Tribal sovereignty in the United States

2231:, to tribal members brought before tribal courts. Still, the court concluded, "it is pure fiction to say that the Indian courts functioning in the Fort Belknap Indian community are not in part, at least, arms of the federal government. Originally they were created by federal executive and imposed upon the Indian community, and to this day the federal government still maintains a partial control over them." In the end however, the Ninth Circuit limited its decision to the particular reservation in question and stated, "it does not follow from our decision that the tribal court must comply with every constitutional restriction that is applicable to federal or state courts." 544: 47: 173: 6373: 838: 805:

into modest parcels to be distributed to Indian families, and those remaining were auctioned off to white purchasers. Indians who accepted the farmland and became "civilized" were made American citizens. But the Act itself proved disastrous for Indians, as much tribal land was lost, and cultural traditions destroyed. Whites benefited the most; for example, when the government made 2 million acres (8,100 km) of Indian lands available in Oklahoma, 50,000 white settlers poured in almost instantly to claim it all (in a period of one day, April 22, 1889).

2308: (1990), the Supreme Court held that a tribal court does not have criminal jurisdiction over a non-member Indian, but that tribes "also possess their traditional and undisputed power to exclude persons who they deem to be undesirable from tribal lands. ... Tribal law enforcement authorities have the power if necessary, to eject them. Where jurisdiction to try and punish an offender rests outside the tribe, tribal officers may exercise their power to detain and transport him to the proper authorities." In response to this decision, Congress passed the ' 2401: 2712:(EPA). In 1974, the EPA became the first U.S. federal agency to release an Indian Policy, which established the model of environmental federalism operational today. Under this model, the federal EPA sets water, air, and waste disposal standards, but delegates enforcement authority and the opportunity to design stricter environmental regulations to each state. Enforcement authority over Native American territory, however, remains under federal EPA jurisdiction, unless a given tribe applies for and is granted Treatment as State (TAS) status. 2409: 2541:. However, most Native American land is held in trust by the United States, and federal law still regulates the economic rights of tribal governments and political rights. Tribal jurisdiction over persons and things within tribal borders are often at issue. While tribal criminal jurisdiction over Native Americans is reasonably well settled, tribes are still striving to achieve criminal jurisdiction over non-Native persons who commit crimes in Indian Country. This is largely due to the Supreme Court's ruling in 1978 in 685: 494: 2202:. This opinion stated that sovereign powers inhered in Indian tribes except for where they were restricted by Congress. The opinion stated that "Conquest has brought the Indian tribes under the control of Congress, but except as Congress has expressly restricted or limited the internal powers of sovereignty vested in the Indian tribes such powers are still vested in the respective tribes and may be exercised by their duly constituted organs of government." 536: 2865:(1974) also known as the Boldt Decision (concerning off-reservation fishing rights: holding that Indians had an easement to go through private property to their fishing locations, that the state could not charge Indians a fee to fish, that the state could not discriminate against the tribes in the method of fishing allowed, and that the Indians had a right to a fair and equitable share of the harvest) 2604:. Chief Justice Marshall found that "England had treated the tribes as sovereign and negotiated treaties of alliance with them. The United States followed suit, thus continuing the practice of recognizing tribal sovereignty. When the United States assumed the role of protector of the tribes, it neither denied nor destroyed their sovereignty." As determined in the Supreme Court case 2587:

to regulate Commerce with foreign nations and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes". This determined that Indian tribes were separate from the federal or state governments and that the states did not have power to regulate commerce with the tribes, much less regulate the tribes. The states and tribal nations have clashed over many issues such as

2623:(Creek) Nation in 1997 for rape and that the case should have been tried in federal court since Congress had never officially dissolved the reservation in question. The ruling's expansion of jurisdiction sovereignty also opened the possibility for Native Americans to obtain more power in alcohol regulation and casino gambling. 790:

Government "has the right and authority, instead of controlling them by treaties, to govern them by acts of Congress, they being within the geographical limit of the United States. ... The Indians owe no allegiance to a State within which their reservation may be established, and the State gives them no protection."

2355:

specifically taken from them by treaty or Congressional Act". This means American Indians do not have exactly the same rights of citizenship as other American citizens. The court cited case law from a pre-1924 case that said, "when Indians are prepared to exercise the privileges and bear the burdens of"

2727:

as stratified by socioeconomic status; EO 13007 ordered the protection of Native American cultural sites. Since the passage of EO 12898 and EO 13007, tribal prosecutors have litigated extensively against the federal government and industry polluters over land use and jurisdiction with varying degrees

811:

The evolution of the relationship between tribal governments and federal governments has been glued together through partnerships and agreements. Also running into problems of course such as finances which also led to not being able to have a stable social and political structure at the helm of these

2586:

Another dispute over American Indian government is its sovereignty versus that of the states. The federal U.S. government has always been the government that makes treaties with Indian tribes – not individual states. Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution states that "Congress shall have the power

2779:

regarding land and natural resource sovereignty has been posed by the modern real estate market. While Native Nations have made substantial progress in land and resource sovereignty, such authority is limited to land classified as 'Native American owned.' In the private real estate market, however,

2532:

The idea that tribes have an inherent right to govern themselves is at the foundation of their constitutional status – the power is not delegated by congressional acts. Congress can, however, limit tribal sovereignty. Unless a treaty or federal statute removes a power, however, the tribe is assumed

2480:

Tribal and pueblo governments today launch far-reaching economic ventures, operate growing law enforcement agencies, and adopt codes to govern conduct within their jurisdiction, while the United States retains control over the scope of tribal law making. Laws adopted by Native American governments

763:

On April 10, 1883, five years after establishing Indian police powers throughout the various reservations, the Indian Commissioner approved rules for a "court of Indian offenses". The court provided a venue for prosecuting criminal charges but afforded no relief for tribes seeking to resolve civil

804:

Passed by Congress in 1887, the "Dawes Act" was named for Senator Henry L. Dawes of Massachusetts, Chairman of the Senate's Indian Affairs Committee. It came as another crucial step in attacking the tribal aspect of the Indians of the time. In essence, the act broke up the land of most all tribes

738:

That hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty: Provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to invalidate or

767:

While U.S. courts clarified some of the rights and responsibilities of states and the federal government toward the Indian nations within the new nation's first century, it was almost another century before United States courts determined what powers remained vested in the tribal nations. In the

2664:

established a trust relationship between the United States and tribal territories. This gave the U.S. federal government primary jurisdictional authority over tribal land use, while maintaining tribal members' rights to reside on their land and access its resources. Similarly, in 1841, a treaty

2597:

in 1968, it was ruled that "the establishment of a reservation by treaty, statute or agreement includes an implied right of Indians to hunt and fish on that reservation free of regulation by the state". States have tried to extend their power over the tribes in many other instances, but federal

2579: 733:

had two significant sections. First, the Act ended United States recognition of additional Native American tribes or independent nations and prohibited additional treaties. Thus, it required the federal government no longer interact with the various tribes through treaties, but rather through

2361:, i.e. of one's own right and not under the power of someone else, "the tribal relation may be dissolved and the national guardianship brought to an end, but it rests with Congress to determine when and how this shall be done, and whether the emancipation shall be complete or only partial" ( 789:

over all Native American tribes within its borders by rationalization that "The power of the general government over these remnants of a race once powerful ... is necessary to their protection as well as to the safety of those among whom they dwell". The Supreme Court affirmed that the U.S.

2472:

against many lawsuits, unless a plaintiff is granted a waiver by the tribe or by congressional abrogation. The sovereignty extends to tribal enterprises and tribal casinos or gaming commissions. The Indian Civil Rights Act does not allow actions against an Indian tribe in federal court for

622:, "There were Indians, also, in several, and probably in most, of the states at that period, who were not treated as citizens, and yet, who did not form a part of independent communities or tribes, exercising general sovereignty and powers of government within the boundaries of the states." 2354:

defendants convicted of adultery under tribal laws, and another challenging a tax from the tribe, were not exempted from the tribal justice system because they had been granted U.S. citizenship. It found that tribes "still possess their inherent sovereignty excepting only when it has been

2917:, 236 Wis. 2d 384 (2000) (holding that tribal courts deserve full faith and credit since they are the court of an independent sovereign; however, in order to end confusion, cases that are filed in state and tribal courts require consultation of both courts before they are decided.) 2591:, fishing, and hunting. American Indians believed that they had treaties between their ancestors and the United States government, protecting their right to fish, while non-Indians believed the states were responsible for regulating commercial and sports fishing. In the case 3844:

Green, Michael D. and Perdue, Theda. However, England ceased to exist as a sovereign entity in 1707 to be replaced by Great Britain. Chief Justice Marshall's incorrect use of terminology appears to weaken the argument. The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears. Viking,

628:

of the Constitution states that "Congress shall have the power to regulate Commerce with foreign nations and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes", determining that Indian tribes were separate from the federal government, the states, and foreign nations;

2375:

over Indians." The court held that, "the granting of citizenship in itself did not destroy ... jurisdiction of the Indian tribal courts and ... there was no intention on the part of Congress to do so." The adultery conviction and the power of tribal courts were upheld.

2220:, which gave some states extensive jurisdiction over the criminal and civil controversies involving Indians on Indian lands. Many, especially Indians, continue to believe the law unfair because it imposed a system of laws on the tribal nations without their approval. 2512:

taxed. In Article I Section 8, Clause 3, Congress is empowered to "regulate commerce with foreign nations…states…and with the Indian tribes." Technically, Congress has no more power over Indian nations than it does over individual states. In the 1970s,

2263:

filed a dissenting opinion). But the case left unanswered some questions, including whether tribal courts could use criminal contempt powers against non-Indians to maintain decorum in the courtroom, or whether tribal courts could subpoena non-Indians.

2807:

announced that as territorial governments they have protected the Yurok-Tolowa-Dee-ni' Indigenous Marine Stewardship Area of 700 square miles (1,800 km) of ocean waters and coastline reaching from Oregon to just south of Trinidad in the

2939:

591 U.S. ___ (2020) (holding that if Congress did not expressly disestablish a reservation, the state wherein the reservation lies has no jurisdiction to prosecute crimes involving Indian defendants or Indian victims under the Major Crimes

2879:, 435 U.S. 191 (1978) (holding that Indian tribal courts do not have inherent criminal jurisdiction to try and to punish non-Indians, and hence may not assume such jurisdiction unless specifically authorized to do so by Congress.) 768:

interim, as a trustee charged with protecting their interests and property, the federal government was legally entrusted with ownership and administration of the assets, land, water, and treaty rights of the tribal nations.

