently modified its domestic laws to bring them into compliance. Rather than embark on curriculum reform, Venezuelan law schools now offer special postgraduate courses so that recent graduates can bring their legal knowledge up-to-date with current law.
1187:
litigants was an afterthought. Even in civil law countries like Norway which have partially self-regulating professions, the
Ministry of Justice is the sole issuer of licenses, and makes its own independent re-evaluation of a lawyer's fitness to practice after a lawyer has been expelled from the Advocates' Association. Brazil is an unusual exception in that its national Order of Advocates has become a fully self-regulating institution with direct control over licensing and has successfully resisted government attempts to place it under the control of the Ministry of Labor.
4252:, 27 November 1984, 1. This article rebuts the common complaint of too many lawyers in the U.S. by pointing out that it is virtually impossible for a plaintiff to prevail in the vast majority of countries with less lawyers, like Japan, because there are simply not enough lawyers or judges to go around. Even wrongful death cases with clear evidence of fault can drag on for decades in Japan. Thus, any reduction in the number of lawyers would result in reduced enforcement of individual rights.
1455:
895:
6519:
6533:
426:
5267:
5318:
52:
5301:
5284:
840:
same time. Where law is taught as an undergraduate degree, legal training after law school may comprise advanced examinations, apprenticeships, and additional coursework at special government institutes. For example, in many
English common law jurisdictions, individuals with a law degree have to undergo further education and professional training before qualifying as a lawyer, such as the
824:
1593:). Roman judges and governors would routinely consult with an advisory panel of jurisconsults before rendering a decision, and advocates and ordinary people also went to jurisconsults for legal opinions. The Romans were the first to have a class of people who spent their days thinking about legal problems, and this is why their law developed in a systematic and technical way.
1620:, jurisconsults and advocates were unregulated, since the former were amateurs and the latter were technically illegal. Any citizen could call himself an advocate or a legal expert, though whether people believed him would depend upon his personal reputation. This changed once Claudius legalized the legal profession. By the start of the
362:
attorney) is a lawyer who prepares cases and gives advice on legal subjects. In some jurisdictions, solicitors also represent people in court. Fused professions, where lawyers have rights of both barristers and solicitors, have emerged in other former
English common law jurisdictions, such as the United States, India, and Pakistan.
4200:: Greenwood Press, 1976), 624–625. According to this source, the strong anti-lawyer sentiment of the period was rather ironic, since lawyers were actually so scarce in the American colonies that a 1715 Massachusetts law forbade litigants from retaining two lawyers because of the risk of depriving one's opponent of counsel.
1725:, and in 1280 the mayor's court of the city of London promulgated regulations concerning admission procedures, including the administering of an oath. And in 1345, the French crown promulgated a royal ordinance which set forth 24 rules governing advocates, of which 12 were integrated into the oath to be taken by them.
2388:. Accessed May 26, 2008. (report by the German Federal Ministry of Education analysing the Chronicle of Higher Education from the U.S. and stating that the J.D. is a professional doctorate); Encyclopædia Britannica. (2002). "Encyclopædia Britannica", 3:962:1a. (the J.D. is listed among other doctorate degrees).
1657:) appeared in the late Roman Empire. Like their modern-day descendants, the civil law notaries, they were responsible for drafting wills, conveyances, and contracts. They were ubiquitous and most villages had one. In Roman times, notaries were widely considered to be inferior to advocates and jury consults.
1676:
After the fall of the
Western Roman Empire and the onset of the Early Middle Ages, the legal profession of Western Europe collapsed. As James Brundage has explained: ", no one in Western Europe could properly be described as a professional lawyer or a professional canonist in anything like the modern
1380:
in advance. Recent studies suggest that when lawyers charge a fixed fee rather than billing by the hour, they work less hard on behalf of clients, and clients get worse outcomes. In many countries there are fee-shifting arrangements by which the loser must pay the winner's fees and costs; the United
1296:
with Angelo Dondi briefly examined the "regulations attempting to suppress lawyer misconduct" and noted that their similarity around the world was paralleled by a "remarkable consistency" in certain "persistent grievances" about lawyers that transcends both time and locale, from the Bible to medieval
1127:
Some countries, like Italy, regulate lawyers at the regional level, and a few, like
Belgium, even regulate them at the local level (that is, they are licensed and regulated by the local equivalent of bar associations but can advocate in courts nationwide). In Germany, lawyers are admitted to regional
1123:
Some countries admit and regulate lawyers at the national level, so that a lawyer, once licensed, can argue cases in any court in the land. This can be seen in countries including New
Zealand, Japan, and Belgium. Others, especially those with federal governments, tend to regulate lawyers at the state
998:
In most civil law countries, lawyers generally structure their legal education around their chosen specialty; the boundaries between different types of lawyers are carefully defined and hard to cross. After one earns a law degree, career mobility may be severely constrained. For example, unlike their
839:
The educational prerequisites for becoming a lawyer vary greatly across countries. In some countries, law is an undergraduate degree culminating in a bachelors or masters degree in law. In some of these jurisdictions, it is common or even required for students to earn another bachelor's degree at the
453:
The title of doctor has traditionally not been used to address lawyers in
England or other common law countries. Until 1846, lawyers in England were trained by apprenticeship or in the Inns of Court, with no undergraduate degree being required. Although the most common law degree in the United States
361:
In some jurisdictions descended from the
English common law tradition, including England and Wales, there are often two kinds of lawyers. A barrister (also known as an advocate or counselor) is a lawyer who typically specializes in arguing before courts, particularly in higher courts. A solicitor (or
1549:
that they were merely an ordinary citizen generously helping out a friend for free, and thus they could never organize into a real profession. If one narrows the definition of lawyers to people who could practice the legal profession openly and legally, then the first lawyers would be the orators of
1202:
In contrast, common law lawyers have traditionally regulated themselves through institutions where the influence of non-lawyers, if any, was weak and indirect, despite nominal state control. Such institutions have been traditionally dominated by private practitioners who opposed strong state control
1056:
work in law firms. Those who offer their services to members of the general public—as opposed to those working in-house — are generally self-employed. Most work in groupings known as "sets" or "chambers", where some administrative and marketing costs are shared. An important effect of this different
847:
In other jurisdictions, particularly the United States and Canada, law is taught at the graduate level following the completion of an unrelated bachelors degree. In
America, the American Bar Association decides which law schools to approve for the purposes of admission to the bar. Law schools in the
357:
their professions into a single type of lawyer. Most countries in this category are common law countries, though France, a civil law country, merged its jurists in 1990 and 1991 in response to Anglo-American competition. In countries with fused professions, a lawyer is usually permitted to carry out
1194:
countries historically went the farthest towards total state control, with all communist lawyers forced to practice in collectives by the mid-1950s. China is a prime example: technically, the People's
Republic of China did not have lawyers, and instead had only poorly trained, state-employed "legal
582:
In some countries, litigants have the option of arguing on their own behalf. In other countries, like Venezuela, no one may appear before a judge unless represented by a lawyer. The advantage of the latter regime is that lawyers are familiar with the court's customs and procedures, making the legal
1406:
lawyers who specialize in providing legal services to the indigent. France and Spain even have formal fee structures by which lawyers are compensated by the government for legal aid cases on a per-case basis. A similar system, though not as extensive or generous, operates in Australia, Canada, and
1244:
in 1780 and in France in 1789, though both countries eventually realized that their judicial systems could not function efficiently without lawyers. Complaints about too many lawyers were common in both England and the United States in the 1840s, Germany in the 1910s, and in Australia, Canada, the
1207:
of justice. However, the concept of the self-regulating profession has been criticized as a sham which serves to legitimize the professional monopoly while protecting the profession from public scrutiny. In some jurisdictions, mechanisms have been astonishingly ineffective, and penalties have been
538:
In South Africa and India, lawyers who have been admitted to the bar may use the title "Advocate", abbreviated to "Adv" in written correspondence. Lawyers who have completed two years of clerkship with a principal Attorney and passed all four board exams may be admitted as an "Attorney". Likewise,
308:
Historically, the role of lawyers can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as Greece and Rome. In modern times, the practice of law includes activities such as representing clients in criminal or civil court, advising on business transactions, protecting intellectual property, and ensuring
1636:
imposed a requirement that new advocates seeking admission had to produce testimonials from their teachers; and by the sixth century, a regular course of legal study lasting about four years was required for admission. Claudius's fee ceiling lasted all the way into the Byzantine period, though by
1331:
Some studies have shown that suicide rates among lawyers in certain jurisdictions may be as much as six times higher than the average population, and commentators suggest that the low opinion the public has of lawyers, combined with their own high ideals of justice, which in practice they may see
804:
are trained and employed as part of the judiciary. They are law-trained jurists, but may not necessarily be lawyers in the sense that the word is used in the common law world. In common law countries, prosecutors are usually lawyers holding regular licenses who work for the government office that
648:
In England, only solicitors were traditionally in direct contact with the client, but barristers nowadays may apply for rights to liaise with clients directly. The solicitor retained a barrister if one was necessary and acted as an intermediary between the barrister and the client. In most cases
644:
where the lawyer gets to know the client personally, following which the lawyer discovers the facts of the client's case, clarifies what the client wants to accomplish, and shapes the client's expectations as to what actually can be accomplished. The second to last step begins to develop various
879:
Some countries, particularly industrialized ones, have a traditional preference for full-time law programs, while in developing countries, students often work full- or part-time to pay the tuition and fees of their part-time law programs. Law schools in developing countries share several common
1186:
In most civil law countries, the government has traditionally exercised tight control over the legal profession in order to ensure a steady supply of loyal judges and bureaucrats. That is, lawyers were expected first and foremost to serve the state, and the availability of counsel for private
1153:
Some countries grant licenses to non-resident lawyers, who may then appear regularly on behalf of foreign clients. Others require all lawyers to live in the jurisdiction or to even hold national citizenship as a prerequisite for receiving a license to practice. But the trend in industrialized
1010:
In many countries, lawyers are general practitioners who represent clients in a broad field of legal matters. In others, there has been a tendency since the start of the 20th century for lawyers to specialize early in their careers. In countries where specialization is prevalent, many lawyers
1631:
By the fourth century, advocates had to be enrolled on the bar of a court to argue before it, they could only be attached to one court at a time, and there were restrictions on how many advocates could be enrolled at a particular court. By the 380s, advocates were studying law in addition to
1696:
The legal profession's return was marked by the renewed efforts of church and state to regulate it. In 1231, two French councils mandated that lawyers had to swear an oath of admission before practicing before the bishop's courts in their regions, and a similar oath was promulgated by the
920:
Some countries require a formal apprenticeship with an experienced practitioner, while others do not. A few jurisdictions still allow an apprenticeship in place of any kind of formal legal education, though the number of persons who actually become lawyers that way is increasingly rare.
672:
is contemplated or is in progress. In these jurisdictions, even conveyancers and corporate in-house counsel must first get a license to practice, though they may actually spend very little of their careers in court. Some jurisdictions have made the violation of such a rule the crime of
1368:
In the United States, lawyers typically earn between $ 45,000 and $ 160,000 per year, although earnings vary by age, experience, and practice setting. Solo practitioners typically earn less than lawyers in corporate law firms but more than those working for state or local government.
867:
The methods and quality of legal education vary widely. Some countries require extensive clinical training in the form of apprenticeships or special clinical courses. Others, like Venezuela, do not. A few countries prefer to teach through assigned readings of judicial opinions (the
1384:
Lawyers working directly on the payroll of governments, nonprofits, and corporations usually earn a regular annual salary. In many countries, with the notable exception of Germany, lawyers can also volunteer their labor in the service of worthy causes through an arrangement called
999:
Anglo-American counterparts, it is difficult for German judges to leave the bench and become advocates in private practice. Another interesting example is France, where for much of the 20th century, all judiciary officials were graduates of an elite professional school for judges.
312:
Depending on the country, the education required to become a lawyer can range from completing an undergraduate law degree to undergoing postgraduate education and professional training. In many jurisdictions, passing a bar examination is also necessary before one can practice law.
381:
Because each country has traditionally had its own method of dividing up legal work among its legal professionals, it has been difficult to formulate accurate generalizations that cover all the countries with multiple legal professions. Other kinds of legal practitioners include:
880:
problems, such as an over reliance on practicing judges and lawyers who treat teaching as a part-time commitment, a concomitant scarcity of full-time law professors), incompetent faculty with underqualified credentials, and textbooks that lag behind the current state of the law.
