3554:
1825:
1316:
A quinqueliteral is a consonantal root containing a sequence of five consonants. Traditionally, in
Semitic languages, forms with more than four basic consonants (i.e. consonants not introduced by morphological inflection or derivation) were occasionally found in nouns, mainly in loanwords from other
58:
category around the root consonants, in an appropriate way, generally following specific patterns. It is a peculiarity of
Semitic linguistics that a large majority of these consonantal roots are triliterals (although there are a number of quadriliterals, and in some languages also biliterals).
1334:
always appears as an indivisible cluster in the derivation of this verb and so the five root-consonant forms do not display any fundamentally different morphological patterns from four root-consonant forms (and the term "quinqueliteral" or "quinquiliteral" would be misleading if it implied
822:) for the root have not gained the same currency in cross-linguistic Semitic scholarship as the Hebrew equivalents, and Western grammarians continue to use "stem"/"form"/"pattern" for the former and "root" for the latter—though "form" and "pattern" are accurate translations of the
1321:
are allowed to begin with a sequence of two consonants (a relaxation of the situation in early
Semitic, where only one consonant was allowed), which has opened the door for a very small set of loan words to manifest apparent five root-consonant forms, such as
1168:, as is more often the case). A quadriliteral form is a word derived from such a four-consonant root. For example, the abstract quadriliteral root t-r-g-m / t-r-j-m gives rise to the verb forms
1234:
Another set of quadriliteral roots in modern Hebrew is the set of secondary roots. A secondary root is a root derived from a word that was derived from another root. For example, the root
1848:
1707:
1827:
Alexis Amid Neme and Eric
Laporte (2015), Do computer scientists deeply understand Arabic morphology? – هل يفهم المهندسون الحاسوبيّون علم الصرف فهماً عميقاً؟
1601:
1646:
1751:
1689:
1671:
4349:
1489:
Stauder, Andréas (2023). "Egyptian
Morphology in Afroasiatic Perspective". In Almansa-Villatoro, M. Victoria; Štubňová Nigrelli, Silvia (eds.).
1224:
1192:, all meaning "he translated". In some cases, a quadriliteral root is actually a reduplication of a two-consonant sequence. So in Hebrew
3590:
1959:
4304:
2085:
1855:
1711:
2010:
50:). Such abstract consonantal roots are used in the formation of actual words by adding the vowels and non-root consonants (or "
2092:
1548:
Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.).
1389:. Unlike the Hebrew examples, these roots conjugate in a manner more like regular verbs, producing no indivisible clusters.
1869:
1228:
1130:
are uniquely triconsonantal. This implies a change in Proto-Semitic language structure concomitant with the transition to
3628:
2553:
846:
Although most roots in Hebrew seem to be triliteral, many of them were originally biliteral, cf. the relation between:
1626:
1565:
1535:
1498:
3200:
2097:
4376:
4260:
4255:
3623:
2727:
1993:
1605:
1336:
1639:
4371:
3583:
3175:
1952:
1819:
Alexis Amid Neme and Eric
Laporte (2013), Pattern-and-root inflectional morphology: the Arabic broken plural
773:
91:
776:, and these words have gained some use in English-language linguistic terminology. The Arabic terms, called
4381:
4265:
2492:
2043:
225:
1774:
1370:
1360:
1350:
1293:
4386:
4335:
3780:
1693:
1675:
1433:
238:; where there was historically gemination, they are reduced to single consonants, with consonants in the
4039:
1640:"The inadequacy of the consonantal root: Modern Hebrew denominal verbs and Output-Output correspondence"
176:
lenition are transcribed here as "ḵ", "ṯ" and "ḇ", to retain their connection with the consonantal root
3136:
2615:
217:
209:
193:
17:
1752:"Materials and Language: Pre-Semitic Root Structure Change Concomitant with Transition to Agriculture"
2889:
2879:
2856:
223:
215:
207:
201:
199:
191:
185:
183:
82:
have mostly biconsonantal roots, and
Egyptian shows a mix of biconsonantal and triconsonantal roots.
4299:
3977:
3746:
3576:
3557:
3465:
2947:
1945:
1443:
248:
55:
1385:'rain fell with a strong wind'. The conjugation of this small class of verb roots is explained by
1381:, there is a very small set of verbs which are conjugated as quinqueliteral roots. One example is
4342:
4321:
4284:
4172:
3972:
3754:
3721:
3637:
2712:
2655:
2058:
1438:
4194:
4071:
3706:
3014:
3982:
3633:
2820:
2780:
2705:
2700:
2464:
2000:
1841:
1119:
983: – √q-p "bend, arch, lean towards" and similar verbs fit into the shaCCéC verb-pattern.
255:
4049:
1110:
There is debate about whether both biconsonantal and triconsonantal roots were represented in
262:
4207:
3967:
3821:
3546:
3379:
3331:
3141:
3123:
3116:
3106:
3101:
3093:
2913:
2648:
2620:
2610:
2414:
2038:
1552:. The World of Linguistics, Volume 11. Berlin: De Mouton Gruyter. pp. 58–444, here 311.
1517:
1428:
1115:
63:
1530:, (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones).
