Trombone - Knowledge

1723: 377: 3864:") or picking up an instrument of different length. Their parts were transposed according to which crook or length-of-instrument they used at any given time, so that a particular note on the staff always corresponded to a particular partial on the instrument. Trombones, on the other hand, have used slides since their inception. As such, they have always been fully chromatic, so no such tradition took hold, and trombone parts have always been notated at concert pitch (with one exception, discussed below). Also, it was quite common for trombones to double choir parts; reading in concert pitch meant there was no need for dedicated trombone parts. Note that while the fundamental sounding pitch (slide fully retracted) has remained quite consistent, the conceptual pitch of trombones has changed since their origin ( 2593: 2470: 2014:, sleeves (called "stockings") were developed to decrease friction that would impede the slide's motion. These were soldered onto the ends of the inner slide tubes to slightly increase their diameter. The ends of inner slides on modern instruments are manufactured with a slightly larger diameter to achieve the same end. This part of the slide must be lubricated frequently. The slide section is connected to the bell section by the neckpipe and a U-bend called the bell or back bow. The joint connecting the slide and bell sections has a threaded collar to secure the connection. Prior to the early 20th century this connection was made with friction joints alone. 3162: 3344: 3238: 1156: 295: 3582: 2391: 5498: 3574: 2524: 3736: 2134: 2400: 2679: 2382: 3773: 3466: 2938:" notes and much lower pedal notes (first partials or fundamentals, which have a peculiar metallic rumbling sound). Slide positions are subject to adjustment, compensating for imperfections in the tuning of different harmonics. The fifth partial is rather flat on most trombones and usually requires a minute shortening of the slide position to compensate; other small adjustments are also normally required throughout the range. Trombonists make frequent use of alternate positions to minimize slide movement in rapid passages; for instance, 2555: 3126: 1677: 1514: 2775: 2615: 2438:, appearing on most band instruments, as well as most student and intermediate model trombones. Many improvements of the rotary valve, as well as entirely new and radically different valve designs, have been invented since the mid 20th century to give the trombone a more open, free sound than the tight bends in conventional rotary valve designs would allow. Many of these new valve designs have been widely adopted by players, especially in symphony orchestras. The Thayer 3883:. The use of alto clef is usually confined to orchestral first trombone parts, with the second trombone part written in tenor clef and the third (bass) part in bass clef. As the alto trombone declined in popularity during the 19th century, this practice was gradually abandoned and first trombone parts came to be notated in the tenor or bass clef. Some Russian and Eastern European composers wrote first and second tenor trombone parts on one alto clef staff (the German 3385: 2653:) on the rim of the bell. Their sound is very even across dynamic levels but it can be difficult to play at louder volumes. While their bore sizes were considered large in the 19th century, German trombones have altered very little over the last 150 years and are now typically somewhat smaller than their American counterparts. Bell sizes remain very large in all sizes of German trombone and a bass trombone bell may exceed 10 inches (25 cm) in diameter. 3283: 111: 3901: 2157: 213: 70: 3785:

largely cylindrical, which inhibits the production of the fundamental as a pedal tone pitch. Instead, trombonists use the higher harmonics of the instrument to produce pedal tones, giving them a bright and hollow tone quality. Some contemporary orchestral writing, movie or video game scoring, trombone ensemble and solo works will call for notes as low as a pedal C, B, or even double pedal B♭ on the bass trombone.

1922: 4134: 2601:

originally seen as a gimmick, these plastic models have found increasing popularity of the last decade and are now viewed as practice tools that make for more convenient travel as well as a cheaper option for beginning players not wishing to invest so much money in a trombone right away. Manufacturers now produce large-bore models with triggers as well as smaller alto models.

1584:

Europe, used rear-facing trombones with the bell pointing behind the player's left shoulder. These bands played a limited repertoire that consisted mainly of orchestral transcriptions, arrangements of popular and patriotic tunes, and feature pieces for soloists (usually cornetists, singers, and violinists). A notable work for wind band is Berlioz's 1840

4143:, p. 3: "Many modern musicians prefer to use the word 'sackbut' when referring to the Baroque trombone. All other instruments in constant use since the Baroque have changed more...In response to the number of times people including musicians, have asked if the sackbut is something like a trombone, I have stopped using this misleading word.". 1900:, marching bands, military bands, brass bands, and brass choirs. In chamber music, it is used in brass quintets, quartets, and trios, and also in trombone trios, quartets, or choirs. The size of a trombone choir can vary from five or six to twenty or more members. Trombones are also common in swing, jazz, merengue, salsa, R&B, 2190:), a B♭ tenor trombone built with the wider bore and larger bell of a bass trombone that Sattler had earlier invented in 1821. Sattler's valve attachment added about 3 feet (0.9 m) of tubing to lower the fundamental pitch from B♭ to F, controlled by a rotary valve, and is essentially unchanged in modern instruments. 3744:

significant movement of the slide is required between positions, which becomes more exaggerated on lower pitched trombones, but for higher notes the player need only use the first four positions of the slide since the partials are closer together, allowing higher notes in alternate positions. As an example, F