2255:
445:
in the 11th century, were all law degrees and doctorates. Therefore, in many southern European countries, including Portugal, Italy and Malta, lawyers have traditionally been addressed as "doctor", a practice which was transferred to many countries in South America and
750:
transactions must be carried out by a lawyer. Historically, conveyancing accounted for about half of English solicitors' income, though this has since changed, and a 1978 study showed that conveyancing "accounts for as much as 80 percent of solicitor-client contact in
2056:
1115:
In common law countries with divided legal professions, barristers traditionally belong to the bar council (or an Inn of Court) and solicitors belong to the law society. In the English-speaking world, the largest mandatory professional association of lawyers is the
716:
must be formally registered with a government agency in order to receive maximum protection under the law. The division of such work among lawyers, licensed non-lawyer jurists/agents, and ordinary clerks or scriveners varies greatly from one country to the next.
663:
Legal advice is the application of abstract principles of law to the concrete facts of the client's case to advise the client about what they should do next. In some jurisdictions, only a properly licensed lawyer may provide legal advice to clients for good
725:
In some countries, the negotiating and drafting of contracts is considered to be similar to the provision of legal advice, so that it is subject to the licensing requirement explained above. In others, jurists or notaries may negotiate or draft contracts.
316:
Working as a lawyer generally involves the practical application of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specific problems. Some lawyers also work primarily in upholding the rule of law, human rights, and the interests of the legal profession.
680:
In other countries, jurists who hold law degrees are allowed to provide legal advice to individuals or to corporations, and it is irrelevant if they lack a license and cannot appear in court. Some countries go further; in England and Wales, there is
1108:. In civil law countries, comparable organizations are known as Orders of Advocates, Chambers of Advocates, Colleges of Advocates, Faculties of Advocates, or similar names. Generally, a nonmember caught practicing law may be liable for the crime of
599:
will obtain the facts of the case from the client and then brief a barrister, usually in writing. The barrister then researches and drafts the necessary court pleadings, which will be filed and served by the solicitor, and orally argues the case.
3555:
Although it is common for former American judges to return to private practice, it is highly controversial for them to suggest that they still retain any judicial powers (for example, by wearing judicial robes in advertisements). Brad McElhinny,
2801:, 9 October 2001, 1. This brief article explains the uneasy tension between solicitors and barristers, and the loopholes that have developed. For example, a barrister need not accept a case if the fee is too low or the barrister is just too busy.
365:
On the other hand, civil law jurisdictions do not have "lawyers" in terms of a single general-purpose legal services provider. Rather, their legal professions consist of a large number of different kinds of legally-trained persons, known as
1174:
A key difference among countries is whether lawyers should be regulated solely by an independent judiciary and its subordinate institutions (a self-regulating legal profession), or whether lawyers should be subject to supervision by the
2362:"Time to Degree of U.S. Research Doctorate Recipients", "Info brief, Science Resource Statistics" NSF 06-312, 2006, p. 7. (under "Data notes" mentions that the J.D. is a professional doctorate); San Diego County Bar Association (1969).
632:(who were merged into the main legal profession in 1991). In other countries, like the United States, lawyers have been effectively barred by statute from certain types of administrative hearings in order to preserve their informality.
574:
In some jurisdictions, there are specialist lawyers who have exclusive rights of audience before a court. In others, particularly fused legal jurisdictions, there are lawyers who specialize in courtroom advocacy but who do not have a
591:
Often, lawyers brief a court in writing on the issues in a case before the issues can be orally argued. They may have to perform extensive research into relevant facts. Also, they draft legal papers and prepare for an oral argument.
649:
barristers were obliged, under what is known as the "cab rank rule", to accept instructions for a case in an area in which they held themselves out as practicing, at a court at which they normally appeared and at their usual rates.
1624:, the legal profession had become well-established, heavily regulated, and highly stratified. The centralization and bureaucratization of the profession was apparently gradual at first, but accelerated during the reign of Emperor
1091:
Other jurisdictions, by statute, tradition, or court order, have granted such powers to a professional association which all lawyers must belong to. In the U.S., such associations are known as mandatory, integrated, or unified
1139:
Generally, geographic limitations can be troublesome for a lawyer who discovers that his client's cause requires him to litigate in a court beyond the normal geographic scope of his license. Although most courts have special
2052:
1426:
system), as well as consumer protection nonprofit organizations and Public Assistance Agencies subsidized by local governments. In Germany, mandatory fee structures have enabled widespread implementation of affordable
1422:, trade unions and political parties provide what can be characterized as legal aid services. Some legal aid in Belgium is also provided by young lawyer apprentices subsidized by local bar associations (known as the
3734:, published in Smith, S.D and Ahiaga-Dagbui, D.D (eds), Procs 29th Annual ARCOM Conference, 2–4 September 2013, Reading, UK, Association of Researchers in Construction Management, 493-502, accessed 15 March 2023
4492:
1581:, not law, and the judges before whom they argued were also not legally trained. But very early on, unlike Athens, Rome developed a class of specialists who were learned in the law, known as jurisconsults (
1124:
or provincial level; this is the case in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Switzerland, to name a few. Brazil is the most well-known federal government that regulates lawyers at the national level.
2366:. Accessed May 26, 2008. (under "other references" discusses differences between academic and professional doctorate, and statement that the J.D. is a professional doctorate); University of Utah (2006).
1256:. In the aftermath of Watergate, legal self-help books became popular among those who wished to solve their legal problems without having to deal with lawyers. Lawyer jokes also soared in popularity in
603:
In Spanish civil law, the procurator merely signs and presents the papers to the court, but it is the advocate who drafts the papers and argues the case. In other civil law jurisdictions, like Japan, a
1709:, imposed a similar oath in his civil courts. By 1250, the nucleus of a new legal profession had clearly formed. The new trend towards professionalization culminated in a controversial proposal at the
1216:
Voluntary lawyer associations may exist at all geographic levels from the provincial to the global. Some associations are termed voluntary bar associations. In some countries, lawyers have also formed
1045:
that range in size from 1 to 10 lawyers. The United States, United Kingdom and Australia are exceptions, home to several firms with more than 1,000 lawyers after a wave of mergers in the late 1990s.
4463:
4633:
equivalents) are allowed, as of 2004, in Canada, England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, the Dominican Republic, Greece, France, Brazil, Japan, and the United States.
3231:
1736:
as Section 511 of the proposed New York Code of Civil Procedure of 1848, which was the first attempt in the United States at a comprehensive statement of a lawyer's professional duties.
792:, and any other documents that ensure the efficient disposition of a person's property after death. In some civil law countries, this responsibility is handled by civil law notaries.
1158:
struck down a citizenship requirement on equality rights grounds in 1989, and similarly, American citizenship and residency requirements were struck down as unconstitutional by the
772:
may be used instead. In some civil law jurisdictions, real estate transactions are handled by civil law notaries. In England and Wales, a special class of legal professionals–the
4643:
Schwall, Benjamin (2015-06-25). "High-Powered Attorney Incentives: A Look at the New Indigent Defense System in South Carolina". Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network.
608:
or clerk may fill out court forms and draft simple papers for laypersons who cannot afford or do not need attorneys, and advise them on how to manage and argue their own cases.
4551:
1721:. The civil courts in England also joined the trend towards professionalization; in 1275 a statute was enacted that prescribed punishment for professional lawyers guilty of
995:. In developing countries like India, a large majority of law students never actually practice, but simply use their law degree as a foundation for careers in other fields.
1566:, who legalized advocacy as a profession and allowed the Roman advocates to become the first lawyers who could practice openly—but he also imposed a fee ceiling of 10,000
1236:
Hostility towards the legal profession is a widespread phenomenon. For example, William Shakespeare famously wrote, "The first thing we do, let's kill all the lawyers" in
458:, most J.D. holders in the United States do not use the title "doctor". It is, however, common for lawyers in the United States to use the honorific suffix "Esq." (for "
3202:
1728:
The French medieval oaths were widely influential and of enduring importance; for example, they directly influenced the structure of the advocates' oath adopted by the
4484:
2913:
1332:
denied, increase the depression rates of those in this profession. Additionally, lawyers are twice as likely to suffer from addiction to alcohol and other drugs.
1275:
dedicated a chapter to "Myths, Fictions, and Realities" about law and illustrated the perennial criticism of lawyers as "amoral guns for hire" with a quote from
2956:
Lee Rousso, "Japan's New Patent Attorney Law Breaches Barrier Between The 'Legal' And 'Quasi-Legal' Professions: Integrity Of Japanese Patent Practice At Risk?"
1605:
1196:
1601:
1585:). Jurisconsults were wealthy amateurs who dabbled in law as an intellectual hobby; they did not make their primary living from it. They gave legal opinions (
1395:, "for the common good"). Traditionally such work was performed on behalf of the poor, but in some countries it has now expanded to many other causes such as
4716:
3182:
Anonymous, "Careers in the legal profession offer a variety of opportunities: While we may not think about it often, the legal system affects us every day",
2707:
2692:
2674:, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 258–294 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 263; and Boigeol, "The Rise of Lawyers", 206.
1297:
England to dynastic China. The authors then generalized these common complaints about lawyers as being classified into five "general categories" as follows:
2304:
955:
countries, especially those with fused professions, lawyers have many options over the course of their careers. Besides private practice, they can become a
1002:
In a few civil law countries, such as Sweden, the legal profession is not rigorously bifurcated and everyone within it can easily change roles and arenas.
583:
system more efficient for all involved. Unrepresented parties often damage their own credibility or slow the court down as a result of their inexperience.
4459:
4403:
876:). Many others focus on theoretical aspects of law, leaving the professional and practical training of lawyers to apprenticeship and employment contexts.
1717:
ecclesiastical courts should require an oath of admission. Although not adopted by the council, it was highly influential in many such courts throughout
336:
with a complexity in its legal professions similar to that of civil law jurisdictions, but then evolved by the 19th century to a single division between
5203:
374:
who are licensed to practice in the courts. In some civil law countries, a similar distinction to the common law tradition exists between advocates and
4593:
1381:
States is the major exception, although in turn, its legislators have carved out many exceptions to the so-called "American Rule" of no fee shifting.
1414:
In other countries, legal aid specialists are practically nonexistent. This may be because non-lawyers are allowed to provide such services; in both
1372:
Lawyers are paid for their work in a variety of ways. In private practice, they may work for an hourly fee according to a billable hour structure, a
1693:
as priests. From 1190 to 1230, however, there was a crucial shift in which some men began to practice canon law as a lifelong profession in itself.
1232:
A British political cartoon showing a barrister and a solicitor throwing black paint at a woman sitting at the feet of a statue representing Justice
4518:
3223:
1203:
of the profession on the grounds that it would endanger the ability of lawyers to zealously and competently advocate their clients' causes in the
909:" to certain institutions, so that merely earning a degree or credential from those institutions is the primary qualification for practicing law.
4744:
Matthias Kilian and Francis Regan, "Legal expenses insurance and legal aid—two sides of the same coin? The experience from Germany and Sweden",
1088:
In some jurisdictions, either the judiciary or the Ministry of Justice directly supervises the admission, licensing, and regulation of lawyers.
450:. In some jurisdictions, the term "doctor" has since fallen into disuse, but it is still in use in many countries within and outside of Europe.
2127:
Benoit Bastard and Laura Cardia-Vonèche, "The Lawyers of Geneva: an Analysis of Change in the Legal Profession", trans. by Richard L. Abel, in
1465:
3714:
2280:
689:
does not have any admission requirements for in-house counsel. Sometimes civil law notaries are allowed to give legal advice, as in Belgium.
2344:
2564:
1064:
Some large businesses employ their own legal staff in a legal department. Other organizations buy in legal services from outside companies.
4931:
4926:
VI, 5 and 7 for this point. For more information about the complex political affair that forced Emperor Claudius to decide this issue, see
2510:
2480:
628:. In a few countries, there is a special category of jurists with a monopoly over this form of advocacy; for example, France formerly had
2300:
Florida Bar News.In Italy J.D. holders use the title of Dottore, but lawyers who have qualified for the bar only use the style Avvocato.
864:" and passing the bar examination, without having to attend law school first, although very few people actually become lawyers that way.