4167:
4087:
3816:
3282:
3042:
2962:
2442:
1724:
p. 153. Thomas Leiper Kane. 1990. Amharic-English
Dictionary. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
1413:
2083:
8:
4214:
4202:
4120:
3924:
3341:
3151:
3024:
2847:
2398:
2312:
2249:
1833:
169:
2240:
4288:
4229:
4224:
4102:
3509:
3195:
3111:
2908:
2833:
2572:
2558:
1571:
1527:
79:
31:
2578:
2375:
2357:
2150:
1152:, reconstructions of Proto-Semitic are inferred from these more recent Semitic texts.
151:
The following are some of the forms which can be derived from the triconsonantal root
4280:
4177:
4110:
4075:
4024:
3256:
2929:
2869:
2632:
2524:
2435:
2078:
1770:
1622:
1575:
1561:
1531:
1494:
1111:
35:
3009:
2539:
2366:
4328:
3733:
3696:
3663:
3277:
3075:
3056:
3019:
2898:
2828:
2771:
2683:
2529:
2514:
2459:
2421:
2125:
2068:
2028:
1817:
1766:
1553:
1378:
1189:
1135:
75:
71:
67:
3419:
2756:
4275:
4239:
4145:
4081:
4059:
3836:
3738:
3728:
3701:
3675:
3670:
3658:
3618:
3613:
3599:
3460:
3389:
3326:
3320:
3189:
3064:
3004:
2864:
2808:
2793:
2788:
2761:
2751:
2695:
2668:
2643:
2544:
2501:
2483:
2073:
2053:
1988:
1473:
Hayward, Richard J. (2000). "Afroasiatic". In Heine, Bernd; Nurse, Derek (eds.).
972:
744:
133:
117:
101:
1521:
4092:
3811:
3801:
3716:
3711:
3540:
3470:
3404:
3309:
3083:
2972:
2967:
2952:
2937:
2903:
2688:
2063:
2005:
1403:
1373:– "he had a flirt"), from the English or Yiddish past tense of the English word
830:(originally meaning 'weight, measure'), and "root" is a literal translation of
823:
736:
1802:
1557:
4365:
3944:
3680:
3502:
3497:
3483:
3429:
3364:
3346:
3232:
3217:
3211:
3180:
2999:
2994:
2979:
2942:
2803:
2798:
2722:
2678:
2534:
2508:
2033:
2020:
1408:
231:
1807:
1134:. In particular, monosyllabic biconsonantal names are associated with a pre-
4135:
4067:
3909:
3869:
3849:
3796:
3475:
3434:
3374:
3354:
3227:
3222:
2989:
2984:
2874:
2597:
2583:
2287:
2197:
2170:
1164:
is a consonantal root containing a sequence of four consonants (instead of
761:
292:
3300:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2322:
2313:
2304:
2295:
2285:
2277:
2267:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2213:
2205:
2195:
2187:
2178:
2168:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2141:
43:
4294:
4140:
3864:
3806:
3369:
3299:
3261:
3205:
2957:
2118:
1386:
1131:
2258:
2204:
2177:
1223:
roots are allowed with quadriliteral roots. For example, in Hebrew, the
4184:
2519:
2428:
2294:
239:
235:
173:
2384:
2330:
2321:
2276:
2269:
2222:
2215:
2186:
4159:
4130:
3424:
1921:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1127:
1123:
1043:
39:
4329:
Gesenius' Hebrew and
Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures
2348:
2159:
1335:
otherwise). Only a few Hebrew quinqueliterals are recognized by the
4234:
3826:
3642:
3409:
3399:
2102:
1453:
1398:
1318:
1114:, or whether one or the other of them was the original form of the
51:
3568:
3292:
1937:
1926:
1916:
1448:
1317:
languages, but never in verbs. However, in modern
Israeli Hebrew,
1122:
lexicon, biconsonantal roots are more abundant for words denoting
3444:
2108:
1812:
1418:
1297:
979: – √sh-q-p "look out/through" or "reflect" deriving from
1621:
by J.A. Haywood and H.M. Nahmad (London: Lund Humphries, 1965),
4125:
4034:
4029:
4014:
4009:
3959:
3914:
3899:
3359:
3287:
1983:
1968:
1797:
4270:
4115:
4019:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3929:
3874:
3859:
3854:
3844:
3439:
3394:
3384:
2303:
2231:
2113:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1881:
1423:
1219:
Generally, only a subset of the verb derivations formed from
152:
841:
4044:
3989:
3939:
3934:
3919:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3414:
1735:
Reference Grammar of Amharic. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
1145:. As we have no texts from any Semitic language older than
165:(general overall meaning "to write") in Hebrew and Arabic:
1863:
3949:
3904:
1523:
Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
1285:
An irregular quadriliteral verb made from a loanword is:
1491:
Ancient Egyptian and Afroasiatic: Rethinking the Origins
1759:
Brill's Annual of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics
1339:
as proper, or standard; the rest are considered slang.
148:) is a root containing a sequence of three consonants.
1477:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 74–98, here 93.