1475:

than the melodic soprano line. The introduction of trombones into the orchestra allied them more closely with trumpets, and soon a tenor trombone replaced the alto. The Germans and Austrians kept alto trombone somewhat longer than the French, who preferred a section of three tenor trombones until after the

2725:

and whilst other sizes were made there, the French usually preferred the tenor trombone to any other size. French music, therefore, usually employed a section of three tenor trombones up to the mid–20th century. Tenor trombones produced in France during the 19th and early 20th centuries featured bore

2630:

can differ substantially from American designs in many aspects. The mouthpiece is typically rather small and is placed into a slide section with a very long leadpipe of at least 12 to 24 inches (30–60 cm). The whole instrument is typically made of gold brass. They are constructed using very

2356:

Contrabass trombones in F typically have two independent valves, tuned either to C and D♭ combining to A, or in European models tuned to D and B♭ combining to A♭. Contrabass trombones in low B♭ usually have only one valve in F, although Miraphone make a model in C with two independent valves in G and

2025:

Like the trumpet, the trombone is considered a cylindrical bore instrument since it has extensive sections of tubing that are of unchanging diameter (the slide section must be cylindrical in order to function). Tenor trombones typically have a bore of 0.450 inches (11.4 mm) (small bore) to 0.547

1887:

One of the most significant changes was the development of the F-attachment trigger. Through the mid-20th century there was no need for orchestral trombonists to use instruments with the F attachment trigger. As contemporary composers such as Mahler began to write lower passages for the trombone, the

1842:

With the rise of recorded music and music schools, orchestral trombone sections around the world began to have a more consistent idea of a standard trombone sound. In the 1940s, British orchestras abandoned the use of small bore tenors and G basses in favor of the American/German choice of large bore

3000:

is smaller than the tenor trombone and almost always pitched in E♭ a fourth higher than the tenor, although examples pitched in F are occasionally found. Modern instruments are sometimes fitted with a valve to lower the pitch, either by a semitone to D (known as a "trill" valve), or by a fourth into

2835:

opera cycle. Since the late 20th century however, it has largely been supplanted by a less cumbersome single-slide bass-contrabass instrument pitched in 12' F. With two valve attachments to provide the same full range as its predecessor, this design is effectively a modern bass trombone built down a

3938:

Several makers have begun to market compact B♭/C trombones that are especially well suited for young children learning to play the trombone who cannot reach the outer slide positions of full-length instruments. The fundamental note of the unenhanced length is C, but the short valved attachment that

3486:

In 1811 Joseph Fröhlich wrote on the differences between the modern system and an old system where four diatonic slide positions were used and the trombone was usually keyed to A. To compare between the two styles the chart below may be helpful (take note for example, in the old system contemporary

2583:

trombonist might choose a shallower cup for brighter tone and easier production of higher notes. Further, for certain compositions, these choices between two such performers could easily be reversed. Some mouthpiece makers now offer mouthpieces that feature removable rims, cups, and shanks allowing

2562:

The mouthpiece is a separate part of the trombone and can be interchanged between similarly sized trombones from different manufacturers. Available mouthpieces for trombone (as with all brass instruments) vary in material composition, length, diameter, rim shape, cup depth, throat entrance, venturi

2259:

in seventh, as well as providing alternate slide positions for other notes in long (sixth and seventh) positions. Because the attachment tubing increases the length of the overall instrument by one-third, the distances between slide positions must also be one-third longer when the valve is engaged,

2056:

mixtures. The most common material is yellow brass (70% copper, 30% zinc), but other materials include rose brass (85% copper, 15% zinc) and red brass (90% copper, 10% zinc). Some manufacturers offer interchangeable bells. Tenor trombone bells are usually between 7 and 9 in (18–23 cm) in

1883:

The trombone's construction changed in the 20th century. Different materials were used, mouthpiece, bore, and bell dimensions increased, and different mutes and valves were developed. Despite the overall trend towards larger bore instruments, many European trombone makers prefer a slightly smaller

1583:

Wind bands began during the French Revolution of 1791 and have always included trombones. They became more established in the 19th century and included circus bands, military bands, brass bands (primarily in the UK), and town bands (primarily in the US). Some of these, especially military bands in

1474:

during the Renaissance and early Baroque periods. The replacement of cornetts with oboes and clarinets did not change the trombone's role as a support to the alto, tenor, and bass voices of the chorus (usually in ecclesiastical settings), whose moving harmonic lines were more difficult to pick out

2488:

tubing usually has a larger bore through the attachment than through the rest of the instrument. A typical slide bore for an orchestral tenor trombone is 0.547 in (13.9 mm) while the bore in the attachment is 0.562 in (14.3 mm). The attachment tubing also incorporates a tuning

2113:

and 10 in (24 and 25 cm). The bell may be made from two separate brass sheets or from one single piece of metal, hammered on a mandrel to shape it. The edge of the bell may be finished with or without a piece of bell wire to secure it, which also affects the tone quality; most bells are

2017:

Trombones have a short tuning slide in the U-shaped bend between the neckpipe and the bell, a feature designed by the French maker François Riedlocker in the early 19th century. It was incorporated into French and British designs, and later to German and American models, although German trombones

