413:
400:
372:
386:
430:
143:
955:. Root hairs vary between 5 and 17 micrometers in diameter, and 80 to 1,500 micrometers in length (Dittmar, cited in Esau, 1965). Root hairs can survive for two to three weeks and then die off. At the same time new root hairs are continually being formed at the top of the root. This way, the root hair coverage stays the same. It is therefore understandable that repotting must be done with care, because the root hairs are being pulled off for the most part. This is why planting out may cause plants to wilt.
447:
334:
3610:
355:
516:
32:
129:
967:
formation in neighboring cells. This system controls the spacing of trichomes on the leaf surface. Once trichome are developed they may divide or branch. In contrast, root hairs only rarely branch. During the formation of trichomes and root hairs, many enzymes are regulated. For example, just prior to the root hair development, there is a point of elevated
1144:, the stinging trichomes induce a painful sensation lasting for hours upon human contact. This sensation has been attributed as a defense mechanism against large animals and small invertebrates, and plays a role in defense supplementation via secretion of metabolites. Studies suggest that this sensation involves a rapid release of toxin (such as
900:
contain acetylated flavonoids, which can absorb UV-B, and non-acetylated flavonoids, which absorb the longer wavelength of UV-A. In non-glandular trichomes, the only known role of flavonoids is to block out the shortest wavelengths to protect the plant; this differs from their role in glandular trichomes.
998:
Plant phytohormones have an effect on the growth and response of plants to environmental stimuli. Some of these phytohormones are involved in trichome formation, which include gibberellic acid (GA), cytokinins (CK), and jasmonic acids (JA). GA stimulates growth of trichomes by stimulating GLABROUS1
899:
is found in areas of high-light stress and poor soil conditions, along the
Mediterranean coasts. It contains non-glandular, stellate and dendritic trichomes that have the ability to synthesize and store polyphenols that both affect absorbance of radiation and plant desiccation. These trichomes also
1002:
Some other phytohormones that promote growth of trichomes include brassinosteroids, ethylene, and salicylic acid. This was understood by conducting experiments with mutants that has little to no amounts of each of these substances. In every case, there was less trichome formation on both plant
966:
GLABRA1 (TTG1)) are the major regulators of cell fate to produce trichomes or root hairs. When these genes are activated in a leaf epidermal cell, the formation of a trichrome is initiated within that cell. GL1, GL3. and TTG1 also activate negative regulators, which serve to inhibit trichrome
1139:
Stinging trichomes vary in their morphology and distribution between species, however similar effects on large herbivores implies they serve similar functions. In areas susceptible to herbivory, higher densities of stinging trichomes were observed. In
454:
Plant trichomes have many different features that vary between both species of plants and organs of an individual plant. These features affect the subcategories that trichomes are placed into. Some defining features include the following:
1328:
Tattini, M.; Matteini, P.; Saracini, E.; Traversi, M. L.; Giordano, C.; Agati, G. (2007). "Morphology and
Biochemistry of Non-Glandular Trichomes in Cistus salvifolius L. Leaves Growing in Extreme Habitats of the Mediterranean Basin".
1121:. Studies on trichomes have been focused towards crop protection, which is the result of deterring herbivores (Brookes et al. 2016). However, some organisms have developed mechanisms to resist the effects of trichomes. The larvae of
2343:
Fu, H. Y.; Chen, S. J.; Kuo-Huang, L. L. (2003). "Comparative study on the stinging trichomes and some related epidermal structures in the leaves of
Dendrocnide meyeniana, Girardinia diversifolia, and Urtica thunbergiana".
812:
and even within a species on different plant organs. Several basic functions or advantages of having surface hairs can be listed. It is likely that in many cases, hairs interfere with the feeding of at least some small
990:. The three groups of TFs form a trimer complex (MBW) and activate the expression of products downstream, which activates trichome formation. However, just MYBs alone act as an inhibitor by forming a negative complex.
891:
Non-glandular trichomes serve as structural protection against a variety of abiotic stressors, including water losses, extreme temperatures and UV radiation, and biotic threats, such as pathogen or herbivore attack.
2304:"Ecology, Behavior and Binomics: Herbivore Handling of a Plant's Trichome: The Case of Heliconius Charithonia (L.) (Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae) and Passiflora Lobata (Kilip) Hutch. (Passifloraceae)"
962:
that control the initiation and development of the epidermal outgrowth. Activation of genes that encode specific protein transcription factors (named GLABRA1 (GL1), GLABRA3 (GL3) and TRANSPARENT
853:
Glandular trichomes have been vastly studied, even though they are only found on about 30% of plants. Their function is to secrete metabolites for the plant. Some of these metabolites include:
3440:
1011:
The type, presence and absence and location of trichomes are important diagnostic characters in plant identification and plant taxonomy. In forensic examination, plants such as
3445:
2275:
Karley, A (2016). "Exploiting physical defence traits for crop protection: leaf trichomes of Rubus idaeus have deterrent effects on spider mites but not aphids".
659:, that has a plate or shield-shaped cluster of cells attached directly to the surface or borne on a stalk of some kind. Common examples are the leaf scales of
866:, which have a role in many plant pathways, such as secondary metabolites, stress response, and act as the mediators of plant interactions in the environment
264:. They are of diverse structure and function. Examples are hairs, glandular hairs, scales, and papillae. A covering of any kind of hair on a plant is an
841:, protecting the more delicate tissues underneath in hot, dry, open habitats. In addition, in locations where much of the available moisture comes from
3578:
2244:"Plant secretions prevent wasp parasitism in nests of wool-carder bees, with implications for the diversification of nesting materials in Megachilidae"
481:, referring to whether trichomes are present, respectively, on the upper surface (adaxial) or lower surface (abaxial) of a leaf or other lateral organ.