2759:

revisited The Declaration and declared that the U.S. government now supported it; however, as of December 2022, the requirements of The Declaration have still not been adopted into U.S. law. As recently as 2015, the

5077: 2570:); the Choctaw have never exercised their right to do so since they were given the power and the Cherokee had not done so until appointing a delegate in 2019, though this delegate has not been accepted by Congress. 2190:. Though the Act did not specifically recognize the Courts of Indian Offenses, 1934 is widely considered to be the year when tribal authority, rather than United States authority, gave the tribal courts legitimacy. 2887:, 455 U.S. 130 (1982) (holding that Indian Nations have the power to tax Non-Native Americans based on their power as a nation and treaty rights to exclude others; this right can be curtailed only by Congress.) 3987:

Mandleco, Sarah (2002). "Surviving a State's Challenge to the EPA's Grant of Treatment as State Status under the Clean Water Act: One Tribe's Story State of Wisconsin v. EPA and Sokaogon Chippewa Community".

2676:

and the need for weapons testing sites, for which the U.S. federal government often selected former and current tribal territories in the southwestern deserts. Uranium mines were constructed upstream of

2379:

Further, the court held that whilst no law had directly established tribal courts, federal funding "including pay and other expenses of judges of Indian courts" implied that they were legitimate courts.

3801: 2280:

Other cases of those years precluded states from interfering with tribal nations' sovereignty. Tribal sovereignty is dependent on, and subordinate to, only the federal government, not states, under

2851:, 197 U.S. 488 (1905) (holding that Congress has the power to place the Indians under state law if it chooses, and the ban on selling liquor does not apply to Indians subject to the Allotment acts) 612: 2242:. In the modern legal era, the courts and Congress have, however, further refined the often competing jurisdictions of tribal nations, states and the United States in regard to Indian law. 581:

forged the U.S. into a more centralized and nationalistic country, fueling a "full bore assault on tribal culture and institutions", and pressure for Native Americans to assimilate. In the

2685:

reservations in Arizona and Nevada, measurably contaminating Native American water supply through the 1940s and 1950s with lasting impacts to this day. The Nevada desert was also a common

6754: 4940: 3620: 6105: 6034: 3046: 1793: 592:" and uses its own legal system to define the relationship between the federal, state, and tribal governments. The U.S. recognizes 574 tribal nations, 229 of which are in Alaska. The 522: 4750: 749:

The 1871 Act also made it a federal crime to commit murder, manslaughter, rape, assault with intent to kill, arson, burglary, and larceny within any Territory of the United States.

717:(1832), which laid out the relationship between tribes and the state and federal governments, stating that the federal government was the sole authority to deal with Indian nations. 2508:

address the handling of "Indians not taxed" in the apportionment of the seats of the House of Representatives according to population and in so doing suggest that Indians need not

5040: 2559: 6318: 287: 2277:

lands within its reservation when their "conduct threatens or has some direct effect on the political integrity, the economic security, or the health or welfare of the tribe."

6588: 4856: 2238:

with state courts, the nations still have no direct access to U.S. courts. When an Indian nation files suit against a state in U.S. court, they do so with the approval of the

4226: 2186:, codified as Title 25, Section 476 of the U.S. Code, allowed Indian nations to select from a catalogue of constitutional documents that enumerated powers for tribes and for 3740: 2784:

have made a practice of buying out individual landowners in Native American residential areas, subsequently using that land to build mines or factories which increase local

2164:), granted all non-citizen resident Indians citizenship. Thus the Revenue Act declared that there were no longer any "Indians, not taxed" to be not counted for purposes of 5186: 903: 625: 3888: 2496:

as inadequate to allow them to perform necessary judicial functions, such as hiring officials trained in law, and prosecuting cases neglected by the federal government.

2131:

in 1942. The Revenue Act was applicable to incomes for 1924. The bottom rate, on income under $ 4,000, fell from 1.5% to 1.125% (both rates are after reduction by the "

664:, has ultimate authority with regard to matters affecting the Indian tribes. Federal courts give greater deference to Congress on Indian matters than on other subjects. 6596: 5962: 4631: 3259: 2804: 3865: 6804: 6686: 2547:

that tribes lack the inherent authority to arrest, try and convict non-Natives who commit crimes on their lands (see below for additional discussion on this point.)

639:

These constitutional provisions, and subsequent interpretations by the Supreme Court (see below), are today often summarized in three principles of U.S. Indian law:

5912: 3005: 2821: 2062: 596:

explains, "Native peoples and governments have inherent rights and a political relationship with the U.S. government that does not derive from race or ethnicity."

670:: The federal government has a "duty to protect" the tribes, implying (courts have found) the necessary legislative and executive authorities to effect that duty. 6233: 2966: 3952:

Teodoro, Manuel P.; Haider, Mellie; Switzer, David (October 24, 2016). "U.S. Environmental Policy Implementation on Tribal Lands: Trust, Neglect, and Justice".

6228: 4892: 2505: 2011: 1098: 632: 515: 6761: 4928: 3625: 3600: 3063: 2323: 2298: 692:

The Marshall Trilogy is a set of three Supreme Court decisions in the early nineteenth century affirming the legal and political standing of Indian nations.

616: 2857:, 129 F. Supp. 15 (1955) (holding that tribes have power to create and change their court system and that power is limited only by Congress, not the courts) 6639: 6580: 5319: 4703: 4583: 3222: 2469: 2224: 963: 4343: 6561: 6311: 5206: 4904: 4559: 180: 2658:

Following industrialization, the 1800s brought many challenges to tribal sovereignty over tribal members' occupied lands in the United States. In 1831,

726:

Originally, the United States had recognized the Indian Tribes as independent nations, but after the Civil War, the U.S. suddenly changed its approach.

6342: 6218: 2768:

which serves as drinking water for the Navajo and Hopi downstream. The federal EPA appropriated $ 156,000 in reparations for Gold King Mine, while the

2454:

expanded the criminal jurisdiction of tribes over non-Indian perpetrators of domestic violence that occur in Indian Country when the victim is Indian.

2001: 1874: 6240: 6167: 2845:, 152 U.S. 570 (1894) (holding that lager beer is not spiritous liquor nor wine within the meaning of those terms as used in Revised Statutes § 2139) 2018: 1942: 1859: 508: 2312:

Fix', which recognizes the power of tribes to exercise criminal jurisdiction within their reservations over all Indians, including non-members. The

6262: 5927: 5128: 5110: 4915: 4655: 4419: 4264:

Hays, Joel Stanford. "Twisting the Law: Legal Inconsistencies in Andrew Jackson's Treatment of Native-American Sovereignty and State Sovereignty."

2033: 1869: 1849: 847: 226: 4981: 3934: 2736: 3702:

Light, Steven Andrew, and Kathryn R.L. Rand. Indian Gaming and Tribal Sovereignty: The Casino Compromise. University Press of Kansas, 2005. (19)

2525:

promoted the ability of tribes to self-govern and make decisions concerning their people. In dealing with Indian policy, a separate agency, the

6534: 6304: 4535: 341: 2404:

Map of states with US federally recognized tribes marked in yellow. Hawaii and the states that removed all of their tribes are marked in gray.

6794: 6203: 5412: 5191: 2709: 1986: 1542: 1045: 908: 428: 2669:

ceding extensive lands to the U.S., but maintaining usufructuary rights to fishing, hunting, and gathering in perpetuity on all ceded land.

2468:

While tribal nations do not enjoy direct access to U.S. courts to bring cases against individual states, as sovereign nations they do enjoy

2443:

that tribes have no jurisdiction over non-Indians. Tribal courts maintain much criminal jurisdiction over their members, and because of the

6604: 6257: 6250: 6187: 6150: 6039: 5402: 4945: 4920: 4639: 3305:

Robert J. McCarthy, The Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Federal Trust Obligation to American Indians, 19 BYU J. PUB. L. 1 (December, 2004)

3051: 2504:

The United States Constitution specifically mentions American Indians three times. Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 and the Section 2 of the

2055: 2028: 1962: 1798: 1123: 615:

states that "Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States ... excluding Indians not taxed." According to

375: 4392: 3729:

Some tribal lands, most commonly in Oklahoma, are held by the tribe according to the original patent deed and thus are not trust property.

6691: 6362: 6157: 2789: 1932: 1854: 419: 279: 3488: 6172: 5387: 5293: 5233: 4575: 1947: 1108: 948: 317: 291: 2430:

At the dawn of the 21st century, the powers of tribal courts across the United States varied, depending on whether the tribe was in a

172: 6671: 6285: 6267: 5248: 2165: 958: 4199: 6623: 4679: 4322: 3673: 3036: 2489: 5382: 2971: 2117: 2048: 1103: 562: 4313: 2198:

wrote the solicitor's opinion, "Powers of Indian Tribes" which was issued October 25, 1934, and commented on the wording of the

6706: 6461: 6125: 4332: 2921: 2627: 2255:, concluded that tribal courts do not have jurisdiction over non-Indians (the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court at that time, 1907: 709:(1831), holding the Cherokee nation dependent, with a relationship to the United States like that of a "ward to its guardian". 6327: 6145: 5972: 5917: 5880: 5819: 5407: 5181: 5119: 4961: 4886: 4862: 4432: 3777: 3000: 2951: 2776: 2761: 1927: 1844: 1694: 1609: 1584: 1552: 1128: 898: 828: 593: 234: 3854:

Lemont, Eric D. American Indian Constitutional Reform and the Rebuilding of Native Nations. University of Texas Press, 2006.

2871:, 393 F. Supp. 719 (holding that tribal law and not state law governs the custody of children domiciled on reservation land) 2273:, clarified that tribal nations possess inherent power over their internal affairs, and civil authority over non-members on 6553: 6089: 5834: 5103: 4543: 4412: 3021: 2995: 1773: 1624: 1028: 465: 407: 3911: 3319: 6661: 6526: 6490: 6245: 5987: 4850: 4511: 3582:

Robert J. McCarthy, Civil Rights in Tribal Courts; The Indian Bill of Rights at 30 Years, 34 IDAHO LAW REVIEW 465 (1998).

2988: 2781: 2673: 2023: 1709: 3693:

Wilkinson, Charles. Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations. p 189. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005.

2833:

30 U.S. (5 Pet.) 1 (1831) (established trust relationship between Native American lands and the U.S. federal government)

6350: 6182: 6162: 6008: 6003: 5243: 5070: 4898: 3826:

Wilkinson, Charles. Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations. p151. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005.