4433:
4380:
3921:
1301:
abuse of litigation in various ways, including using dilatory tactics and false evidence and making frivolous arguments to the courts
285:, as well as the lawyer's area of practice. In many jurisdictions, the legal profession is divided into various branches — including
3731:
2412:
6500:
4548:
2381:
1444:
2401:
1562:
A law enacted in 204 BC barred Roman advocates from taking fees, but the law was widely ignored. The ban on fees was abolished by
3972:
4691:
1061:
where barristers in the same chambers work for opposing sides in a case, and in some specialized chambers this is commonplace.
2370:
2016:
1665:
755:." In most common law jurisdictions outside of the United States, this monopoly arose from an 1804 law that was introduced by
274:
is a person who is qualified to offer advice about the law, draft legal documents, or represent individuals in legal matters.
3691:
Junqueira, 92. According to this source, as of 2003, there were 901 law firms with more than 50 lawyers in the United States.
3535:
3316:
Sergio Lopez-Ayllon and Hector Fix-Fierro, " 'Faraway, So Close!' The Rule of Law and Legal Change in Mexico: 1970–2000", in
2324:
2264:
765:
for the raising of fees on the certification of legal professionals such as barristers, solicitors, attorneys, and notaries.
3198:
1376:, or a lump sum payment. Normally, most lawyers negotiate a written fee agreement up front and may require a non-refundable
3149:
4570:
3964:
2363:
5255:
4365:
2905:
1129:
486:
2252:
2244:
1228:
4126:
William T. Gallagher, "Ideologies of Professionalism and the Politics of Self-Regulation in the California State Bar",
692:
In many countries, non-jurist accountants may provide what is technically legal advice in tax and accounting matters.
535:
is used to refer to advocates and attorneys at law, although as an informal title its status is not protected by law.
5926:
5484:
5383:
5231:
4373:
1926:
1495:
3460:
Alan A. Paterson, "The Legal Profession in Scotland: An Endangered Species or a Problem Case for Market Theory?" in
3367:, vol. 1, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 369–382 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 375.
2938:, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 225–257 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 227.
2881:, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 200–224 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 201.
2853:
Unauthorized Practice Handbook: A Compilation of Statutes, Cases, and Commentary on the Unauthorized Practice of Law
2842:, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 400–442 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 401.
2826:, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 124–159 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 124.
2584:, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 380–399 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 387.
2377:. Accessed May 28, 2008. (the J.D. degree is listed under doctorate degrees); German Federal Ministry of Education.
2157:, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 336–368 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 338.
2144:, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 369–379 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 369.
2131:, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 295–335 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 297.
2109:, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 160–199 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 164.
1990:, vol. 1, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 318–368 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 324.
1977:, vol. 1, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 244–317 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 250.
1964:, vol. 1, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 123–185 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 124.
1508:
913:
allows anyone with a law degree to practice law. However, in a large number of countries, a law student must pass a
6040:
5909:
1702:
1686:
841:
3464:, vol. 1, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 76–122 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 89.
2096:, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 54–123 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 91.
6593:
6495:
5842:
5743:
2408:, Disciplinary Rule 2–102(E). Cornell University Law School, LLI. Accessed February 10, 2009. Peter H. Geraghty.
2301:
2105:
Kahei Rokumoto, "The Present State of Japanese Practicing Attorneys: On the Way to Full Professionalization?" in
1440:
4309:
For examples of legal self-help books written by lawyers which concede that the profession has a bad image, see
3320:, eds. Lawrence M. Friedman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, 285–351 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 324.
6002:
5636:
4400:
2190:
1960:
Harry W. Arthurs, Richard Weisman, and Frederick H. Zemans, "Canadian Lawyers: A Peculiar Professionalism", in
933:
282:
3732:
A case study of joint procurement and provision of legal services to a group of a universities in the Midlands
3560:
criticized for using robe in ad: Group files State Bar complaint about the way former justice seeks clients",
3392:, eds. Lawrence M. Friedman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, 64–107 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 89.
2003:
eds. Lawrence M. Friedman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, 185–219 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 208.
5355:
5198:
3254:
1806:
430:
190:
4048:, eds. Jens I. Drolhammer and Michael Pfeifer, 127–136 (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2001), 128–129.
3657:
2331:, Pace University School of Law Faculty Publications, 1981, 57 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 429, pp. 430, 432, 434, 436
6162:
5641:
4586:
3122:, eds. Lawrence M. Friedman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, 1–19 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 6.
1109:
674:
17:
3079:
Simon Domberger and Avrom Sherr, "The Impact of Competition on Pricing and Quality of Legal Services", in
6157:
5156:
4814:
1362:
1346:
1147:
4514:
4044:
Michael J. Moser, "Globalization and Legal Services in China: Current Status and Future Directions", in
3951:, vol. 17, eds. Dennis Campbell and Susan Cotter, 223–268 (London: Kluwer Law International, 1995), 233.
3640:
Herbert M. Kritzer, "The fracturing legal profession: the case of plaintiffs' personal injury lawyers",
624:
administrative agencies which oversee such things. As a result, some lawyers have become specialists in
6583:
6132:
5631:
3118:
Lawrence M. Friedman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, "Latin Legal Cultures in the Age of Globalization", in
3083:
eds. Matthew Bishop, John Kay, Colin Mayer, 119–137 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 121–122.
1826:
1786:
1154:
countries since the 1970s has been to abolish citizenship and residency restrictions. For example, the
5273:
2355:
1973:
David Weisbrot, "The Australian Legal Profession: From Provincial Family Firms to Multinationals", in
1746:
1166:
made similar decisions in 1974 and 1977 striking down citizenship restrictions in Belgium and France.
6215:
4629:(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), 258–259. According to this source, contingency fees (or
4412:
1918:
1885:
1732:
in 1816. In turn, the 1816 Geneva oath served as the inspiration for the attorney's oath drafted by
1281:
1163:
889:
557:
539:
Italian law graduates who have qualified for the bar use the title "Avvocato", abbreviated in "Avv."
164:
4669:
4460:"June, Daniel, "Increase of Kentucky Lawyer Suicides Exposes the Unique Stresses of the Profession""
3528:
Specialized Justice: Courts, Administrative Tribunals, and a Cross-National Theory of Specialization
2454:
1072:
563:
Some lawyers, particularly barristers and advocates, argue the legal cases of clients case before a
437:
Historically, lawyers in most European countries were addressed with the title of doctor. The first
6588:
6010:
5992:
4322:
3045:
2277:
1596:
1077:
960:
929:
756:
709:
552:
6344:
2580:
Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, "The Venezuelan Legal Profession: Lawyers in an Inegalitarian Society", in
2341:
6385:
6172:
5661:
5646:
5021:
4902:
4032:
Timothy J. Tyler, "Judging the Past: Germany's Post-Unification Lawyers' Admissions Review Law",
3287:
Law School Confidential: A Complete Guide to the Law School Experience, By Students, for Students
3037:
2561:
2153:
Vittorio Olgiati and Valerio Pocar, "The Italian Legal Profession: An Institutional Dilemma", in
2140:
Carlos Viladás Jene, "The Legal Profession in Spain: An Understudied but Booming Occupation", in
1906:
1428:
1293:
1155:
1117:
1011:
specialize in representing one side in one particular area of the law; thus, it is common in the
806:
31:
4485:"Seven Reasons Why Practicing Law Might Be More Stressful Than Spending 18 Months in a POW Camp"
2352:
6440:
6425:
2506:
1710:
898:
5221:
4648:
2728:
Fact Investigation: A Practical Guide to Interviewing, Counseling, and Case Theory Development
1524:, except that, unlike solicitors, civil law notaries do not practice litigation to any degree.
645:
claims or defenses for the client. Lastly, the lawyer explains her or his fees to the client.
6578:
6544:
6137:
5815:
5626:
4720:
4656:
4430:
4377:
4342:
Gayle White, "So, a lawyer, a skunk and a catfish walk into a bar...: No shortage of jokes",
4197:
3562:
3410:
Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, "Venezuela, 1958–1999: The Legal System in an Impaired Democracy", in
2711:
2696:
2178:
1890:
713:
617:
442:
3363:
J.S. Gandhi, "Past and Present: A Sociological Portrait of the Indian Legal Profession", in
6265:
5611:
4330:
2702: (1938) (upholding limitation on attorneys' fees in veterans' benefits cases to $ 10);
2571:(preventing attorneys from appearing in small claims court except as parties or witnesses).
2186:
1914:
1880:
1831:
1058:
975:. There are also many non-legal jobs for which legal training is good preparation, such as
773:
1150:
rules, as well as the possibility of other differences in substantive and procedural law.
8:
6420:
5560:
5477:
3106:
2993:, 176; Hazard, 90–93; Murray, 325; and Pérez-Perdomo, "Venezuelan Legal Profession", 387.
2409:
1986:
Georgina Murray, "New Zealand Lawyers: From Colonial GPs to the Servants of Capital", in
1940:
The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America
1305:
1176:
1041:, with the exception of English barristers. The vast majority of law firms worldwide are
980:
828:
2378:
325:
Some jurisdictions have multiple types of lawyers, while others only have one or two.
6235:
5894:
5748:
5733:
5711:
5455:
5435:
5388:
5378:
5307:
4723:
3049:
2819:
2714:
2610:
2398:
1733:
1647:
1571:
1204:
1159:
1128:
bars and may appear for clients before all courts nationwide with the exception of the
625:
391:
4807:"We provide professional legal advice and representation to those who can't afford it"
2699:
2670:
Anne Boigeol, "The French Bar: The Difficulties of Unifying a Divided Profession", in
640:
In some fused common law jurisdictions, the client-lawyer relationship begins with an
6220:
6142:
5980:
5723:
5718:
5671:
5596:
5590:
5430:
5348:
5227:
4683:
4644:
4369:
4192:
Gerald W. Gawalt, "Sources of Anti-Lawyer Sentiment in Massachusetts, 1740–1840", in
4006:
Maria da Gloria Bonelli, "Lawyers' Associations and the Brazilian State, 1843–1997",
3531:
3388:
Eliane Botelho Junqueira, "Brazil: The Road of Conflict Bound for Total Justice", in
3252:
G. Jeffrey MacDonald, "The self-made lawyer: Not every attorney goes to law school",
1922:
1858:
1837:
1706:
1680:
1669:
1396:
1341:
1253:
1146:
rules for such occasions, the lawyer will still have to deal with a different set of
984:
906:
438:
136:
38:
5086:
James A. Brundage, "The Rise of the Professional Jurist in the Thirteenth Century",
4627:
Risks, Reputations, and Rewards: Contingency Fee Legal Practice in the United States
2835:
2608:
Alan Feuer, "Lawyering by Laymen: More Litigants Are Taking a Do-It-Yourself Tack",
2367:
1628:. At the same time, the jurisconsults went into decline during the imperial period.
6573:
6225:
6192:
5691:
5555:
5550:
5515:
5000:
4019:
Kandis Scott, "Decollectivization and Democracy: Current Law Practice in Romania",
3557:
3307:
Blankenburg, 132; Friedman and Pérez-Perdomo, 6; Hazard, 124–128; and Olgiati, 345.
3042:
Lawyers and the Courts: A Sociological Study of the English Legal System, 1750–1965
3033:
2595:
2251:. New York: Encyclopedia Press. Accessed May 26, 2008. García y García, A. (1992).
2027:
1761:
1729:
1621:
1513:
1387:
1285:
that summarized the noun as: "LAWYER, n. One skilled in circumvention of the law."
1257:
1180:
1083:
901:, admitted to the California Bar through an examination before attending law school
641:
621:
375:
348:
298:
254:
132:
56:
2322:
The Path of Legal Education from Edward to Langdell: A History of Insular Reaction
6474:
6447:
6435:
6415:
6349:
6327:
6307:
6302:
6282:
6147:
6127:
6122:
6025:
5985:
5696:
5621:
5545:
5530:
5450:
5207:
4574:
4555:
4437:
4407:
4384:
4293:
3968:
3947:
Mary C. Daly, "Ethical and Liability Issues in International Legal Practice", in
3661:
2810:
Arthurs, 125; Johnsen, 74; and Pérez-Perdomo, "Venezuelan Legal Profession", 387.