2132:
Hülskamp, M.; Schnittger, A.; Folkers, U. (1999). "Pattern formation and cell differentiation: trichomes in
Arabidopsis as a genetic model system".
1669:
1910:
Bhatia, R.Y.P.; Raghavan, S.; Rao, K.V.S.; Prasad, V.N. (1973). "Forensic examination of leaf and leaf fragments in fresh and dried conditions".
1099:). This bee species incorporates trichomes into their nests by scraping them off of plants and using them as a lining for their nest cavities.
3496:
978:, because their trichomes are simple, unicellular, and non-glandular. The development pathway is regulated by three transcription factors:
958:
The genetic control of patterning of trichomes and roots hairs shares similar control mechanisms. Both processes involve a core of related
833:
keep the frost away from the living surface cells. In windy locations, hairs break up the flow of air across the plant surface, reducing
1619:
1683:
Schellmann, S.; Schnittger, A.; Kirik, V.; Wada, T.; Okada, K.; Beermann, A.; Thumfahrt, J.; Jürgens, G.; Hülskamp, M. (2002-10-01).
3312:
1423:
Tholl, Dorothea (2015), "Biosynthesis and
Biological Functions of Terpenoids in Plants", in Schrader, Jens; Bohlmann, Jörg (eds.),
1789:
Dosier, Larry W.; Riopel, J. L. (1977). "Differential Enzyme
Activity During Trichoblast Differentiation in Elodea canadensis".
999:(GL1), however, both SPINDLY and DELLA proteins repress the effects of GA, so less of these proteins create more trichomes.
1127:, for example, are able to physically free themselves from trichomes, are able to bite off trichomes, and are able to form
227:
412:
1620:
Shui Wang, Jia-Wei Wang, Nan Yu, Chun-Hong Li, Bin Luo, Jin-Ying Gou, Ling-Jian Wang, and Xiao-Ya Chen (September 2004).
1427:, Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, vol. 148, Springer International Publishing, pp. 63–106,
96:
1581:"Protective and defensive roles of non-glandular trichomes against multiple stresses: structure–function coordination"
1107:
Plants may use trichomes in order to deter herbivore attacks via physical and/or chemical means, e.g. in specialized,
3502:
2153:
1954:
1440:
563:
288:
produced into an elongate hair-like structure called a trichome. The same term is applied to such structures in some
115:
68:
545:
2397:
1021:, trichome bases are regularly found and, in some cases, their cellular structure is important for identification.
491:, there are more adaxial trichomes present on this plant because this surface suffers from more ultraviolet (UV),
2836:
2022:
Hahn, Florian; Mantegazza, Otho; Greiner, André; Hegemann, Peter; Eisenhut, Marion; Weber, Andreas P. M. (2017).
1061:
experiments and might be of interest as visual marker for plant research to improve gene editing methods such as
1017:
can be identified by microscopic examination of the trichomes. Although trichomes are rarely found preserved in
620:, and branched or unbranched. Multicellular hairs may have one or several layers of cells. Branched hairs can be
478:
474:
75:
3317:
1947:
Recommended
Methods for the Identification and Analysis of Cannabis and Cannabis Products (Revised and updated)
959:
541:
294:
53:
845:, hairs appear to enhance this process by increasing the surface area on which water droplets can accumulate.
2767:
1831:"An overview of the gene regulatory network controlling trichome development in the model plant, Arabidopsis"
593:
refer to outgrowths that involve more than the epidermis. This distinction is not always easily applied (see
927:
derivatives. The ellagitannins have the main purpose of helping adapt in times of nutrient-limiting stress.
399:
3486:
3073:
2588:
1685:"TRIPTYCHON and CAPRICE mediate lateral inhibition during trichome and root hair patterning in Arabidopsis"
1157:
433:
416:
1579:
Karabourniotis, George; Liakopoulos, Georgios; Nikolopoulos, Dimosthenis; Bresta, Panagiota (2020-02-01).
82:
3568:
3322:
780:– having straight hairs all pointing in more or less the same direction as along a margin or midrib
808:
The size, form, density and location of hairs on plants are extremely variable in their presence across
3302:
3634:
3452:
2083:"Homology-Directed Repair of a Defective Glabrous Gene in Arabidopsis With Cas9-Based Gene Targeting"
537:
64:
49:
1524:"Plant Glandular Trichomes: Natural Cell Factories of High Biotechnological Interest1[OPEN]"
3590:
3435:
2485:
526:
1065:. Trichomes also serve as models for cell differentiation as well as pattern formation in plants.
530:
462:
Straight (upright with little to no branching), spiral (corkscrew-shaped) or hooked (curved apex)
438:
42:
3420:
3344:
1971:
1892:
1123:
983:
617:
325:. The filamentous sheaths form a persistent sticky network that helps maintain soil structure.