3563: 3026: 2875: 2788:. There is not regulation or legislation in place to sufficiently curb this practice at the rate necessary to preserve 2543: 2514: 2439: 2247: 1957: 1937: 1734: 1729: 57: 3376: 6507: 6223: 6177: 5932: 5283: 5268: 5020: 4615: 4479: 4372: 4056: 2883: 2006: 1952: 1547: 998: 983: 605: 415: 3712: 6280: 6120: 5288: 4567: 3058: 2911:, 272 F.2d 131 (holding that the First Amendment does not apply to Indian nations unless it is applied by Congress) 2809: 2593: 2563: 2493: 2462: 1902: 1003: 436: 304: 283: 213: 209: 6208: 5096: 4405: 2383: 2346: 2153: 2098: 1991: 938: 837: 6696: 6666: 6433: 6213: 6082: 5666: 5263: 5146: 5004: 4607: 3595: 3010: 2785: 2631: 2136: 2110: 1996: 1922: 1394: 978: 868: 739:

impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe.

657: 3115: 2537:

recognizes this sovereignty and stresses the government-to-government relations between the United States and

730: 582: 6681: 6439: 6130: 6115: 5977: 5775: 4838: 3144: 1912: 1897: 1699: 1507: 661: 367: 309: 266: 6799: 6701: 5875: 5624: 5598: 5314: 5025: 4880: 4719: 4428: 2839:, 70 U.S. 407 (1866) (holding that a congressional ban on selling liquor to the Indians was constitutional) 1537: 1350: 1324: 1023: 918: 3515: 2389: 5967: 5304: 5035: 4820: 3283:

Conference of Western Attorneys General, American Indian Law Deskbook, University Press of Colorado, 2004

3246: 2978: 2893:, 551 F. Supp. 1020 (1982) (holding that federal, not state courts have jurisdiction over tribal members) 2861: 2538: 1689: 1649: 758: 457: 275: 3571: 6676: 6478: 6356: 5907: 5730: 5500: 5495: 5211: 4455: 3346: 3031: 2828: 2690: 2660: 2451: 2191: 2140: 2085: 1579: 1462: 1220: 1215: 705: 543: 246: 242: 46: 4386: 2488:

With crime twice as high on Indian lands, federal funding of tribal courts has been criticized by the

6742: 6421: 5829: 5552: 5253: 4814: 4741: 4599: 4379: (archived 2013-01-10) – details racism and attack on tribal sovereignty regarding eagle feathers 4009:"Traditional Ecological Knowledge Policy Considerations for Abandoned Uranium Mines on Navajo Nation" 2518: 2211: 2199: 2182: 2124: 1629: 1276: 968: 565:

recognized American Indian tribes as independent nations and came to policy agreements with them via

195: 160: 3474: 3015: 2227:

concluded that no law had ever extended provisions of the U.S. Constitution, including the right of

6427: 6140: 5982: 5902: 5887: 5678: 4966: 4868: 4844: 4671: 4158:"Engaging Colonial Entanglements: "Treatment as a State" Policy for Indigenous Water Co-Governance" 2925:(U.S. 2003) (holding that tribal sovereignty may override the search and seizure powers of a state) 2800: 2526: 2269: 2239: 1704: 1574: 1559: 1406: 346: 299: 4397: 3450: 2598:

government ruling has continuously ruled in favor of tribal sovereignty. A seminal court case was

585:, Congress prohibited any future treaties. This move was steadfastly opposed by Native Americans. 6711: 6077: 6013: 5803: 5674: 5564: 5397: 5392: 5372: 5329: 5196: 5015: 4826: 2686: 2458: 2128: 1739: 1402: 1288: 1118: 1113: 1078: 923: 781: 555: 354: 270: 4215:

Examining EPA's Unacceptable Response to Indian Tribes. Congressional Hearing, 2016-04-22, 2016.

3429:"Historical Tribal Sovereignty & Relations | Native American Financial Services Association" 2899:, 798 F. Supp. 94 (1992) (holding that tribes have sovereign immunity against state tort claims) 2723:

released executive orders 12898 (1994) and 13007 (1996). EO 12898 affirmed disparate impacts of

2665:

between the U.S. federal government and the Mole Lake Band of Sokaogon Chippewa resulted in the

764:

matters. Another five years later, Congress began providing funds to operate the Indian courts.

6789: 6766: 6732: 6631: 6372: 5897: 5839: 5780: 5030: 4933: 4808: 4687: 4591: 4527: 4487: 3272:

Indian tribes as sovereign governments: a sourcebook on federal-tribal history, law, and policy

3068: 2961: 2588: 2461:

limited tribal punishment to one year in jail and a $ 5,000 fine, but this was expanded by the

2367: 1634: 1569: 1512: 1018: 913: 362: 262: 149: 3767: 3428: 2610:(1916), U.S. citizens are subject to all U.S. laws even if they also have tribal citizenship. 2392: (8th Cir. 1956) ("including pay and other expenses of judges of Indian courts"). 6499: 5785: 5770: 5765: 5544: 5490: 5377: 5337: 5300: 5201: 5171: 4778: 4695: 4471: 4272:

Macklem, Patrick (1993). "Distributing Sovereignty: Indian Nations and Equality of Peoples".

4231: 3629: 3604: 3492: 2716: 2606: 2327: 2318: 2302: 2235: 1517: 1502: 1497: 1268: 1210: 1083: 1053: 1008: 449: 411: 5594: 4362: 4358: 3741:"The Cherokee Nation Is Entitled to a Delegate in Congress. But Will They Finally Send One?" 3677: 1320: 6809: 5700: 5505: 5465: 5427: 5258: 4463: 2600: 2132: 1810: 1430: 1225: 1185: 1147: 973: 713: 498: 391: 4196: 4091: 8: 6470: 6387: 6051: 5755: 5710: 5612: 5582: 5529: 5440: 5367: 4971: 4447: 4274: 2796: 2081: 1815: 1487: 1442: 1338: 1308: 1251: 1160: 1073: 697: 478: 6296: 6416: 6399: 6393: 6046: 5937: 5892: 5859: 5670: 5658: 5654: 5539: 5309: 5278: 5161: 5010: 4991: 4796: 4784: 4772: 4766: 4733: 4393:

Sovereignty Revisited: International Law and Parallel Sovereignty of Indigenous Peoples

4291: 4179: 4033: 4008: 3632: 3538: 3462: 3169: 2935: 2905:, 798 F. Supp. 94 (holding that tribes have power to recognize and legislate adoptions) 2769: 2615: 2522: 2482: 2400: 2330: 2305: 1803: 1639: 1564: 1398: 1386: 1382: 1263: 1133: 1013: 993: 928: 883: 578: 570: 230: 222: 3607: 3402: 2619:

that the state of Oklahoma acted outside its jurisdiction when trying a member of the

635:, Section 2 amends the apportionment of representatives in Article I, Section 2 above. 5824: 5590: 5556: 4986: 4711: 4623: 4495: 4354: 4310: 4183: 4113: 4038: 3969: 3773: 2983: 2372: 2260: 2252: 1619: 1316: 1280: 701:(1823), holding that private citizens could not purchase lands from Native Americans. 4344:

From Marshall to Marshall: The Supreme Court's Changing Stance on Tribal Sovereignty

4327: 6737: 6716: 6135: 6072: 6067: 5687: 5534: 5485: 5228: 5176: 4283: 4169: 4103: 4028: 4020: 3961: 2567: 2149: 2094: 1917: 1765: 1759: 1417: 1258: 1205: 943: 893: 204: 5078:

United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes

4367: 4348: 4024: 3567: 2408: 684: 5696: 5682: 5628: 5480: 5166: 5151: 4998: 4727: 4647: 4551: 4519: 4336: 4317: 4203: 3866:"Supreme Court gives Native Americans jurisdiction over eastern half of Oklahoma" 3293: 3271: 2929: 2169: 1426: 1410: 1354: 1200: 888: 873: 470: 440: 116: 2434:(PL280) state (Alaska, California, Minnesota, Nebraska, Oregon, and Wisconsin). 6110: 5760: 5455: 5450: 5352: 5223: 5218: 5055: 4832: 4503: 3835:

Canby Jr., William C. American Indian Law. p449. St. Paul, MN: West Group 1998.

3320:"The Most Significant Indian Law Decision in a Century | The Regulatory Review" 2765: 2732: 2724: 2431: 2217: 2195: 2187: 1892: 1864: 1492: 1175: 1170: 933: 574: 333: 539:

Map of the contiguous United States with reservation lands excluded as of 2003

6783: 5921: 5740: 5578: 5560: 5548: 5525: 5470: 5342: 5273: 5156: 5136: 5060: 5045: 4663: 4376: 4117: 4108: 3973: 2740: 2705: 2678: 2647: 2635: 2534: 2474: 2444: 2413: 2293: 2256: 2228: 2113: 1588: 1472: 1304: 1284: 1272: 1247: 1190: 1058: 988: 878: 858: 786: 124: 104: 67: 5616: 3678:"Broken Promises: Continuing Federal Funding Shortfall for Native Americans" 3366:

25 U.S.C. § 71. Indian Appropriation Act of March 3, 1871, 16 Stat. 544, 566

1342: 493: 6411: 5720: 5662: 5141: 4874: 4323:

The Avalon Project: Treaties Between the United States and Native Americans

4042: 3646:

Local IV-302 Int'l Woodworkers Union of Am. v. Menominee Tribal Enterprises

2756: 2720: 2694: 2425: 2351: 1614: 1452: 1390: 863: 5854: 5745: 5586: 5574: 5520: 5510: 5475: 5460: 5435: 5357: 5238: 5088: 4976: 4174: 4157: 3889:"U.S. Supreme Court deems half of Oklahoma a Native American reservation" 3802:"Citing treaties, Cherokees call on Congress to seat delegate from tribe" 3041: 2748: 1477: 1312: 1300: 1240: 1230: 1195: 1180: 1155: 953: 647: 3672: 3198: 2634:

maintains three state-level non-voting seats for representatives of the

2284:(1980). Tribes are sovereign over tribal members and tribal land, under 6018: 5715: 5705: 5692: 5650: 5620: 5569: 5445: 5050: 4295: 2573: 2274: 2157: 2102: 1447: 1437: 1422: 1378: 1346: 1295: 1165: 483: 191: 132: 120: 4227:"Tribal Nations Designate First US Indigenous Marine Stewardship Area" 3965: 2499: 535: 6405: 5942: 5849: 5735: 5725: 5645: 5636: 5515: 4802: 4790: 2956: 2744: 2653: 2643: 2357: 1659: 1654: 1644: 1467: 1457: 1373: 1362: 1235: 799: 4287: 2550:

As a result of a pair of treaties in 1830s, two tribal nations (the

2485:

of the Department of Interior through the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

5844: 5750: 5640: 5632: 5608: 5603: 5362: 4427: 2698: 2639: 2620: 2578: 2551: 2450:, also over non-member Indians regarding crime on tribal land. The 1664: 1482: 1366: 1358: 1334: 1329: 1068: 650:

and is not granted by the states in which Indian lands are located.