2545:

configuration, in which the bore of the second leg of the slide is slightly larger than the bore of the first leg, producing a stepwise conical effect. The most common dual-bore combinations are 0.481–0.491 in (12.2–12.5 mm), 0.500–0.508 in (12.7–12.9 mm), 0.508–0.525 in

3743:

The higher in the harmonic series any two successive notes are, the closer they tend to be (as evidenced by the progressively smaller intervals noted above). A byproduct of this is the relatively few motions needed to move between notes in the higher ranges of the trombone. In the lower range,

2600:

Instruments made mostly from plastic, including the pBone and the Tromba plastic trombone, emerged in the 2010s as a cheaper and more robust alternative to brass. Plastic instruments could come in almost any colour but the sound plastic instruments produce is different from that of brass. While

1851:

During the first half of the 20th century the popularity of touring and community concert bands in the United States decreased. At the same time, the development of music education in the public school system made high-school and university concert bands and marching bands ubiquitous. A typical

3784:

is frequently seen in commercial scoring but much less often in symphonic music, while notes below that are called for only rarely as they "become increasingly difficult to produce and insecure in quality" with A♭ or G being the bottom limit for most tenor trombonists. The trombone's tubing is

2531:

Some trombones are tuned using a mechanism in the slide section instead of a tuning slide in the bell section. Having the tuning slide in the bell section (the more typical setup) requires two sections of cylindrical tubing in an otherwise conical part of the instrument, which affects the tone

1532: 2704:

Since around 1925, when jazz music became popular, Germany has been selling "American trombones" as well. Most trombones made and/or played in Germany today, especially by amateurs, are built in the American fashion, as those are much more widely available, and thus far cheaper. However, some

3887:

was the first to do this). Examples of this practice are evident in scores by Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev, Dmitri Shostakovich. Trombone parts in band music are nearly exclusively notated in bass clef. The rare exceptions are in contemporary works intended for high-level wind bands.

1574:

and Gustav Mahler's and Richard Strauss' addition of a second bass trombone to the usual trio of two tenors and one bass. The majority of orchestral works are still scored for the usual mid- to late-19th-century low brass section of two tenor trombones, one bass trombone, and one tuba.

2899:(see below). Tenor trombones with C as their fundamental note were almost equally popular in the mid-19th century in Britain and France. As the trombone in its simplest form has neither crooks, valves nor keys to lower the pitch by a specific interval, trombonists use seven chromatic 1301:

musicians were available. Handel, for instance, had to import trombones to England from a Royal court in Hanover, Germany, to perform one of his larger compositions. Because of the relative scarcity of trombones, their solo parts were generally interchangeable with other instruments.

1563:

or the tuba was added to the orchestra during the 19th century, bass trombone parts were scored in a higher register than previously. The bass trombone regained some independence in the early 20th century. Experiments with the trombone section included Richard Wagner's addition of a

1381:

became a staple audition piece for the instrument. Aside from solo parts, Mozart's orchestration usually features a trio of alto, tenor and bass trombones, doubling the respective voices in the choir. The earliest known symphony featuring a trombone section is Symphony in C minor by

3752:(or the lowest E on a standard 88-key piano keyboard) is the lowest attainable note on a 9-foot (2.7 m) B♭ tenor trombone, requiring a full 7 feet 4 inches (2.24 m) of tubing. On trombones without an F attachment, there is a gap between B♭ 3818:, though generally simple with valves, are difficult on the slide trombone. Trills tend to be easiest and most effective higher in the harmonic series because the distance between notes is much smaller and slide movement is minimal. For example, a trill on B 1176:

and herald the arrival of important people to the city, an activity that signified wealth and strength in 16th-century German cities. These heralding trombonists were often viewed separately from the more skilled trombonists who played in groups such as the

3968:

Trombones in slide and valve configuration have been made by a vast array of musical instrument manufacturers. For the brass bands of the late 19th and early 20th century, prominent American manufacturers included Graves and Sons, E. G. Wright and Company,

2540:

Common and popular bore sizes for trombone slides are 0.500, 0.508, 0.525 and 0.547 in (12.7, 12.9, 13.3 and 13.9 mm) for tenor trombones, and 0.562 in (14.3 mm) for bass trombones. The slide may also be built with a

1694: 3916:. Many are held in place with the use of cork grips, including the straight, cup, harmon and pixie mutes. Some fit over the bell, like the bucket mute. In addition to this, mutes can be held in front of the bell and moved to cover more or less area for a 3660:

are corrected for by slightly adjusting the slide or by using an alternate position. Although much of Western music has adopted the even-tempered scale, it has been the practice in Germany and Austria to play these notes in position, where they will have

1482:

Trombonists were employed less by court orchestras and cathedrals, who had been providing the instruments. Military musicians were provided with instruments, and instruments like the long F or E♭ bass trombone remained in military use until around the

1664:

that was designed to be set in a single position but later became the modern F-valve. The valve trombone appeared around the 1850s shortly after the invention of valves, and was in common use in Italy and Austria in the second half of the century.

2860:

as the tenor but with a wider bore, a larger bell, and a larger mouthpiece. These features facilitate playing in the lower register of the instrument. Modern bass trombones have valves that allow a fully chromatic range down to the pedal register

3891:

An accomplished performer today is expected to be proficient in reading parts notated in bass clef, tenor clef, alto clef, and (more rarely) treble clef in C, with the British brass-band performer expected to handle treble clef in B♭ as well.