2568:
2548:
2416:
2405:
2385:
2379:"U.S. Higher Education / Evaluation of the Almanac Chronicle of Higher Education"
2374:
2359:
2348:
2328:
2321:
2308:
2284:
2259:
2248:
1811:
1796:
1690:
1641:. It was widely evaded, either through demands for maintenance and expenses or a
1633:
1377:
1373:
1317:
1252:
Public distrust of lawyers reached record heights in the United States after the
1195:
workers" prior to the enactment of a comprehensive reform package in 1996 by the
1093:
1016:
936:
914:
873:
869:
818:
752:
466:
411:
386:
238:
234:
101:
81:
3145:
1701:
in London in 1237. During the same decade, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
1632:
rhetoric, thus reducing the need for a separate class of jurisconsults; in 460,
1473:
417:
While some jurisdictions regulate the use of the title "lawyer", others do not.
6551:
6359:
6277:
5866:
5832:
5783:
5768:
5540:
5445:
5425:
5415:
4567:
4396:
4357:
4310:
3961:
2892:
Multidisciplinary Practices and Partnerships: Lawyers, Consultants, and Clients
2089:
1638:
1613:
1517:
1276:
1272:
1042:
857:
576:
490:
347:
Several countries that originally had two or more legal professions have since
144:
4997:
The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey
4787:
Arthurs, 161; Murray, 342; Pérez-Perdomo, 392; Schuyt, 211; and Weisbrot, 288.
6567:
6405:
6364:
6250:
6230:
6202:
6152:
6117:
6091:
6086:
6079:
6030:
5970:
5810:
5800:
5758:
5681:
5676:
5606:
5565:
5489:
4362:
Adventures in Law and Justice: Exploring Big Legal Questions in Everyday Life
4344:
4272:
4236:
Marc Galanter, "Predators and Parasites: Lawyer-Bashing and Civil Justice, "
2766:
2241:
2053:"Rule 5.5: Unauthorized Practice of Law; Multijurisdictional Practice of Law"
1801:
1685:
was compiled) onward, a small but increasing number of men became experts in
1546:
1545:
present themselves as legal professionals or experts. They had to uphold the
1261:
1097:
1012:
972:
735:
665:
250:
148:
4855:
Lawyers and Litigants in Ancient Athens: The Genesis of the Legal Profession
943:
The career structure of lawyers varies widely from one country to the next.
734:
Conveyancing is the drafting of the documents necessary for the transfer of
6537:
6287:
6255:
6210:
5948:
5943:
5914:
5827:
5805:
5773:
5706:
5686:
5580:
5520:
5510:
5462:
5420:
5398:
5341:
4264:
4104:, 135 and 250; Arthurs, 146; Hazard, 135; Paterson, 104; and Weisbrot, 284.
3960:
For a classic explanation of the self-regulating legal profession, see the
3184:
2216:
The Patent Guide: A Friendly Guide to Protecting and Profiting from Patents
1894:
1816:
1776:
1751:
1698:
1672:
overseeing a medieval court, from an illustrated manuscript of a legal code
1617:
1551:
1408:
1142:
988:
917:(or a series of such examinations) before receiving a license to practice.
849:
761:
743:
658:
455:
278:
198:
152:
2822:
and Ulrike Schultz, "German Advocates: A Highly Regulated Profession", in
2001:
Legal Culture in the Age of Globalization: Latin America and Latin Europe,
1533:
The earliest people who could be described as "lawyers" were probably the
768:
In others, the use of a lawyer is optional and banks, title companies, or
6459:
6400:
6390:
6187:
6182:
6020:
5921:
5837:
5796:
5763:
5728:
5651:
5575:
5525:
5440:
5290:
4115:
English Lawyers Between Market and State: The Politics of Professionalism
3593:
Bernard Michael Ortwein II, "The Swedish Legal System: An Introduction",
3412:
Legal Culture in the Age of Globalization: Latin America and Latin Europe
3390:
Legal Culture in the Age of Globalization: Latin America and Latin Europe
3318:
Legal Culture in the Age of Globalization: Latin America and Latin Europe
3120:
Legal Culture in the Age of Globalization: Latin America and Latin Europe
1766:
1689:
but only in furtherance of other occupational goals, such as serving the
1477:
1217:
1105:
1101:
894:
861:
747:
595:
In split common law jurisdictions, the usual division of labor is that a
494:
396:
333:
294:
60:
4325:, Merritt Publishing, 1996), 2; and Stuart Kahan and Robert M. Cavallo,
6523:
6452:
6332:
6270:
6015:
5936:
5931:
5889:
5871:
5859:
5820:
5666:
5656:
5616:
5601:
5585:
5535:
5472:
5467:
3629:
Profit and the Practice of Law: What's Happened to the Legal Profession
1781:
1577:
Like their Greek contemporaries, early Roman advocates were trained in
1567:
992:
976:
968:
956:
952:
872:) followed by intense in-class cross-examination by the professor (the
853:
832:
801:
785:
482:
425:
329:
262:
258:
242:
218:
182:
5324:
2368:
University of Utah – The Graduate School – Graduate Handbook
6430:
6395:
6337:
6312:
6177:
6074:
6062:
6047:
6035:
5963:
5881:
5854:
5738:
2797:
2730:(Louisville, CO: National Institute for Trial Advocacy, 2000), 13–44.
1771:
1722:
1521:
1403:
1311:
1191:
1096:. In the Commonwealth of Nations, similar organizations are known as
1049:
789:
705:
686:
605:
596:
406:
341:
337:
290:
286:
246:
214:
210:
194:
186:
97:
89:
6518:
2968:
Arthurs, 125; and Pérez-Perdomo, "Venezuelan Legal Profession", 387.
2481:"Tytuł "mecenas" zarezerwowany jest dla adwokatów i radców prawnych"
1052:
in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and some states in Australia do
6479:
6464:
6167:
6052:
5849:
5393:
4417:
4248:
Stephen D. Easton, "Fewer Lawyers? Try Getting Your Day in Court",
3499:, 214; Arthurs, 131; Gandhi, 374; Merryman, 102, and Weisbrot, 277.
1791:
1643:
1578:
1563:
1246:
1038:
1034:
1028:
371:
302:
230:
117:
85:
51:
2877:
Kees Schuyt, "The Rise of Lawyers in the Dutch Welfare State", in
784:
In many countries, only lawyers have the legal authority to draft
6369:
6317:
6297:
6245:
6057:
5975:
5791:
5753:
5701:
4919:
3764:
Boigeol, "The French Bar", 271; Merryman, 106, and Junqueira, 89.
3654:
2428:
1821:
1756:
1625:
1534:
1419:
1241:
769:
669:
498:
478:
459:
93:
1084:
Mandatory licensing and membership in professional organizations
776:–is also allowed to carry out conveyancing services for reward.
6469:
6067:
5958:
5953:
5899:
5570:
5017:
2544:
1718:
1538:
910:
795:
701:
526:
474:
470:
401:
367:
226:
4806:
4568:
Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics
2593:
Gordon Kent, "Lawyerless Litigants: Is Justice Being Served?"
2092:, "The Professionalization of Legal Counseling in Norway", in
1942:, 3rd ed. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007),102–103.
1574:
complained that there was no money in working as an advocate.
6410:
6354:
6260:
6101:
5904:
5403:
5249:
2773:, 8th ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 336.
2351:. Accessed May 26, 2008; National Science Foundation (2006).
1677:
sense of the term 'professional.' " However, from 1150 (when
1415:
964:
564:
447:
222:
178:
4298:
Unequal Justice: Lawyers and Social Change in Modern America
2623:
Fiona Boyle, Several Capps, Philip Plowden, Clare Sandford,
2268:, London: Cambridge University Press. Accessed May 26, 2008.
2185:, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 1–53 (
823:
809:
specialize in the defense of those charged with any crimes.
277:
The exact nature of a lawyer's work varies depending on the
6292:
6240:
6096:
5494:
5410:
2687:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 132. See, e.g.,
1067:
848:
United States and Canada award graduating students a J.D. (
739:
568:
5183:
French Lawyers: A Study in Collective Action, 1274 to 1994
4317:(New York: Beech Tree Books, 1987), 11; Kenneth Menendez,
3092:
Hazard, 34–35; Huyse, 227; Merryman, 105, and Schuyt, 201.
2231:, 2nd ed.(Clifton Park: Thomson Delmar Learning, 1998), 4.
1520:. A civil law notary is roughly analogous to a common law
1033:
Lawyers in private practice generally work in specialized
779:
5364:
3704:, 7th ed. (London: Cavendish Publishing Ltd., 2004), 550.
1324:
1240:, Act IV, Scene 2. The legal profession was abolished in
616:
In most developed countries, the legislature has granted
140:
113:
1076:
Stamp issued to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the
939:
is a famous example of a lawyer who became a politician.
586:
37:"Legal counsel" redirects here. Not to be confused with
5200:
Standards of Conduct for Lawyers: An 800-Year Evolution
3911:, 3rd ed. (London: Routledge Cavendish, 2002), 208–209.
1314:
clients and other persons and misappropriating property
5333:
4538:
United States Census Bureau, American Community Survey
3595:
13 Ind. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 405, 440–445 (2003).
2906:"HMLegal – Your Outsourced, In-House Counsel Solution"
2627:, 3rd ed. (London: Cavendish Publishing, 2005), 47–50.
611:
358:
all or nearly all the responsibilities listed below.
4726: (1967) (reviewing history of the American Rule).
4170:
Blankenburg, 126; and Boigeol, "The French Bar", 272.
1589:) on legal issues to all comers (a practice known as
720:
3631:(Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1997), 50.
3438:
3436:
3375:
3373:
2340:
Association of American Universities Data Exchange.
1197:
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
883:
4194:
Essays in Nineteenth-Century American Legal History
4117:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 374–375.
3988:, 10; Johnsen, 70; Olgiati, 339; and Rokumoto, 161.
3777:, 127 and 243–249; Arthurs, 135; and Weisbrot, 279.
3173:(Cincinnati: Thomson Executive Press, 1996), 52–53.
2903:
2894:, § 1.06 (New York: Law Journal Press, 2002), 1–29.
2743:(London: Cavendish Publishing Ltd., 1997), 266–274.
1350:Peasants paying for legal services with produce in
695:
685:general prohibition on the giving of legal advice.
4269:With Justice For None: Destroying An American Myth
3949:Comparative Law Yearbook of International Business
3721:, published 1 January 2015, accessed 15 March 2023
3329:Herbert Hausmaninger, "Austrian Legal Education",
3276:Pérez-Perdomo, "Venezuelan Legal Profession", 384.
1999:Anne Boigeol, "The Rise of Lawyers in France", in
1650:transaction. The latter was cause for disbarment.
959:, government counsel, corporate in-house counsel,
305:— who perform different tasks related to the law.
5143:
5141:
4713:Fleischmann Distilling Corp. v. Maier Brewing Co.
4360:, "Myths, Fictions, and Realities" (chap. 2), in
4161:Boigeol, "The French Bar", 274; and Olgiati, 344.
3433:
3370:
3267:Hazard, 127–129; Merryman, 103; and Olgiati, 345.
6565:
3422:
3420:
2897:
2855:(Buffalo: William S. Hein Company, 1990), 30–35.
2704:Walters v. National Ass'n of Radiation Survivors
2657:
2655:
852:) as a professional law degree. In a handful of
4300:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 301.
4046:The Internationalization of the Practice of Law
3751:
3749:
1938:John Henry Merryman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo,
635:
5213:
5138:
5073:
5071:
5061:
5059:
5057:
4796:Boigeol, "The French Bar", 280; and Jene, 376.
3289:(New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2000), 25–27.
2958:10 Pac. Rim L. & Poly 781, 783–790 (2001).
547:
5349:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4909:(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1967), 90.
3526:In general, see, Legomsky, Stephen H. (1990)
3451:Hazard, 127, 129, & 133; Miller, 335–341.
3417:
3146:"The Bar Professional Training Course (BPTC)"
2976:
2974:
2652:
2080:(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964), 27.
1462:The examples and perspective in this section
1057:organizational structure is that there is no
5185:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 21.
5172:, 3rd ed. (London: Butterworths, 1990), 179.
3831:Murray, 339; Rokumoto, 163; and Schuyt, 207.
3746:
1600:Detail from the sarcophagus of Roman lawyer
796:Prosecution and defense of criminal suspects
530:
508:
502:
5068:
5054:
5003:: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964), 507.
