432:
unquestionable. Technological systems must be designed to avoid accidents. However, they cannot be standardized to a complex or intuitive assessment of the impacts of an accident in such a way that they can replace or anticipate the decision of a responsible driver with the moral capacity to make correct judgements. It is true that a human driver would be acting unlawfully if he killed a person in an emergency to save the lives of one or more other persons, but he would not necessarily be acting culpably. Such legal judgements, made in retrospect and taking special circumstances into account, cannot readily be transformed into abstract/general ex ante appraisals and thus also not into corresponding programming activities. …
176:
only by framing some innocent person and having him executed. Beside this example is placed another in which a pilot whose airplane is about to crash is deciding whether to steer from a more to a less inhabited area. To make the parallel as close as possible, it may rather be supposed that he is the driver of a runaway tram, which he can only steer from one narrow track on to another; five men are working on one track and one man on the other; anyone on the track he enters is bound to be killed. In the case of the riots, the mob have five hostages, so that in both examples, the exchange is supposed to be one man's life for the lives of five.
327:
27:
2376:
318:, researchers pointed out that, as measures of utilitarian decisions, sacrificial dilemmas such as the trolley problem measure only one facet of proto-utilitarian tendencies, namely permissive attitudes toward instrumental harm, while ignoring impartial concern for the greater good. As such, the authors argued that the trolley problem provides only a partial measure of utilitarianism.
411:
use of virtual reality to assess human behavior in experimental settings. However, some argue that the investigation of trolley-type cases is not necessary to address the ethical problem of driverless cars, because the trolley cases have a serious practical limitation. It would need to be top-down plan in order to fit the current approaches of addressing emergencies in
419:
others. Although most people would not be willing to use an automated car that might sacrifice themselves in a life-or-death dilemma, some believe the somewhat counterintuitive claim that using mandatory ethics values would nevertheless be in their best interest. According to Gogoll and MĂĽller, "the reason is, simply put, that would most likely result in a
223:. Since then, numerous other studies have employed trolley problems to study moral judgment, investigating topics like the role and influence of stress, emotional state, impression management, levels of anonymity, different types of brain damage, physiological arousal, different neurotransmitters, and genetic factors on responses to trolley dilemmas.
219:, they demonstrated that "personal" dilemmas (like pushing a man off a footbridge) preferentially engage brain regions associated with emotion, whereas "impersonal" dilemmas (like diverting the trolley by flipping a switch) preferentially engaged regions associated with controlled reasoning. On these grounds, they advocate for the
290:
as ways of illustrating their ethical views. Scruton writes, "These 'dilemmas' have the useful character of eliminating from the situation just about every morally relevant relationship and reducing the problem to one of arithmetic alone." Scruton believes that just because one would choose to change
237:
performed the first realistic trolley-problem experiment, where subjects were placed alone in what they thought was a train-switching station, and shown footage that they thought was real (but was actually prerecorded) of a train going down a track, with five workers on the main track, and one on the
246:
The trolley problem has been the subject of many surveys in which about 90% of respondents have chosen to kill the one and save the five. If the situation is modified where the one sacrificed for the five was a relative or romantic partner, respondents are much less likely to be willing to sacrifice
184:
view asserts that it is obligatory to steer to the track with one man on it. According to classical utilitarianism, such a decision would be not only permissible, but, morally speaking, the better option (the other option being no action at all). This fact makes diverting the trolley obligatory. An
175:
Suppose that a judge or magistrate is faced with rioters demanding that a culprit be found for a certain crime and threatening otherwise to take their own bloody revenge on a particular section of the community. The real culprit being unknown, the judge sees himself as able to prevent the bloodshed
410:
to allow the public to express their opinions on what decisions autonomous vehicles should make in scenarios that use the trolley problem paradigm. Analysis of the data collected through Moral
Machine showed broad differences in relative preferences among different countries. Other approaches make
66:
or trolley is on course to collide with and kill a number of people (traditionally five) down the track, but a driver or bystander can intervene and divert the vehicle to kill just one person on a different track. Then other variations of the runaway vehicle, and analogous life-and-death dilemmas
418:
Also, a question remains of whether the law should dictate the ethical standards that all autonomous vehicles must use, or whether individual autonomous car owners or drivers should determine their car's ethical values, such as favoring safety of the owner or the owner's family over the safety of
358:
As before, a trolley is hurtling down a track towards five people. You are on a bridge under which it will pass, and you can stop it by putting something very heavy in front of it. As it happens, there is a fat man next to you – your only way to stop the trolley is to push him over the bridge and
270:
In her 2017 paper, Nassim JafariNaimi lays out the reductive nature of the trolley problem in framing ethical problems that serves to uphold an impoverished version of utilitarianism. She argues that the popular argument that the trolley problem can serve as a template for algorithmic morality is
70:
Opinions on the ethics of each scenario turn out to be sensitive to details of the story that may seem immaterial to the abstract dilemma. The question of formulating a general principle that can account for the differing judgments arising in different variants of the story was raised in 1967 as
363:
Resistance to this course of action seems strong; when asked, a majority of people will approve of pulling the switch to save a net of four lives, but will disapprove of pushing the fat man to save a net of four lives. This has led to attempts to find a relevant moral distinction between the two
310:
Masahiro
Morioka considers the dropping of atomic bombs as an example of the trolley problem and points out that there are five "problems of the trolley problem", namely, 1) rarity, 2) inevitability, 3) safety zone, 4) possibility of becoming a victim, and 5) the lack of perspective of the dead
185:
alternative viewpoint is that since moral wrongs are already in place in the situation, moving to another track constitutes a participation in the moral wrong, making one partially responsible for the death when otherwise no one would be responsible. An opponent of action may also point to the
102:
extensively. Thomson's 1976 article initiated the literature on the trolley problem as a subject in its own right. Characteristic of this literature are colorful and increasingly absurd alternative scenarios in which the sacrificed person is instead pushed onto the tracks as a way to stop the
426:
In 2016, the German government appointed a commission to study the ethical implications of autonomous driving. The commission adopted 20 rules to be implemented in the laws that will govern the ethical choices that autonomous vehicles will make. Relevant to the trolley dilemma is this rule:
431:
8. Genuine dilemmatic decisions, such as a decision between one human life and another, depend on the actual specific situation, incorporating “unpredictable” behaviour by parties affected. They can thus not be clearly standardized, nor can they be programmed such that they are ethically
375:, which says that one may take action that has bad side effects, but deliberately intending harm (even for good causes) is wrong. So, the action is permissible even if the harm to the innocent person is foreseen, so long as it is not intended. This is an argument which
254:
shows that 68% of professional philosophers would switch (sacrifice the one individual to save five lives) in the case of the trolley problem, 8% would not switch, and the remaining 24% had another view or could not answer.
399:, such as into whom or what to crash, can affect the particulars of the deadly outcome. For example, should the software value the safety of the car's occupants more, or less, than that of potential victims outside the car.
267:, researchers criticized the use of the trolley problem, arguing, among other things, that the scenario it presents is too extreme and unconnected to real-life moral situations to be useful or educational.
67:(medical, judicial, etc.) are posed, each containing the option to either do nothing, in which case several people will be killed, or intervene and sacrifice one initially "safe" person to save the others.
854:
Youssef, Farid F.; Dookeeram, Karine; Basdeo, Vasant; Francis, Emmanuel; Doman, Mekaeel; Mamed, Danielle; Maloo, Stefan; Degannes, Joel; Dobo, Linda (2012). "Stress alters personal moral decision making".
148:
must choose between ordering an air strike on an encroaching enemy force at the cost of his own 20-man patrol unit, or calling off the strike and risking the lives of the main army made up of 500 men.
2366:
525:
193:, simply being present in this situation and being able to influence its outcome constitutes an obligation to participate. If this is the case, then doing nothing would be considered an immoral act.
371:
of switching the trolley away from the five. However, in the second case, harming the one is an integral part of the plan to save the five. This solution is essentially an application of the
295:. As a way of showing the flaws in consequentialist responses to ethical problems, Scruton points out paradoxical elements of belief in utilitarianism and similar beliefs. He believes that
2364:
1917:
Awad, Edmond; Dsouza, Sohan; Kim, Richard; Schulz, Jonathan; Henrich, Joseph; Shariff, Azim; Bonnefon, Jean-François; Rahwan, Iyad (October 24, 2018). "The Moral
Machine experiment".
1110:
Navarrete, C. David; McDonald, Melissa M.; Mott, Michael L.; Asher, Benjamin (2012-04-01). "Virtual morality: Emotion and action in a simulated three-dimensional "trolley problem"".
795:
Greene, Joshua D.; Sommerville, R. Brian; Nystrom, Leigh E.; Darley, John M.; Cohen, Jonathan D. (2001-09-14). "An fMRI Investigation of
Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgment".
1806:
238:
secondary track; the participants had the option to pull the lever to divert the train toward the secondary track. Five of the seven participants did not pull the lever.
2365:
1228:
Bernhard, Regan M.; Chaponis, Jonathan; Siburian, Richie; Gallagher, Patience; Ransohoff, Katherine; Wikler, Daniel; Perlis, Roy H.; Greene, Joshua D. (2016-12-01).
1546:
2297:
87:
in a 1976 article that catalyzed a large literature, the subject refers to the meta-problem of why different judgements are arrived at in particular instances.
1980:"Using Virtual Reality to Assess Ethical Decisions in Road Traffic Scenarios: Applicability of Value-of-Life-Based Models and Influences of Time Pressure"
1744:
Jean-François
Bonnefon; Azim Shariff; Iyad Rahwan (October 13, 2015). "Autonomous Vehicles Need Experimental Ethics: Are We Ready for Utilitarian Cars?".
2321:
996:
1464:
2080:
Francis, Kathryn B.; Howard, Charles; Howard, Ian S.; Gummerum, Michaela; Ganis, Giorgio; Anderson, Grace; Terbeck, Sylvia (October 10, 2016).
1483:
465:
2324:. Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (German: Bundesministerium fĂĽr Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur). Archived from
2300:. Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (German: Bundesministerium fĂĽr Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur). Archived from
714:
30:
One of the dilemmas included in the trolley problem: is it preferable to pull the lever to divert the runaway trolley onto the side track?