1163:

The sackbut appeared in the 15th century and was used extensively across Europe, declining in most places by the mid to late 17th century. It was used in outdoor events, in concert, and in liturgical settings. Its principal role was as the

1967:

The trombone is a predominantly cylindrical tube with two U-shaped bends and a flared bell at the end. The tubing is approximately cylindrical but contains a complex series of tapers which affect the instrument's intonation. As with other

1490:

Valve trombones in the mid-19th century did little to alter the make-up of the orchestral trombone section. While its use declined in German and French orchestras, the valve trombone remained popular in some countries, including Italy and

2840:. Although the contrabass has only appeared occasionally in orchestral repertoire and is not a permanent member of the modern orchestra, it has enjoyed a revival in the 21st century, particularly in film and video game soundtracks. 1659:

The trombone was improved in the 19th century with the addition of "stockings" at the end of the inner slide to reduce friction, the development of the water key to expel condensation from the horn, and the occasional addition of

1530: 2692:

As with other traditional German and Austrian brass instruments, rotary valves are used to the exclusion of almost all other types of valve, even in valve trombones. Other features often found on German trombones include long

3947:

depressed. While such instruments have no seventh slide position, C and B natural may be comfortably accessed on the first and second positions by using the trigger. A similar design ("Preacher model") was marketed by

3245:

A hybrid, "duplex" or "double" trombone is a design of trombone that has both a slide and a set of three valves for altering the pitch. It has been reinvented several times since first appearing in the 19th century by

3860:. Prior to the invention of valve systems, most brass instruments were limited to playing one overtone series at a time; altering the pitch of the instrument required manually replacing a section of tubing (called a " 1866:

In the 1900s the trombone and the tuba played bass lines and outlined chords to support improvisation by the higher-pitched instruments. It began to be used as a solo instrument during the swing era of the mid-1920s.

1386:. The date is uncertain but it is most probably from the peak of the composer's activity in the 1770s. The earliest confident date for introducing the trombone to the symphony is therefore Zimmermann's death in 1781. 3797:, by moving the slide without interrupting the airflow or sound production. Every pitch in a glissando must have the same harmonic number, and a tritone is the largest interval that can be performed as a glissando. 1531: 2578:

Mouthpiece selection is a highly personal decision. Thus, a symphonic trombonist might prefer a mouthpiece with a deeper cup and sharper inner rim shape in order to produce a rich symphonic tone quality, while a

2335:

Single-valve B♭ bass trombones with an F attachment are still made but are now less common than two-valve bass trombones. They are essentially very large bore tenor trombones, and likewise cannot provide the low

1074:

became less common as improvements in technique extended the upper range of the tenor, but it is regaining popularity for its lighter sonority. In British brass-band music the tenor trombone is treated as a B♭

2489:

slide to tune the valve separately from the rest of the instrument, usually long enough to lower the pitch by a semitone when fully extended (from F to E on tenor and bass trombones, to reach the missing low B

1215:

When the sackbut returned to common use in England in the 18th century, Italian music was so influential that the instrument became known by its Italian name, "trombone". Its name remained constant in Italy

1693: 2662:

trombone. Before 1850, bass trombone parts were mostly played on a slightly longer F-bass trombone (a fourth lower). The first valve was simply a fourth-valve, or in German "Quart-ventil", built onto a

976: 3656:

in particular, which is at the seventh partial (sixth overtone) is nearly always 31 cents, or about one third of a semitone, flat of the minor seventh. On the slide trombone, such deviations from

3509:. Tightening and loosening the lips will allow the player to "bend" the note up or down by a semitone without changing position, so a slightly out-of-position slide may be compensated for by ear. 1695: 2515:

In marching bands and other situations where the trombone may be more prone to damage, the confined traditional wrap is more common, since open wrap tubing protrudes behind the bell section.

2512:

began to emerge among orchestral players. Open wrap F attachment tubing is shaped in a single loop free of tight bends, resulting in a freer response and more "open" sound through the valve.

2085: in (19–22 cm). The smallest sizes are found on jazz trombones and older narrow-bore instruments, while the larger sizes are common on orchestral models. Bass trombone bells can be 1523: 2563:

aperture, venturi profile, outside design and other factors. Variations in mouthpiece construction affect the individual player's ability to make a lip seal and produce a reliable tone, the

4931:

Baroque Solo and Homogeneous Ensemble Trombone Repertoire: A Lecture Recital Supporting and Demonstrating Performance at a Pitch Standard Derived from Primary Sources and Extant Instruments

4764: 3764:" notes between these, but the sound is relatively weak and not usually used in performance. The addition of an F attachment allows for intermediate notes to be played with more clarity. 2546:(12.9–13.3 mm), 0.525–0.547 in (13.3–13.9 mm), 0.547–0.562 in (13.9–14.3 mm) for tenor trombones, and 0.562–0.578 in (14.3–14.7 mm) for bass trombones. 4955: 1066:, reading at concert pitch in bass clef, with higher notes sometimes being notated in tenor clef. They are pitched in B♭, an octave below the B♭ trumpet and an octave above the B♭ bass 2726:

sizes of around 0.450 in (11.4 mm), small bells of not more than 6 in (15 cm) in diameter, as well as a funnel-shaped mouthpiece slightly larger than that of the

2022:

connected to additional tubing which lengthens the instrument. This extends the low range of the instrument and creates the option of using alternate slide positions for many notes.