4423:
3642:8 Int'l J. Legal Prof. 225, 228–231 (2001).
3331:43 S. Tex. L. Rev. 387, 388 and 400 (2002).
3169:Wayne L. Anderson and Marilyn J. Headrick,
2302:Debate over 'doctor of law' title continues
1678:
520:
514:
5356:
5342:
4955:
4260:
4258:
3909:The German Legal System and Legal Language
3070:Arthurs, 125; Huyse, 227; and Schuyt, 201.
2971:
2934:Luc Huyse, "Legal Experts in Belgium", in
2455:"Mecenas a adwokat – w czym tkwi różnica?"
1570:. This was apparently not much money; the
1480:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1308:, such as false deeds, contracts, or wills
856:, one may become an attorney (a so-called
50:
3922:Andrews v Law Society of British Columbia
3520:
2851:Justine Fischer and Dorothy H. Lackmann,
2726:Paul J. Zwier & Anthony J. Bocchini,
2541:The Legal Profession in England and Wales
2399:Model Code of Professional Responsibility
1857:She is wearing the ceremonial robes of a
1496:Learn how and when to remove this message
1211:
812:
805:files criminal charges against suspects.
6501:History of the American legal profession
5193:
5191:
5170:An Introduction to British Legal History
4746:11 Int'l J. Legal Prof. 233, 239 (2004).
4420:. Also found quoted in many legal books.
3462:Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World
3365:Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World
3135:, 45–59; Rokumoto, 165; and Schuyt, 204.
2904:Holland & Marie (26 November 2018).
2342:Glossary of Terms for Graduate Education
2311:. Florida Bar Association, July 1, 2006.
1988:Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World
1975:Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World
1962:Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World
1664:
1595:
1507:
1445:History of the American legal profession
1345:
1227:
1169:
1071:
1068:Professional associations and regulation
928:
893:
822:
551:
501:), legal professionals are addressed as
424:
4642:
4376:), 55 & 62–66. Bierce is quoted p.
4255:
3973:ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct
2936:Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World
2879:Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World
2840:Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World
2824:Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World
2672:Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World
2582:Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World
2227:David G. Cooper and Michael J. Gibson,
2183:Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World
2181:, "Lawyers in the Civil Law World", in
2155:Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World
2142:Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World
2129:Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World
2107:Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World
2094:Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World
946:
780:Carrying out the intent of the deceased
309:compliance with laws and regulations.
14:
6566:
5088:20 Syracuse J. Int'l L. & Com. 185
4512:
1223:
441:, starting with the law school of the
5337:
5188:
4857:(New York: Benjamin Blom, 1927), 202.
4817:from the original on 23 February 2015
4021:36 Geo. Wash. Int'l L. Rev. 817, 820.
3234:from the original on 22 November 2017
3101:Larry J. Siegel and Joseph J. Senna,
2786:(London: Stevens and Sons, 1962), 32.
2625:A Practical Guide to Lawyering Skills
2265:A History of the University in Europe
2218:(New York: Allworth Press, 1997), 49.
2201:
2199:
2174:
2172:
2011:
2009:
587:Research and drafting of court papers
556:Oral arguments being made before the
5256:
5219:
4752:arrangements are illegal in Germany.
4008:28 Law & Soc. Inquiry 1045, 1065
3584:Boigeol, "The Rise of Lawyers", 202.
3171:The Legal Profession: Is it for you?
3138:
3109:: Thomson Wadsworth, 2005), 311–325.
1448:
1162:in 1973 and 1985, respectively. The
5226:. London: Bloomsbury. p. 215.
4934:: The Franklin Library, 1982), 208.
4566:United States Department of Labor,
4366:University of New South Wales Press
4238:28 Ga. L. Rev. 633, 644–648 (1994).
4034:29 Tex. Int'l L.J. 457, 472 (1994).
3530:Oxford University Press, New York,
2916:from the original on 10 August 2019
2278:Regio Decreto 4 giugno 1938, n.1269
1130:Federal Court of Justice of Germany
924:
612:Advocacy in administrative hearings
542:
487:French-speaking area of Switzerland
24:
3345:, 57; Miller, 25; and Murray, 337.
2196:
2169:
2045:
2006:
721:Negotiating and drafting contracts
433:conferring the Juris Doctor degree
25:
6605:
5485:Restitution and unjust enrichment
4333:: Chilton Book Company, 1979), 2.
2795:Maureen Paton, "Cab-rank exits",
2229:Introduction to Paralegal Studies
1911:Legal Ethics: A Comparative Study
1528:
1290:Legal Ethics: A Comparative Study
1005:
884:Earning the right to practice law
620:over highly technical matters to
6532:
6531:
6517:
5316:
5299:
5282:
5265:
5175:
5162:
5150:
5129:
5120:
5111:
5102:
5093:
5080:
5045:
5036:
5027:
5006:
4989:
4980:
4971:
4946:
4937:
4912:
4896:
4887:
4878:
4869:
4860:
4847:
4838:
4829:
4799:
4790:
4781:
4768:
4755:
4738:
4729:
4705:
4676:
4636:
4619:
4610:
4579:
4560:
4541:
4532:
4506:
4477:
4452:
4443:
4390:
4351:
4336:
4315:The Terrible Truth About Lawyers
4303:
4287:
4278:
4242:
4230:
4221:
4212:
4203:
4186:
4173:
4164:
4155:
4146:
4133:
4120:
4107:
4090:
4077:
4074:Arthurs, 138; and Weisbrot, 281.
4068:
4051:
4038:
4026:
4013:
4000:
3991:
3978:
3954:
3941:
3928:
3914:
3901:
3892:
3883:
3874:
3865:
3856:
3847:
3834:
3825:
3816:
3807:
3798:
3789:
3780:
3767:
3758:
3737:
3724:
3707:
3694:
3685:
3676:
3667:
3646:
3634:
3621:
3608:
3599:
3587:
3578:
3569:
3549:
3540:
3511:
3502:
3485:
3476:
3467:
3454:
3103:Introduction to Criminal Justice
2741:Client Management for Solicitors
1453:
1190:Of all the civil law countries,
1022:
842:Bar Professional Training Course
696:Protecting intellectual property
332:jurisdictions, emerged from the
6496:History of the legal profession
4694:from the original on 2016-09-25
4599:from the original on 2016-03-03
4521:from the original on 2017-01-05
4495:from the original on 2017-07-03
4466:from the original on 2022-02-21
4364:, Law at Large, 55–82 (Sydney:
3445:
3404:
3395:
3382:
3357:
3348:
3335:
3323:
3310:
3301:
3292:
3279:
3270:
3261:
3246:
3216:
3205:from the original on 2018-10-08
3191:
3176:
3163:
3152:from the original on 2012-03-23
3125:
3112:
3095:
3086:
3073:
3064:
3055:
3027:
3018:
3009:
2996:
2983:
2962:
2950:
2947:Murray, 325; and Rokumoto, 164.
2941:
2928:
2884:
2871:
2858:
2845:
2829:
2813:
2804:
2789:
2776:
2759:
2746:
2733:
2720:
2677:
2664:
2643:
2630:
2617:
2602:
2587:
2574:
2562:Cal. Code. Civ. Proc. § 116.530
2554:
2533:
2524:
2513:from the original on 2020-03-03
2499:
2473:
2447:
2421:
2391:
2334:
2314:
2294:
2271:
2234:
2221:
2208:
2160:
2147:
2134:
2121:
2112:
2099:
2083:
2070:
2059:from the original on 2015-06-02
1557:
1441:History of the legal profession
1335:
729:
652:
5014:History of Roman Legal Science
3786:Bastard, 295; and Falcão, 401.
3730:Charlson, J. and Chinyio, E.,
3700:Gary Slapper and David Kelly,
2784:Lawyer and Litigant in England
2771:Jackson's Machinery of Justice
2191:University of California Press
1993:
1980:
1967:
1954:
1945:
1932:
1900:
1874:
1851:
1660:
320:
13:
1:
5210:, 57 SMU L. Rev. 1385 (2004).
4547:United States Census Bureau,
4128:22 Pepp. L. Rev. 485, 490–491
3255:The Christian Science Monitor
2461:(in Polish). 5 September 2022
2291:. Accessed February 10, 2009.
1951:Bastard, 299, and Hazard, 45.
1868:
1807:Privilege of the predecessors
1402:In some countries, there are
1355:
1269:Adventures in Law and Justice
800:In many civil law countries,
746:. In some jurisdictions, all
431:Suffolk University Law School
64:
4907:Law and Life of Ancient Rome
4416:(1911), electronic entry at
3605:Hazard, 39–43; Olgiati, 353.
3230:. American Bar Association.
3201:. American Bar Association.
2055:. American Bar Association.
1637:then it was measured at 100
1110:unauthorized practice of law
983:, government administrator,
905:Some jurisdictions grant a "
700:In virtually all countries,
675:unauthorized practice of law
636:Client intake and counseling
7:
5223:Lawyers and the Rule of Law
5157:Statute of Westminster 1275
4748:According to this article,
4684:"Research – Amanda Y. Agan"
4275:: Times Books, 1989), 27–40
4196:, ed. Wythe Holt, 624–648 (
3715:BECOMING AN IN-HOUSE LAWYER
2240:Herbermann, et al. (1915).
1739:
1512:16th-century painting of a
1476:, discuss the issue on the
1363:Pieter Brueghel the Younger
1264:as a result of Watergate.
1148:professional responsibility
548:Oral argument in the courts
328:England, the mother of the
10:
6610:
6163:International legal theory
5642:International slavery laws
5637:International human rights
5632:International criminal law
4513:Murray, Bob (2017-01-04).
4327:Do I Really Need A Lawyer?
3652:Information for lawyers –
3224:"ABA-Approved Law Schools"
3199:"ABA-Approved Law Schools"
2838:, "Lawyers in Brazil", in
2397:American Bar Association.
2078:The Personality of Lawyers
1827:Sole practitioner (lawyer)
1787:Lawyer-supported mediation
1438:
1434:
1339:
1026:
887:
816:
656:
429:Example of a diploma from
36:
29:
6511:
6488:
6378:
6216:Administration of justice
6201:
6110:
6001:
5880:
5782:
5503:
5371:
4549:Current Population Survey
4515:"Dealing with depression"
3081:The Regulatory Challenge,
2017:"THE ADVOCATES ACT, 1961"
1919:Stanford University Press
1834:(patron saint of lawyers)
1164:European Court of Justice
890:Admission to practice law
558:New York Court of Appeals
420:
204:
170:
165:Professional requirements
158:
128:
123:
107:
77:
72:
49:
5993:Basic structure doctrine
5843:Natural and legal rights
5724:Public international law
3719:Canadian Bar Association
3702:The English Legal System
1844:
1320:in dealings with clients
1120:, with 230,000 members.
1078:American Bar Association
961:administrative law judge
807:Criminal defense lawyers
757:William Pitt the Younger
6173:Principle of typicality
5647:International trade law
5363:
5022:Oxford University Press
4918:Crook, 90. Crook cites
4065:, 29; and Arthurs, 148.
2364:"Ethics Opinion 1969-5"
1907:Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr.
1747:Avocats Sans Frontières
1604:315–320 AD. Picture by
1429:legal expense insurance
1294:Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr.
1156:Supreme Court of Canada
1118:State Bar of California
1015:to hear of plaintiffs'
32:Lawyer (disambiguation)
6594:Positions of authority
4811:Legal Aid South Africa
4664:Cite journal requires
4413:The Devil's Dictionary
3566:, 3 February 2005, 1A.
3473:Hazard, 129 & 133.
2614:, 22 January 2001, B1.
2599:, 27 January 2002, A1.
2507:"What is a Barrister?"
2459:Adwokaci Ambicki Trela
2026:. 1961. Archived from
1886:Black's Law Dictionary
1711:Second Council of Lyon
1679:
1673:
1609:
1525:
1365:
1282:The Devil's Dictionary
1233:
1212:Voluntary associations
1208:light or nonexistent.
1080:
940:
902:
899:Clara Shortridge Foltz
836:
813:Education and training
560:
531:
521:
515:
509:
503:
434:
6168:Principle of legality
5927:Delegated legislation
5627:Intellectual property
5220:Boon, Andrew (2022).