1330:
Kahane, Guy; Everett, Jim A. C.; Earp, Brian D.; Caviola, Lucius; Faber, Nadira S.; Crockett, Molly J.; Savulescu, Julian (March 2018).
215:
and colleagues published the results of the first significant empirical investigation of people's responses to trolley problems. Using
700:
395:. Situations are anticipated where a potentially fatal collision appears to be unavoidable, but in which choices made by the car's
1484:"Evolution and the trolley problem: People save five over one unless the one is young, genetically related, or a romantic partner"
342:
ethical systems. The central question that these dilemmas bring to light is on whether or not it is right to actively inhibit the
2433:
138:
considered the question of whether it is ethical to deflect a projectile from a larger crowd toward a smaller one. Similarly, in
1810:
271:
based on fundamentally flawed premises that serve the most powerful with potentially dire consequences on the future of cities.
2448:
1726:
1696:
1010:
Lee, Minwoo; Sul, Sunhae; Kim, Hackjin (2018-06-18). "Social observation increases deontological judgments in moral dilemmas".
220:
206:
122:
controlled the switch, and the lone individual to be sacrificed (or not) was the switchman's child. German philosopher of law
103:
trolley, has his organs harvested to save transplant patients, or is killed in more indirect ways that complicate the chain of
1601:
367:
One possible distinction could be that in the first case, one does not intend harm towards anyone – harming the one is just a
1631:
216:
1566:
JafariNaimi, Nassim (2018). "Our Bodies in the
Trolley's Path, or Why Self-driving Cars Must *Not* Be Programmed to Kill".
139:
20:
2202:
Himmelreich, Johannes (June 1, 2018). "Never Mind the
Trolley: The Ethics of Autonomous Vehicles in Mundane Situations".
1648:
330:
Five cases of the trolley problem: the original Switch, the Fat Man, the Fat
Villain, the Loop, and the Man in the Yard
226:
Trolley problems have been used as a measure of utilitarianism, but their usefulness for such purposes has been widely
2301:
503:
1290:"Revisiting External Validity: Concerns about Trolley Problems and Other Sacrificial Dilemmas in Moral Psychology"
2443:
59:
2031:"Forced-choice decision-making in modified trolley dilemma situations: a virtual reality and eye tracking study"
1381:"Sidetracked by trolleys: Why sacrificial moral dilemmas tell us little (or nothing) about utilitarian judgment"
2325:
475:
2409:
Forced-choice decision-making in modified trolley dilemma situations: a virtual reality and eye tracking study
898:
Valdesolo, Piercarlo; DeSteno, David (2006-06-01). "Manipulations of
Emotional Context Shape Moral Judgment".
291:
the track so that the train hits the one person instead of the five does not mean that they are necessarily a
443:
282:
criticises the usage of ethical dilemmas such as the trolley problem and their usage by philosophers such as
212:
2245:
Gogoll, Jan; MĂĽller, Julian F. (June 1, 2017). "Autonomous Cars: In Favor of a
Mandatory Ethics Setting".
2147:
Patil, Indrajeet; Cogoni, Carlotta; Zangrando, Nicola; Chittaro, Luca; Silani, Giorgia (January 2, 2014).
1832:
Bonnefon, Jean-François; Shariff, Azim; Rahwan, Iyad (2016). "The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles".
2423:
617:
2408:
1430:
234:
155:. It has been a topic of popular books. Trolley-style scenarios also arise in discussing the ethics of
76:
2438:
2400:
459:
372:
186:
1482:
April Bleske-Rechek; Lyndsay A. Nelson; Jonathan P. Baker; Mark W. Remiker; Sarah J. Brandt (2010).
1481:
2381:
1506:
741:"Algorithmic Decision-Making in AVs: Understanding Ethical and Technical Concerns for Smart Cities"
135:
540:
349:
The basic Switch form of the trolley problem also supports comparison to other, related dilemmas:
1442:
1288:
Bauman, Christopher W.; McGraw, A. Peter; Bartels, Daniel M.; Warren, Caleb (September 4, 2014).
1230:"Variation in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) is associated with differences in moral judgment"
1055:"Selective deficit in personal moral judgment following damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex"
1053:
Ciaramelli, Elisa; Muccioli, Michela; LĂ davas, Elisabetta; Pellegrino, Giuseppe di (2007-06-01).
412:
115:
51:
151:
Beginning in 2001, the trolley problem and its variants have been used in empirical research on
2453:
1163:"Serotonin selectively influences moral judgment and behavior through effects on harm aversion"
950:
420:
368:
130:
in 1930, as did German legal scholar Hans Welzel in a work from 1951. In his commentary on the
58:
of whether to sacrifice one person to save a larger number. The series usually begins with a
990:
675:
63 , 47ff. About the German discussion see also Schuster, Crim Law Forum 34, 237–270 (2023).