220:
3149:
3585:
1663:
498:
Trichomes can protect the plant from a large range of detriments, such as UV light, insects,
3307:
3204:
3159:
2831:
2390:
2187:"Entrapment of bed bugs by leaf trichomes inspires microfabrication of biomimetic surfaces"
1888:
1338:
1222:
1045:
675:
644:
613:
471:
Tortuous, simple (unbranched and unicellular), peltate (scale-like), stellate (star-shaped)
421:
371:
2807:
8:
3477:
3022:
1092:
487:
2081:
Hahn, Florian; Eisenhut, Marion; Mantegazza, Otho; Weber, Andreas P. M. (5 April 2018).
1342:
1226:
3415:
3280:
3058:
2750:
2536:
2432:
2219:
2186:
2109:
2082:
2058:
2023:
1865:
1830:
1806:
1556:
1523:
1499:
1464:
1405:
1305:
1297:
1254:
1246:
1073:
947:, are lateral outgrowths of a single cell of the epidermal layer. Root hairs form from
594:
580:
348:
134:
2145:
1999:
1923:
1717:
1684:
1646:
1621:
1035:
trichomes are classified as being aerial, epidermal, unicellular, tubular structures.
974:
Many of what scientists know about trichome development comes from the model organism
903:
In Salix and gossypium genus, modified trichomes create the cottony fibers that allow
429:
385:
89:
3573:
2422:
2417:
2325:
2224:
2206:
2167:
2159:
2149:
2114:
2063:
2045:
2004:
1950:
1927:
1870:
1852:
1771:
1763:
1722:
1704:
1651:
1602:
1561:
1543:
1504:
1486:
1446:
1436:
1397:
1362:
1354:
1289:
1238:
1162:
404:
391:
338:
2320:
2303:
1409:
1309:
1258:
142:
3359:
3265:
3260:
3214:
3107:
3092:
3053:
2978:
2819:
2743:
2640:
2582:
2315:
2284:
2255:
2214:
2198:
2141:
2104:
2094:
2053:
2035:
1994:
1986:
1919:
1860:
1842:
1798:
1753:
1712:
1696:
1641:
1633:
1592:
1551:
1535:
1494:
1476:
1428:
1389:
1380:
Hülskamp, Martin (June 2004). "Plant
Trichomes: A Model for Cell Differentiation".
1346:
1281:
1230:
492:
343:
160:
3154:
1972:"Microtubule Stabilization Leads to Growth Reorientation in Arabidopsis Trichomes"
1062:
907:, or wind aided dispersal. These seed trichomes are among the longest plant cells
3613:
3595:
3457:
3286:
3236:
3224:
3186:
3122:
2949:
2917:
2878:
2851:
2680:
2675:
2566:
2502:
2383:
2242:
Eltz, Thomas; Küttner, Jennifer; Lunau, Klaus; Tollrian, Ralph (6 January 2015).
1172:
1013:
863:
709:, referring to the presence, form and appearance of trichomes. Examples include:
377:
2184:
701:
Many terms are used to describe the surface appearance of plant organs, such as
3507:
3472:
3425:
3407:
3371:
3127:
2954:
2932:
2898:
2873:
2856:
2846:
2841:
2723:
2541:
2526:
2480:
2475:
1829:
Yuan, Ling; Singh, Sanjay Kumar; Patra, Barunava; Pattanaik, Sitakanta (2014).
1597:
1580:
1108:
1084:. The trichomes on the bean leaves capture the insects by impaling their feet (
1081:
1058:
944:
904:
589:
285:
3628:
3543:
3291:
3209:
3181:
3144:
3112:
3048:
3017:
2968:
2868:
2670:
2653:
2576:
2556:
2497:
2492:
2440:
2210:
2163:
2049:
2024:"An Efficient Visual Screen for CRISPR/Cas9 Activity in Arabidopsis thaliana"
1856:
1767:
1708:
1606:
1547:
1490:
1358:
1293:
1242:
1050:
968:
834:
499:
446:
289:
2260:
2243:
2099:
2040:
1847:
1481:
1085:
3538:
3528:
3430:
3139:
2648:
2615:
2329:
2228:
2202:
2185:
Szyndler, M.W.; Haynes, K.F.; Potter, M.F.; Corn, R.M.; Loudon, C. (2013).
2118:
2067:
2008:
1874:
1775:
1726:
1700:
1655:
1637:
1578:
1565:
1508:
1450:
1401:
1366:
822:
690:, producing some kind of secretion, such as the essential oils produced by
669:
660:
630:
625:
354:
300:
147:
2171:
1931:
1758:
1741:
1350:
3354:
3339:
3334:
3270:
3132:
2912:
2883:
2782:
2777:
2625:
2465:
2460:
2445:
1990:
987:
365:
1944:
1539:
1432:
1148:) upon contact and penetration via the globular tips of said trichomes.
829:, large herbivores as well. Hairs on plants growing in areas subject to
333:
3383:
3376:
3366:
3349:
3032:
3027:
2963:
2755:
2602:
2561:
2455:
1810:
1742:"Epidermal differentiation: trichomes in Arabidopsis as a model system"
1301:
1250:
924:
860:, which have many functions related to defense, growth, and development
702:
265:
2288:
1192:
3491:
3388:
3117:
2922:
2903:
2814:
2738:
2658:
2610:
2551:
2531:
2470:
1145:
1118:
1054:
963:
936:
920:
880:
869:
857:
818:
814:
750:– pubescent with long, straight, soft, spreading or erect hairs
695:
664:
602:
310:
245:
233:
20:
1802:
1622:"Control of Plant Trichome Development by a Cotton Fiber MYB GeneW⃞"
1393:
1234:
756:– minutely pubescent; having fine, short, usually erect, hairs
515:
31:
3533:
3523:
3467:
3462:
3229:
3102:
2995:
2665:
2450:
1285:
1272:
Levin, Donald A. (1973). "The Role of
Trichomes in Plant Defense".