5168:John Hamilton Baker,
4928:The Annals of Tacitus
3563:Charleston Daily Mail
2253:"The Faculties of Law
2242:Catholic Encyclopedia
1668:
1599:
1516:, by Flemish painter
1511:
1349:
1231:
1170:Regulation of lawyers
1075:
932:
897:
826:
714:intellectual property
618:original jurisdiction
579:over the profession.
555:
493:-speaking countries (
443:University of Bologna
428:
6386:Barristers' chambers
6328:Legal representation
6266:Justice of the peace
5612:Financial regulation
5197:Carol Rice Andrews,
4625:Herbert M. Kritzer,
3655:Penalista para hurto
3627:Michael H. Trotter,
3188:, 14 April 2004, D8.
3148:. Chambers Student.
3024:s. 14 Stamp Act 1804
2890:Stephen J. McGarry,
2868:, 185; Bastard, 318.
2076:Walter O. Weyrauch,
2024:Bar Council of India
1909:& Angelo Dondi,
1881:Henry Campbell Black
1832:St. Ivo of Kermartin
1602:Valerius Petronianus
1474:improve this section
1464:may not represent a
1059:conflict of interest
947:Common and civil law
774:licensed conveyancer
571:in a court of law.
30:For other uses, see
6421:Election commission
6133:Expressive function
5662:Landlord–tenant law
5561:Consumer protection
4932:Franklin Center, PA
4348:, 27 May 2006, FW8.
4250:Wall Street Journal
2910:Holland & Marie
2717: (1985) (same).
1895:West Publishing Co.
1323:charging excessive
1306:false documentation
1288:More generally, in
1271:, legal researcher
1245:United States, and
1224:Cultural perception
1177:Ministry of Justice
981:corporate executive
829:Comenius University
712:and other forms of
630:conseils juridiques
392:Trademark attorneys
370:, some of whom are
46:
27:Practitioner of law
6379:Legal institutions
6246:Lawsuit/Litigation
6236:Dispute resolution
6041:Catholic canon law
5749:State of emergency
5712:Will and testament
5436:Law of obligations
5389:Constitutional law
5379:Administrative law
5206:2020-07-09 at the
5126:Brundage, 188–189.
5108:Brundage, 186–187.
5099:Brundage, 185–186.
4853:Robert J. Bonner,
4735:Anderson, 120–121.
4616:Anderson, 111–112.
4573:2006-05-07 at the
4554:2017-01-10 at the
4436:2016-04-15 at the
4406:2015-09-23 at the
4383:2016-04-15 at the
4319:Taming the Lawyers
3967:2008-12-19 at the
3907:Howard D. Fisher,
3673:Anderson, 111–117.
3660:2015-12-28 at the
3546:Merryman, 102–105.
3508:Anderson, 124–131.
3442:Lopez-Ayllon, 330.
3379:Lopez-Ayllon, 324.
3285:Robert H. Miller,
3258:, 3 June 2003, 13.
3050:Harvard University
2820:Erhard Blankenburg
2767:Richard M. Jackson
2765:J. R. Spencer and
2611:The New York Times
2567:2009-08-09 at the
2415:2008-07-08 at the
2404:2017-08-30 at the
2384:2008-04-13 at the
2373:2008-06-26 at the
2358:2016-03-08 at the
2347:2009-03-04 at the
2327:2021-03-03 at the
2320:Stein, R. (1981).
2307:2009-08-04 at the
2283:2009-08-09 at the
2258:2016-01-03 at the
2247:2017-08-04 at the
2205:Merryman, 105–109.
1734:David Dudley Field
1705:, the king of the
1674:
1610:
1606:Giovanni Dall'Orto
1591:publice respondere
1572:Satires of Juvenal
1526:
1366:
1352:The Village Lawyer
1234:
1205:adversarial system
1160:U.S. Supreme Court
1081:
941:
903:
837:
710:industrial designs
626:administrative law
561:
439:university degrees
435:
279:legal jurisdiction
160:Education required
44:
6584:Legal professions
6561:
6560:
6221:Constitutionalism
6143:Law and economics
5981:Act of parliament
5719:Product liability
5672:Legal archaeology
5597:Environmental law
5591:Entertainment law
5431:International law
4844:Blankenburg, 143.
4587:"After the JD II"
4311:Mark H. McCormack
4209:Blankenburg, 127.
4181:England and Wales
4141:England and Wales
4113:Richard L. Abel,
4102:England and Wales
4063:England and Wales
4061:, 142–143; Abel,
3795:Blankenburg, 139.
3775:England and Wales
3575:Blankenburg, 133.
3536:978-0-19-825429-4
3497:England and Wales
3495:, 167–175; Abel,
3133:England and Wales
3052:Press, 1967), 23.
3004:England and Wales
2991:England and Wales
2866:England and Wales
2754:England and Wales
2739:John H. Freeman,
2683:Richard L. Abel,
2638:England and Wales
2539:Richard L. Abel,
2485:Adwokatura Polska
1838:Trainee solicitor
1707:Kingdom of Sicily
1681:Decretum Gratiani
1506:
1505:
1498:
1397:environmental law
1254:Watergate scandal
1134:Bundesgerichtshof
985:investment banker
907:diploma privilege
519:, abbreviated to
507:, abbreviated to
268:
267:
137:Critical thinking
133:Analytical skills
39:Counsellor at law
16:(Redirected from
6601:
6536:
6535:
6534:
6522:
6521:
6345:Question of fact
6226:Criminal justice
5556:Construction law
5551:Conflict of laws
5516:Agricultural law
5358:
5351:
5344:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5312:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5295:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5278:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5258:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5217:
5211:
5195:
5186:
5179:
5173:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5145:
5136:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5118:
5115:
5109:
5106:
5100:
5097:
5091:
5089:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5066:
5063:
5052:
5049:
5043:
5040:
5034:
5031:
5025:
5010:
5004:
4995:A. H. M. Jones,
4993:
4987:
4984:
4978:
4975:
4969:
4966:
4953:
4950:
4944:
4941:
4935:
4916:
4910:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4885:
4884:Bonner, 208–209.
4882:
4876:
4873:
4867:
4864:
4858:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4836:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4803:
4797:
4794:
4788:
4785:
4779:
4776:American Lawyers
4772:
4766:
4763:American Lawyers
4759:
4753:
4747:
4742:
4736:
4733:
4727:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4688:sites.google.com
4680:
4674:
4673:
4667:
4662:
4660:
4652:
4640:
4634:
4623:
4617:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4598:
4591:
4583:
4577:
4564:
4558:
4545:
4539:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4441:
4427:
4421:
4394:
4388:
4355:
4349:
4340:
4334:
4323:Santa Monica, CA
4307:
4301:
4291:
4285:
4282:
4276:
4262:
4253:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4219:
4216:
4210:
4207:
4201:
4190:
4184:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4162:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4144:
4137:
4131:
4129:
4124:
4118:
4111:
4105:
4098:American Lawyers
4094:
4088:
4085:American Lawyers
4081:
4075:
4072:
4066:
4059:American Lawyers
4055:
4049:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4017:
4011:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3995:
3989:
3982:
3976:
3958:
3952:
3945:
3939:
3936:American Lawyers
3932:
3926:
3918:
3912:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3872:
3869:
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3842:American Lawyers
3838:
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3796:
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3616:American Lawyers
3612:
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3573:
3567:
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3493:American Lawyers
3489:
3483:
3480:
3474:
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3465:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3431:
3428:American Lawyers
3424:
3415:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3393:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3368:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3346:
3343:American Lawyers
3339:
3333:
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3327:
3321:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3299:
3296:
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3277:
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3195:
3189:
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3142:
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3129:
3123:
3116:
3110:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3084:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3053:
3034:Brian Abel-Smith
3031:
3025:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3007:
3000:
2994:
2987:
2981:
2978:
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2737:
2731:
2724:
2718:
2685:American Lawyers
2681:
2675:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2650:
2647:
2641:
2634:
2628:
2621:
2615:
2606:
2600:
2596:Edmonton Journal
2591:
2585:
2578:
2572:
2558:
2552:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
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2318:
2312:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2275:
2269:
2238:
2232:
2225:
2219:
2214:Carl W. Battle,
2212:
2206:
2203:
2194:
2176:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2151:
2145:
2138:
2132:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2110:
2103:
2097:
2087:
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2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2032:
2021:
2013:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1984:
1978:
1971:
1965:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1936:
1930:
1904:
1898:
1878:
1862:
1855:
1762:Corporate lawyer
1730:Canton of Geneva
1684:
1622:Byzantine Empire
1564:Emperor Claudius
1514:civil law notary
1501:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1393:pro bono publico
1360:
1357:
1292:, law professor
1238:Henry VI, Part 2
1181:executive branch
1094:bar associations
1043:small businesses
925:Career structure
642:intake interview
622:executive branch
543:Responsibilities
534:
524:
518:
512:
506:
412:Legal executives
387:Patent attorneys
255:civil law notary
109:Activity sectors
66:
57:Helena Normanton
54:
47:
43:
21:
6609:
6608:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6589:Law enforcement
6564:
6563:
6562:
6557:
6530:
6516:
6507:
6484:
6475:Political party
6448:Legal education
6436:Law enforcement
6416:Court of equity
6374:
6350:Question of law
6303:Practice of law
6283:Judicial review
6197:
6148:Legal formalism
6128:Comparative law
6123:Contract theory
6106:
6026:Legal pluralism
5997:
5986:Act of Congress
5910:Executive order
5876:
5778:
5697:Nationality law
5622:Immigration law
5546:Competition law
5499:
5367:
5362:
5332:
5322:
5317:
5315:
5305:
5300:
5298:
5288:
5283:
5281:
5277:from Wiktionary
5271:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5257:sister projects
5254:at Knowledge's
5248:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5218:
5214:
5208:Wayback Machine
5196:
5189:
5181:Lucien Karpik,
5180:
5176:
5167:
5163:
5155:
5151:
5146:
5139:
5134:
5130:
5125:
5121:
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5112:
5107:
5103:
5098:
5094:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5069:
5064:
5055:
5051:Jones, 512–513.
5050:
5046:
5042:Jones, 508–510.
5041:
5037:
5032:
5028:
5011:
5007:
4994:
4990:
4985:
4981:
4976:
4972:
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4888:
4883:
4879:
4874:
4870:
4865:
4861:
4852:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4835:Huyse, 240–241.
4834:
4830:
4820:
4818:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4773:
4769:
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4756:
4745:
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4706:
4697:
4695:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4665:
4663:
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4641:
4637:
4624:
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4615:
4611:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4575:Wayback Machine
4565:
4561:
4556:Wayback Machine
4546:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4524:
4522:
4511:
4507:
4498:
4496:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4469:
4467:
4462:. 4 June 2013.
4458:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4444:
4438:Wayback Machine
4428:
4424:
4408:Wayback Machine
4395:
4391:
4385:Wayback Machine
4356:
4352:
4341:
4337:
4308:
4304:
4294:Jerold Auerbach
4292:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4263:
4256:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4235:
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4226:
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4033:
4031:
4027:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3986:Civil Law World
3983:
3979:
3969:Wayback Machine
3959:
3955:
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3662:Wayback Machine
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3353:
3349:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3298:Anderson, 4–10.
