258:
802:"However, if, in the course of events, the maintenance of the status quo in the regions of the Balkans or of the Ottoman coasts and islands in the Adriatic and in the Aegean Sea should become impossible, and if, whether in consequence of the action of a third Power or otherwise, Austria-Hungary or Italy should find themselves under the necessity of modifying it by a temporary or permanent occupation on their part, this occupation shall take place only after a previous agreement between the two Powers, based upon the principle of a reciprocal compensation for every advantage, territorial or other, which each of them might obtain beyond the present status quo, and giving satisfaction to the interests and well founded claims of the two Parties."
100:
669:
766:, led to Romania secretly joining the Triple Alliance on 18 October 1883. Only the King and a handful of senior Romanian politicians knew about it. Romania and Austria-Hungary pledged to help each other in the event of a Russian, Serbian or Bulgarian attack. There were, however, several disputes between Romania and Hungary, the most notable being the status and community rights of Romanians in
572:, Italy proclaimed its neutrality, considering Austria-Hungary the aggressor. Italy also defaulted on the obligation to consult and agree to compensations before changing the status quo in the Balkans, as agreed in 1912 renewal of the Triple Alliance. Following parallel negotiation with both Triple Alliance (which aimed to keep Italy neutral) and the
705:
by
Italian press, which many Italians had seen as a potential colony. By joining the Alliance, Italy hoped to guarantee itself support in case of foreign aggression. The main alliance compelled any signatory country to support the other parties if two other countries attacked. Germany had won a war
786:, after it had been promised significant Romanian-inhabited Hungarian lands. Romania's official reason for not siding with the Triple Alliance when the war started was the same as Italy's: The Triple Alliance was a defensive alliance, but Germany and Austria-Hungary had taken the offensive.
695:, like most of the other European powers, wanted to set up colonies and build up an overseas empire. Although France had supported Italian unification, Italy's colonial ambitions in Africa quickly brought it into a rivalry with France. That was reflected in anger at the French seizure of
525:. The treaty provided that Germany and Austria-Hungary were to assist Italy if it was attacked by France without provocation. In turn, Italy would assist Germany if attacked by France. In the event of a war between Austria-Hungary and Russia, Italy promised to remain neutral.
620:
declined because
Austria-Hungary was already a "saturated" state and could not cope with additional territories. The whole empire was thus drawn into a new style of diplomatic brinkmanship, which was first conceived of by Andrássy, centering on the province of
733:
maintained at least from 1903 plans for a possible war against Rome. Mutual suspicions led to reinforcement of the frontier and speculation in the press about a war between the two countries into the first decade of the 20th century. As late as 1911, Count
686:
Italy had several motives for joining the existing Austro-German alliance. The
Italian government at that time was controlled by conservatives, who sympathized ideologically with the two monarchies. Also, Catholic Austria was a traditional protector of the
533:
into accepting the principles of consultation and mutual agreement with Italy on any territorial changes initiated in the
Balkans or on the coasts and islands of the Adriatic and Aegean seas. Italy and Austria-Hungary did not overcome their basic
528:
When the treaty was renewed in
February 1887, Italy gained an empty promise of German support of Italian colonial ambitions in North Africa in return for Italy's continued friendship. Austria-Hungary had to be pressured by German chancellor
706:
against France in 1870 and was a natural ally for Italy. Thus, Italy found itself coming to terms with its historical enemy, Austria-Hungary, against which Italy had fought three wars in the 34 years before the signing of the first treaty.
564:
due to viewing
Austria-Hungary as the aggressor. On 1 November 1902, five months after the Triple Alliance was renewed, Italy reached an understanding with France that each would remain neutral in the event of an attack on the other.
616:, Slavic discontent in the occupied Balkans grew, which both Russia and Austria-Hungary saw as an opportunity to expand in the region. In 1876, Russia offered to partition the Balkans, but the Hungarian statesman
545:
Shortly after renewing the
Alliance in June 1902, Italy secretly extended a similar guarantee to France. By a particular agreement, neither Austria-Hungary nor Italy would change the status quo in the
521:
since 1879. Italy was looking for support against France shortly after it lost North
African ambitions to the French. Each member promised mutual support in the event of an attack by any other
782:
started, and
Romania, after a period of neutrality in which both the Central Powers and the Allies tried persuading Romania to join their respective sides, eventually joined the Allies in
762:
was of German ancestry, which, combined with his wish to turn
Romania into a centre of stability in Southeastern Europe and his fear of Russian expansion and the competing claims on
600:. By promising to aid Austria-Hungary and Italy in the event of attack, Bismarck sought to make them somewhat dependent on Germany and therefore unsympathetic to French adventures.