1003:
surfaces, as well as incorrect formation of the trichomes present.
979:
842:
838:
360:
269:
1213:
Payne, Willard W. (1978). "A Glossary of Plant Hair
Terminology".
2718:
2713:
2630:
2620:
1077:
940:
809:
322:
315:
261:
128:
3171:
3063:
2983:
2937:
2927:
2888:
2826:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2406:
1327:
1113:
1024:
1018:
875:
826:
691:
319:
257:
3395:
3329:
3251:
3219:
3176:
3068:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2988:
2973:
2942:
2863:
2521:
2512:
2021:
1682:
1522:
Huchelmann, Alexandre; Boutry, Marc; Hachez, Charles (2017).
1117:(Nettle) species that deliver inflammatory chemicals such as
830:
804:– having long, soft hairs, often curved, but not matted
314:. These structures play an important role in preventing soil
281:
253:
249:
1049:, trichome formation is initiated by the GLABROUS1 protein.
3246:
3241:
2893:
2733:
2708:
2703:
2687:
2546:
2080:
1167:
1128:
1038:
952:
706:
241:
205:
178:
172:
304:. The trichomes of cyanobacteria may be unsheathed, as in
3166:
2728:
2375:
2131:
1465:"The Phenylpropanoid Case – It Is Transport That Matters"
1091:
Trichomes are an essential part of nest building for the
762:– slightly covered with minute soft and erect hairs
744:– having an almost wool-like covering of long hairs
199:
2241:
1053:
of the corresponding gene lead to glabrous plants. This
601:
epidermal cells that protrude from the surface, such as
1909:
1899:. Princeton, New Jersey: Van Nostrandpage. p. 154.
1828:
146:
Fossil stellate hair (trichome) probably of an oak, in
1521:
951:, the hair-forming cells on the epidermis of a plant
930:
211:
202:
184:
175:
196:
193:
169:
166:
208:
190:
181:
163:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1746:The International Journal of Developmental Biology
1739:
919:were found to contain presences of ellagitannins,
720:– lacking hairs or trichomes; surface smooth
1945:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2009).
1740:Schellmann, Swen; Hulskamp, Martin (2004-09-01).
1131:blankets in order to navigate the leaves better.
3626:
792:– covered with dense, matted, woolly hairs
2342:
1970:Maithur, Jaideep; Chua, Nam-Hai (April 2000).
1323:
1321:
1319:
768:– bearing hairs or trichomes of any type
2391:
2371:, 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons. 767 pp.
1462:
738:– simple pluricellular-uniseriate hairs
268:, and the surface bearing them is said to be
3497:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
1949:. New York: United Nations. pp. 30–32.
1887:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1788:
1668:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1006:
1969:
1316:
1076:leaves have been used historically to trap
544:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2398:
2384:
886:
2319:
2259:
2218:
2108:
2098:
2057:
2039:
1998:
1864:
1846:
1817:
1757:
1716:
1645:
1596:
1555:
1498:
1480:
682:Any of the various types of hairs may be
564:Learn how and when to remove this message
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
3441:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
2178:
1379:
1039:Significance for plant molecular biology
445:
428:
411:
398:
384:
370:
353:
332:
141:
127:
2301:
1912:Journal of the Forensic Science Society
1463:Jasiński, Michał; Biała, Wanda (2018).
1088:). The leaves would then be destroyed.
651:Another common type of trichome is the
583:outgrowths of various kinds. The terms
505:
495:light stress than the abaxial surface.
3627:
2274:
2191:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
1903:
848:
450:Red glandular trichomes on a rose stem
2379:
1938:
1881:
1422:
1271:
1212:
1134:
915:Non-glandular trichomes in the genus
694:and many other members of the family
2291:– via Academic Search Premier.
542:adding citations to reliable sources
509:
468:Glandular (secretory) vs. eglandular
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1185:
13:
2248:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
931:Trichome and root hair development
837:. Dense coatings of hairs reflect
328:
275:
14:
3646:
3446:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
1897:Principles of angiosperm taxonomy
425:; the structure is a single cell.
3609:
3608:
2134:International Review of Cytology
993:
514:
159:
150:; image is about 1 mm wide.
30:
2360:
2336:
2321:10.1590/s1519-566x2008000300002
2295:
2268:
2235:
2125:
2074:
2015:
1963:
1782:
1733:
1676:
1613:
1274:The Quarterly Review of Biology
608:A common type of trichome is a
347:with a trapped insect, contain
41:needs additional citations for
16:Fine hair-like growth on plants
1572:
1515:
1456:
1416:
1373:
1265:
1206:
910:
389:Trichomes on the petiole of a
375:Trichomes on the surface of a
280:Certain, usually filamentous,
1:
2146:10.1016/S0074-7696(08)61053-0
1924:10.1016/S0015-7368(73)70794-5
1178:
895:For example, the model plant
3487:History of plant systematics
3074:Thorns, spines, and prickles
1585:Journal of Forestry Research
1425:Biotechnology of Isoprenoids
1158:Thorns, spines, and prickles
732:– having bristly hairs
459:Unicellular or multicellular
434:Scanning electron micrograph
417:Scanning electron micrograph
7:
1151:
419:of a trichome on a leaf of
10:
3651:
3303:Alternation of generations
2405:
2302:Cardoso, Márcio Z (2008).