84:
2396:
2149:"Affective basis of judgment-behavior discrepancy in virtual experiences of moral dilemmas"
2093:
1926:
1851:
1763:
1174:
804:
391:
Variants of the original Trolley Driver dilemma arise in the design of software to control
335:
8:
171:
Foot's version of the thought experiment, now known as "Trolley Driver", ran as follows:
127:
111:
2097:
1930:
1855:
1767:
1178:
808:
2278:
2227:
2184:
2124:
2081:
2057:
2030:
2006:
1979:
1960:
1875:
1841:
1787:
1753:
1583:
1407:
1380:
1356:
1331:
1309:
1262:
1229:
1205:
1162:
1143:
1087:
1054:
1035:
1023:
978:
931:
880:
836:
752:
598:
563:
299:
156:
144:, a television play broadcast in the United States on June 7, 1954, a commander in the
39:
19:"The Trolley Problem" redirects here. For the television episode of the same name, see
2029:
Skulmowski, Alexander; Bunge, Andreas; Kaspar, Kai; Pipa, Gordon (December 16, 2014).
2428:
2270:
2262:
2231:
2219:
2176:
2168:
2129:
2111:
2062:
2011:
1952:
1867:
1779:
1627:
1587:
1412:
1361:
1267:
1249:
1210:
1192:
1135:
1127:
1092:
1074:
1039:
1027:
970:
923:
915:
911:
872:
828:
820:
602:
160:
1964:
1879:
1791:
1693:
1313:
1147:
982:
935:
884:
2282:
2254:
2211:
2160:
2119:
2101:
2052:
2042:
2001:
1991:
1942:
1934:
1859:
1771:
1575:
1498:
1402:
1392:
1351:
1343:
1301:
1257:
1241:
1200:
1182:
1161:
Crockett, Molly J.; Clark, Luke; Hauser, Marc D.; Robbins, Trevor W. (2010-10-05).
1119:
1082:
1066:
1019:
962:
907:
868:
864:
840:
812:
762:
590:
555:
339:
292:
202:
152:
2188:
1397:
2164:
2106:
1700:
448:
72:
55:
1289:
966:
470:
392:
346:
of an individual if doing so produces a greater utility for other individuals.
251:
181:
2258:
2215:
1938:
1434:
159:
design, which may require programming to choose whom or what to strike when a
2417:
2266:
2223:
2172:
2115:
2047:
1996:
1743:
1619:
1579:
1253:
1196:
1131:
1078:
1031:
974:
919:
824:
676:
480:
453:
407:
403:
296:
279:
80:
1863:
1775:
1332:"Beyond sacrificial harm: A two-dimensional model of utilitarian psychology"
1187:
816:
110:
Earlier forms of individual trolley scenarios antedated Foot's publication.
2274:
2180:
2133:
2066:
2015:
1956:
1871:
1783:
1551:
1416:
1365:
1271:
1214:
1139:
1096:
951:"The strategic moral self:self-presentation shapes moral dilemma judgments"
927:
876:
832:
376:
287:
283:
123:
114:
included a version in a moral questionnaire given to undergraduates at the
91:
1245:
1070:
2384:
was created from a revision of this article dated 30 April 2012
634:
Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin no.236 (Madison, June 1908), 138.
95:
2322:"Ethics Commission's complete report on automated and connected driving"
1947:
1667:
1524:
1347:
1305:
767:
740:
594:
145:
47:
2082:"Virtual Morality: Transitioning from Moral Judgment to Moral Action?"
1465:"'Trolley Problem': Virtual-Reality Test for Moral Dilemma – TIME.com"
687:
Hazon Ish, HM, Sanhedrin #25, s.v. "veyesh leayen". Available online,
567:
326:
1502:
1123:
119:
104:
2298:"Bericht der Ethik-Kommission Automatisiertes und vernetztes Fahren"
1978:
Sütfeld, Leon R.; Gast, Richard; König, Peter; Pipa, Gordon (2017).
1846:
1758:
1052:
757:
559:
396:
303:
1804:
26:
1227:
343:
99:
1893:
688:
131:
43:
1547:"Is One of the Most Popular Psychology Experiments Worthless?"
794:
466:
The Case of the Speluncean Explorers § Similar real cases
2148:
853:
504:
The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect
359:
onto the track, killing him to save five. Should you proceed?
2146:
659:
Untersuchungen über Vorsatz und Fahrlässigkeit im Strafrecht
510:(Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1978) (originally appeared in the
2079:
581:
Myrna Kamm, Francis (1989). "Harming Some to Save Others".
190:
63:
1160:
1109:
2028:
1287:
532:
1491:
Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology
1329:
673:
ZStW Zeitschrift fĂĽr die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft
632:
A Study of the Influence of Custom on the Moral Judgment
1805:
Emerging Technology From the arXiv (October 22, 2015).
386:
1668:"The Trolley Problem and the Dropping of Atomic Bombs"
1831:
379:
considers (and ultimately rejects) in his first book
308:
The Trolley Problem and the Dropping of Atomic Bombs,
1977:
498:
496:
1916:
1807:"Why Self-Driving Cars Must Be Programmed to Kill"
1602:"Why Self-Driving Cars Must Be Programmed to Kill"
334:Trolley problems highlight the difference between
1694:http://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/200510--.pdf
493:
2415:
897:
311:victims who were deprived of freedom of choice.