3297:
3293:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3235:
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3074:
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3056:
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3019:
3014:
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2902:
2898:
2889:
2885:
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2863:
2859:
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2846:
2834:
2830:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2794:
2790:
2781:
2777:
2764:
2760:
2751:
2747:
2738:
2734:
2725:
2721:
2689:Hines v. Lowrey
2682:
2678:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2635:
2631:
2622:
2618:
2607:
2603:
2592:
2588:
2579:
2575:
2569:Wayback Machine
2559:
2555:
2549:Basil Blackwell
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2516:
2514:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2464:
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2453:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2417:Wayback Machine
2406:Wayback Machine
2396:
2392:
2386:Wayback Machine
2375:Wayback Machine
2360:Wayback Machine
2349:Wayback Machine
2339:
2335:
2329:Wayback Machine
2319:
2315:
2309:Wayback Machine
2299:
2295:
2288:
2285:Wayback Machine
2276:
2272:
2260:Wayback Machine
2249:Wayback Machine
2239:
2235:
2226:
2222:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2179:Richard L. Abel
2177:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2152:
2148:
2139:
2135:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2104:
2100:
2088:
2084:
2075:
2071:
2062:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2007:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1968:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1937:
1933:
1905:
1901:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1812:Public defender
1797:List of jurists
1742:
1691:Catholic Church
1663:
1560:
1531:
1502:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1471:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1439:Main articles:
1437:
1374:contingency fee
1358:
1344:
1338:
1318:procrastination
1304:preparation of
1226:
1214:
1172:
1086:
1070:
1031:
1025:
1017:personal injury
1008:
949:
937:Abraham Lincoln
927:
915:bar examination
892:
886:
874:Socratic method
870:casebook method
827:Law Faculty of
821:
819:Legal education
815:
798:
782:
753:New South Wales
732:
723:
698:
661:
655:
638:
614:
589:
550:
545:
525:(in Dutch). In
513:(in French) or
423:
323:
239:legal executive
207:
175:
173:
161:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
110:
102:legal executive
68:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6607:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6548:
6541:
6527:
6524:Law portal
6512:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6492:
6490:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6433:
6428:
6423:
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6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6382:
6380:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6360:Trial advocacy
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6207:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6007:
6005:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5897:
5892:
5890:Ballot measure
5886:
5884:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5874:
5869:
5867:Legal treatise
5864:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5835:
5833:Letters patent
5830:
5825:
5824:
5823:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5794:
5788:
5786:
5784:Sources of law
5780:
5779:
5777:
5776:
5771:
5769:Unenforced law
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5709:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5541:Commercial law
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5368:
5361:
5360:
5353:
5346:
5338:
5331:
5330:
5328:from Wikiquote
5313:
5296:
5279:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5232:
5212:
5187:
5174:
5161:
5149:
5147:Brundage, 189.
5137:
5135:Brundage, 190.
5128:
5119:
5117:Brundage, 188.
5110:
5101:
5092:
5079:
5067:
5053:
5044:
5035:
5026:
5012:Fritz Schulz,
5005:
4988:
4979:
4970:
4954:
4945:
4936:
4911:
4895:
4886:
4877:
4868:
4859:
4846:
4837:
4828:
4798:
4789:
4780:
4767:
4754:
4737:
4728:
4704:
4675:
4666:|journal=
4635:
4618:
4609:
4578:
4559:
4540:
4531:
4505:
4491:. 2015-05-11.
4476:
4451:
4442:
4422:
4397:Ambrose Bierce
4389:
4358:Bryan Horrigan
4350:
4335:
4302:
4286:
4277:
4254:
4241:
4229:
4220:
4218:Weisbrot, 246.
4211:
4202:
4185:
4172:
4163:
4154:
4145:
4132:
4119:
4106:
4089:
4076:
4067:
4050:
4037:
4025:
4012:
3999:
3990:
3977:
3953:
3940:
3927:
3913:
3900:
3891:
3882:
3873:
3864:
3862:Weisbrot, 244.
3855:
3846:
3833:
3824:
3815:
3806:
3797:
3788:
3779:
3766:
3757:
3745:
3743:Weisbrot, 264.
3736:
3723:
3713:Sobowale, J.,
3706:
3693:
3684:
3675:
3666:
3645:
3633:
3620:
3607:
3598:
3586:
3577:
3568:
3548:
3539:
3519:
3510:
3501:
3484:
3482:Weisbrot, 266.
3475:
3466:
3453:
3444:
3432:
3416:
3403:
3401:Junqueira, 89.
3394:
3381:
3369:
3356:
3347:
3334:
3322:
3309:
3300:
3291:
3278:
3269:
3260:
3245:
3215:
3190:
3175:
3162:
3137:
3124:
3111:
3094:
3085:
3072:
3063:
3061:Weisbrot, 251.
3054:
3038:Robert Stevens
3026:
3017:
3015:Weisbrot, 292.
3008:
2995:
2982:
2970:
2961:
2949:
2940:
2927:
2896:
2883:
2870:
2857:
2844:
2836:Joaquim Falcão
2828:
2812:
2803:
2788:
2782:R.E. Megarry,
2775:
2758:
2745:
2732:
2719:
2676:
2663:
2661:Rokumoto, 164.
2651:
2642:
2629:
2616:
2601:
2586:
2573:
2553:
2532:
2530:Hazard, 30–32.
2523:
2498:
2472:
2446:
2420:
2390:
2333:
2313:
2293:
2270:
2233:
2220:
2207:
2195:
2168:
2166:Hazard, 21–33.
2159:
2146:
2133:
2120:
2118:Merryman, 105.
2111:
2098:
2090:Jon T. Johnsen
2082:
2069:
2044:
2033:on 19 Aug 2008
2005:
1992:
1979:
1966:
1953:
1944:
1931:
1899:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1859:King's Counsel
1849:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1662:
1659:
1653:The notaries (
1616:and the early
1614:Roman Republic
1583:iuris consulti
1559:
1556:
1530:
1529:Ancient Greece
1527:
1518:Quentin Massys
1504:
1503:
1468:of the subject
1466:worldwide view
1461:
1459:
1452:
1436:
1433:
1342:Attorney's fee
1340:Main article:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1302:
1277:Ambrose Bierce
1273:Bryan Horrigan
1249:in the 1980s.
1225:
1222:
1213:
1210:
1171:
1168:
1085:
1082:
1069:
1066:
1027:Main article:
1024:
1021:
1007:
1006:Specialization
1004:
948:
945:
934:U.S. President
926:
923:
888:Main article:
885:
882:
858:country lawyer
817:Main article:
814:
811:
797:
794:
781:
778:
731:
728:
722:
719:
697:
694:
657:Main article:
654:
651:
637:
634:
613:
610:
588:
585:
577:legal monopoly
549:
546:
544:
541:
422:
419:
415:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
322:
319:
266:
265:
208:
205:
202:
201:
176:
171:
168:
167:
162:
159:
156:
155:
145:Legal research
130:
126:
125:
121:
120:
111:
108:
105:
104:
96:, counsellor,
79:
75:
74:
70:
69:
55:
26:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
6606:
6595:
6592:
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6569:
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6553:
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6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
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6407:
6406:Civil society
6404:
6402:
6399:
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6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6381:
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6371:
6368:
6366:
6365:Trier of fact
6363:
6361:
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6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
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6305:
6304:
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6291:
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6281:
6279:
6276:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
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6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6251:Legal opinion
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6231:Court-martial
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6203:Jurisprudence
6200:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
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6161:
6159:
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6154:
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6149:
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6144:
6141:
6139:
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6131:
6129:
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6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6109:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6092:Statutory law
6090:
6088:
6087:Socialist law
6085:
6081:
6080:Byzantine law
6078:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6031:Religious law
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6004:
6003:Legal systems
6000:
5994:
5991:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5971:Statutory law
5969:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5938:
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5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5924:
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5903:
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5901:
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5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5883:
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5870:
5868:
5865:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5851:
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5840:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5801:Statutory law
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5759:Transport law
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5713:
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5705:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5677:Legal fiction
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5607:Financial law
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5566:Corporate law
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5490:Statutory law
5488:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5457:
5454:
5452:
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5448:
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5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
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5401:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5372:Core subjects
5370:
5366:
5359:
5354:
5352:
5347:
5345:
5340:
5339:
5336:
5327:
5326:
5314:
5311:from Wikinews
5310:
5309:
5297:
5293:
5292:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5253:
5235:
5233:9781509925230
5229:
5225:
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5216:
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5205:
5202:
5201:
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5192:
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5178:
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5048:
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5030:
5024:, 1946), 113.
5023:
5019:
5015:
5009:
5002:
4998:
4992:
4983:
4974:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4949:
4940:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
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4904:
4903:John A. Crook
4899:
4890:
4881:
4872:
4863:
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4850:
4841:
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4557:
4553:
4550:
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4535:
4520:
4516:
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4494:
4490:
4489:BCGSearch.com
4486:
4480:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4446:
4439:
4435:
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4426:
4419:
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4414:
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4405:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4386:
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4379:
4375:
4374:0-86840-572-8
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4354:
4347:
4346:
4345:National Post
4339:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4284:Paterson, 76.
4281:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4259:
4251:
4245:
4233:
4227:Arthurs, 128.
4224:
4215:
4206:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4182:
4176:
4167:
4158:
4152:Arthurs, 141.
4149:
4142:
4136:
4123:
4116:
4110:
4103:
4100:, 147; Abel,
4099:
4093:
4086:
4080:
4071:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4047:
4041:
4029:
4016:
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3994:
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3963:
3957:
3950:
3944:
3937:
3931:
3924:
3923:
3917:
3910:
3904:
3895:
3889:Olgiati, 343.
3886:
3877:
3871:Bastard, 299.
3868:
3859:
3853:Arthurs, 139.
3850:
3843:
3837:
3828:
3822:Arthurs, 143.
3819:
3813:Paterson, 79.
3810:
3801:
3792:
3783:
3776:
3770:
3761:
3752:
3750:
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3733:
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2639:
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2605:
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2583:
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2551:, 1989), 116.
2550:
2546:
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2476:
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2279:
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2266:
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2250:
2246:
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2237:
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2163:
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2108:
2102:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2079:
2073:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2002:
1996:
1989:
1983:
1976:
1970:
1963:
1957:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1927:0-8047-4882-9
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1897:, 1979), 799.
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:Notary public
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1713:in 1275 that
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1671:
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1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1547:legal fiction
1544:
1540:
1536:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1500:
1497:
1489:
1486:December 2023
1479:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1421:
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1389:
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1379:
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1310:
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1300:
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1291:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1279:'s satirical
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1262:North America
1259:
1255:
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1248:
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1198:
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1131:
1125:
1121:
1119:
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1107:
1106:law societies
1103:
1099:
1098:Inns of Court
1095:
1089:
1079:
1074:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1023:Organizations
1020:
1018:
1014:
1013:United States
1003:
1000:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
973:law professor
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
944:
938:
935:
931:
922:
918:
916:
912:
908:
900:
896:
891:
881:
877:
875:
871:
865:
863:
860:) by simply "
859:
855:
851:
845:
843:
834:
830:
825:
820:
810:
808:
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791:
787:
777:
775:
771:
766:
764:
763:
758:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:real property
727:
718:
715:
711:
707:
703:
693:
690:
688:
684:
678:
676:
671:
668:, even if no
667:
666:consideration
660:
650:
646:
643:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
609:
607:
601:
598:
593:
584:
580:
578:
572:
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566:
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536:
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528:
523:
517:
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345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
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318:
314:
310:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:law professor
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
209:
203:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:
169:
166:
163:
157:
154:
150:
149:Legal writing
146:
142:
138:
134:
131:
127:
122:
119:
115:
112:
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6579:Legal ethics
6550:
6543:
6529:
6515:
6322:
6288:Jurisdiction
6256:Legal remedy
6211:Adjudication
6111:Legal theory
5949:Ratification
5944:Promulgation
5915:Proclamation
5895:Codification
5828:Human rights
5816:Divine right
5806:Constitution
5774:Women in law
5692:Military law
5687:Marriage law
5682:Maritime law
5581:Election law
5521:Aviation law
5511:Abortion law
5463:Property law
5399:Criminal law
5323:
5306:
5294:from Commons
5289:
5272:
5251:
5237:. Retrieved
5222:
5215:
5199:
5182:
5177:
5169:
5164:
5152:
5131:
5122:
5113:
5104:
5095:
5082:
5047:
5038:
5033:Schulz, 113.
5029:
5013:
5008:
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4991:
4982:
4973:
4948:
4939:
4927:
4923:
4914:
4906:
4898:
4889:
4880:
4875:Bonner, 206.
4871:
4866:Bonner, 204.
4862:
4854:
4849:
4840:
4831:
4819:. Retrieved
4810:
4801:
4792:
4783:
4775:
4770:
4762:
4757:
4749:
4740:
4731:
4712:
4707:
4696:. Retrieved
4687:
4678:
4657:cite journal
4638:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4612:
4601:. Retrieved
4581:
4562:
4543:
4534:
4523:. Retrieved
4508:
4497:. Retrieved
4488:
4479:
4468:. Retrieved
4454:
4445:
4425:
4411:
4392:
4361:
4353:
4343:
4338:
4326:
4318:
4314:
4305:
4297:
4289:
4280:
4268:
4265:Gerry Spence
4249:
4244:
4232:
4223:
4214:
4205:
4198:Westport, CT
4193:
4188:
4180:
4175:
4166:
4157:
4148:
4140:
4135:
4122:
4114:
4109:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4084:
4079:
4070:
4062:
4058:
4053:
4045:
4040:
4028:
4015:
4002:
3997:Falcão, 423.