2087:Frontiers in Plant Science
2028:Frontiers in Plant Science
1835:Frontiers in Plant Science
1791:American Journal of Botany
1598:10.1007/s11676-019-01034-4
1469:Frontiers in Plant Science
1102:
786:– minutely tomentose
502:, and freeze intolerance.
244:') are fine outgrowths or
226:
138:plant, with many trichomes
18:
3604:
3552:
3516:
3453:Cultivated plant taxonomy
3416:Biological classification
3406:
3279:
3195:
3091:
3041:
2766:
2696:
2639:
2601:
2575:
2511:
2431:
2413:
2277:Annals of Applied Biology
1057:has already been used in
1007:Significance for taxonomy
774:– minutely strigose
408:buds with glandular hairs
3313:Evolutionary development
1093:European wool carder bee
798:– minutely villous
19:Not to be confused with
2964:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
2261:10.3389/fevo.2014.00086
2100:10.3389/fpls.2018.00424
2041:10.3389/fpls.2017.00039
1848:10.3389/fpls.2014.00259
1482:10.3389/fpls.2018.01610
1068:
1028:trichome classification
887:Non-glandular trichomes
439:Brachypodium distachyon
358:Glandular trichomes on
318:, particularly in cold
3579:by author abbreviation
3503:Plant taxonomy systems
3421:Botanical nomenclature
2308:Neotropical Entomology
2203:10.1098/rsif.2013.0174
1638:10.1105/tpc.104.024844
1382:Molecular Cell Biology
1124:Heliconius charithonia
984:basic helix-loop-helix
726:– coarsely hairy
451:
443:
426:
409:
396:
382:
368:
351:
337:Sticky trichomes of a
151:
139:
3586:Botanical expeditions
1759:10.1387/ijdb.051983ss
1351:10.1055/s-2006-924662
960:transcription factors
642:(star-shaped), as in
612:. Plant hairs may be
485:In a model organism,
465:Presence of cytoplasm
449:
432:
415:
402:
388:
374:
357:
336:
308:, or sheathed, as in
145:
131:
3318:Evolutionary history
3308:Double fertilization
3160:Cellular respiration
1991:10.1105/tpc.12.4.465
1701:10.1093/emboj/cdf524
1193:"Identify That Alga"
1046:Arabidopsis thaliana
1033:Arabidopsis thaliana
1026:Arabidopsis thaliana
976:Arabidopsis thaliana
817:and, depending upon
676:Hippophae rhamnoides
645:Arabidopsis thaliana
538:improve this section
506:Aerial surface hairs
422:Arabidopsis thaliana
50:improve this article
2537:Non-vascular plants
1540:10.1104/pp.17.00727
1433:10.1007/10_2014_295
1343:2007PlBio...9..411T
1227:1978Britt..30..239P
1097:Anthidium manicatum
1043:In the model plant
935:Both trichomes and
849:Glandular trichomes
673:and sea buckthorn (
597:). Also, there are
488:Cistus salviifolius
349:proteolytic enzymes
3042:Surface structures
2837:Flower development
1412:– via EBSCO.
1135:Stinging trichomes
624:(tree-like) as in
595:Wait-a-minute tree
452:
444:
427:
410:
397:
383:
369:
352:
284:have the terminal
152:
140:
135:Capsicum pubescens
3622:
3621:
3261:Herbaceous plants
3087:
3086:
2289:10.1111/aab.12252
1695:(19): 5036–5046.
1163:Colleter (botany)
574:
573:
566:
436:of leaf hairs on
405:Antirrhinum majus
392:Solanum quitoense
339:carnivorous plant
126:
125:
118:
100:
3642:
3635:Plant morphology
3612:
3611:
3591:Individual trees
3266:Secondary growth
3237:Succulent plants
3225:Prostrate shrubs
3108:Apical dominance
3093:Plant physiology
3054:Epicuticular wax
2599:
2598:
2592:
2583:Plant morphology
2400:
2393:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2354:
2353:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2222:
2197:(83): 20130174.
2182:
2176:
2175:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2112:
2102:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2043:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1976:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1850:
1826:
1815:
1814:
1797:(9): 1049–1056.
1786:
1780:
1779:
1761:
1752:(5–6): 579–584.
1737:
1731:
1730:
1720:
1689:The EMBO Journal
1680:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1659:
1649:
1632:(9): 2323–2334.
1617:
1611:
1610:
1600:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1559:
1528:Plant Physiology
1519:
1513:
1512:
1502:
1484:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1325:
1314:
1313:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1189:
864:phenylpropanoids
688:
687:
569:
562:
558:
555:
549:
518:
510:
493:solar irradiance
344:Drosera capensis
237:
230:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
132:Flower bud of a
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3600:
3569:Botanical terms
3562:
3548:
3512:
3458:Citrus taxonomy
3436:Author citation
3402:
3296:
3275:
3197:
3191:
3187:Turgor pressure
3095:
3083:
3037:
2852:Floral symmetry
2770:
2762:
2692:
2681:Vascular bundle
2676:Vascular tissue
2635:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2571:
2542:Vascular plants
2507:
2503:Plant pathology
2427:
2409:
2404:
2374:
2367:Esau, K. 1965.