1353:– "he synchronized"), via the English word from Greek
142:
110:
1126:materials, whereas materials discovered during the
764:or overall verb derivation pattern, while the word
1296:) – "we will sprinkle" or "we will splash", from
832:
816:
802:
126:
4363:
1229:the stem II and stem V forms of triliteral roots
4350:Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament
1829:, available also in Arabic, Indonesian, French
3584:
1953:
1849:
1619:A New Arabic Grammar of the Written Language
1602:"מילון מורפיקס – Morfix Dictionary - השפריץ"
1512:
1510:
809:
796:
786:
777:
752:
715:
689:
652:
619:
591:
560:
529:
501:
470:
439:
408:
377:
346:
318:
177:
160:
155:
1708:"מילון מורפיקס – Morfix Dictionary - פלרטט"
1690:"מילון מורפיקס – Morfix Dictionary - חנטרש"
1672:"מילון מורפיקס – Morfix Dictionary - סנכרן"
3591:
3577:
1960:
1946:
1856:
1842:
1270:, from the same root, means "number"; and
1547:
1507:
1493:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 53–136, here 81.
1220:
1165:
842:Biliteral origin of some triliteral roots
1550:The Languages and Linguistics of Africa
1488:
1472:
1311:
85:
14:
4364:
1155:
1138:cultural background, i.e., older than
3572:
1941:
1837:
1749:
1588:
1118:verb. According to one study of the
1099:"cast off, throw down, cause to go"
1042:This verb-pattern sh-C-C is usually
137:
62:Such roots are also common in other
27:Consonant roots in Semitic languages
3598:
1967:
810:
797:
787:
778:
753:
748:
716:
690:
653:
620:
592:
561:
530:
502:
471:
440:
409:
378:
347:
319:
178:
161:
156:
121:
105:
38:are characterized as a sequence of
24:
3545:Languages between parentheses are
1475:African Languages: An Introduction
1227:, and in Arabic, forms similar to
1208:means "he tickled", and in Arabic
25:
4398:
1791:
70:mostly has triconsonantal roots,
3553:
3552:
1771:10.1163/187666310X12688137960669
1733:pp. 566–569, 1043. Wolf Leslau.
1727:
1718:
1700:
1682:
1652:from the original on 2013-07-22
230:in Modern Hebrew respectively.
34:of verbs and most nouns in the
3549:of the language on their left.
1664:
1632:
1612:
1594:
1582:
1541:
1481:
1466:
1337:Academy of the Hebrew Language
54:") which go with a particular
13:
1:
1743:
1146:
1139:
760:) is used to refer to a verb
92:Category:Triconsonantal roots
2044:Ancient South Arabian script
2011:Influence on other languages
675:& original short vowels
143:
7:
3301:
2386:
2377:
2368:
2359:
2350:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2286:
2278:
2268:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2214:
2206:
2196:
2188:
2179:
2169:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2084:
1434:Nonconcatenative morphology
1392:
1330:"he telegraphed". However,
1282:, means "numbered".
833:
817:
803:
182:k-t-b. They are pronounced
127:
111:
10:
4403:
3634:Transliteration to English
1278:, from the secondary root
1225:Piʿel, Puʿal, and Hiṯpaʿel
1105:
572:He dictates, will dictate
89:
4313:
4248:
4193:
4158:
4101:
4058:
3958:
3835:
3789:
3773:
3766:
3689:
3651:
3606:
3532:
3525:Islam and Arabic language
3518:
3453:
3340:
3270:
3249:
3174:
3092:
3074:
3035:
2928:
2888:
2855:
2846:
2819:
2779:
2770:
2744:
2631:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2452:
2406:
2397:
2134:
2019:
1976:
1877:
1558:10.1515/9783110421668-002
1366:
1363:– "he did stupid things")
1356:
1346:
1323:
1289:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1251:
1243:
1242:is secondary to the root
1235:
1209:
1201:
1193:
1177:
1169:
1090:
1078:
1064:
1052:
1030:
1019:
1008:
997:
989:
988:
980:
976:
956:
942:
928:
914:
906:
905:
888:
874:
860:
852:
851:
704:
678:
641:
633:had a copy made (Arabic)
631:He corresponded (Hebrew),
608:
597:
590:
585:
580:
579:
576:
549:
518:
507:
500:
495:
490:
489:
486:
459:
456:Sg. M. Active Participle
428:
397:
366:
335:
324:
317:
307:
302:
297:
296:
290:
278:
273:
261:
254:
4322:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
3466:Arabic script in Unicode
3201:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
2561:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
1798:Semitic Roots Repository
1459:
1444:Proto-Indo-European root
1073:"wash, rinse, make wet"
772:) is used to refer to a
100:or triconsonantal root (
2728:Western Egyptian Bedawi
1803:Roots in Quranic Arabic
1439:Phono-semantic matching
774:noun derivation pattern
206:in Biblical Hebrew and
795:) for the pattern and
739:terminology, the word
420:He writes, will write
4377:Linguistic morphology
3332:Quranic Arabic Corpus
2039:Ancient North Arabian
1429:Modern Hebrew grammar
664:(imperfect of above)
638:3rd Sg. M. Imperfect
546:3rd Sg. M. Imperfect
451:We write, will write
394:3rd Sg. M. Imperfect
4372:Triconsonantal roots
4343:Strong's Concordance
3629:Ancient inscriptions
3283:Sun and moon letters
2443:Pre-classical Arabic
1750:Agmon, Noam (2010),
1414:Indo-European ablaut
1342:Other examples are:
1312:Quinqueliteral roots
951:crumble into pieces
242:remaining the same.