3993:
3985:
3980:
3956:
3948:
3943:
3935:
3930:
3920:
3916:
3908:
3903:
3894:
3885:
3880:Falcão, 404.
3876:
3867:
3858:
3849:
3841:
3836:
3827:
3818:
3809:
3800:
3791:
3782:
3774:
3769:
3760:
3755:Johnsen, 86.
3739:
3726:
3718:
3709:
3701:
3696:
3687:
3678:
3669:
3653:
3648:
3636:
3628:
3623:
3615:
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3601:
3589:
3580:
3571:
3561:
3551:
3542:
3527:
3522:
3517:Gandhi, 374.
3513:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3478:
3469:
3461:
3456:
3447:
3427:
3411:
3406:
3397:
3389:
3384:
3364:
3359:
3354:Falcão, 410.
3350:
3342:
3337:
3325:
3317:
3312:
3303:
3294:
3286:
3281:
3272:
3263:
3253:
3248:
3236:. Retrieved
3227:
3218:
3207:. Retrieved
3193:
3185:The Telegram
3183:
3178:
3170:
3165:
3154:. Retrieved
3140:
3132:
3127:
3119:
3114:
3105:, 10th ed. (
3102:
3097:
3088:
3080:
3075:
3066:
3057:
3041:
3029:
3020:
3011:
3003:
2998:
2990:
2985:
2964:
2952:
2943:
2935:
2930:
2918:. Retrieved
2909:
2899:
2891:
2886:
2878:
2873:
2865:
2860:
2852:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2806:
2796:
2791:
2783:
2778:
2770:
2761:
2756:, 1 and 141.
2753:
2748:
2740:
2735:
2727:
2722:
2703:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2671:
2666:
2645:
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2576:
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2540:
2535:
2526:
2515:. Retrieved
2501:
2489:. Retrieved
2484:
2475:
2463:. Retrieved
2458:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2432:
2423:
2393:
2336:
2316:
2296:
2289:(in Italian)
2273:
2263:
2236:
2228:
2223:
2215:
2210:
2182:
2162:
2154:
2149:
2141:
2136:
2128:
2123:
2114:
2106:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2072:
2061:. Retrieved
2047:
2035:. Retrieved
2028:the original
2023:
2000:
1995:
1987:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1947:
1939:
1934:
1910:
1902:
1884:
1876:
1853:
1817:Rules lawyer
1777:Ghost lawyer
1752:Cause lawyer
1727:
1714:
1703:Frederick II
1699:papal legate
1695:
1675:
1670:King James I
1654:
1652:
1642:
1630:
1618:Roman Empire
1611:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1561:
1558:Ancient Rome
1552:ancient Rome
1542:
1532:
1492:
1483:
1463:
1423:
1413:
1409:South Africa
1401:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1371:
1367:
1351:
1336:Compensation
1330:
1289:
1287:
1280:
1268:
1266:
1251:
1237:
1235:
1218:trade unions
1215:
1201:
1189:
1185:
1173:
1152:
1143:pro hac vice
1141:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1102:bar councils
1090:
1087:
1063:
1053:
1047:
1032:
1019:attorneys.
1009:
1001:
997:
989:entrepreneur
950:
942:
919:
904:
878:
866:
850:Juris Doctor
846:
838:
799:
783:
767:
762:quid pro quo
760:
733:
730:Conveyancing
724:
699:
691:
682:
679:
662:
659:Legal advice
653:Legal advice
647:
639:
629:
615:
602:
594:
590:
581:
573:
562:
537:
529:, the title
464:
456:Juris Doctor
452:
436:
416:
397:Conveyancers
380:
364:
360:
354:
349:
346:
327:
324:
315:
311:
307:
303:canon lawyer
295:conveyancers
283:legal system
276:
271:
269:
206:Related jobs
199:corporations
153:Legal ethics
129:Competencies
18:Trial lawyer
6460:Legislature
6391:Bureaucracy
6188:Rule of man
6183:Rule of law
6158:Libertarian
6021:Chinese law
5922:Legislation
5872:Regulations
5860:Law reports
5838:Natural law
5734:Reparations
5729:Refugee law
5652:Jurimetrics
5593:(Media law)
5531:Banking law
5526:Amnesty law
5504:Disciplines
5441:Private law
5274:Definitions
5077:Jones, 515.
5065:Jones, 511.
4930:, Book VI (
4893:Hazard, 18.
4821:16 February
4449:Hazard, 60.
3975:, ¶¶ 10–13.
3898:Huyse, 239.
3682:Hazard, 39.
3238:18 November
2980:Huyse, 227.
2560:See, e.g.,
2491:3 September
2487:(in Polish)
2465:3 September
2439:3 September
2435:(in Polish)
2287:, Art. 48.
2193:, 1988), 4.
1889:, 5th ed. (
1767:Court dress
1661:Middle Ages
1655:tabelliones
1634:Emperor Leo
1612:During the
1537:of ancient
1391:(short for
1359: 1621
862:reading law
854:U.S. states
802:prosecutors
748:real estate
516:Meester ...
495:Netherlands
376:procurators
334:Middle Ages
321:Terminology
124:Description
61:court dress
59:in English
6568:Categories
6453:Law school
6333:Prosecutor
6271:Magistrate
6058:Jewish law
6016:Common law
5937:Rulemaking
5932:Regulation
5882:Law making
5821:Divine law
5797:Legal code
5744:Sports law
5667:Law of war
5617:Health law
5602:Family law
5586:Energy law
5536:Bankruptcy
5473:Punishment
5468:Public law
5325:Quotations
5239:29 October
5001:Norman, OK
4999:, vol. 1 (
4986:Crook, 90.
4977:Crook, 89.
4968:Crook, 88.
4952:Crook, 87.
4943:Crook, 91.
4765:, 129–130.
4698:2016-05-06
4603:2016-07-26
4525:2017-01-04
4499:2017-06-12
4470:2013-06-04
4331:Radnor, PA
4143:, 132–133.
4087:, 246–247.
3925:1 SCR 143.
3804:Jene, 370.
3209:2015-04-18
3156:2012-02-23
2649:Jene, 369.
2636:See Abel,
2517:2020-04-06
2433:sjp.pwn.pl
2410:Abanet.org
2063:2015-04-18
1869:References
1782:Law broker
1260:-speaking
1050:barristers
1035:businesses
993:journalist
977:politician
969:arbitrator
957:prosecutor
953:common law
835:(Slovakia)
833:Bratislava
738:, such as
706:trademarks
504:Maître ...
483:Luxembourg
407:Scriveners
342:solicitors
338:barristers
330:common law
291:solicitors
287:barristers
263:politician
259:magistrate
243:prosecutor
219:legislator
183:government
174:employment
73:Occupation
6431:Judiciary
6426:Executive
6401:The bench
6338:Solicitor
6313:Barrister
6193:Sociology
6178:Pseudolaw
6118:Anarchist
6075:Roman law
6063:Parsi law
6048:Hindu law
6036:Canon law
6011:Civil law
5964:Concordat
5855:Precedent
5764:Trust law
5739:Space law
5576:Drugs law
5446:Procedure
5384:Civil law
5159:, ch. 29.
3046:Cambridge
2920:10 August
2798:The Times
2429:"mecenas"
1929:), 20–23.
1772:Fiduciary
1687:canon law
1568:sesterces
1522:solicitor
1478:talk page
1404:legal aid
1312:deceiving
1192:communist
1048:Notably,
1039:law firms
1037:known as
744:mortgages
687:Singapore
606:scrivener
597:solicitor
372:advocates
247:law clerk
215:solicitor
211:Barrister
195:legal aid
187:law firms
172:Fields of
98:solicitor
90:barrister
6538:Category
6480:Tribunal
6465:Military
6308:Attorney
6278:Judgment
6138:Feminist
6053:Jain law
5850:Case law
5571:Cyberlaw
5478:Corporal
5456:Criminal
5426:Evidence
5416:Doctrine
5394:Contract
5204:Archived
4815:Archived
4750:pro bono
4692:Archived
4631:de facto
4594:Archived
4571:Archived
4552:Archived
4519:Archived
4493:Archived
4464:Archived
4434:Archived
4429:Hazard,
4418:Dict.org
4404:Archived
4401:"Lawyer"
4381:Archived
4368:, 2003,
4273:New York
3965:Archived
3962:Preamble
3658:Archived
3232:Archived
3203:Archived
3150:Archived
2914:Archived
2565:Archived
2511:Archived
2413:Archived
2402:Archived
2382:Archived
2371:Archived
2356:Archived
2345:Archived
2325:Archived
2305:Archived
2281:Archived
2256:Archived
2245:Archived
2187:Berkeley
2057:Archived
1921:, 2004,
1915:Stanford
1891:St. Paul
1792:Legalese
1740:See also
1644:sub rosa
1587:responsa
1579:rhetoric
1472:You may
1388:pro bono
1378:retainer
1247:Scotland
1136:or BGH.
1029:Law firm
951:In most
770:realtors
402:Notaries
299:notaries
281:and the
235:attorney
231:advocate
118:business
86:advocate
82:Attorney
6574:Lawyers
6552:Outline
6489:History
6396:The bar
6370:Verdict
6318:Counsel
6298:Justice
6153:History
5976:Statute
5792:Charter
5754:Tax law
5702:Probate
5090:(1994).
4920:Tacitus
4649:2623202
4130:(1995).
4023:(2004).
4010:(2003).
3971:to the
3558:Workman
3107:Belmont
2353:NSF.gov
1822:Shyster
1757:Counsel
1626:Hadrian
1535:orators
1435:History
1424:pro deo
1420:Belgium
1258:English
1242:Prussia
1179:in the
702:patents
670:lawsuit
532:Mecenas
522:mr. ...
499:Belgium
479:Belgium
460:Esquire
454:is the
368:jurists
94:counsel
6470:Police
6441:Agency
6323:Lawyer
6068:Sharia
5959:Treaty
5954:Repeal
5900:Decree
5811:Custom
5707:Estate
5657:Labour
5421:Equity
5252:Lawyer
5230:
5018:Oxford
4924:Annals
4778:, 133.
4774:Abel,
4761:Abel,
4647:
4372:
4179:Abel,
4139:Abel,
4096:Abel,
4083:Abel,
4057:Abel,
3984:Abel,
3934:Abel,
3844:, 116.
3840:Abel,
3773:Abel,
3618:, 122.
3614:Abel,
3534:
3491:Abel,
3426:Abel,
3341:Abel,
3131:Abel,
3006:, 177.
3002:Abel,
2989:Abel,
2864:Abel,
2752:Abel,
2545:London
1925:
1723:deceit
1719:Europe
1648:barter
1639:solidi
1539:Athens
911:Mexico
790:trusts
527:Poland
489:) and
475:Quebec
471:France
467:French
421:Titles
355:united
272:lawyer
227:jurist
179:Courts
45:Lawyer
6545:Index
6411:Court
6355:Trial
6261:Judge
6102:Yassa
5905:Edict
5451:Civil
5404:Crime
5291:Media
4719:
4597:(PDF)
4590:(PDF)
4410:, in
4183:, 37.
3938:, 68.
3430:, 62.
2710:
2695:
2037:1 May
2031:(PDF)
2020:(PDF)
1845:Notes
1543:never
1416:Italy
1361:, by
991:, or
971:, or
965:judge
786:wills
759:as a
740:deeds
565:judge
510:M ...
491:Dutch
448:Macau
350:fused
344:.
223:judge
78:Names
6293:Jury
6241:Fiqh
6097:Xeer
5495:Tort
5411:Deed
5308:News
5241:2023
5228:ISBN
4823:2015
4721:U.S.
4711:See
4670:help
4645:SSRN
4370:ISBN
3532:ISBN
3240:2017
3036:and
2922:2019
2712:U.S.
2697:U.S.
2493:2024
2467:2024
2441:2024
2039:2023
1923:ISBN
1443:and
1418:and
1325:fees
742:and
569:jury
462:").
340:and
191:NGOs
67:1950
5365:Law
4724:714
4717:386
3228:ABA
2715:305
2708:473
2693:305
2262:",
1715:all
1267:In
1104:or
1054:not
844:.
831:in
567:or
465:In
353:or
141:Law
114:Law
6570::
5799:/
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