2363:
2358:
2357:
2341:
2337:
2300:
2296:
2273:
2269:
2240:
2236:
2183:
2179:
2156:
2130:
2126:
2079:
2075:
2020:
2016:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1943:
1939:
1908:
1904:
1886:
1882:
1827:
1818:
1803:10.2307/2442160
1787:
1783:
1738:
1734:
1681:
1677:
1661:
1660:
1618:
1614:
1577:
1573:
1520:
1516:
1461:
1457:
1443:
1421:
1417:
1394:10.1038/nrm1404
1378:
1374:
1326:
1317:
1270:
1266:
1235:10.2307/2806659
1211:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1173:Urticating hair
1154:
1137:
1105:
1071:
1041:
1030:
1014:Cannabis sativa
1009:
996:
945:vascular plants
933:
913:
897:C. salviifolius
889:
851:
685:
684:
599:nontrichomatous
570:
559:
553:
550:
535:
519:
508:
378:Solanum scabrum
331:
329:Plant trichomes
278:
276:Algal trichomes
189:
162:
158:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3648:
3638:
3637:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3559:Related topics
3557:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3508:Taxonomic rank
3505:
3500:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3460:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3426:Botanical name
3418:
3412:
3410:
3408:Plant taxonomy
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3384:Megasporangium
3381:
3380:
3379:
3372:Microsporangia
3364:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3217:
3212:
3210:Cushion plants
3201:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3147:
3145:Plant hormones
3142:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3128:Photosynthesis
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2847:Floral formula
2844:
2842:Floral diagram
2839:
2834:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2795:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2771:(incl. Flower)
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2731:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2671:Storage organs
2668:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2557:Spermatophytes
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2527:Archaeplastida
2524:
2518:
2516:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2481:Phytogeography
2478:
2476:Phytochemistry
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2433:Subdisciplines
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2380:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2335:
2294:
2283:(2): 159–172.
2267:
2234:
2177:
2154:
2124:
2073:
2014:
1985:(4): 465–477.
1962:
1955:
1937:
1918:(3): 183–190.
1902:
1880:
1816:
1781:
1732:
1675:
1626:The Plant Cell
1612:
1571:
1514:
1455:
1441:
1415:
1388:(6): 471–480.
1372:
1337:(3): 411–419.
1315:
1286:10.1086/407484
1264:
1221:(2): 239–255.
1205:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1136:
1133:
1109:stinging hairs
1104:
1101:
1082:Eastern Europe
1070:
1067:
1059:genome editing
1040:
1037:
1029:
1023:
1008:
1005:
995:
992:
932:
929:
912:
909:
888:
885:
884:
883:
878:
872:
867:
861:
850:
847:
806:
805:
799:
793:
787:
781:
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
739:
733:
727:
721:
579:on plants are
572:
571:
522:
520:
513:
507:
504:
483:
482:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
330:
327:
277:
274:
260:, and certain
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3647:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3615:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3545:
3544:Phytochemical
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3182:Transpiration
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2969:Inflorescence
2967:
2965:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2654:Ground tissue
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:Plant anatomy
2574:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:Plant ecology
2496:
2494:
2493:Plant anatomy
2491:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2441:Archaeobotany
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2370:
2369:Plant Anatomy
2366:
2365:
2352:(4): 213–223.
2351:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2314:(3): 247–52.
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2155:9780123645906
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1956:9789211482423
1952:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1893:Heywood, V.H.
1890:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1442:9783319201078
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1331:Plant Biology
1324:
1322:
1320:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1198:September 20,
1194:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1080:in houses in
1079:
1075:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1036:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1004:
1000:
994:Phytohormones
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
969:phosphorylase
965:
961:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
928:
926:
922:
918:
908:
906:
901:
898:
893:
882:
879:
877:
873:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
855:
854:
846:
844:
840:
836:
835:transpiration
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
715:
712:
711:
710:
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
680:
678:
677:
672:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
646:
641:
637:
633:
632:
627:
623:
619:
618:multicellular
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:
586:
582:
578:
568:
565:
557:
547:
543:
539:
533:
532:
528:
523:This section
521:
517:
512:
511:
503:
501:
500:transpiration
496:
494:
490:
489:
480:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
457:
456:
448:
441:
440:
435:
431:
424:
423:
418:
414:
407:
406:
401:
394:
393:
387:
380:
379:
373:
367:
363:
362:
356:
350:
346:
345:
340:
335:
326:
324:
321:
317:
313:
312:
307:
303:
302:
297:
296:
291:
290:cyanobacteria
287:
283:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
236:
229:
225:
222:
221:Ancient Greek
216:
156:
149:
144:
137:
136:
130:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
3539:Horticulture
3529:Floriculture
3431:Correct name
3281:Reproduction
3271:Woody plants
3196:Plant growth
3155:Gas Exchange
3140:Phytomelanin
3078:
3018:Plant embryo
2768:Reproductive
2616:Phragmoplast
2368:
2361:Bibliography
2349:
2345:
2338:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2031:
2027:
2017:
1982:
1978:
1965:
1946:
1940:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1896:
1883:
1838:
1834:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1664:cite journal
1629:
1625:
1615:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1424:
1418:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1334:
1330:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1196:. Retrieved
1187:
1141:
1138:
1122:
1112:
1106:
1096:
1090:
1072:
1044:
1042:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1012:
1010:
1001:
997:
975:
973:
957:
949:trichoblasts
948:
934:
916:
914:
902:
896:
894:
890:
852:
823:irritability
807:
801:
795:
789:
784:tomentellous
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
723:
717:
713:
700:
683:
681:
674:
670:Rhododendron
668:
663:such as the
657:peltate hair
656:
652:
650:
643:
639:
635:
631:Anigozanthos
629:
626:kangaroo paw
621:
609:
607:
598:
588:
584:
576:
575:
560:
554:October 2022
551:
536:Please help
524:
497:
486:
484:
453:
437:
420:
403:
390:
376:
366:cannabinoids
359:
342:
309:
306:Oscillatoria
305:
301:Oscillatoria
299:
293:
279:
234:
231:
224:
154:
153:
148:Baltic amber
133:
112:
106:October 2022
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
3355:Pollen tube
3350:Pollinators
3340:Pollination
3335:Germination
3150:Respiration
3133:Chlorophyll
2979:Pedicellate
2913:Gametophyte
2832:Aestivation
2783:Antheridium
2778:Archegonium
2626:Plasmodesma
2603:Plant cells
2466:Paleobotany
2461:Ethnobotany
2446:Astrobotany
2140:: 147–178.