86:Triconsonantal roots
4382:Semitic linguistics
4336:Brown–Driver–Briggs
3137:Judeo-Tripolitanian
2616:Judeo-Tripolitanian
1518:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
1262:, means "counted";
1156:Quadriliteral roots
605:3rd Sg. M. Perfect
515:3rd Sg. M. Perfect
332:3rd Sg. M. Perfect
4387:Root (linguistics)
4185:Law of attenuation
3690:Reading traditions
3510:MacArabic encoding
1813:Learn Hebrew Verbs
1528:Palgrave Macmillan
1216:means "he shook".
824:Arabic grammatical
737:Hebrew grammatical
425:1st Pl. Imperfect
112:šoreš təlat-ʻiṣuri
46:" (hence the term
4359:
4358:
4215:Verbal morphology
4154:
4153:
3667:
3566:
3565:
3541:extinct languages
3480:MS-DOS codepages
3245:
3244:
3241:
3240:
2924:
2923:
2842:
2841:
2740:
2739:
2436:Old Hijazi Arabic
1935:
1934:
1808:Project Root List
1112:Proto-Afroasiatic
1103:
1102:
1040:
1039:
969:
968:
901:
900:
733:
732:
168:Note: The Hebrew
66:languages. While
36:Semitic languages
16:(Redirected from
4394:
4305:Unicode and HTML
3771:
3770:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3724:
3664:northern dialect
3661:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3556:
3555:
3304:
2853:
2852:
2777:
2776:
2713:Western Algerian
2660:Eastern Algerian
2656:Algerian Saharan
2586:(Lesser Kabylia)
2489:
2488:
2480:
2479:
2422:Nabataean Arabic
2404:
2403:
2389:
2380:
2371:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2291:
2281:
2273:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2219:
2209:
2201:
2191:
2182:
2174:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2126:Maltese alphabet
2089:
2069:Algerian Braille
2059:Eastern numerals
2029:Nabataean script
1962:
1955:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1773:, archived from
1756:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1710:. Archived from
1704:
1698:
1697:
1692:. Archived from
1686:
1680:
1679:
1674:. Archived from
1668:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1644:
1636:
1630:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1604:. Archived from
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1545:
1539:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1325:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1273:
1265:
1258:, from the root
1253:
1245:
1237:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1184:in Arabic, ተረጐመ
1179:
1171:
1166:three consonants
1151:
1148:
1144:
1143: 14500 BCE
1141:
1092:
1080:
1066:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1032:
1021:
1010:
999:
991:
986:
985:
982:
978:
958:
944:
930:
916:
908:
903:
902:
890:
883:prune, cut down
876:
862:
854:
849:
848:
836:
820:
813:
812:
806:
800:
799:
790:
789:
781:
780:
756:
755:
750:
729:Office (Arabic)
727:Letter (Hebrew),
719:
718:
706:
693:
692:
680:
656:
655:
643:
623:
622:
610:
595:
594:
582:
577:Št(D) verb stem
564:
563:
551:
533:
532:
520:
505:
504:
492:
474:
473:
461:
443:
442:
430:
412:
411:
399:
381:
380:
368:
363:1st Pl. Perfect
350:
349:
337:
322:
321:
304:
299:
245:
244:
229:
221:
213:
205:
197:
189:
181:
180:
164:
163:
159:
158:
146:
139:
130:
123:
114:
107:
48:consonantal root
21:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4314:Reference works
4309:
4244:
4240:Vav-consecutive
4189:
4168:Biblical Hebrew
4150:
4097:
4082:Mater lectionis
4054:
3954:
3831:
3785:
3762:
3757:
3749:
3741:
3720:
3685:
3647:
3602:
3600:Hebrew language
3597:
3567:
3562:
3528:
3514:
3461:Arabic keyboard
3449:
3344:
3336:
3321:Mater lectionis
3315:Triliteral root
3266:
3237:
3178:
3170:
3088:
3070:
3031:
2920:
2884:
2838:
2815:
2766:
2736:
2627:
2607:Judeo-Maghrebi
2475:
2469:
2465:Modern Standard
2448:
2393:
2130:
2074:Maltese Braille
2054:Arabic numerals
2015:
1972:
1966:
1936:
1931:
1873:
1862:
1794:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1754:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1617:
1613:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1568:
1546:
1542:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1486:
1482:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1395:
1314:
1158:
1150: 3500 BCE
1149:
1142:
1108:
844:
728:
674:
632:
601:
511:
328:
311:
301:
285:
280:
275:
270:
264:
257:
250:
106:שורש תלת־עיצורי
94:
88:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4400:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4289:modern Israeli
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4199:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4180:
4178:Philippi's law
4175:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4093:Plene scriptum
4090:
4085:
4078:
4064:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3752:
3744:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3573:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3550:
3543:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3478:
3473:
3471:ISO/IEC 8859-6
3468:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3405:Naskh (script)
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3185:
3183:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3142:Judeo-Tunisian
3139:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3124:Judeo-Moroccan
3121:
3120:
3119:
3109:
3107:Judeo-Egyptian
3104:
3102:Judeo-Algerian
3098:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3084:Bedouin Arabic
3080:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2696:Moroccan koiné
2693:
2692:
2691:
2681:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2669:Tunisian koiné
2665:Eastern Hilal
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2649:Judeo-Algerian
2644:Algerian koiné
2640:Central Hilal
2637:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2621:Judeo-Tunisian
2618:
2613:
2611:Judeo-Moroccan
2605:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2576:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2505:
2497:
2495:
2486:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2408:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2337:
2328:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2184:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2064:Arabic Braille
2061:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1792:External links
1790:
1789:
1788:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1726:
1717:
1714:on 2011-07-21.