2319:
2295:
1522:
1167:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
538:
189:of human lives. Under some interpretations of
2315:
2313:
2311:
1886:
1325:
1323:
1283:
1281:
948:
647:(New York: The Century Co, 1928), 42–44, 122.
526:Killing, Letting Die, and the Trolley Problem
221:dual-process account of moral decision-making
2244:
1626:(1st ed.). Princeton. pp. 79–112.
995:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
703:The Paley Center. Retrieved August 07, 2022.
2201:
1724:
1565:
1523:Bourget, David; Chalmers, David J. (2013).
1234:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
1059:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
738:
134:, published long before his death in 1953,
2308:
1372:
1320:
1278:
949:Rom, Sarah C., Paul, Conway (2017-08-30).
739:Lim, Hazel Si Min; Taeihagh, Araz (2019).
677:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10609-023-09452-0
580:
302:thought experiment definitively disproves
118:in 1905. In this variation, the railway's
2123:
2105:
2056:
2046:
2005:
1995:
1946:
1845:
1757:
1406:
1396:
1355:
1294:Social and Personality Psychology Compass
1261:
1204:
1186:
1086:
1009:
955:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
766:
756:
265:Social and Personality Psychology Compass
83:. Later dubbed "the trolley problem" by
2392:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
2375:
1910:
712:
325:
25:
1809:. MIT Technology review. Archived from
1715:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989)
1665:
1649:"Can nuclear war be morally justified?"
1618:
1568:Science, Technology, & Human Values
1429:
656:
621:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996)
2416:
1544:
1423:
1378:
783:Moral Philosophy: Theories and Issues.
207:Dual process theory (moral psychology)
734:
732:
730:
728:
661:. Berlin: O. Liebermann. p. 288.
217:functional magnetic resonance imaging
196:
2035:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
1984:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
785:Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2007. Print.
387:Implications for autonomous vehicles
21:The Trolley Problem (The Good Place)
321:
250:A 2009 survey by David Bourget and
166:
126:discussed a similar dilemma in his
13:
2362:
2320:BMVI Commission (28 August 2017).
1646:
1024:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.06.004
725:
14:
2465:
2343:
2296:BMVI Commission (June 20, 2016).
2204:Ethical Theory and Moral Practice
263:In a 2014 paper published in the
2374:
912:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01731.x
2289:
2238:
2195:
2140:
2073:
2022:
1971:
1825:
1798:
1737:
1727:"The Ethics of Autonomous Cars"
1725:Patrick Lin (October 8, 2013).
1718:
1705:
1682:
1640:
1612:
1594:
1559:
1538:
1525:"What do Philosophers believe?"
1516:
1475:
1457:
1445:from the original on 2021-12-12
1221:
1154:
1103:
1046:
1003:
942:
891:
847:
788:
775:
706:
694:
681:
539:Jarvis Thomson, Judith (1985).
314:In a 2018 article published in
2434:Metaphors referring to objects
2247:Science and Engineering Ethics
1692:The Journal of Ethics (2005).
1545:Khazan, Olga (July 24, 2014).
869:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.07.017
713:Bakewell, Sarah (2013-11-22).
665:
650:
637:
624:
609:
574:
517:
476:Violinist (thought experiment)
352:
241:
227:
1:
2449:Thought experiments in ethics
1672:Journal of Philosophy of Life
1398:10.1080/17470919.2015.1023400
1379:Kahane, Guy (20 March 2015).
529:, 59 The Monist 204-17 (1976)
487:
444:Lesser of two evils principle
90:Philosophers Judith Thomson,
2165:10.1080/17470919.2013.870091
2107:10.1371/journal.pone.0164374
1012:Evolution and Human Behavior
701:"Studio One: The Strike(TV)"
689:http://hebrewbooks.org/14332
258:
16:Thought experiment in ethics
7:
618:Living High and Letting Die
436:
163:appears to be unavoidable.
79:by the English philosopher
10:
2470:
1666:Morioka, Masahiro (2017).
967:10.1016/j.jesp.2017.08.003
200:
18:
2259:10.1007/s11948-016-9806-x
2216:10.1007/s10677-018-9896-4
1939:10.1038/s41586-018-0637-6
460:R. v. Dudley and Stephens
373:doctrine of double effect
77:doctrine of double effect
2048:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00426
1997:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00122
1580:10.1177/0162243917718942
857:Psychoneuroendocrinology
715:"Clang Went the Trolley"
233:In 2017, a group led by
136:Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz
1864:10.1126/science.aaf2654
1776:10.1126/science.aaf2654
1441:. Season 2. Episode 1.
1188:10.1073/pnas.1009396107
817:10.1126/science.1062872
523:Judith Jarvis Thomson,
413:artificial intelligence
116:University of Wisconsin
98:have also analysed the
71:part of an analysis of
52:artificial intelligence
2444:Philosophical problems
2370:
2350:Listen to this article
1713:The Limits of Morality
657:Engisch, Karl (1930).
434:
381:The Limits of Morality
361:
331:
306:. In his 2017 article
178:
31:
2369:
2304:on November 15, 2017.