1889:Davis, P.H.
1591:(1): 1–12.
1534:(1): 6–22.
1280:(1): 3–15.
1063:CRISPR/Cas9
988:WD40 repeat
911:Polyphenols
796:villosulous
772:strigillose
614:unicellular
219:; from
3377:Microspore
3367:Sporangium
3345:Artificial
3033:Sporophyte
3028:Sporophyll
3023:Receptacle
2918:Gynandrium
2788:Androecium
2697:Vegetative
2567:Angiosperm
2562:Gymnosperm
2456:Dendrology
1979:Plant Cell
1179:References
971:activity.
937:root hairs
925:kaempferol
921:glycosides
905:anemochory
881:acylsugars
870:flavonoids
858:terpenoids
815:herbivores
760:puberulous
754:puberulent
736:articulate
661:bromeliads
603:root hairs
585:emergences
364:, rich in
292:, such as
266:indumentum
246:appendages
76:newspapers
65:"Trichome"
3574:Botanists
3492:Herbarium
3389:Megaspore
3287:Evolution
3230:Subshrubs
3198:and habit
3123:Nutrition
3118:Cellulose
3113:Bulk flow
3096:Materials
3059:Epidermis
2923:Gynoecium
2904:Endosperm
2899:Dispersal
2815:Staminode
2751:Sessility
2739:Cataphyll
2659:Mesophyll
2611:Cell wall
2552:Lycophyte
2532:Bryophyte
2486:Geobotany
2471:Phycology
2211:1742-5662
2164:0074-7696
2050:1664-462X
1857:1664-462X
1768:0214-6282
1709:0261-4189
1607:1993-0607
1548:0032-0889
1491:1664-462X
1359:1438-8677
1294:0033-5770
1243:0007-196X
1215:Brittonia
1146:histamine
1119:histamine
1055:phenotype
1051:Knockouts
819:stiffness
790:tomentose
766:pubescent
696:Lamiaceae
686:glandular
665:pineapple
622:dendritic
581:epidermal
577:Trichomes
525:does not
311:Calothrix
295:Spirulina
270:pubescent
155:Trichomes
21:Trichrome
3629:Category
3614:Category
3534:Forestry
3524:Agronomy
3517:Practice
3468:Cultivar
3463:Cultigen
3323:timeline
3215:Rosettes
3103:Aleurone
3079:Trichome
2996:Perianth
2808:Filament
2666:Meristem
2589:glossary
2451:Bryology
2346:Taiwania
2330:18641894
2229:23576783
2119:29675030
2068:28174584
2009:10760237
1895:(1963).
1875:25018756
1776:16096966
1727:12356720
1656:15316114
1566:28724619
1509:30443262
1475:: 1610.
1451:25583224
1410:26541461
1402:15173826
1367:17143807
1310:83358711
1259:42417527
1152:See also
980:R2R3 MYB
943:of many
941:rhizoids
843:fog drip
839:sunlight
778:strigose
718:glabrate
714:glabrous
640:stellate
590:prickles
361:Cannabis
323:climates
262:protists
235:tríkhōma
3292:Ecology
3049:Cuticle
2879:Capsule
2869:Anatomy
2820:Tapetum
2744:Petiole
2719:Rhizome
2714:Rhizoid
2641:Tissues
2631:Vacuole
2621:Plastid
2423:Outline
2418:History
2220:3645427
2172:9770299
2110:5895730
2093:: 424.
2059:5258748
1932:4774149
1866:4071814
1841:: 259.
1811:2442160
1557:5580781
1500:6221964
1339:Bibcode
1302:2822621
1251:2806659
1223:Bibcode
1103:Defense
1078:bedbugs
1019:fossils
876:ketones
874:methyl
825:to the
810:species
802:villous
724:hirsute
546:removed
531:sources
479:abaxial
475:Adaxial
316:erosion
258:lichens
240: '
228:τρίχωμα
90:scholar
3596:Plants
3499:(IAPT)
3252:Lianas
3220:Shrubs
3172:Starch
3064:Nectar
2984:Raceme
2950:Stigma
2938:Locule
2928:Carpel
2889:Pyrena
2827:Flower
2803:Anther
2798:Stamen
2793:Pollen
2515:groups
2407:Botany
2328:
2227:
2217:
2209:
2170:
2162:
2152:
2117:
2107:
2066:
2056:
2048:
2034:: 39.