1699:
1696:on 2011-07-21.
1681:
1678:on 2011-07-21.
1663:
1631:
1611:
1608:on 2011-07-21.
1593:
1581:
1566:
1540:
1526:, Houndmills:
1506:
1499:
1480:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1404:Arabic grammar
1401:
1394:
1391:
1375:
1374:
1364:
1354:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1157:
1154:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1005:
1004:
1001:
994:
993:
967:
966:
963:
960:
953:
952:
949:
946:
939:
938:
935:
932:
925:
924:
923:divide a city
921:
918:
911:
910:
899:
898:
895:
892:
885:
884:
881:
878:
871:
870:
867:
864:
857:
856:
843:
840:
731:
730:
725:
720:
713:
708:
702:
699:
694:
687:
682:
676:
666:
665:
662:
657:
650:
645:
639:
635:
634:
629:
624:
617:
612:
606:
603:
596:
589:
584:
578:
574:
573:
570:
565:
558:
553:
547:
543:
542:
539:
534:
527:
522:
516:
513:
506:
499:
494:
488:
484:
483:
480:
475:
468:
463:
457:
453:
452:
449:
444:
437:
432:
426:
422:
421:
418:
413:
406:
401:
395:
391:
390:
387:
382:
375:
370:
364:
360:
359:
356:
351:
344:
339:
333:
330:
323:
316:
306:
295:
288:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
260:
253:
172:stemming from
87:
84:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4399:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4220:Semitic roots
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4173:Modern Hebrew
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4088:Abbreviations
4086:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4025:Kubutz/shuruk
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3756:
3753:
3748:
3745:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3589:
3587:
3582:
3580:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3559:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3430:Sini (script)
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3420:Ruqʿah script
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3365:Hijazi script
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3043:Central Asian
3041:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:Taʽizzi-Adeni
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2807:
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2801:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2758:
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2750:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2687:
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2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2670:
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2659:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2599:
2596:
2594:Traras-Msirda
2593:
2592:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2556:
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2521:
2518:
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2513:
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2503:
2499:
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2478:
2472:
2466:
2463:
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2457:
2455:
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2396:
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2329:
2327:
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2300:
2298:
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2257:
2255:
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2239:
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2226:
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2208:
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2200:
2199:
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2185:
2183:
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2176:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2158:
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2154:
2149:
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2145:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2133:
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2120:
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2112:
2110:
2107:
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2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:Arabic script
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
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1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
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1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1866:Semitic roots
1859:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1780:on 2021-11-13
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1736:
1730:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1628:
1627:0-85331-585-X
1624:
1620:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1590:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1567:9783110421668