599: 81: 6035:

List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations

5963:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

3047:

List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes

2891:

American Indian Agricultural Credit Consortium, Inc. v. Fredericks

2234:

While many modern courts in Indian nations today have established

1685:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

5417: 5347: 4751:

List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes

3935:"Passamaquoddy, Penobscot tribes withdraw from Maine Legislature" 3236:

American Indian Policy Center. 2005. St. Paul, MN. 4 October 2008

2869:

Wisconsin Potowatomies of Hannahville Indian Community v. Houston

2555: 1093: 1088: 1063: 128: 3713:"Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies" 3621:

Oklahoma Tax Comm'n v. Citizen Band of Potawatomi Tribe of Okla.

2560:

non-voting members to the United States House of Representatives

2282:

Washington v. Confederated Tribes of Colville Indian Reservation

779:

The 1871 Act was affirmed in 1886 by the U.S. Supreme Court, in

2752: 2666: 2521:

as the official United States policy towards Native Americans.

566: 238: 5310:

Native American rights movement/Red Power movement (1968-1977)

4258:

American Indian Sovereignty and Law: An Annotated Bibliography

3769:

Broken Landscape: Indians, Indian Tribes, and the Constitution

793: 558:

to govern themselves within the borders of the United States.

3513: 1684: 5187:

Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

4349:

From War to Self Determination, the Bureau of Indian Affairs

4311:

Tribal Sovereignty and Jurisdiction (It's a Matter of Trust)

3088: 3086: 2719:

movements in the United States through the 1990s, President

2365:, 1916). The court further determined, based on the earlier 2075: 904:

Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

547:

Reservation lands in the contiguous United States as of 2019

3093: 2682: 2626:

Similar to the promised non-voting tribal delegates in the

2371:

case, that "It is thoroughly established that Congress has

136: 6597:

County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State

4632:

County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State

2805:

Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria

2251:, the Supreme Court, in a 6–2 opinion authored by Justice 6326: 3772:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 333. 3223:

Constitution of the United States of America: Article. I.

3199:"Tribal Nations & the United States: An Introduction" 3083: 2336: 2161: 2120: 2106: 5913:

Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States

3006:

List of federally recognized tribes in the United States

2822:

List of U.S. Supreme Court Cases involving Indian tribes

4131: 3663:, 897 F.Supp. 389 (E.D. Wis. 1995). 3649:, 595 F.Supp. 859 (E.D. Wis. 1984). 3260:

Additional amendments to the United States Constitution

2967:

List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies

4893:

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

4857:

Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act

3094:"Frequently Asked Questions, Bureau of Indian Affairs" 1099:

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

577:", but the pace of treaty-making grew regardless. The 4353:

NiiSka, Clara, Indian Courts, A Brief History, parts

4197:

UN adopts Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples

3912:"Brief History of Indian Legislative Representatives" 3064:

United States federal recognition of Native Hawaiians

2701:, the closest residents being Navajo Nation members. 2350:, the United States Supreme Court concluded that two 752: 6640:

City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York

6581:

Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida

4704:

City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York

4584:

Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida

3951: 2574:

Tribal state relations: sovereign within a sovereign

2225:

United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit

721: 6562:

Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation

4905:

Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art

4560:

Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation

3491:. Nebraskastudies.org. June 2, 1924. Archived from 3455:

Statistics of Income, 1926 - FRASER - St. Louis Fed

2764:contaminated three million gallons of water in the 2500:

Nation to nation: tribes and the federal government

3516:"Indian Affairs: Laws And Treaties. Vol. Iv, Laws" 2654:Tribal sovereignty over land and natural resources 2452:Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013 2437:The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the 1978 decision 2175: 2141: 2086: 679: 588:Currently, the U.S. recognizes tribal nations as " 3572:VAWA Reauthorization Act available at www.gpo.gov 3313: 3311: 815: 771: 123:to the 16 million–acre (64,750 square kilometer) 6805:United States tribal sovereign immunity case law 6781: 6263:List of Indian reservations in the United States 5928:Native American recognition in the United States 4656:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield 2772:in 2014 received $ 80 million in federal funds. 2034:List of Indian reservations in the United States 600:Native American sovereignty and the Constitution 4982:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 4387:Tribal justice not always fair, critics contend 4132:"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | US EPA" 3799: 3759: 3232: 3230: 2909:Native American Church v. Navajo Tribal Council 2672:Wartime industry of the early 1900s introduced 6535:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co. 5988:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC) 4536:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co. 4206:United Nations News Centre, 13 September 2007. 3864:Wolf, Richard; Johnson, Kevin (July 9, 2020). 3308: 2737:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People 2650:over issues of tribal sovereignty and rights. 2473:deprivation of substantive rights, except for 1710:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC) 6312: 5413:Native American identity in the United States 5104: 4413: 4256:Davies, Wade & Clow, Richmond L. (2009). 4225:Hill, Jos; Hayden, Bobby (January 26, 2024). 4092:"Managing the Sacred Lands of Native America" 3909: 2613:In July 2020, the U.S Supreme Court ruled in 2533:to possess it. Current federal policy in the 2056: 2029:List of federally recognized tribes by state 608:mentions Native American tribes three times: 516: 6258:State-recognized tribes in the United States 6040:Modern social statistics of Native Americans 4640:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc. 3227: 3116:"Navajo Population Profile 2010 U.S. Census" 3052:State-recognized tribes in the United States 554:is the concept of the inherent authority of 16:Type of political status of Native Americans 6363:Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783 4096:The International Indigenous Policy Journal 3863: 3765: 3590: 3588: 2395: 2109:), also known as the Mellon tax bill after 794:The General Allotment Act (Dawes Act), 1887 688:Hassanamisco Nipmuc Indian Reservation sign 115:Ranging from the 1.32-acre (0.534 hectare) 6319: 6305: 5234:Native Americans in the American Civil War 5118: 5111: 5097: 4576:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission 4420: 4406: 4255: 4224: 3800:Krehbiel-Burton, Lenzy (August 23, 2019). 3381:, 118 U.S. 375 (1886), Filed May 10, 1886" 2063: 2049: 523: 509: 6241:Native American Medal of Honor recipients 5249:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans 4173: 4107: 4045:– via Wayne State University Press. 4032: 3360: 2166:United States congressional apportionment 2076:Revenue and Indian Citizenship acts, 1924 2019:Native American Medal of Honor recipients 959:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans 95:326 (map includes the 310 as of May 1996) 6396:(1790, 1793, 1796, 1799, 1802, and 1834) 5599:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924) 4190: 4090:Ornelas, Roxanne T. (October 21, 2011). 3986: 3766:Pommersheim, Frank (September 2, 2009). 3674:United States Commission on Civil Rights 3660:Barker v. Menominee Nation Casino, et al 3585: 3277: 3037:Political divisions of the United States 2577: 2490:United States Commission on Civil Rights 2407: 2399: 1325:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924) 683: 573:, internal political pressure grew for " 542: 534: 6762:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians 6750:Tribal sovereignty in the United States 4929:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians 4329:Cherokee Nation v. the State of Georgia 4271: 4089: 3932: 3545:. University of Oklahoma College of Law 3338: 3326:. University of Pennsylvania Law School 3145:"1871: The End of Indian Treaty-Making" 2972:List of states with limited recognition 2316:Fix was upheld by the Supreme Court in 2205: 785:, which affirmed that the Congress has 552:Tribal sovereignty in the United States 6782: 6605:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 3886: 3738: 3344: 3317: 3193: 3191: 2922:Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians 2628:United States House of Representatives 6624:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho 6328:Aboriginal title in the United States 6300: 5973:National Congress of American Indians 5918:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women 5881:National Congress of American Indians 5820:American Indian Religious Freedom Act 5408:Native American disease and epidemics 5182:European colonization of the Americas 5092: 4863:American Indian Religious Freedom Act 4680:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho 4433:Native Americans in the United States 4401: 4155: 3903: 3383:. FindLaw, a Thomson Reuters business 3203:National Congress of American Indians 3001:List of Alaska Native tribal entities 2952:Aboriginal title in the United States 2897:Maynard v. Narrangansett Indian Tribe 2708:established the federal government's 1695:National Congress of American Indians 1610:American Indian Religious Freedom Act 899:European colonization of the Americas 646:: Tribal authority on Indian land is 619:Commentaries on the U.S. Constitution 594:National Congress of American Indians 6795:Indigenous politics in North America 6554:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States 5978:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) 5835:Native American people and Mormonism 5679:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879) 4544:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States 4006: 3318:Miller, Robert J. (March 18, 2021). 3139: 3137: 3135: 3022:Native American reservation politics 2996:Indigenous self-government in Canada 1700:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) 1407:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879) 1029:Native American temperance activists 6755:List of federally recognized tribes 6527:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy 6246:List of federally recognized tribes 4851:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act 4512:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy 4389:(Tort cases tried in tribal courts) 4218: 4074: 3990:Wisconsin Environmental Law Journal 3739:Ahtone, Tristan (January 4, 2017). 3717:georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov 3536: 3514:Oklahoma State University Library. 3188: 2989:Indigenous land rights in Australia 2780:big industry polluters and hopeful 2024:List of federally recognized tribes 58:Autonomous administrative divisions 13: 6351:Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions 6009:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 6004:Black Indians in the United States 5968:Native American Rights Fund (NARF) 5244:Certificate Degree of Indian Blood 4266:Journal of Southern Legal History, 3027:Native American self-determination 2876:Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe 2795:In 2023, the federally-recognized 2544:Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe 2515:Native American self-determination 2440:Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe 2248:Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe 2146:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 2091:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 1735:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 1690:Native American Rights Fund (NARF) 753:Empowerment of tribal courts, 1883 14: 6821: 6508:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble 5933:Native American women in politics 5284:Native Americans and World War II 5269:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 5021:National Indian Gaming Commission 4616:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe 4480:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble 4303: 3887:Hurley, Lawrence (July 9, 2020). 3489:"The 1924 Indian Citizenship Act" 3132: 2884:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe 2855:Iron Crow v. Ogallala Sioux Tribe 2739:("The Declaration"), despite the 2646:. Two of the seats are currently 999:Native Americans and World War II 984:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 744:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 731:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 722:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 583:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 6371: 5565:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877) 5553:Antelope Hills expedition (1858) 5289:American Indian boarding schools 4568:Menominee Tribe v. United States 3910:Starbird, Jr., S. Glenn (1983). 3059:Special district (United States) 2903:Venetie I.R.A. Council v. Alaska 2815: 2810:Redwood National and State Parks 2594:Menominee Tribe v. United States 2494:Government Accountability Office 2463:Tribal Law and Order Act of 2010 2419: 1289:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877) 1277:(1858)|Antelope Hills expedition 1004:American Indian boarding schools 836: 674: 492: 171: 45: 5983:Women of All Red Nations (WARN) 4775:(1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834) 4209: 4149: 4124: 4049: 4000: 3980: 3945: 3933:Moretto, Mario (May 26, 2015). 3926: 3880: 3857: 3848: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3793: 3747:. Bainbridge Island, Washington 3732: 3723: 3705: 3696: 3687: 3666: 3652: 3638: 3613: 3576: 3557: 3530: 3507: 3481: 3443: 3421: 3395: 3369: 3299: 3286: 3264: 2710:Environmental Protection Agency 2384:Iron Crow v. Oglala Sioux Tribe 2347:Iron Crow v. Oglala Sioux Tribe 2338:Iron Crow v. Oglala Sioux Tribe 2176:Indian Reorganization Act, 1934 1705:Women of All Red Nations (WARN) 964:Racism against Native Americans 939:Native American slave ownership 680:The Marshall Trilogy, 1823–1832 6434:Indian Land Claims Settlements 6083:Native American Pidgin English 5888:American Indian Movement (AIM) 5264:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 5147:Archaic period in the Americas 5005:In the Courts of the Conqueror 4608:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez 4373:Religious Freedom with Raptors 4260:. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. 3596:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez 3253: 3239: 3216: 3162: 3108: 3011:List of national legal systems 2632:Maine House of Representatives 2558:) each have the right to send 2529:has been in place since 1824. 2137:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 2127:, which was later renamed the 2111:U.S. Secretary of the Treasury 1560:American Indian Movement (AIM) 979:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 869:Archaic period in the Americas 816:Twentieth-century developments 613:Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 569:. As the U.S. accelerated its 1: 6440:Indian Claims Limitations Act 5781:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911) 5557:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875) 5545:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877) 4887:Native American Languages Act 4249: 4162:Global Environmental Politics 4025:10.13110/humanbiology.92.1.01 3518:. Digital.library.okstate.edu 2743:voting against it along with 1513:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911) 1281:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875) 1269:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877) 6589:Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe 6428:Indian Claims Commission Act 5876:Native American civil rights 5786:Battle of Bear Valley (1918) 5771:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909) 5766:Battle of Sugar Point (1898) 5688:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856) 5315:Native American civil rights 5026:Native American civil rights 4881:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act 4720:Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl 3294:American Indians and the Law 3096:. Department of the Interior 2775:A recent challenge faced by 2770:Flint, Michigan water crisis 1518:Battle of Bear Valley (1918) 1503:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909) 1498:Battle of Sugar Point (1898) 1418:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856) 1024:Alcohol and Native Americans 919:Slavery in the United States 7: 6229:Native American politicians 6219:Native American War Leaders 5697:Puget Sound War (1855–1856) 5683:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891) 5675:Great Sioux War (1876–1877) 5671:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868) 5655:First Sioux War (1854-1856) 5583:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886) 5305:Native American Rights Fund 5041:Recognition of sacred sites 5036:Native American Rights Fund 4941:Federally recognized tribes 4821:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act 4202:September 25, 2014, at the 3345:Onecle (November 8, 2005). 