2007:
2000:139846
1997:
1953:
1930:
1873:
1863:
1855:
1809:
1774:
1766:
1725:
1718:129046
1715:
1707:
1654:
1647:520936
1644:
1605:
1564:
1554:
1546:
1507:
1497:
1489:
1449:
1439:
1408:
1400:
1365:
1357:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1142:Urtica
1114:Urtica
986:, and
939:, the
923:, and
917:Cistus
827:palate
748:pilose
730:hispid
707:leaves
636:tufted
442:(250x)
320:desert
250:plants
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
3556:Lists
3473:Group
3396:Spore
3330:Flora
3247:Vines
3242:Trees
3205:Habit
3177:Sugar
3069:Stoma
3011:Sepal
3006:Petal
3001:Tepal
2989:Umbel
2974:Bract
2955:Style
2943:Ovule
2933:Ovary
2874:Berry
2864:Fruit
2857:Whorl
2724:Shoot
2522:Algae
2513:Plant
1975:(PDF)
1807:JSTOR
1406:S2CID
1306:S2CID
1298:JSTOR
1255:S2CID
1247:JSTOR
1086:tarsi
964:TESTA
831:frost
742:downy
703:stems
692:mints
653:scale
638:, or
282:algae
254:algae
223:
97:JSTOR
83:books
3478:Grex
3360:Self
2894:Seed
2756:Stem
2734:Leaf
2709:Root
2704:Bulb
2688:Wood
2649:Cork
2547:Fern
2326:PMID
2225:PMID
2207:ISSN
2168:PMID
2160:ISSN
2150:ISBN
2115:PMID
2064:PMID
2046:ISSN
2005:PMID
1951:ISBN
1928:PMID
1871:PMID
1853:ISSN
1772:PMID
1764:ISSN
1723:PMID
1705:ISSN
1670:link
1652:PMID
1603:ISSN
1562:PMID
1544:ISSN
1505:PMID
1487:ISSN
1447:PMID
1437:ISBN
1398:PMID
1363:PMID
1355:ISSN
1290:ISSN
1239:ISSN
1200:2013
1168:Seta
1129:silk
1074:Bean
1069:Uses
953:root
821:and
705:and
610:hair
529:any
527:cite
477:vs.
395:leaf
381:leaf
298:and
286:cell
242:hair
69:news
3167:Sap
2884:Nut
2729:Bud
2316:doi
2285:doi
2281:168
2256:doi
2215:PMC
2199:doi
2142:doi
2138:186
2105:PMC
2095:doi
2054:PMC
2036:doi
1995:PMC
1987:doi
1920:doi
1861:PMC
1843:doi
1799:doi
1754:doi
1713:PMC
1697:doi
1642:PMC
1634:doi
1593:doi
1552:PMC
1536:doi
1532:175
1495:PMC
1477:doi
1429:doi
1390:doi
1347:doi
1282:doi
1231:doi
1111:of
679:).
655:or
634:),
616:or
587:or
540:by
248:on
52:by
3631::
2350:48
2348:.
2324:.
2312:37
2310:.
2306:.
2279:.
2254:.
2250:.
2246:.
2223:.
2213:.
2205:.
2195:10
2193:.
2189:.
2166:.
2158:.
2148:.
2136:.
2113:.
2103:.
2089:.
2085:.
2062:.
2052:.
2044:.
2030:.
2026:.
2003:.
1993:.
1983:12
1981:.
1977:.
1926:.
1916:13
1914:.
1891:;
1869:.
1859:.
1851:.
1837:.
1833:.
1819:^
1805:.
1795:64
1793:.
1770:.
1762:.
1750:49
1748:.
1744:.
1721:.
1711:.
1703:.
1693:21
1691:.
1687:.
1666:}}
1662:{{
1650:.
1640:.
1630:16
1628:.
1624:.
1601:.
1589:31
1587:.
1583:.
1560:.
1550:.
1542:.
1530:.
1526:.
1503:.
1493:.
1485:.
1471:.
1467:.
1445:,
1435:,
1404:.
1396:.
1384:.
1361:.
1353:.
1345:.
1333:.
1318:^
1304:.
1296:.
1288:.
1278:48
1276:.
1253:.
1245:.
1237:.
1229:.
1219:30
1217:.
982:,
716:,
698:.
667:,
648:.
605:.
341:,
272:.
256:,
252:,
206:oʊ
179:oʊ
173:aɪ
2591:)
2587:(
2399:e
2392:t
2385:v
2332:.
2318::
2287::
2264:.
2258::
2252:2
2231:.
2201::
2174:.
2144::
2121:.
2097::
2091:9
2070:.
2038::
2032:8
2011:.
1989::
1959:.
1934:.
1922::
1877:.
1845::
1839:5
1813:.
1801::
1778:.
1756::
1729:.
1699::
1672:)
1658:.
1636::
1609:.
1595::
1568:.
1538::
1511:.
1479::
1473:9
1431::
1392::
1386:5
1369:.
1349::
1341::
1335:9
1312:.
1284::
1261:.
1233::
1225::
1202:.
1095:(
628:(
567:)
561:(
556:)
552:(
548:.
534:.
238:)
232:(
215:/
212:z
209:m
203:k
200:ɪ
197:r
194:t
191:ˈ
188:,
185:z
182:m
176:k
170:r
167:t
164:ˈ
161:/
157:(
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