3848:. Trills are most commonly found in early Baroque and Classical music for the trombone as a means of ornamentation, however, some more modern pieces will call for trills as well. 1852:

concert band trombone section consists of two tenor trombones and one bass trombone, but using multiple players per part is common practice, especially in public-school settings.

2149:. The valve attachment aids in increasing the lower range of the instrument, while also allowing alternate slide positions for difficult music passages. A valve can also make 6214: 3920:

effect. Mutes used in this way include the "hat" (a metal mute shaped like a bowler hat) and plunger (which looks like, and often is, the rubber suction cup from a sink or

3211:. They are most often pitched in 12' F, although models are available in E♭ and occasionally 16' C and 18' B♭. The cimbasso is most commonly used in performances of late 1722: 1656:(snake decorations), the bell garland, and the wide bell flare. These features were widely copied during the 19th century and are still found on German made trombones. 1590:, which uses a trombone solo for the entire second movement. Toward the end of the 19th century, trombone virtuosi began appearing as soloists in American wind bands. 1189:

in the early 17th century. The 17th-century trombone had slightly smaller dimensions than a modern trombone, with a bell that was more conical and less flared. Modern

1349:; these movements are often extracted from the multi-movement works and performed as standalone alto trombone concerti. Examples include the Serenade in E♭ (1755) by 3025:, but the subsequent use and popularity of tenor trombones in the orchestra largely eclipsed their use until a modern revival that began in the late 20th century. 4732: 3844:) the notes can both be achieved in 1st position as a lip trill. Thus, the most convincing trills tend to be above the first octave and a half of the tenor's 3096:

The sopranino and piccolo trombones appeared in the 1950s as novelty instruments, and are even smaller and higher than the soprano. They are pitched in high E

1626:, was the first in a long line of distinguished professors of the trombone. Several composers wrote works for Queisser, including Mendelssohn's concertmaster 957: 3807:'Harmonic', 'inverted', 'broken' or 'false' glissandos are those that cross one or more harmonic series, requiring a simulated or faked glissando effect. 2825:

The contrabass trombone is the lowest trombone, first appearing in BB♭ an octave below the tenor with a double slide. This design was commissioned by

3956:

label. Currently, B♭/C trombones are available from many manufacturers, including German makers Günter Frost, Thein and Helmut Voigt, as well as the

3402:, it featured a tenor trombone slide and a bell that ended in a zoomorphic (serpent or dragon) head. It sounds like a cross between a trombone and a 5331: 1686: 1652:

Sattler had a great influence on trombone design, introducing a significantly larger bore (the most important innovation since the Renaissance),

2669:

tenor trombone, to allow playing in low F. This valve was first built without a return spring, and was only intended to set the instrument in B

1268: 2734:. French tenor trombones were built in both C and B♭, altos in D♭, sopranos in F, piccolos in B♭, basses in G and E♭, and contrabasses in B♭. 1310:

The construction of the trombone did not change very much between the Baroque and Classical period, but the bell became slightly more flared.

1995:: a small constriction of the air column that adds resistance, greatly affecting the tone of the instrument. The slide section consists of a 3143:

were invented, trombones with valves instead of slides were adopted widely in orchestras, and remain popular in some parts of Europe and in

6247: 5487: 2297:

The modern bass trombone usually has two valve attachments to provide all of the notes that are absent on an instrument with no valves (B♮

5558: 4303: 5482: 5447: 4935: 4844: 950: 2870:). In Britain, the bass trombone in G was used in orchestras from the mid-19th century and survived into the 1950s, particularly in 1586: 1487:. Orchestral musicians adopted the tenor trombone, as it could generally play any of the three trombone parts in orchestral scores. 3589:

As with all brass instruments, progressive tightening of the lips and increased air pressure allow the player to move to different

1999:, inner and outer slide tubes, and bracing, or "stays". The soldered stays on modern instruments replaced the loose stays found on 1264: 1212:. The trombone doubled voice parts in sacred works, but there are also solo pieces written for trombone in the early 17th century. 3487:

1st-position was considered "drawn past" then current 1st). In the modern system, each successive position outward (approximately

4265: 2854:

Although early instruments were pitched in G, F or E♭ below the tenor trombone, the modern bass trombone is pitched in the same B

2236:

Tenor trombones, especially the larger bore symphonic models, commonly have a valve attachment which lowers the instrument from B

1611: 1256: 2193:

Valve attachments are most commonly found on tenor and bass trombones, but they can appear on sizes from soprano to contrabass.

2030:

bore) after the leadpipe and through the slide. The bore expands through the bow to the bell, which is typically between 7 and

1402:

is sometimes mistakenly credited with the trombone's introduction into the orchestra, having used it shortly afterwards in his

4110:

Green, Helen (2011). "Defining the City 'Trumpeter': German Civic Identity and the Employment of Brass Instruments, c. 1500".