3250:, 30 U.S. (5 Pet.) 1 (1831) 3247:Cherokee Nations v. Georgia 2979:Indian country jurisdiction 2944: 2862:United States v. Washington 2539:Federally recognized tribes 1427:Puget Sound War (1855–1856) 1411:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891) 1403:Great Sioux War (1876–1877) 1399:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868) 1383:First Sioux War (1854-1856) 1309:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886) 809:Evolution of relationships: 759:United States Indian Police 342:Cities, towns, and villages 235:Alaska Native tribal entity 10: 6826: 6479:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 6357:Royal Proclamation of 1763 5908:Occupation of Wounded Knee 5625:Black Hawk War (1865–1872) 5613:Battle at Fort Utah (1850) 5595:Geronimo's War (1881–1886) 5591:Victorio's War (1879–1880) 5496:American Revolutionary War 4899:Indian Arts and Crafts Act 4456:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 3174:U.S. Department of Justice 3170:"Native American Policies" 3032:Off-reservation trust land 2829:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 2819: 2661:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 2582:Otoe-Missouria Tribal Seal 2423: 2216:In 1953, Congress enacted 2209: 2172:signed the bill into law. 2152:, H.R. 6355, 43 2123:rates and established the 2097:, H.R. 6715, 43 1580:Occupation of Wounded Knee 1351:Black Hawk War (1865–1872) 1339:Battle at Fort Utah (1850) 1321:Geronimo's War (1881–1886) 1317:Victorio's War (1879–1880) 1216:American Revolutionary War 797: 756: 706:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 606:United States Constitution 590:domestic dependent nations 247:Tribal Jurisdictional Area 243:Off-reservation trust land 37:Domestic dependent nations 6725: 6654: 6615: 6572: 6545: 6518: 6489: 6460: 6453: 6380: 6369: 6341: 6334: 6276: 6196: 6098: 6090:Native American languages 6060: 6027: 5996: 5951: 5868: 5830:Native American religions 5812: 5794: 5579:Jicarilla War (1849–1855) 5561:Red River War (1874–1875) 5549:Comanche Wars (1836–1877) 5426: 5328: 5254:Indian Appropriations Act 5127: 4954: 4914: 4815:Indian Reorganization Act 4759: 4742:Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta 4600:United States v. Antelope 4439: 4335:December 2, 2003, at the 4268:21 (no. 1, 2013), 157–92. 3539:"Powers of Indian Tribes" 2933:591 U.S. ___ (2020), and 2519:Indian termination policy 2212:Indian termination policy 2200:Indian Reorganization Act 2183:Indian Reorganization Act 2125:U.S. Board of Tax Appeals 2012:congressional politicians 1774:Native American languages 1305:Jicarilla War (1849–1855) 1285:Red River War (1874–1875) 1273:Comanche Wars (1836–1877) 969:Indian Appropriations Act 125:Navajo Nation Reservation 111: 103:123 (several) – 173,667 ( 99: 91: 73: 63: 53: 44: 28: 23: 5903:Trail of Broken Treaties 5731:Hualapai War (1865–1870) 5721:Yavapai Wars (1861–1875) 5701:Coeur d'Alene War (1858) 5663:Colorado War (1863–1865) 4967:Bureau of Indian Affairs 4869:Indian Child Welfare Act 4672:South Dakota v. Bourland 4109:10.18584/iipj.2011.2.4.6 3077: 2915:Teague v. Bad River Band 2837:United States v. Holiday 2564:non-state U.S. territory 2527:Bureau of Indian Affairs 2396:Tribal governments today 2286:United States v. Mazurie 2270:Montana v. United States 2240:Bureau of Indian Affairs 2135:"). A parallel act, the 1575:Trail of Broken Treaties 1463:Hualapai War (1865–1870) 1431:Coeur d'Alene War (1858) 1391:Colorado War (1863–1865) 656:: Congress, and not the 633:The Fourteenth Amendment 347:Coterminous municipality 300:Consolidated city-county 148:This article is part of 6359:(British North America) 6078:American Indian English 6014:Louisiana Creole people 5804:Native American studies 5756:Bannock Uprising (1895) 5711:Navajo Wars (1849–1866) 5667:Powder River War (1865) 5575:Apache Wars (1849–1924) 5393:Mesoamerican literature 5388:Indigenous Peoples' Day 5197:Partus sequitur ventrem 5016:Long Walk of the Navajo 4946:State recognized tribes 4845:Indian Civil Rights Act 4383:San Diego Union Tribune 4057:"Environmental Impacts" 3405:United States v. Kagama 2843:Sarlls v. United States 2792:and natural resources. 2459:Indian Civil Rights Act 2129:United States Tax Court 1488:Bannock Uprising (1895) 1453:Yavapai Wars(1861–1875) 1443:Navajo Wars (1849–1866) 1395:Powder River War (1865) 1301:Apache Wars (1849–1924) 1109:Indigenous Peoples' Day 924:Partus sequitur ventrem 782:United States v. Kagama 773:United States v. Kagama 644:Territorial sovereignty 563:U.S. federal government 376:State-recognized tribes 355:Census-designated place 6767:Legal status of Hawaii 6733:Indigenous land rights 6632:Idaho v. United States 5898:Occupation of Alcatraz 5840:Native American church 5706:Mohave War (1858–1859) 5693:Yakima War (1855–1858) 5651:Sioux Wars (1854–1891) 5629:White River War (1879) 5617:Walker War (1853–1854) 5501:Cherokee–American wars 5031:Native American gaming 4934:Legal status of Hawaii 4809:Indian Citizenship Act 4688:Idaho v. United States 4592:Bryan v. Itasca County 4528:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock 4488:Standing Bear v. Crook 3954:Policy Studies Journal 3407:– 118 U.S. 375 (1886)" 3296:, Penguin/Viking, 2008 3270:Charles F. Wilkinson, 3069:Legal status of Hawaii 3016:Māori protest movement 2962:Diplomatic recognition 2715:With the emergence of 2583: 2416: 2405: 2368:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock 1870:Southeastern Woodlands 1850:Northeastern Woodlands 1635:Native American Church 1570:Occupation of Alcatraz 1423:Yakima War (1855–1858) 1379:Sioux Wars (1854–1891) 1355:White River War (1879) 1343:Walker War (1853–1854) 1221:Cherokee–American wars 1019:Native American rights 747: 689: 654:Plenary power doctrine 548: 540: 429:Congressional district 162:Political divisions of 6500:Fellows v. Blacksmith 6353:(1629 New Netherland) 5761:Yaqui Uprising (1896) 5736:Modoc War (1872–1873) 5726:Snake War (1864–1869) 5641:Bluff Skirmish (1921) 5637:Bluff War (1914–1915) 5587:Tonto War (1871–1875) 5338:Mississippian culture 5301:Civil rights movement 5202:Five Civilized Tribes 4839:Indian Relocation Act 4696:United States v. Lara 4472:Fellows v. Blacksmith 4316:July 9, 2011, at the 4232:Pew Charitable Trusts 4156:Diver, Sybil (2019). 3324:The Regulatory Review 2801:Tolowa Dee-ni' Nation 2799:of the Yurok People, 2755:. In 2010, President 2717:environmental justice 2648:not filled in protest 2607:United States v. Nice 2581: 2411: 2403: 2319:United States v. Lara 2236:full faith and credit 2210:Further information: 1630:Traditional religions 1538:Civil rights movement 1493:Yaqui Uprising (1896) 1468:Modoc War (1872–1873) 1458:Snake War (1864–1869) 1438:Mohave War(1858–1859) 1367:Bluff Skirmish (1921) 1363:Bluff War (1914–1915) 1313:Tonto War (1871–1875) 1054:Mississippian culture 1009:Civil rights movement 736: 687: 546: 538: 450:Homeowner association 412:Conservation district 5776:Last Massacre (1911) 5741:Nez Perce War (1877) 5609:Ute Wars (1850–1923) 5506:Northwest Indian War 5259:Racial Integrity Act 4464:Worcester v. Georgia 4385:, 17 December 2007: 4342:Prygoski, Philip J. 4175:10.1162/glep_a_00517 4007:Rock, Tommy (2020). 3543:Solicitor's Opinions 2790:Native American land 2601:Worcester v. Georgia 2506:Fourteenth Amendment 2245:In the 1978 case of 2206:Public Law 280, 1953 2133:earned income credit 1811:Tribal disenrollment 1508:Last Massacre (1911) 1473:Nez Perce War (1877) 1226:Northwest Indian War 974:Racial Integrity Act 831:in the United States 714:Worcester v. Georgia 626:Article I, Section 8 499:United States portal 6800:Native American law 6471:Johnson v. McIntosh 6388:Northwest Ordinance 6052:Reservation poverty 5997:Ethnic subdivisions 5869:Political movements 5530:Second Seminole War 5441:Anglo-Powhatan Wars 5011:Indian reservations 4972:Cherokee Commission 4448:Johnson v. McIntosh 4309:Kussel, Wm. F. Jr. 4275:Stanford Law Review 3914:. Maine Legislature 3537:Margold, Nathan R. 2797:Resighini Rancheria 2704:In 1970, President 2481:must also pass the 2390:231 F.2d 89 2082:Revenue Act of 1924 1816:Reservation poverty 1799:Societal statistics 1723:Ethnic subdivisions 1531:Political movements 1335:Ute Wars(1850–1923) 1252:Second Seminole War 1161:Anglo-Powhatan Wars 823:Part of a series on 698:Johnson v. McIntosh 479:Unincorporated area 276:Unorganized Borough 24:Indian reservations 6422:Reorganization Act 6417:Curtis Act of 1898 6394:Nonintercourse Act 5953:Civic and economic 5938:Tribal sovereignty 5893:Red Power Movement 5860:Longhouse Religion 5795:Education, science 5746:Bannock War (1878) 5540:American Civil War 5491:Lord Dunmore's War 5279:Blood quantum laws 5162:Post-Classic stage 5071:Self-determination 5066:Tribal sovereignty 4992:Eagle-bone whistle 4785:Indian Removal Act 4773:Nonintercourse Act 4767:Blood quantum laws 4734:McGirt v. Oklahoma 3274:, AIRI Press, 1988 2936:McGirt v. Oklahoma 2616:McGirt v. Oklahoma 2584: 2523:Self-determination 2483:Secretarial Review 2417: 2412:Great Seal of the 2406: 1640:Longhouse Religion 1565:Red Power Movement 1543:Self-determination 1478:Bannock War (1878) 1264:American Civil War 1211:Lord Dunmore's War 1134:Tribal sovereignty 1014:Red Power movement 994:Blood quantum laws 949:American Civil War 929:Indian Removal Act 884:Post-Classic stage 812:tribes or states. 690: 668:Trust relationship 571:westward expansion 549: 541: 231:Hawaiian home land 223:Indian reservation 6777: 6776: 6650: 6649: 6449: 6448: 6294: 6293: 5825:Eagle feather law 5716:Paiute War (1860) 5659:Dakota War (1862) 5621:Tintic War (1856) 5535:Osage Indian War 5466:King Philip's War 5086: 5085: 4987:Eagle feather law 4921:State recognition 4712:Cobell v. Salazar 4624:Solem v. Bartlett 4496:Ex parte Crow Dog 3966:10.1111/psj.12187 3939:Bangor Daily News 3808:. Tulsa, Oklahoma 3779:978-0-19-970659-4 3676:(December 2018). 3347:"Indian Treaties" 2984:Indigenous rights 2373:plenary authority 2261:Thurgood Marshall 2253:William Rehnquist 2073: 2072: 1971: 1970: 1860:Pacific Northwest 1855:Northwest Plateau 1650:Keetoowah Society 1620:Eagle Feather law 1548:Women in politics 1387:Dakota War (1862) 1347:Tintic War (1856) 1259:Osage Indian War 1186:King Philip's War 1036: 1035: 556:Indigenous tribes 533: 532: 416:National monument 318:Unorganized atoll 310:Municipality (PR) 164:the United States 142: 141: 6817: 6738:Aboriginal title 6458: 6457: 6375: 6339: 6338: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6298: 6297: 6204:Native Americans 6073:American English 5646:Posey War (1923) 5363:Iroquois culture 5229:Indian Territory 5177:Age of Discovery 5113: 5106: 5099: 5090: 5089: 4962:Aboriginal title 4779:Civilization Act 4715:(D.C. Cir. 2009) 4422: 4415: 4408: 4399: 4398: 4299: 4282:(5): 1311–1367. 4261: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4222: 4216: 4213: 4207: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4177: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4111: 4087: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4036: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3861: 3855: 3852: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3670: 3664: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3617: 3611: 3592: 3583: 3580: 3574: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3472: 3468: 3466: 3458: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3431:. August 7, 2012 3425: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3373: 3367: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3315: 3306: 3303: 3297: 3292:N. Bruce Duthu, 3290: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3268: 3262: 3257: 3251: 3243: 3237: 3234: 3225: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3195: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3141: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3120: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3090: 2777:Native Americans 2568:federal district 2387: 2163: 2147: 2143: 2108: 2092: 2088: 2065: 2058: 2051: 1987:Native Americans 1865:The Great Plains 1833: 1832: 1768: 1766:American English 1740:Louisiana Creole 1448:Paiute War(1860) 1374:Posey War (1923) 1069:Iroquois culture 944:Indian Territory 894:Age of Discovery 853: 852: 840: 829:Native Americans 820: 819: 745: 658:Executive Branch 525: 518: 511: 496: 458:Associated state 437:Special district 305:Independent city 205:Federal district 183: 175: 165: 152: 144: 143: 49: 34: 21: 20: 6825: 6824: 6820: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6780: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6721: 6646: 6616:Rehnquist Court 6611: 6568: 6541: 6519:1890—1950 6514: 6485: 6445: 6376: 6367: 6330: 6325: 6295: 6290: 6272: 6192: 6094: 6056: 6023: 5992: 5956: 5954: 5947: 5864: 5808: 5796: 5790: 5751:Crow War (1887) 5422: 