596:. His primary goal was to preserve the status quo in Europe after he had unified Germany in 1871. He was particularly concerned about France finding allies to help it regain
637:
294:
229:
204:
652:. Unable to mediate between the Ottoman and the Russian Empires over the control of Serbia, Austria–Hungary declared neutrality when the conflict between the empires
1995:
480:
1980:
729:, many distinguished military analysts predicted that Italy would attack its supposed ally in the event of a large scale conflict. On its own hand, the
1168:
Conybeare, John A. C., and Todd Sandler (December 1990). "The Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance 1880–1914: A Collective Goods Approach" (PDF).
648:, rather than attaching it to either Austria or Hungary. The occupation of Bosnia-Herzegovina was a step taken in response to Russian advances into
99:
1471:
1327:
1960:
1990:
1965:
1385:
257:
1985:
1975:
1380:
1187:
Conybeare, John A. C. (March 1992). "A Portfolio Diversification Model of Alliances: The Triple Alliance and Triple Entente, 1879–1914".
539:
473:
1204:
1481:
444:
1234:(Documents of the German Revolution, volumes I and II). Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. Online review. Primary sources.
612:
and Central Europe had been thwarted by the rise of Italy and Germany as new powers. With the decline and the failed reforms of the
1955:
1950:
1945:
678:. In the Triple Alliance, an adult German drags the Austrian boy along, while the Italian child throws a tantrum to stay with the
2000:
1336:
466:
709:
However, Italian public opinion remained unenthusiastic about their country's alignment with Austria-Hungary, a past enemy of
1676:
925:
306:
1970:
691:, which Italy wanted to absorb. However, perhaps most importantly, Italy was seeking potential allies against France. The
542:
to the Triple Alliance, which, though unsuccessful, were widely believed to have succeeded in Russian diplomatic circles.
1320:
312:
1757:
1633:
816:
1812:
1740:
1706:
1263:
1214:
1021:
981:
858:
820:
812:
653:
514:
1920:
330:
24:
2010:
1650:
1645:
1313:
730:
735:
1660:
645:
1721:
1566:
1440:
354:
1044:
1837:
1596:
1527:
1628:
1601:
783:
775:
1077:
1466:
2005:
1930:
1925:
1827:
1493:
1428:
884:
402:
282:
1890:
1880:
1822:
1762:
1608:
1435:
1418:
577:
560:, had also secretly pledged to support the Triple Alliance, but he later remained neutral in the
396:
366:
348:
342:
952:
1940:
1935:
1681:
1618:
622:
270:
1253:
1005:
967:
19:
This article is about the pre–World War I alliance. For the pre-Columbian Mexican empire, see
1767:
1623:
1445:
1355:
948:
848:
770:. Romania eventually managed to achieve the status of regional power in the aftermath of the
593:
408:
390:
917:
911:
1772:
1691:
1686:
1406:
1287:
1013:
633:
535:
518:
300:
288:
209:
138:
8:
1752:
1561:
1515:
1486:
850:
The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts
722:
710:
657:
276:
1072:
513:. It was formed on 20 May 1882 and renewed periodically until it expired in 1915 during
1885:
1852:
1817:
1696:
1613:
1591:
1571:
1537:
1277:
1248:
Vol. 2. The most thorough history of the Triple Alliance, with text of major documents.
1192:
942:
759:
701:
553:
378:
336:
65:
1305:
674:
557:
1872:
1857:
1733:
1701:
1655:
1295:
1259:
1210:
1017:
977:
921:
854:
743:
742:
against Austria's supposed Italian ally. That prediction was strengthened by Italy's
739:
609:
589:
530:
498:
432:
420:
372:
324:
117:
617:
1867:
1747:
1542:
1476:
1423:
1365:
1177:
692:
510:
384:
360:
80:
668:
1847:
1842:
1510:
1370:
1350:
973:
597:
561:
506:
50:
1272:
Schmitt, Bernadotte E. (1924). "Triple Alliance and Triple Entente, 1902–1914".