3831:

is virtually impossible as the slide must move two positions (either 1st-to-3rd or 5th-to-3rd), however at an octave higher (B

6475: 5390: 5344: 5187: 5068: 5051: 4785: 4515: 4457: 4423: 2318:. The second valve, engaged together with the first, lowers the instrument to D (or less commonly, E♭) and provides the low B 2675:

or F for extended passages. Since the mid-20th century, modern instruments use a trigger to engage the valve while playing.

1260: 3082:, and classical trumpeter Torbjörn Hultmark, who advocates for its use as an instrument for young children to learn music. 3049:

an octave above the tenor, and has seldom been used since its first known appearance in 1677 outside of trombone choirs in

943: 3577:

Trombone first position harmonic series, "where additional overtones may be used to stretch the upper range a bit higher."

1357:. The earliest known independent trombone concerto is probably the Concerto for Alto Trombone and Strings in B♭ (1769) by 1034:(a suffix meaning "large"), so the name means "large trumpet". The trombone has a predominantly cylindrical bore like the 2228:, providing a small loop of tubing that lowers the instrument by only a minor or major second, into D or D♭ respectively. 1622:

and its yearly exhibition also contributed to trombone education. At the Leipzig academy, Mendelssohn's bass trombonist,

1297:

style popular during the early 18th century. Score notations are rare because only a few professional "Stadtpfeiffer" or

4072: 2961:, the trombone's upper range is theoretically open-ended. The practical top of the range is sometimes considered to be F 1172:, in bands sponsored by towns and courts. Trumpeters and trombonists were employed in German city-states to stand watch 1141:" long predates the invention of the slide and could refer to a natural trumpet as late as the early fifteenth century. 6485: 3800:

The trombone glissando can create remarkable effects, and it is used in jazz and popular music, as in the famous song "

175: 3597:. In the first position (also called closed position) on a B♭ trombone, the notes in the harmonic series begin with B♭ 3348: 2141:

Modern trombones often have a valve attachment, an extra loop of tubing attached to the bell section and engaged by a

5364: 5312: 5293: 5270: 5251: 5206: 5168: 5141: 5122: 5103: 5084: 5039: 5020: 5001: 4982: 3970: 1644:'s tenor-bass trombone during the 1840s, leading to its widespread use in orchestras throughout Germany and Austria. 1190: 312: 274: 256: 194: 147: 97: 4621: 238: 6240: 4740: 4284: 4247: 4060:

Le doctrinal du temps présent , compilé par maistre Pierre Michault, secrétaire du très puissant duc de Bourgoingne

3091: 2532:

quality. Placing the tuning mechanism in the cylindrical slide section allows the bell section to remain conical.

2224:, providing the first five or six positions from the tenor trombone slide. Some alto models have what is called a 1479:. In other countries, the trio of two tenor trombones and one bass became standard by about the mid-19th century. 6490: 5551: 4229: 3108:

respectively, one octave above the alto and soprano trombones. Owing to being essentially a slide variant of the

2592: 1341:

Early Classical composers occasionally included concertante movements with alto trombone as a solo instrument in

3748:(at the bottom of the treble clef) may be played in first, fourth or sixth position on a B♭ trombone. The note E 2656:

Valve attachments in tenor and bass trombones were first seen in the mid 19th century, originally on the tenor B

154: 6132: 5222: 4200: 3712:(a major second higher) at the next partial are very high notes; a very skilled player with a highly developed 3271: 2575:

tendencies, the player's subjective level of comfort, and the instrument's playability in a given pitch range.

223: 132: 2950:

may be played in first or fifth position. Alternate positions are also needed to allow a player to produce a

2006:

The most distinctive feature of the trombone is the slide that lengthens the tubing and lowers the pitch (cf.

384:; low B is only possible if the tuning slide of the F attachment is pulled out to E. For other trombones, see 6168: 6137: 5160: 2314:

The first valve is an F attachment the same as that found on a tenor trombone and extends the range down to C

2018:

were built without tuning slides well into the 20th century. Many types of trombone also include one or more

830: 442: 3469:

Slide position chart (new system); most trombones are tenor trombones, like the valveless one in the middle.

2326:, where it serves to lower the F attachment to D and has no effect alone. More commonly the second valve is 2268:, but it usually has a sufficiently long tuning slide to lower it into E as required, which will provide B♮ 1736: 1358: 4818: 2469: 161: 6465: 6233: 5326: 3590: 3506: 2165: 1661: 1641: 1636: 1615: 1428: 376: 42: 6199: 5544: 3856:

Unlike most other brass instruments in an orchestral setting, the trombone is not usually considered a

3412: 3079: 1627: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1279: 1193:

use the term "sackbut" to distinguish this earlier version of the trombone from the modern instrument.

4845:"André Braun's Gamme et Méthode pour les Trombonnes: The Earliest Modern Trombone Method Rediscovered" 4801: 3398:

A distinctive form of tenor trombone was popularized in France in the early 19th century. Called the

2350: 6480: 6178: 5516: 3474: 2939: 2896: 1311: 143: 128: 83: 38: 17: 5983: 2146: 2044:

inches (18 and 22 cm). A number of common variations on trombone construction are noted below.