1690:Ethics and Intuitions
1606:MIT Technology Review
900:Psychological Science
643:Frank Chapman Sharp,
630:Frank Chapman Sharp,
583:Philosophical Studies
541:"The Trolley Problem"
429:
356:
329:
274:In 2017, in his book
173:
85:Judith Jarvis Thomson
29:
2401:More spoken articles
2328:on 15 September 2017
1336:Psychological Review
316:Psychological Review
107:and responsibility.
2153:Social Neuroscience
2098:2016PLoSO..1164374F
1931:2018Natur.563...59A
1856:2016Sci...352.1573B
1840:(6293): 1573–1576.
1813:on January 26, 2016
1768:2016Sci...352.1573B
1752:(6293): 1573–1576.
1608:. October 22, 2015.
1433:(6 December 2017).
1385:Social Neuroscience
1246:10.1093/scan/nsw103
1179:2010PNAS..10717433C
1173:(40): 17433–17438.
1071:10.1093/scan/nsm001
809:2001Sci...293.2105G
803:(5537): 2105–2108.
128:habilitation thesis
112:Frank Chapman Sharp
73:debates on abortion
62:in which a runaway
54:involving stylized
40:thought experiments
2424:1967 introductions
2371:
1699:2016-06-17 at the
1435:"The Greater Good"
1348:10.1037/rev0000093
1306:10.1111/spc3.12131
781:Barcalow, Emmett,
768:10.3390/su11205791
719:The New York Times
595:10.1007/bf00372696
514:, Number 5, 1967.)
421:prisoner’s dilemma
402:A platform called
332:
300:experience machine
197:Empirical research
187:incommensurability
157:autonomous vehicle
32:
2367:
1647:Fisher, Richard.
1633:978-0-691-18303-9
1240:(12): 1872–1881.
508:Virtues and Vices
2461:
2439:Moral psychology
2391:
2389:
2378:
2377:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2351:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2317:
2306:
2305:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2127:
2109:
2092:(10): e0164374.
2077:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2050:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2009:
1999:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1950:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1849:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1761:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1722:
1716:
1709:
1703:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1505:. Archived from
1503:10.1037/h0099295
1488:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1431:Stevens, Michael
1427:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1400:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1359:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1285:
1276:
1275:
1265:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1190:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1124:10.1037/a0025561
1107:
1101:
1100:
1090:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1007:
1001:
1000:
994:
986:
946:
940:
939:
895:
889:
888:
851:
845:
844:
792:
786:
779:
773:
772:
770:
760:
736:
723:
722:
710:
704:
698:
692:
685:
679:
669:
663:
662:
654:
648:
641:
635:
628:
622:
613:
607:
606:
578:
572:
571:
554:(6): 1395–1415.
548:Yale Law Journal
545:
536:
530:
521:
515:
502:Philippa Foot, "
500:
340:consequentialist
322:Related problems
293:consequentialist
203:Moral psychology
191:moral obligation
167:Original dilemma
153:moral psychology
56:ethical dilemmas
2469:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2414:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2382:This audio file
2379:
2372:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2318:
2309:
2294:
2290:
2243:
2239:
2200:
2196:
2145:
2141:
2078:
2074:
2027:
2023:
1976:
1972:
1925:(7729): 59–64.
1915:
1911:
1902:
1900:
1894:"Moral Machine"
1892:
1891:
1887:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1803:
1799:
1742:
1738:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1706:
1701:Wayback Machine
1687:
1683:
1657:
1655:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1624:On Human Nature
1617:
1613:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1564:
1560:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1428:
1424:
1377:
1373:
1328:
1321:
1286:
1279:
1226:
1222:
1159:
1155:
1108:
1104:
1051:
1047:
1008:
1004:
988:
987:
947:
943:
896:
892:
852:
848:
793:
789:
780:
776:
737:
726:
711:
707:
699:
695:
686:
682:
670:
666:
655:
651:
642:
638:
629:
625:
614:
610:
579:
575:
543:
537:
533:
522:
518:
501:
494:
490:
485:
449:Lifeboat ethics
439:
406:was created by
393:autonomous cars
389:
355:
324:
276:On Human Nature
261:
244:
235:Michael Stevens
209:
199:
169:
38:is a series of
36:trolley problem
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2467:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2412:
2411:
2394:
2380:
2373:
2361:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:External links
2342:
2340:
2339:
2307:
2288:
2253:(3): 681–700.
2237:
2210:(3): 669–684.
2194:
2139:
2072:
2021:
1970:
1909:
1885:
1824:
1797:
1736:
1717:
1711:Shelly Kagan,
1704:
1688:Peter Singer,
1681:
1639:
1632:
1620:Scruton, Roger
1611:
1593:
1574:(2): 302–323.
1558:
1537:
1515:
1512:on 2012-04-11.
1497:(3): 115–127.
1474:
1456:
1422:
1391:(5): 551–560.
1371:
1342:(2): 131–164.
1319:
1300:(9): 536–554.
1277:
1220:
1153:
1118:(2): 364–370.
1102:
1045:
1018:(6): 611–621.
1002:
941:
906:(6): 476–477.
890:
863:(4): 491–498.