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1536:1-4039-1723-X
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1502:
1500:9781646022120
1496:
1492:
1484:
1476:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1409:Broken plural
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1371:/hitflarˈtet/
1367:הִתְפְלַרְטֵט
1365:
1355:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1306:
1303:(from German
1302:
1299:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1162:quadriliteral
1153:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:Proto-Semitic
1117:
1113:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1002:
996:
995:
992: √q-p
987:
984:
974:
964:
961:
955:
954:
950:
947:
941:
940:
936:
933:
927:
926:
922:
919:
913:
912:
909: √p-r
904:
896:
893:
887:
886:
882:
879:
873:
872:
868:
865:
859:
858:
855: √g-z
850:
847:
839:
837:
835:
829:
825:
821:
819:
807:
805:
794:
784:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
746:
742:
738:
726:
724:
721:
714:
712:
709:
703:
700:
698:
695:
688:
686:
683:
677:
672:
668:
667:
663:
661:
658:
651:
649:
646:
640:
637:
636:
630:
628:
625:
618:
616:
613:
607:
604:
600:
588:
575:
571:
569:
566:
559:
557:
554:
548:
545:
544:
540:
538:
535:
528:
526:
523:
517:
514:
510:
498:
485:
481:
479:
476:
469:
467:
464:
458:
455:
454:
450:
448:
445:
438:
436:
433:
427:
424:
423:
419:
417:
414:
407:
405:
402:
396:
393:
392:
388:
386:
383:
376:
374:
371:
365:
362:
361:
357:
355:
352:
345:
343:
340:
334:
331:
327:
315:
310:
294:
289:
283:
269:Morphological
268:
266:
259:
252:
249:Semitological
247:
246:
243:
241:
237:
233:
232:Modern Hebrew
227:
219:
211:
203:
195:
187:
175:
171:
166:
154:
149:
147:
145:
135:
131:
129:
119:
115:
113:
103:
99:
93:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
57:
56:morphological
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4219:
4136:Inverted nun
4121:Cantillation
4080:
4050:Sin/Shin dot
3822:Paleo-Hebrew
3638:from English
3536:
3476:Windows-1256
3435:Taliq script
3375:Jeli Thuluth
3355:Ajami script
3319:
3314:
3223:Pidgin madam
3210:
3188:
3152:Judeo-Yemeni
3094:Judeo-Arabic
3076:Sociological
3063:
3025:Judeo-Yemeni
2848:Mesopotamian
2723:Libyan koiné
2507:
2500:
2493:Pre-Hilalian
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2415:Proto-Arabic
2413:
2048:Zabūr script
2001:Romanization
1865:
1826:
1818:
1782:, retrieved
1775:the original
1762:
1758:
1734:
1729:
1720:
1712:the original
1702:
1694:the original
1684:
1676:the original
1666:
1654:. Retrieved
1634:
1618:
1614:
1606:the original
1596:
1584:
1549:
1543:
1522:
1516:See p. 1 of
1490:
1483:
1474:
1468:
1382:
1376:
1341:
1331:
1327:
1315:
1304:
1300:
1294:/naʃˈprit͡s/
1290:נַשְׁפְּרִיץ
1284:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1239:
1233:
1218:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1161:
1159:
1109:
1041:
970:
937:give change
845:
831:
827:
815:
801:
792:
782:
769:
765:
762:derived stem
757:
740:
734:
722:
710:
696:
684:
670:
659:
647:
626:
614:
598:
586:
567:
555:
541:He dictated
536:
524:
508:
496:
487:Š verb stem
477:
465:
446:
434:
415:
403:
384:
372:
353:
341:
325:
313:
308:
286:Translation
251:Abbreviation
167:
150:
141:
125:
109:
97:
95:
61:
47:
29:
4141:Shekel sign
4103:Punctuation
4068:with Niqqud
3978:Palestinian
3767:Orthography
3747:Palestinian
3370:Jawi script
3342:Calligraphy
3271:Linguistics
3196:Gulf Pidgin
3112:Judeo-Iraqi
3053:Kashkadarya
2909:Judeo-Iraqi
2834:Palestinian
2745:Nile Valley
2407:Pre-Islamic
2119:Dagger alif
1589:Agmon (2010
1387:Wolf Leslau
1383:wäšänäffärä
1176:in Hebrew,
1132:agriculture
1116:Afroasiatic
965:pay a debt
284:Approximate
128:jiḏr ṯulāṯī
64:Afroasiatic
4366:Categories
4291:literature
4111:Diacritics
3973:Babylonian
3755:Babylonian
3257:Literature
2930:Peninsular
2870:Khuzestani
2600:(Mountain)
2520:Australian
2429:Old Arabic
2079:Diacritics
2006:Numerology
1870:Wiktionary
1784:2019-09-03
1744:References
1656:2012-12-10
1361:/χinˈtreʃ/
1357:חִנְטְרֵשׁ
1351:/sinˈkren/
1347:סִנְכְּרֵן
1221:triliteral
1186:täräggwämä
669:Noun with
660:yastaktibu
593:استَفْعَلَ
581:הִתְפָּעֵל
512:(Stem IV)
240:begadkefat
236:gemination
174:begadkefat
170:fricatives
98:triliteral
90:See also:
52:transfixes
40:consonants
18:Triliteral
4160:Phonology
4131:Gershayim
3983:Samaritan
3758:(extinct)
3750:(extinct)
3742:(extinct)
3734:Samaritan
3707:Romaniote
3697:Ashkenazi
3607:Overviews
3547:varieties
3539:indicate
3454:Technical
3425:Shahmukhi
3380:Kairouani
3278:Phonology
3057:Khorasani
3047:Bakhtiari
2899:Anatolian
2829:Jordanian
2809:Damascene
2772:Levantine
2684:Hassaniya
2525:Cottenera
2460:Classical
2399:Varieties
1977:Overviews
1765:: 23–79,
1629:, p. 261.