6173: 4548: 4002: 3990: 3978: 3924:). The "wah-wah" sound of a trombone with a harmon mute is featured as the voices of adults in the 3323: 3270:

produced the "Superbone", very similar to the earlier Conn. In 2013 Schagerl in collaboration with

2508:, first conceived by Californian instrument technician Larry Minick, around the same time that the 1861: 1079:, written in treble clef, and the alto trombone is written at concert pitch, usually in alto clef. 447: 5526: 3223:, but has also experienced a 21st-century revival in film, television and video game soundtracks. 3062:, it tends to be played by trumpet players. During the 20th century some soprano trombones—dubbed 2626:

German trombones have been built in a wide variety of bore and bell sizes. The traditional German

2330:, where it can be engaged separately to lower the instrument to G♭, or to D when both are engaged. 6400: 6158: 6096: 6066: 5382: 4769: 4707: 3594: 3369: 3303: 3208: 2911: 2831: 1631: 1570: 1539: 1364: 1181:

wind ensembles and the first orchestral ensembles, which performed in religious settings such as

616: 234: 121: 5492: 3343: 3161: 2957:

While the lowest note of the tenor trombone's range (excluding fundamentals or pedal notes) is E

1640:

in 1837, and Sachse's solo works remain popular in Germany. Queisser championed and popularized

1328: 6356: 6019: 4638: 4006: 3857: 3648:(a minor third higher) in first position, tend to be out of tune in regards to the twelve-tone 3373: 3247: 3140: 2903:. Each position progressively increases the length of the air column, thus lowering the pitch. 2496:

Originally, valve attachment tubing was always coiled tightly to keep within the bell section (

2201: 2142: 1828: 1623: 1395: 1236: 1076: 1063: 1008: 4777: 4415: 4311: 3237: 1504: 999:. As with all brass instruments, sound is produced when the player's vibrating lips cause the 6470: 5765: 5503: 4447: 3050: 2883: 1232: 1182: 1155: 6320: 6274: 5470: 4154: 3581: 1972:, sound is produced by blowing air through pursed lips producing a vibration that creates a 1255:. He also employed a choir of four trombones to double the chorus in three of his cantatas ( 6163: 5899: 5879: 5862: 5785: 5336: 4381: 3692:(a major second higher)—do not require much adjustment for even-tempered intonation, but E♭ 1399: 340: 294: 3573: 2504:). In the early 1980s, American instrument manufacturers began producing instruments with 2291: 8: 6377: 5680: 4410:

Musical Instruments: History, Technology, and Performance of Instruments of Western Music

4058: 4036: 3644:

marks the sixth partial, or the fifth overtone. Notes on the next partial, for example A♭

3174: 2820: 2807: 2759: 2701:(snake decorations) on the slide and bell U-bows to help protect the tubing from damage. 2523: 1812: 1796: 1565: 881: 864: 475: 5441: 4326: 4169: 3735: 2133: 6495: 6279: 6257: 6153: 6117: 6051: 5925: 5755: 5613: 5588: 5282: 5216: 4174: 4123: 4010: 3957: 3717: 3657: 3433: 2871: 2678: 2572: 2218:

alto trombone, a valve attachment usually lowers the instrument a perfect fourth into B

1980: 1832: 1619: 1448: 1197: 1096: 992: 466: 394: 5476: 4929: 3772: 3465: 3360:

The term "sackbut" refers to the early forms of the trombone commonly used during the

1500: 1201: 168: 5817: 5640: 5404: 5396: 5386: 5360: 5340: 5308: 5289: 5266: 5247: 5202: 5183: 5164: 5153: 5137: 5118: 5099: 5080: 5064: 5035: 5016: 4997: 4978: 4781: 4521: 4511: 4453: 4419: 4408: 4178: 4127: 3982: 3649: 3361: 2390: 1808: 1804: 1748: 1595: 1495:, almost to the exclusion of the slide instrument. Composers such as Giuseppe Verdi, 1322: 1273: 1205: 679: 610: 2705:

higher-end manufacturers such as Thein make modern iterations of the classic German

2204:

commissioned the first soprano trombone in B♭ with an F valve, built by Thein Brass.

1314:

was the first major composer to use the trombone in an opera overture, in the opera

6413: 6091: 6003: 5695: 5567: 5420: 4773: 4529: 4352: 4164: 4115: 3666: 3267: 3263: 3074:. A small number of contemporary proponents of the instrument include jazz artists 3040: 3034: 2915: 2791: 2787: 2755: 2554: 2509: 2439: 2413: 2367: 1969: 1792: 1780: 1752: 1740: 1476: 1383: 1378: 1334: 996: 545: 325: 305: 3125: 2399: 230: 6325: 6265: 6183: 6036: 5867: 5837: 5832: 5608: 5598: 5412: 5230: 4499: 4119: 3974: 3917: 3884: 3662: 3429: 3259: 3251: 3220: 3188: 3109: 3075: 3071: 3067: 2721:

French trombones were built in the very smallest bore sizes up to the end of the

2631:

thin metal (especially in the bell section), and many have a metal ring called a

2381: 2306: 2115: 1824: 1820: 1764: 1496: 1484: 1456: 1316: 1209: 980: 320: 6056: 5970: 5632: 5603: 4664: 4590: 3761: 3618: 3407: 3315: 3299: 3295: 3216: 3134: 2935: 2837: 2826: 2799: 2763: 2762:. Although trombones are usually constructed with a slide to change the pitch, 2743: 2584:

players to further customize and adjust their mouthpieces to their preference.