5348:Hohokam culture 5324: 5167:Woodland period 5152:Formative stage 5123: 5120:Native American 5117: 5087: 5082: 4999:Hunting license 4950: 4919: 4910: 4827:Nationality Act 4755: 4728:Sharp v. Murphy 4648:Hodel v. Irving 4552:Williams v. Lee 4520:Talton v. Mayes 4435: 4426: 4337:Wayback Machine 4318:Wayback Machine 4306: 4288:10.2307/1229071 4252: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4204:Wayback Machine 4195: 4191: 4154: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4088: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4005: 4001: 3985: 3981: 3950: 3946: 3931: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3908: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3764: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3671: 3667: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3618: 3614: 3593: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3562: 3558: 3548: 3546: 3535: 3531: 3521: 3519: 3512: 3508: 3498: 3496: 3495:on June 5, 2009 3487: 3486: 3482: 3470: 3469: 3460: 3459: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3412: 3410: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3316: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3254: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3228: 3221: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3197: 3196: 3189: 3179: 3177: 3176:. June 16, 2014 3168: 3167: 3163: 3153: 3151: 3143: 3142: 3133: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3092: 3091: 3084: 3080: 3075: 2947: 2930:Sharp v. Murphy 2824: 2818: 2687:nuclear testing 2656: 2576: 2502: 2428: 2422: 2398: 2381: 2342: 2214: 2208: 2188:tribal councils 2178: 2170:Calvin Coolidge 2145: 2090: 2078: 2069: 2040: 2039: 2038: 1981: 1973: 1972: 1967: 1879: 1830: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1788: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1764: 1754: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1724: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1679: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1604: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1532: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1483:Crow War (1887) 1150: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1064:Hohokam culture 1048: 1038: 1037: 889:Woodland period 874:Formative stage 850: 818: 802: 796: 777: 761: 755: 746: 743: 724: 682: 677: 662:Judicial Branch 602: 529: 497: 475: 471:Federal enclave 462: 454: 446: 441:school district 433: 425: 408:Protected areas 372: 359: 351: 338: 314: 296: 288:District (USVI) 219: 201: 181: 163: 161: 150: 119:'s cemetery in 117:Pit River Tribe 87: 82:Powhatan Tribes 40: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6823: 6813: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6747: 6746: 6745: 6735: 6729: 6727: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6658: 6656: 6652: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6636: 6628: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6601: 6593: 6585: 6576: 6574: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6566: 6558: 6549: 6547: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6531: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6504: 6495: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6475: 6466: 6464: 6462:Marshall Court 6455: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6391: 6384: 6382: 6378: 6377: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6354: 6347: 6345: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6324: 6323: 6316: 6309: 6301: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6243: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6168:North Carolina 6165: 6160: 6155: 6154: 6153: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5959: 5957: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5800: 5798: 5797:and technology 5792: 5791: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5690: 5685: 5648: 5643: 5633:Ute War (1887) 5606: 5601: 5572: 5567: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5456:Peach Tree War 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5432: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5353:Plains Indians 5350: 5345: 5340: 5334: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5322: 5320:Discrimination 5317: 5312: 5307: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5224:Trail of Tears 5221: 5219:Indian removal 5216: 5215: 5214: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5133: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5116: 5115: 5108: 5101: 5093: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5080: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5063: 5058: 5056:Trail of Tears 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5001: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4925: 4923: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4833:Public Law 280 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4769:(1705 onwards) 4763: 4761: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4738: 4724: 4716: 4708: 4700: 4692: 4684: 4676: 4668: 4660: 4652: 4644: 4636: 4628: 4620: 4612: 4604: 4596: 4588: 4580: 4572: 4564: 4556: 4548: 4540: 4532: 4524: 4516: 4508: 4504:Elk v. Wilkins 4500: 4492: 4491:(D. Neb. 1879) 4484: 4476: 4468: 4460: 4452: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4425: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4380: 4370: 4368:Public Law 280 4365: 4351: 4346: 4340: 4325: 4320: 4305: 4304:External links 4302: 4301: 4300: 4269: 4262: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4245: 4217: 4208: 4189: 4148: 4123: 4073: 4048: 3999: 3979: 3944: 3925: 3902: 3879: 3856: 3847: 3837: 3828: 3819: 3792: 3778: 3758: 3731: 3722: 3704: 3695: 3686: 3665: 3651: 3637: 3612: 3584: 3575: 3564:25 U.S.C. 3556: 3529: 3506: 3480: 3471:|website= 3442: 3420: 3394: 3368: 3359: 3337: 3307: 3298: 3285: 3276: 3263: 3252: 3238: 3226: 3215: 3187: 3161: 3131: 3107: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3061: 3056: 3055: 3054: 3049: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3018:in New Zealand 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2992: 2991: 2981: 2976: 2975: 2974: 2969: 2959: 2954: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2926: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2880: 2872: 2866: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2820:Main article: 2817: 2814: 2766:Colorado River 2762:Gold King Mine 2725:climate change 2674:uranium mining 2655: 2652: 2575: 2572: 2562:(similar to a 2501: 2498: 2432:Public Law 280 2424:Main article: 2421: 2418: 2397: 2394: 2341: 2335: 2259:, and Justice 2218:Public Law 280 2207: 2204: 2196:Nathan Margold 2177: 2174: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2068: 2067: 2060: 2053: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1943:North Carolina 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1801: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1545: 1540: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1376: 1370: 1369: 1359:Ute War (1887) 1332: 1327: 1298: 1292: 1291: 1266: 1261: 1255: 1254: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1176:Peach Tree War 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 934:Trail of Tears 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 851: 846: 845: 842: 841: 833: 832: 825: 824: 817: 814: 798:Main article: 795: 792: 776: 770: 754: 751: 741: 723: 720: 719: 718: 710: 702: 681: 678: 676: 673: 672: 671: 665: 651: 637: 636: 630: 623: 601: 598: 575:Indian removal 531: 530: 528: 527: 520: 513: 505: 502: 501: 489: 488: 487: 486: 481: 474: 473: 468: 461: 460: 453: 452: 445: 444: 432: 431: 424: 423: 402: 401: 397: 396: 395: 394: 386: 385: 381: 380: 379: 378: 371: 370: 365: 358: 357: 350: 349: 344: 337: 336: 328: 327: 323: 322: 321: 320: 313: 312: 307: 302: 295: 294: 273: 257: 256: 252: 251: 250: 249: 218: 217: 207: 200: 199: 186: 185: 177: 176: 168: 167: 157: 156: 140: 139: 113: 109: 108: 101: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 86: 85: 77: 75: 71: 70: 65: 61: 60: 55: 51: 50: 42: 41: 39: 38: 35: 33:Also known as: 29: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6822: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6790:Legal systems 6788: 6787: 6785: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6748: 6744: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6642: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6614: 6607: 6606: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6571: 6564: 6563: 6559: 6556: 6555: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6537: 6536: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6488: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6452: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6426: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6381:United States 6379: 6374: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6322: 6317: 6315: 6310: 6308: 6303: 6302: 6299: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6275: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099:By state/city 6097: 6091: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6059: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5995: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5950: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5922:Red handprint 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5526:Seminole Wars 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5486:Pontiac's War 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5471:Tuscarora War 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5403:Neighborhoods 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5343:Adena culture 5341: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5299: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5274:Jim Crow laws 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5157:Classic stage 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5137:Paleo-Indians 5135: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5121: 5114: 5109: 5107: 5102: 5100: 5095: 5094: 5091: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5061:Treaty rights 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5046:Seminole Wars 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5006: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4664:Duro v. Reina 4661: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4418: 4416: 4411: 4409: 4404: 4403: 4400: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4377:archive.today 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4307: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4270: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4253: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4221: 4212: 4205: 4201: 4198: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4062: 4061:Navajo Nation 4058: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4013:Human Biology 4010: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3913: 3906: 3890: 3883: 3867: 3860: 3851: 3841: 3832: 3823: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3781: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3762: 3746: 3745:YES! Magazine 3742: 3735: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3699: 3690: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3661: 3655: 3647: 3641: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3622: 3616: 3609: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3597: 3591: 3589: 3579: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3517: 3510: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3476: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3430: 3424: 3408: 3406: 3398: 3382: 3380: 3379:U.S. v Kagama 3372: 3363: 3348: 3341: 3325: 3321: 3314: 3312: 3302: 3295: 3289: 3280: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3256: 3249: 3248: 3242: 3233: 3231: 3224: 3219: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3192: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3150: 3149:NMAI Magazine 3146: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3117: 3111: 3095: 3089: 3087: 3082: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2938: 2937: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2816:List of cases 2813: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2741:United States 2738: 2734: 2731:In 2007, the 2729: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2706:Richard Nixon 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2691:U.S. military 2689:site for the 2688: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2668: 2663: 2662: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2636:Passamaquoddy 2633: 2629: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2617: 2611: 2609: 2608: 2603: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2589:Indian gaming 2580: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2535:United States 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2484: 2478: 2477:proceedings. 2476: 2475:habeas corpus 2471: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2447: 2442: 2441: 2435: 2433: 2427: 2420:Tribal courts 2415: 2414:Navajo Nation 2410: 2402: 2393: 2391: 2386: 2385: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2339: 2334: 2333: (2004). 