1576:133888593
1369: (
1359: (
1349: (
1319:syllables
1292: (
1200:/ Arabic
1128:Neolithic
1124:Stone Age
1044:causative
751:, plural
701:Singular
648:yiṯkattēḇ
627:istaktaba
615:hiṯkattēḇ
602:(Stem X)
599:istaf‘ala
389:We wrote
358:He wrote
329:(Stem I)
271:Category
122:جذر ثلاثي
4300:Surnames
4276:Keyboard
4249:Academic
4235:Segolate
4230:Suffixes
4225:Prefixes
4203:Biblical
4146:Numerals
4060:Spelling
3968:Tiberian
3837:Alphabet
3827:Solitreo
3817:Crowning
3781:Biblical
3739:Tiberian
3729:Yemenite
3702:Sephardi
3676:Medieval
3671:Mishnaic
3659:Biblical
3643:Gematria
3619:Alphabet
3614:Language
3558:Category
3410:Nastaliq
3400:Muhaqqaq
3390:Maghrebi
3250:Academic
3190:Bimbashi
3146:Tunisene
3117:Baghdadi
3065:Shirvani
3005:Hadhrami
2963:Bahraini
2914:Baghdadi
2865:Baghdadi
2804:Aleppine
2794:Lebanese
2789:Cilician
2762:Sudanese
2752:Egyptian
2633:Hilalian
2591:Western
2569:Eastern
2566:Village
2545:Żurrieqi
2509:Sicilian
2502:Andalusi
2484:Maghrebi
2453:Literary
2105:(tanwin)
2103:Nunation
1989:Alphabet
1984:Language
1971:language
1864:Notable
1647:Archived
1454:Transfix
1399:Apophony
1393:See also
1326:
1305:spritzen
1274:
1272:מִסְפֶּר
1266:
1264:מִסְפָּר
1254:
1246:
1238:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1180:
1172:
1136:Natufian
1096:√sh-l-k
1093:
1081:
1070:√sh-ṭ-p
1067:
1055:
1033:
1022:
1011:
1000:
945:
931:
917:
891:
877:
863:
808:(plural
785:(plural
758:binyanim
707:
681:
644:
611:
587:hiṯpā‘ēl
583:
552:
521:
503:أَفْعَلَ
493:
491:הִפְעִיל
462:
431:
400:
369:
338:
305:
80:Cushitic
44:radicals
4285:ancient
4261:Academy
4256:Revival
4195:Grammar
4072:missing
3812:Cursive
3802:Braille
3790:Scripts
3717:Mizrahi
3712:Italian
3624:History
3537:Italics
3445:Thuluth
3310:Grammar
3181:pidgins
3176:Creoles
3165:Sanʽani
3050:Bukhara
3010:Sanʽani
2973:Kuwaiti
2968:Emirati
2953:Dhofari
2938:Bahrani
2904:Cypriot
2892:(Qeltu)
2719:Sulaym
2706:Western
2701:Eastern
2579:Sfaxian
2575:(Sahel)
2530:Gozitan
2515:Maltese
2135:Letters
2109:Shaddah
2098:Harakat
2093:Tashkil
2021:Scripts
1994:History
1419:Khuzdul
1379:Amharic
1328:tilgref
1298:Yiddish
1280:מ-ס-פ-ר
1240:m-s-p-r
1236:מ-ס-פ-ר
1214:zalzala
1206:daġdaġa
1190:Amharic
1182:tarjama
1106:History
1036:√q-p-y
1025:√q-p-ḥ
1014:√q-p-h
1003:√q-p-'
959:
948:√p-r-r
934:√p-r-ṭ
920:√p-r-z
894:√g-z-r
880:√g-z-m
866:√g-z-z
770:mishkal
766:mishqal
754:בניינים
691:مَفْعَل
685:mip̄‘āl
679:מִפְעָל
568:yuktibu
497:hip̄‘īl
482:Writer
447:naktubu
416:yaktubu
385:katabnā
373:kāṯaḇnū
300:
291:G verb
234:has no
4281:Hebrew
4208:Modern
4126:Geresh
4035:Mappiq
4030:Dagesh
4015:Kamatz
3960:Niqqud
3915:Samech
3807:Ashuri
3722:Syrian
3681:Modern
3360:Diwani
3347:Script
3305:(case)
3302:ʾIʿrāb
3288:Tajwid
3233:Bongor
3212:Maridi
3162:Habban
3036:Others
3020:Tihami
3000:Yemeni
2995:Shihhi
2980:Hejazi
2948:Bedawi
2943:Bareqi
2799:Syrian
2757:Saʽidi
2689:Nemadi
2675:Maqil
2573:Sahili
2540:Żejtun
2476:spoken
2474:Modern
1969:Arabic
1821:|year=
1625:
1574:
1564:
1534:
1520:2003,
1497:
1301:spritz
1276:misper
1268:mispar
1256:saphar
1198:digdeg
1174:tirgem
1087:"go".
1061:"wet"
1046:, cf.