1791:
1638:
1520:
1505:
1413:
1375:
1148:
679:
656:. To counter Russian and French interests in Europe, an alliance was concluded
641:
626:
613:
573:
569:
414:
222:
105:
1914:
1784:
1779:
1450:
1360:
502:
426:
913:
The Fateful Alliance: France, Russia, and the Coming of the First World War
767:
688:
20:
1299:
1899:
1862:
1832:
1796:
1727:
1712:
1556:
779:
771:
726:
522:
450:
438:
249:
1532:
1498:
1281:
1045:
https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Expanded_version_of_1912_(In_English)
763:
649:
568:
When Austria-Hungary found itself at war in August 1914 with the rival
538:
in that region despite the treaty. In 1891, attempts were made to join
1196:
638:
Austro-Hungarian forces occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina in August 1878
1547:
1294:. Century Historical Series. New York: Century Company. pp. 99–152.
1181:
738:, the chief of the Austro-Hungarian General Staff, was advocating a
625:, a predominantly-Slav area that was still under the control of the
750:, bringing it into conflict with the German-backed Ottoman Empire.
714:
696:
546:
718:
608:
By the late 1870s, Austrian territorial ambitions in both the
1258:. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. pp. 124–125.
1106:
747:
1130:
1118:
588:
The man chiefly responsible for the Triple Alliance was
1335:
576:(which aimed to make Italy enter the conflict), Italy
1227:(2nd ed.). pp. 217–50. A standard scholarly history.
1209:. University of California Press. pp. 470–472.
847:
Grenville, John; Wasserstein, Bernard, eds. (2013).
846:
157:(Germany / Austria-Hungary / Italy
16:
Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
909:
1073:"Austria: Constitutional experimentation, 1860–67"
1246:The Secret Treaties of Austria-Hungary, 1879–1914
1912:
940:
57:
1996:Military alliances involving the German Empire
642:annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in October 1908
1321:
713:and whose Italian-populated districts in the
644:as a common holding under the control of the
474:
72:
1981:Military alliances involving Austria-Hungary
1225:European Alliances and Alignments, 1871–1890
42:
1006:"Chapter Fourteen: War Aims and Neutrality"
842:
840:
1328:
1314:
1251:
1239:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914
1136:
1124:
1112:
481:
467:
127:19th century • 20th century
98:
1004:Becker, Jean-Jacques (30 January 2012).
916:. Manchester University Press. pp.
837:
672:Cartoon of the Berlin satirical journal
667:
1059:(New York: Random House, 1987) p. 190.
517:. Germany and Austria-Hungary had been
1913:
1292:European Diplomatic History, 1871–1932
1003:
965:
934:
104:The Triple Alliance as opposed to the
1309:
1244:Pribram, Alfred Francis (ed.)(1921).
1057:The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
903:
721:were seen as occupied territories by
580:and declared war on Austria-Hungary.
1991:Military alliances involving Romania
1232:Fall of the German Empire, 1914–1918
1202:
1067:
1065:
944:The Diplomatic Background of the War
879:
877:
143:(Germany / Austria-Hungary)
1337:International relations (1814–1919)
13:
1986:Military alliances involving Italy
1976:History of international relations
603:
14:
2022:
1961:Austria-Hungary–Germany relations
1230:Lutz, Ralph Haswell (ed.)(1932).
1170:American Political Science Review
1062:
874:
640:, and Austria-Hungary eventually
1206:A History of the Habsburg Empire
445:Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
256:
227:
202:
1966:Austria-Hungary–Italy relations
1956:20th-century military alliances
1951:19th-century military alliances
1946:1882 in international relations
1252:Rothenburg, Gunther E. (1976).
1142:
1093:
969:Brief Romanian Military History
805:
549:without previous consultation.
2001:Politics of the Ottoman Empire
1189:Journal of Conflict Resolution
1049:
1037:
997:
959:
889:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
796:
778:, but less than a year later,
731:Austro-Hungarian General Staff
1:
1707:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits
1661:1917 Franco-Russian agreement
1651:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty
830:
823:Italian Wars of Independence.
578:sided with the Triple Entente
556:, through his Prime Minister
1567:Second Industrial Revolution
1441:League of the Three Emperors
1237:Macmillan, Margaret (2013).
1153:A Concise History of Romania
1103:. Harper Collins. pp. 97–98.
910:George Frost Kennan (1984).
660:and with Italy in May 1882.
658:with Germany in October 1879
355:Anglo-German naval arms race
7:
1597:Treaty of Versailles (1871)
1223:Langer, William L. (1951).
736:Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf
10:
2027:
1646:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
1274:American Historical Review
1255:The Army of Francis Joseph
1162:
1010:A Companion to World War I
753:
583:
18:
1805:
1669:
1582:
1467:European balance of power
1459:
1394:
1343:
853:. Routledge. p. 38.