2332: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2294:Duro v. Reina 2289: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2267:A 1981 case, 2265: 2262: 2258: 2257:Warren Burger 2254: 2250: 2249: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2230: 2229:habeas corpus 2226: 2221: 2219: 2213: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2144: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2114:Andrew Mellon 2112: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2089: 2083: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2054: 2052: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2043: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1977: 1976: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1826: 1825: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1794:Neighborhoods 1792: 1791: 1784: 1783: 1775: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1750: 1749: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1730:Black Indians 1728: 1727: 1720: 1719: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1675: 1674: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1600: 1599: 1590: 1589:Red handprint 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1528: 1527: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1248:Seminole Wars 1246: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1206:Pontiac's War 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1191:Tuscarora War 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1143: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1124:Neighborhoods 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1059:Adena culture 1057: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1041: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 989:Jim Crow laws 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 879:Classic stage 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 859:Paleo-Indians 857: 856: 855: 854: 849: 844: 843: 839: 835: 834: 830: 827: 826: 822: 821: 813: 810: 806: 801: 791: 788: 787:plenary power 784: 783: 774: 769: 765: 760: 750: 740: 735: 732: 727: 716: 715: 711: 708: 707: 703: 700: 699: 695: 694: 693: 686: 675:Early history 669: 666: 663: 659: 655: 652: 649: 645: 642: 641: 640: 634: 631: 627: 624: 621: 620: 614: 611: 610: 609: 607: 597: 595: 591: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 559: 557: 553: 545: 537: 526: 521: 519: 514: 512: 507: 506: 504: 503: 500: 495: 491: 490: 485: 482: 480: 477: 476: 472: 469: 467: 466:Military base 464: 463: 459: 456: 455: 451: 448: 447: 442: 438: 435: 434: 430: 427: 426: 421: 420:National park 417: 413: 409: 406: 405: 404: 403: 399: 398: 393: 390: 389: 388: 387: 383: 382: 377: 374: 373: 369: 366: 364: 361: 360: 356: 353: 352: 348: 345: 343: 340: 339: 335: 332: 331: 330: 329: 325: 324: 319: 316: 315: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 297: 293: 292:District (AS) 289: 285: 281: 277: 274: 272: 268: 264: 261: 260: 259: 258: 254: 253: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 221: 220: 215: 211: 208: 206: 203: 202: 197: 193: 190: 189: 188: 187: 184: 179: 178: 174: 170: 169: 166: 159: 158: 155: 153: 146: 145: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 105:Navajo Nation 102: 98: 94: 90: 83: 79: 78: 76: 72: 69: 68:United States 66: 62: 59: 56: 52: 48: 43: 36: 31: 30: 27: 22: 19: 6749: 6743:in Australia 6712:Rhode Island 6638: 6630: 6622: 6603: 6595: 6587: 6579: 6573:Burger Court 6560: 6552: 6546:Warren Court 6533: 6525: 6506: 6498: 6477: 6469: 6412:Diminishment 6343:Colonial era 6047:Reservations 6028:Demographics 5699: / 5695: / 5681: / 5677: / 5673: / 5669: / 5665: / 5661: / 5657: / 5653: / 5639: / 5635: / 5631: / 5627: / 5623: / 5619: / 5615: / 5611: / 5597: / 5593: / 5589: / 5585: / 5581: / 5577: / 5563: / 5559: / 5555: / 5551: / 5547: / 5528: / 5481:Dummer's War 5303: / 5142:Lithic stage 5065: 5003: 4875:Diminishment 4740: 4732: 4726: 4718: 4710: 4702: 4694: 4686: 4678: 4670: 4662: 4654: 4646: 4638: 4630: 4622: 4614: 4606: 4598: 4590: 4582: 4574: 4566: 4558: 4550: 4542: 4534: 4526: 4518: 4510: 4502: 4494: 4486: 4478: 4470: 4462: 4454: 4446: 4382: 4328: 4279: 4273: 4265: 4257: 4236:. Retrieved 4230: 4220: 4211: 4192: 4168:(3): 33–56. 4165: 4161: 4151: 4139:. Retrieved 4135: 4126: 4099: 4095: 4064:. Retrieved 4060: 4051: 4019:(1): 19–26. 4016: 4012: 4002: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3960:(1): 37–59. 3957: 3953: 3947: 3938: 3928: 3916:. Retrieved 3905: 3893:. Retrieved 3882: 3870:. Retrieved 3859: 3850: 3840: 3831: 3822: 3810:. Retrieved 3805: 3795: 3783:. Retrieved 3768: 3761: 3749:. Retrieved 3744: 3734: 3725: 3716: 3707: 3698: 3689: 3668: 3659: 3654: 3645: 3640: 3619: 3615: 3594: 3578: 3559: 3549:February 24, 3547:. Retrieved 3542: 3532: 3520:. Retrieved 3509: 3497:. Retrieved 3493:the original 3483: 3454: 3445: 3433:. Retrieved 3423: 3411:. Retrieved 3404: 3397: 3385:. Retrieved 3378: 3371: 3362: 3350:. Retrieved 3340: 3328:. Retrieved 3323: 3301: 3288: 3279: 3266: 3255: 3245: 3241: 3218: 3206:. Retrieved 3202: 3178:. Retrieved 3173: 3164: 3152:. Retrieved 3148: 3122:. Retrieved 3110: 3098:. Retrieved 2934: 2928: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2882: 2874: 2868: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2827: 2794: 2774: 2757:Barack Obama 2735:adopted the 2730: 2728:of success. 2721:Bill Clinton 2714: 2703: 2695:World War II 2671: 2659: 2657: 2625: 2614: 2612: 2605: 2599: 2592: 2585: 2549: 2542: 2531: 2509: 2503: 2487: 2479: 2467: 2456: 2445: 2438: 2436: 2429: 2426:Tribal court 2382: 2378: 2366: 2363:U.S. v. Nice 2362: 2356: 2352:Oglala Sioux 2345: 2343: 2337: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2292: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2279: 2268: 2266: 2246: 2244: 2233: 2223:In 1965 the 2222: 2215: 2192:John Collier 2181: 2180:In 1934 the 2179: 2168:. President 2162:June 2, 1924 2107:June 2, 1924 2079: 1804:Reservations 1787:Demographics 1615:Christianity 1429: / 1425: / 1409: / 1405: / 1401: / 1397: / 1393: / 1389: / 1385: / 1381: / 1365: / 1361: / 1357: / 1353: / 1349: / 1345: / 1341: / 1337: / 1323: / 1319: / 1315: / 1311: / 1307: / 1303: / 1287: / 1283: / 1279: / 1275: / 1271: / 1250: / 1201:Dummer's War 864:Lithic stage 808: 807: 803: 780: 778: 772: 766: 762: 748: 737: 728: 725: 712: 704: 696: 691: 667: 653: 643: 638: 618: 603: 589: 587: 560: 551: 550: 384:Fourth level 255:Second level 214:Commonwealth 196:Commonwealth 147: 18: 6810:Sovereignty 6491:Taney Court 6436:(1978–2006) 6400:Removal Act 5855:Sweat lodge 5521:Arikara War 5511:War of 1812 5476:Yamasee War 5461:Esopus Wars 5451:Kieft's War 5436:Beaver Wars 5358:Anishinaabe 5239:Dawes Rolls 4977:Dawes Rolls 4760:Legislation 4238:January 30, 4141:December 3, 4136:www.epa.gov 4066:December 3, 3868:. USA Today 3806:Tulsa World 3635: (1991) 3610: (1978) 3568:§ 1304 3435:October 11, 3330:December 1, 3042:Sovereignty 2749:New Zealand 2002:war leaders 1845:Great Basin 1553:Nationalism 1241:Arikara War 1231:War of 1812 1196:Yamasee War 1181:Esopus Wars 1171:Kieft's War 1156:Beaver Wars 954:Dawes Rolls 400:Other areas 326:Third level 280:Census area 182:First level 127:located in 100:Populations 6784:Categories 6697:New Mexico 6667:California 6454:Precedents 6121:California 6019:Pretendian 5570:Cayuse War 5446:Pequot War 5294:gravesites 5051:Survivance 4797:Curtis Act 4250:References 3996:: 197–224. 3918:January 4, 3812:August 24, 3785:January 4, 3751:January 4, 3124:October 7, 2849:In re Heff 2642:, and the 2275:fee-simple 2160:, enacted 2105:, enacted 1903:California 1296:Cayuse War 1166:Pequot War 1114:Literature 757:See also: 734:statutes: 484:Ghost town 133:New Mexico 121:California 6682:Louisiana 6406:Dawes Act 6268:Massacres 6224:musicians 6188:Wisconsin 6151:Baltimore 6061:Languages 5943:Land Back 5850:Sun Dance 5516:Creek War 5212:ownership 4803:Burke Act 4791:Dawes Act 4184:199537244 4118:1916-5781 3974:0190-292X 3891:. Reuters 3522:March 31, 3499:March 31, 3473:ignored ( 3463:cite book 3413:April 29, 3387:April 29, 3352:March 31, 3100:August 8, 2957:Dawes Act 2786:pollution 2745:Australia 2644:Penobscot 2517:replaced 2457:The 1968 2358:sui iuris 2007:musicians 1963:Wisconsin 1875:Southwest 1836:by region 1829:Geography 1753:Languages 1660:Wabunowin 1655:Midewiwin 1645:Sun Dance 1625:Mormonism 1236:Creek War 800:Dawes Act 579:Civil War 210:Territory 6707:Oklahoma 6702:New York 6692:Michigan 6655:By state 6335:Statutes 6281:Category 6251:by state 6183:Virginia 6173:Oklahoma 6163:Nebraska 6158:Michigan 6146:Maryland 6126:Colorado 5845:Smudging 5813:Religion 5604:Yuma War 5192:Genocide 4440:Case law 4333:Archived 4314:Archived 4200:Archived 4043:33231023 3409:. Justia 3154:July 11, 2945:See also 2699:Cold War 2697:and the 2693:through 2667:Chippewa 2640:Maliseet 2621:Muscogee 2552:Cherokee 2492:and the 2470:immunity 2288:(1975). 1958:Virginia 1948:Oklahoma 1938:Nebraska 1933:Michigan 1928:Maryland 1908:Colorado 1884:by state 1665:Wocekiye 1603:Religion 1330:Yuma War 909:Genocide 742:— 617:Story's 567:treaties 334:Township 284:Villages 151:a series 64:Location 54:Category 6726:Compare 6717:Vermont 6677:Indiana 6234:writers 6209:artists 6131:Florida 6116:Arizona 6068:English 5418:Pow wow 5398:Fashion 5330:Culture 5207:Slavery 5129:History 4955:Related 4916:Federal 4296:1229071 4034:8477793 3895:July 9, 3872:July 9, 3457:. 1926. 3208:June 6, 3180:July 7, 2566:or the 2556:Choctaw 2142:Pub. L. 2118:federal 2087:Pub. L. 1992:artists 1913:Florida 1898:Arizona 1760:English 1119:Fashion 1089:Pow wow 1046:Culture 914:Slavery 848:History 648:organic 368:Chapter 271:Borough 129:Arizona 74:Created 6672:Hawaii 6662:Alaska 6643:(2005) 6635:(2001) 6627:(1997) 6608:(1986) 6600:(1985) 6592:(1979) 6584:(1974) 6565:(1960) 6557:(1955) 6538:(1941) 6530:(1896) 6511:(1858) 6503:(1857) 6482:(1831) 6474:(1823) 6442:(1982) 6430:(1946) 6424:(1934) 6408:(1887) 6402:(1830) 6390:(1787) 6286:Portal 6214:actors 6178:Oregon 6136:Hawaii 6111:Alaska 5955:groups 5122:topics 4907:(2008) 4901:(1990) 4895:(1990) 4889:(1990) 4883:(1988) 4877:(1984) 4871:(1978) 4865:(1978) 4859:(1975) 4853:(1971) 4847:(1968) 4841:(1956) 4835:(1953) 4829:(1940) 4823:(1936) 4817:(1934) 4811:(1924) 4805:(1906) 4799:(1898) 4793:(1887) 4787:(1830) 4781:(1819) 4745:(2022) 4737:(2020) 4723:(2013) 4707:(2005) 4699:(2004) 4691:(2001) 4683:(1997) 4675:(1993) 4667:(1990) 4659:(1989) 4651:(1987) 4643:(1986) 4635:(1985) 4627:(1984) 4619:(1982) 4611:(1978) 4603:(1977) 4595:(1976) 4587:(1974) 4579:(1973) 4571:(1968) 4563:(1960) 4555:(1959) 4547:(1955) 4539:(1941) 4531:(1903) 4523:(1896) 4515:(1896) 4507:(1884) 4499:(1883) 4483:(1858) 4475:(1857) 4467:(1832) 4459:(1831) 4451:(1823) 4429:Rights 4361:, and 4339:, 1831 4294: 4182: 4116: 4041: 4031: 3972: 3776: 3566: 3451:"1926" 2803:, and 2782:miners 2753:Canada 2751:, and 2679:Navajo 2630:, the 2388:, 2340:(1956) 2156: 2150:68–175 2148: 2116:, cut 2101: 2095:68–176 2093: 1997:actors 1953:Oregon 1918:Hawaii 1893:Alaska 1678:Groups 1129:Health 775:(1886) 363:Barrio 267:Parish 263:County 239:Pueblo 135:, and 92:Number 80:1658 ( 6687:Maine 6197:Lists 5378:Music 5172:Trade 4292:JSTOR 4180:S2CID 4102:(4). 3845:2007. 3681:(PDF) 3628: 3603: 3119:(PDF) 3078:Notes 2326: 2301: 2154:Stat. 2099:Stat. 1980:Lists 1094:Dance 1084:Music 192:State 112:Areas 6141:Iowa 6106:List 5428:Wars 5383:Film 5373:Food 4240:2024 4143:2021 4114:ISSN 4068:2021 4039:PMID 3970:ISSN 3920:2021 3897:2020 3874:2020 3814:2019 3787:2019 3774:ISBN 3753:2019 3630:U.S. 3605:U.S. 3551:2023 3524:2014 3501:2014 3475:help 3437:2019 3415:2012 3389:2012 3354:2009 3332:2022 3210:2024 3182:2019 3156:2020 3126:2018 3102:2015 2940:Act) 2733:U.N. 2683:Hopi 2681:and 2554:and 2446:Duro 2328:U.S. 2314:Duro 2310:Duro 2303:U.S. 2194:and 2080:The 1923:Iowa 1585:MMIW 1148:Wars 1104:Film 1079:Food 729:The 604:The 561:The 392:Ward 229:) / 227:list 137:Utah 5368:Art 4918:and 4731:and 4431:of 4375:at 4363:III 4284:doi 4170:doi 4104:doi 4029:PMC 4021:doi 3962:doi 3633:505 3626:498 3601:436 2812:. 2448:fix 2344:In 2331:193 2324:541 2306:676 2299:495 2291:In 2158:253 2121:tax 2103:253 1074:Art 660:or 629:and 6786:: 4359:II 4357:, 4290:. 4280:45 4278:. 4229:. 4178:. 4166:19 4164:. 4160:. 4134:. 4112:. 4098:. 4094:. 4076:^ 4059:. 4037:. 4027:. 4017:92 4015:. 4011:. 3992:. 3968:. 3958:46 3956:. 3937:. 3804:. 3743:. 3715:. 3624:, 3608:49 3599:, 3587:^ 3570:, 3541:. 3467:: 3465:}} 3461:{{ 3453:. 3322:. 3310:^ 3229:^ 3201:. 3190:^ 3172:. 3147:. 3134:^ 3085:^ 2747:, 2638:, 2510:be 2465:. 2322:, 2297:, 418:, 414:, 290:/ 286:/ 282:/ 278:/ 269:/ 265:/ 245:/ 241:/ 237:/ 233:/ 154:on 131:, 6320:e 6313:t 6306:v 5924:) 5920:( 5112:e 5105:t 5098:v 4421:e 4414:t 4407:v 4355:I 4298:. 4286:: 4242:. 4186:. 4172:: 4145:. 4120:. 4106:: 4100:2 4070:. 4023:: 3994:8 3976:. 3964:: 3941:. 3922:. 3899:. 3876:. 3816:. 3789:. 3755:. 3719:. 3683:. 3553:. 3526:. 3503:. 3477:) 3439:. 3417:. 3403:" 3391:. 3377:" 3356:. 3334:. 3212:. 3184:. 3158:. 3128:. 3104:. 2831:, 2139:( 2084:( 2064:e 2057:t 2050:v 1591:) 1587:( 524:e 517:t 510:v 443:) 439:( 422:) 410:( 225:( 216:) 212:( 198:) 194:( 107:) 84:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index