846:
787:
774:
745:Sustainability
724:
705:
693:
680:
664:
649:
636:
623:
608:
573:
560:10.2307/796133
531:
516:
491:
489:
486:
484:
483:
478:
473:
471:Tunnel problem
468:
463:
456:
451:
446:
440:
438:
435:
388:
385:
354:
351:
323:
320:
260:
257:
252:David Chalmers
247:the one life.
243:
240:
198:
195:
168:
165:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2466:
2455:
2454:Virtue ethics
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2383:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2159:(1): 94–107.
2158:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1899:
1898:Moral Machine
1895:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1678:(2): 316–337.
1677:
1673:
1669:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1541:
1526:
1519:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
998:
992:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
945:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
894:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
850:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
791:
784:
778:
769:
764:
759:
754:
750:
746:
742:
735:
733:
731:
729:
720:
716:
709:
702:
697:
690:
684:
678:
674:
671:Hans Welzel,
668:
660:
653:
646:
640:
633:
627:
620:
619:
615:Peter Unger,
612:
604:
600:
596:
592:
589:(3): 227–60.
588:
584:
577:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
542:
535:
528:
527:
520:
513:
512:Oxford Review
509:
505:
499:
497:
492:
482:
481:Virtue ethics
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
461:
457:
455:
454:Omission bias
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
433:
428:
424:
422:
416:
414:
409:
408:MIT Media Lab
405:
404:Moral Machine
400:
398:
394:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
360:
350:
347:
345:
341:
337:
336:deontological
328:
319:
317:
312:
309:
305:
301:
298:
294:
289:
285:
281:
280:Roger Scruton
277:
272:
268:
266:
256:
253:
248:
239:
236:
231:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
213:Joshua Greene
208:
204:
194:
192:
188:
183:
177:
172:
164:
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:
101:
97:
93:
88:
86:
82:
81:Philippa Foot
78:
74:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
28:
22:
2330:. Retrieved
2326:the original
2302:the original
2291:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2038:
2034:
2024:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1901:. Retrieved
1897:
1888:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1815:. Retrieved
1811:the original
1800:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1731:The Atlantic
1730:
1720:
1712:
1707:
1689:
1684:
1675:
1671:
1656:. Retrieved
1652:
1642:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1552:The Atlantic
1550:
1540:
1528:. Retrieved
1518:
1507:the original
1494:
1490:
1477:
1468:
1459:
1447:. Retrieved
1438:
1425:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1339:
1335:
1297:
1293:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1065:(2): 84–92.
1062:
1058:
1048:
1015:
1011:
1005:
991:cite journal
958:
954:
944:
903:
899:
893:
860:
856:
849:
800:
796:
790:
782:
777:
751:(20): 5791.
748:
744:
718:
708:
696:
683:
672:
667:
658:
652:
644:
639:
631:
626:
616:
611:
586:
582:
576:
551:
547:
534:
524:
519:
511:
507:
458:
430:
425:
417:
401:
390:
380:
377:Shelly Kagan
366:
362:
357:
348:
333:
315:
313:
307:
288:Peter Singer
284:Derek Parfit
275:
273:
269:
264:
262:
249:
245:
232:
225:
210:
179:
174:
170:
150:
140:
124:Karl Engisch
109:
92:Frances Kamm
89:
69:
35:
33:
2332:January 20,
1948:10871/39187
1817:October 24,
1653:www.bbc.com
1449:23 December
369:side effect
353:The Fat Man
242:Survey data
182:utilitarian
96:Peter Unger
2418:Categories
2397:Audio help
2388:2012-04-30
1903:2019-01-31
1847:1510.03346
1759:1510.03346
1439:Mind Field
758:1910.13122
691:, page 404
488:References
228:criticized
201:See also:
146:Korean War
141:The Strike
48:psychology
2267:1471-5546
2232:150184601
2224:1572-8447
2173:1747-0919
2116:1932-6203
1588:148793137
1254:1749-5016
1197:0027-8424
1132:1931-1516
1079:1749-5024
1040:150247068
1032:1090-5138
975:0022-1031
961:: 24–37.
920:0956-7976
825:0036-8075
603:171045532
259:Criticism
211:In 2001,
161:collision
120:switchman
105:causation
2429:Dilemmas
2399: ·
2275:27417644
2181:24359489
2134:27723826
2086:PLOS ONE
2067:25565997
2016:28725188
1965:53029241
1957:30356211
1880:35400794
1872:27339987
1792:35400794
1784:27339987
1697:Archived
1658:19 April
1622:(2017).
1469:TIME.com
1443:Archived
1417:25791902
1366:29265854
1314:11170070
1272:27497314
1215:20876101
1148:34621870
1140:22103331
1097:18985127
983:52205265
936:13511311
928:16771796
885:30489504
877:21899956
833:11557895
437:See also
397:software
304:hedonism
297:Nozick's
75:and the
60:scenario
2386: (
2357:minutes
2283:3632738
2125:5056714
2094:Bibcode
2058:4267265
2041:: 426.
2007:5496958
1990:: 122.
1927:Bibcode
1852:Bibcode
1834:Science
1764:Bibcode
1746:Science
1408:4642180
1357:5900580
1263:5141955
1206:2951447
1175:Bibcode
1112:Emotion
1088:2555449
841:1437941
805:Bibcode
797:Science
364:cases.