181:
177:
167:
152:
135:
131:
123:
113:
97:
92:
34:
1758:Venezuela Naval Blockade
1429:Anglo-Russian Convention
1099:Laurence Lafore (1971).
1008:. In Horne, John (ed.).
941:Charles Seymour (1916).
789:
776:1913 Treaty of Bucharest
663:
403:Anglo-Russian Convention
283:Second Concert of Europe
1971:Germany–Italy relations
1921:1882 in Austria-Hungary
1763:Alaska boundary dispute
1436:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
1419:Franco-Russian Alliance
1078:Encyclopædia Britannica
744:invasion and annexation
699:in 1881, the so-called
367:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
349:First Sino-Japanese War
343:Franco-Russian Alliance
313:Austro–Serbian Alliance
2011:World War I by country
1682:Unification of Germany
1629:Taft–Katsura agreement
966:Hentea, Călin (2007).
725:. In the years before
683:
623:Bosnia and Herzegovina
427:Second Moroccan Crisis
271:Unification of Germany
154:• Triple Alliance
73:
58:
43:
23:. For other uses, see
1768:First Moroccan Crisis
1482:Spread of nationalism
1446:Eight-Nation Alliance
1288:Sontag, Raymond James
1203:Kann, Robert (1974).
949:Yale University Press
671:
594:Chancellor of Germany
409:Young Turk Revolution
391:First Moroccan Crisis
1773:Algeciras Conference
1753:Annexation of Hawaii
1692:Great Eastern Crisis
1687:Unification of Italy
1677:Formation of Romania
1494:French–German enmity
1014:Blackwell Publishing
723:Italian irredentists
632:On the heels of the
536:conflict of interest
289:Great Eastern Crisis
210:Dual Alliance (1879)
169:• Italy leaves
1838:Philippine–American
1823:First Sino-Japanese
1656:Racconigi agreement
1602:Treaty of Frankfurt
1562:Great Rapprochement
1516:Scramble for Africa
1115:, pp. 124–125.
711:Italian unification
634:Great Balkan Crisis
552:On 18 October 1883
277:Franco-Prussian War
1697:Congress of Berlin
1614:Reinsurance Treaty
1592:Congress of Vienna
1572:Industrial warfare
1538:Scramble for China
1081:. 15 November 2013
760:Carol I of Romania
702:Schiaffo di Tunisi
684:
654:escalated into war
554:Carol I of Romania
379:Russo-Japanese War
337:Reinsurance Treaty
295:Campaign in Bosnia
248:Events leading to
1908:
1907:
1877:Albanian Revolts
1734:German Naval Laws
1718:Naval arms races
1702:Berlin Conference
1634:Hague Conventions
1276:. 29#3: 449–473.
927:978-0-7190-1707-0
885:"Triple Alliance"
740:preemptive strike
610:Italian Peninsula
590:Otto von Bismarck
531:Otto von Bismarck
499:military alliance
491:
490:
433:Italo-Turkish War
421:Racconigi Bargain
325:Berlin Conference
243:
242:
239:
238:
235:
234:
215:
214:
118:Military alliance
74:Triplice alleanza
2018:
1828:Spanish–American
1748:Fashoda Incident
1624:Treaty of Björkö
1609:Treaty of Berlin
1543:Open Door Policy
1477:Eastern question
1424:Entente Cordiale
1330:
1323:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1302:. Online review.
1269:
1220:
1176:(4): 1197–1206.
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693:Kingdom of Italy
646:finance ministry
497:was a defensive
483:
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385:Entente Cordiale
361:Fashoda Incident
331:Bulgarian Crisis
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59:Hármas szövetség
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2006:Secret treaties
1931:1882 in Hungary
1926:1882 in Germany
1911:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1843:Boxer Rebellion
1801:
1665:
1619:Treaty of Paris
1584:
1578:
1511:New Imperialism
1472:Ottoman decline
1455:
1402:Triple Alliance
1390:
1351:Austria-Hungary
1339:
1334:
1266:
1217:
1182:10.2307/1963259
1165:
1160:
1159:
1147:
1143:
1137:Rothenburg 1976
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1131:
1125:Rothenburg 1976
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1113:Rothenburg 1976
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1054:
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1038:
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1024:
1016:. p. 208.
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976:. p. 102.