973:Hebrew
962:√p-r-‘
869:shear
745:Hebrew
741:binyan
723:maktab
711:miḵtāḇ
697:maf‘āl
673:prefix
654:يستكتب
621:استكتب
556:yaḵtīḇ
537:aktaba
525:hiḵtīḇ
509:af‘ala
435:niḵtoḇ
404:yiḵtoḇ
354:kataba
326:fa‘ala
320:فَعَلَ
298:פָּעַל
279:Arabic
274:Hebrew
263:Arabic
256:Hebrew
134:Syriac
118:Arabic
102:Hebrew
78:, and
76:Omotic
72:Chadic
68:Berber
4295:Names
4271:Ulpan
4266:Study
4116:Meteg
4040:Maqaf
4020:Holam
4010:Pataḥ
4005:Segol
4000:Tzere
3995:Hiriq
3930:Tsadi
3900:Lamed
3875:Zayin
3860:Dalet
3855:Gimel
3797:Rashi
3519:Other
3440:Tawqi
3395:Mashq
3385:Kufic
3293:Imāla
3262:Names
3228:Turku
3156:Adeni
2990:Omani
2985:Najdi
2890:North
2880:South
2875:Shawi
2857:Gilit
2821:South
2781:North
2679:Fessi
2598:Jebli
2584:Jijel
2559:Tunis
2554:Urban
2535:Qormi
2144:ʾAlif
2114:Hamza
2086:i‘jām
1927:Š-L-M
1922:R-Ḥ-M
1917:Q-D-Š
1912:K-T-B
1907:K-P-R
1902:K-B-D
1897:Ḥ-S-N
1892:Ḥ-R-M
1887:Ḥ-M-D
1882:B-R-K
1868:(cf.
1778:(PDF)
1755:(PDF)
1650:(PDF)
1643:(PDF)
1572:S2CID
1460:Notes
1449:Š-L-M
1424:K-T-B
1332:-lgr-
1324:טלגרף
1260:s-p-r
1252:סָפַר
1248:s-p-r
1244:ס-פ-ר
1091:ש־ל־ך
1084:√l-k
1065:ש־ט־ף
1058:√ṭ-p
1031:ק־פ־י
1020:ק־פ־ח
1009:ק־פ־ה
998:ק־פ־א
977:ש־ק־ף
975:root
957:פ־ר־ע
943:פ־ר־ר
929:פ־ר־ט
915:פ־ר־ז
889:ג־ז־ר
875:ג־ז־ם
861:ג־ז־ז
828:wazan
826:term
818:juḏūr
793:awzān
788:أوزان
783:wazan
749:בניין
642:יתכתב
609:התכתב
550:יכתיב
519:הכתיב
478:kātib
466:kōṯēḇ
429:נכתוב
398:יכתוב
379:كتبنا
367:כתבנו
342:kāṯaḇ
309:pā‘al
281:Form
276:Form
228:]
224:[
220:]
216:[
212:]
208:[
204:]
200:[
196:]
192:[
188:]
184:[
179:כ־ת־ב
162:ك-ت-ب
157:כ־ת־ב
153:k-t-b
144:šeršā
32:roots
4076:full
4045:Rafe
3990:Shva
3945:Shin
3940:Resh
3920:Ayin
3845:Alef
3774:Eras
3652:Eras
3415:Rasm
3218:Nubi
3206:Juba
3179:and
3159:Beda
3131:Wqal
3128:Kjal
2958:Gulf
2306:Ġayn
2297:ʿAyn
1623:ISBN
1591::23)
1562:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1495:ISBN
1210:زلزل
1202:دغدغ
1194:דגדג
1178:ترجم
1170:תרגם
971:The
897:cut
834:jiḏr
811:جذور
804:jiḏr
768:(or
717:مكتب
705:מכתב
562:يكتب
531:أكتب
472:كاتب
460:כותב
441:نكتب
410:يكتب
293:stem
265:Name
258:Name
138:ܫܪܫܐ
42:or "
30:The
3950:Tav
3935:Kuf
3925:Pei
3910:Nun
3905:Mem
3895:Kaf
3890:Yud
3885:Tet
3880:Ḥet
3870:Vav
3865:Hei
3850:Bet
3503:864
3498:720
3494:711
3491:710
3488:709
3484:708
3327:IPA
2387:Yāʾ
2378:Wāw
2369:Hāʾ
2360:Nūn
2351:Mīm
2342:Lām
2333:Kāf
2324:Qāf
2315:Fāʾ
2288:Ẓāʾ
2279:Ṭāʾ
2270:Ḍād
2261:Ṣād
2252:Šīn
2243:Sīn
2234:Zāy
2225:Rāʾ
2216:Ḏāl
2207:Dāl
2198:Ḫāʾ
2189:Ḥāʾ
2180:Ǧīm
2171:Ṯāʾ
2162:Tāʾ
2153:Bāʾ
1767:doi
1554:doi
1377:In
1188:in
1079:ל־ך
1053:ט־ף
990:ק־פ
981:ק־ף
907:פ־ר
853:ג־ז
798:جذر
779:وزن
735:In
348:كتب
336:כתב
314:qāl
312:or
303:קָל
4368::
4287:/
4283:/
4074:/
4070:/
3636:/
3345:·
1761:,
1757:,
1645:.
1570:.
1560:.
1509:^
1250:.
1231:.
1160:A
1147:c.
1140:c.
838:.
814:,
791:,
747::
671:m-
222:,
214:,
198:,
190:,
140:,
136::
132:;
124:,
120::
116:;
108:,
104::
96:A
74:,
3725:)
3719:(
3666:)
3662:(
3592:e
3585:t
3578:v
1961:e
1954:t
1947:v
1872:)
1857:e
1850:t
1843:v
1769::
1763:2
1661:.
1659:.
1578:.
1556::
1538:.
1503:.
1487:*
1307:)
743:(
226:v
218:t
210:χ
202:β
194:θ
186:x
20:)
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