344:utility
100:dilemma
2281:
2273:
2265:
2230:
2222:
2189:706534
2187:
2179:
2171:
2132:
2122:
2114:
2065:
2055:
2014:
2004:
1963:
1955:
1919:Nature
1878:
1870:
1790:
1782:
1630:
1586:
1530:11 May
1415:
1405:
1364:
1354:
1312:
1270:
1260:
1252:
1213:
1203:
1195:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1095:
1085:
1077:
1038:
1030:
981:
973:
934:
926:
918:
883:
875:
839:
831:
823:
645:Ethics
601:
568:796133
566:
132:Talmud
94:, and
50:, and
44:ethics
2279:S2CID
2228:S2CID
2185:S2CID
1961:S2CID
1876:S2CID
1842:arXiv
1788:S2CID
1754:arXiv
1584:S2CID
1510:(PDF)
1487:(PDF)
1310:S2CID
1144:S2CID
1036:S2CID
979:S2CID
932:S2CID
881:S2CID
837:S2CID
753:arXiv
599:S2CID
564:JSTOR
544:(PDF)
506:" in
2334:2021
2271:PMID
2263:ISSN
2220:ISSN
2177:PMID
2169:ISSN
2130:PMID
2112:ISSN
2063:PMID
2012:PMID
1953:PMID
1868:PMID
1819:2015
1780:PMID
1660:2023
1628:ISBN
1532:2013
1451:2018
1413:PMID
1362:PMID
1268:PMID
1250:ISSN
1211:PMID
1193:ISSN
1136:PMID
1128:ISSN
1093:PMID
1075:ISSN
1028:ISSN
997:link
971:ISSN
924:PMID
916:ISSN
873:PMID
829:PMID
821:ISSN
338:and
286:and
205:and
64:tram
34:The
2255:doi
2212:doi
2161:doi
2120:PMC
2102:doi
2053:PMC
2043:doi
2002:PMC
1992:doi
1943:hdl
1935:doi
1923:563
1860:doi
1838:352
1772:doi
1750:352
1576:doi
1499:doi
1403:PMC
1393:doi
1352:PMC
1344:doi
1340:125
1302:doi
1258:PMC
1242:doi
1201:PMC
1183:doi
1171:107
1120:doi
1083:PMC
1067:doi
1020:doi
963:doi
908:doi
865:doi
813:doi
801:293
763:doi
591:doi
556:doi
423:."
42:in
2420::
2355:18
2310:^
2277:.
2269:.
2261:.
2251:23
2249:.
2226:.
2218:.
2208:21
2206:.
2183:.
2175:.
2167:.
2155:.
2151:.
2128:.
2118:.
2110:.
2100:.
2090:11
2088:.
2084:.
2061:.
2051:.
2037:.
2033:.
2010:.
2000:.
1988:11
1986:.
1982:.
1959:.
1951:.
1941:.
1933:.
1921:.
1896:.
1874:.
1866:.
1858:.
1850:.
1836:.
1786:.
1778:.
1770:.
1762:.
1748:.
1729:.
1674:.
1670:.
1664:;
1651:.
1604:.
1582:.
1572:43
1570:.
1549:.
1493:.
1489:.
1467:.
1437:.
1411:.
1401:.
1389:10
1387:.
1383:.
1360:.
1350:.
1338:.
1334:.
1322:^
1308:.
1296:.
1292:.
1280:^
1266:.
1256:.
1248:.
1238:11
1236:.
1232:.
1209:.
1199:.
1191:.
1181:.
1169:.
1165:.
1142:.
1134:.
1126:.
1116:12
1114:.
1091:.
1081:.
1073:.
1061:.
1057:.
1034:.
1026:.
1016:39
1014:.
993:}}
989:{{
977:.
969:.
959:74
957:.
953:.
930:.
922:.
914:.
904:17
902:.
879:.
871:.
861:37
859:.
835:.
827:.
819:.
811:.
799:.
761:.
749:11
747:.
743:.
727:^
717:.
597:.
587:57
585:.
562:.
552:94
550:.
546:.
495:^
415:.
383:.
278:,
230:.
180:A
46:,
2403:)
2395:(
2390:)
2359:)
2352:(
2336:.
2285:.
2257::
2234:.
2214::
2191:.
2163::
2157:9
2136:.
2104::
2096::
2069:.
2045::
2039:8
2018:.
1994::
1967:.
1945::
1937::
1929::
1906:.
1882:.
1862::
1854::
1844::
1821:.
1794:.
1774::
1766::
1756::
1733:.
1676:7
1662:.
1636:.
1590:.
1578::
1555:.
1534:.
1501::
1495:4
1471:.
1453:.
1419:.
1395::
1368:.
1346::
1316:.
1304::
1298:8
1274:.
1244::
1217:.
1185::
1177::
1150:.
1122::
1099:.
1069::
1063:2
1042:.
1022::
999:)
985:.
965::
938:.
910::
887:.
867::
843:.
815::
807::
771:.
765::
755::
721:.
605:.
593::
570:.
558::
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