974:Scarecrow Press
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680:French cockerel
675:Lustige Blätter
666:
606:
604:Austria-Hungary
598:Alsace-Lorraine
586:
562:First World War
558:Ion C. Brătianu
507:Austria-Hungary
495:Triple Alliance
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319:Triple Alliance
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36:Triple Alliance
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25:Triple Alliance
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1818:Anglo-Egyptian
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1792:Bosnian Crisis
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1639:Martens Clause
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1521:Egyptian Lever
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1506:Pax Britannica
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1502:
1501:
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1487:Sovereign debt
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1414:Triple Entente
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1381:United Kingdom
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1157:
1149:Keith Hitchins
1141:
1139:, p. 163.
1129:
1127:, p. 152.
1117:
1105:
1092:
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1055:Paul Kennedy,
1048:
1036:
1022:
996:
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958:
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832:
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804:
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791:
788:
755:
752:
665:
662:
627:Ottoman Empire
618:Gyula Andrássy
614:Ottoman Empire
605:
602:
585:
582:
574:Triple Entente
570:Triple Entente
519:closely allied
489:
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415:Bosnian Crisis
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1711:
1583:Treaties and
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1344:Great powers
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1254:
1245:
1241:. Chapter 8.
1238:
1231:
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1108:
1100:
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1076:
1056:
1051:
1039:
1027:. Retrieved
1009:
999:
987:. Retrieved
968:
961:
943:
936:
912:
905:
893:. Retrieved
888:
864:. Retrieved
849:
807:
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768:Transylvania
757:
708:
700:
685:
673:
631:
607:
587:
567:
551:
544:
527:
494:
492:
318:
192:Succeeded by
191:
186:
29:
21:Aztec Empire
1900:World War I
1863:Balkan Wars
1848:Second Boer
1833:Banana Wars
1797:July Crisis
1728:Dreadnought
1713:Weltpolitik
1557:Pan-Slavism
951:. pp.
895:10 February
780:World War I
772:Balkan Wars
727:World War I
523:great power
515:World War I
451:July Crisis
439:Balkan Wars
250:World War I
187:Preceded by
163:20 May 1882
1915:Categories
1585:agreements
1533:Great Game
1499:Revanchism
831:References
764:Bessarabia
650:Bessarabia
173:3 May 1915
1548:Meiji era
1395:Alliances
1300:503861831
1043:(art. 7)
441:1912–1913
435:1911–1912
417:1908–1909
399:1906–1908
393:1905–1906
381:1904–1905
357:1898–1912
351:1894–1895
339:1887–1890
333:1885–1888
315:1881–1903
309:1880–1902
307:Boer Wars
291:1875–1878
279:1870–1871
273:1866–1871
93:1882–1915
66:Hungarian
1290:(1933).
1155:, p. 149
774:and the
715:Trentino
501:between
373:May Coup
44:Dreibund
1528:In Asia
1361:Germany
1282:1836520
1163:Sources
1085:2 March
1029:2 March
989:2 March
866:2 March
754:Romania
697:Tunisia
689:Vatican
584:Germany
547:Balkans
540:Britain
503:Germany
397:Pig War
137:•
108:in 1914
81:Italian
1886:Second
1873:Second
1670:Events
1460:Trends
1376:Russia
1356:France
1298:
1280:
1262:
1213:
1197:174505
1195:
1020:
980:
955:, 147.
924:
891:. 2016
857:
817:Second
719:Istria
592:, the
509:, and
114:Status
77:
62:
51:German
47:
1891:Third
1881:First
1868:First
1371:Japan
1366:Italy
1278:JSTOR
1193:JSTOR
918:82–86
821:Third
813:First
790:Notes
758:King
748:Libya
664:Italy
511:Italy
1806:Wars
1296:OCLC
1260:ISBN
1211:ISBN
1087:2014
1031:2014
1018:ISBN
991:2014
978:ISBN
922:ISBN
897:2016
868:2014
855:ISBN
819:and
811:The
784:1916
717:and
493:The
453:1914
447:1914
429:1911
423:1909
411:1908
405:1907
387:1904
375:1903
369:1902
363:1898
345:1894
327:1884
321:1882
303:1879
297:1878
285:1871
1178:doi
746:of
1917::
1174:84
1172:.
1151:,
1075:.
1064:^
1012:.
972:.
953:35
947:.
920:.
887:.
876:^
839:^
815:,
636:,
629:.
505:,
159:)
1329:e
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1284:.
1268:.
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1184:.
1180::
1089:.
1033:.
993:.
930:.
899:.
870:.
682:.
482:e
475:t
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79:(
68:)
64:(
53:)
49:(
27:.
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