2458: 2127: 2007: 1992: 1868: 1836: 1784: 1702: 1598:

band and formed his own band, was one of the most famous of these trombonists.

1464: 1460: 1452: 1440: 1432: 1350: 1055: 1012: 876: 5988: 5408: 5381:. Dictionaries for the Modern Musician. Illustrator: Lennie Peterson. Lanham: 4525: 2774: 6459: 6439: 6351: 6315: 6204: 6127: 6076: 6041: 5847: 5805: 5719: 5690: 5685: 5379:

An Illustrated Dictionary for the Modern Trombone, Tuba, and Euphonium Player

5322: 5063:

Bucina: The Historic Brass Society Series. Hillsdale, N.Y.: Pendragon Press.

4507: 3989:. In the 21st century, leading mainstream manufacturers of trombones include 3861: 3845: 3815: 3610: 3449: 3365: 3184: 3144: 3001:

B♭. The alto trombone was commonly used in the 16th to the 18th centuries in

2997: 2991: 2849: 2803: 2795: 2747: 2443: 2421: 2371: 2150: 2019: 1984: 1973: 1872: 1816: 1800: 1776: 1756: 1436: 1367:

used the trombone in operas (notably in scenes featuring the Commendatore in

1354: 1298: 1289: 1248: 1244: 1071: 1059: 1047: 1004: 1000: 896: 840: 552: 492: 368: 89: 5499:

Overview of trombones on the MIMO (Musical Instrument Museums Online) portal

5424: 5416: 4533: 3428:

of "trombone" and "bassoon", the "tromboon" was created by musical parodist

3406:, with a very wide dynamic range but a limited and variable range of pitch. 2614: 2442:

is offered on professional models from most trombone manufacturers, and the

1082:

A person who plays the trombone is called a trombonist or trombone player.

6346: 6209: 6122: 6029: 6024: 5955: 5822: 5812: 5800: 5593: 3909: 3801: 3701: 3697: 3681: 3204: 3200: 3006: 3002: 2886: 2722: 2485: 2454: 2450: 2435: 1788: 1772: 1768: 1760: 1610:

became a center of trombone pedagogy, and the instrument was taught at the

1591: 1369: 1342: 1178: 1165: 769: 419: 381: 4566: 3448:. It appears in several humorous works of Schickele's fictional composer, 2906:

Extending the slide from one position to the next lowers the pitch by one

794: 6444: 6382: 6299: 6294: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5465: 5374: 4578: 4495: 3634: 3626: 3437: 3425: 3403: 3368:

eras, with a characteristically smaller, more cylindrically proportioned

3255: 3212: 2731: 2164:

The valve attachment was originally developed by German instrument maker

2011: 1739:

the trombone maintained its important place in the orchestra in works by

1444: 1427:

Trombones were included in operas, symphonies, and other compositions by

1217: 1173: 891: 669: 637: 627: 572: 497: 380:

Range of the tenor trombone. Ranges marked "F" are only possible with an

6225: 4687: 3793:

The trombone is one of the few wind instruments that can produce a true

3384: 6426: 6112: 6061: 6046: 5998: 5993: 5978: 5904: 5894: 5884: 5874: 5795: 5729: 5724: 4762:

Baines, Anthony C.; Myers, Arnold; Herbert, Trevor (2001). "Trombone".

4027: 3876: 3781: 3760:(the first harmonic in seventh position). Skilled players can produce " 3713: 3319: 3307: 3291: 3192: 2766:

instead use the set of three valves common on other brass instruments.

2248: 2114:

built with bell wire. Occasionally, trombone bells are made from solid

1744: 1714: 1560: 1551: 1223: 1043: 871: 846: 814: 784: 737: 694: 582: 577: 567: 512: 3282: 2052:

Trombone bells (and sometimes slides) may be constructed of different

1003:. Nearly all trombones use a telescoping slide mechanism to alter the 6434: 6361: 6086: 6071: 5827: 5760: 5739: 5700: 5061:

The Trombone in the Renaissance: A History in Pictures and Documents.

3994: 3986: 3953: 3949: 3880: 3872: 3794: 3327: 3232: 3010: 2951: 2694: 1897: 1051: 1020: 911: 886: 851: 835: 804: 744: 562: 527: 348: 330: 5536: 5483:

Sources for the Prescribed Sheet Music for the ABRSM practical exams

2709:, as well as American-style trombones with German features like the 241:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 110: 6394: 6341: 6081: 5930: 5705: 3900: 3502: 3156: 3022: 3018: 2907: 2751: 2568: 1996: 1843:

tenors and B♭ basses. French orchestras did the same in the 1960s.

1346: 1294: 819: 779: 754: 699: 689: 502: 482: 424: 5473:

by Will Kimball, Professor of Trombone at Brigham Young University

5400: 3053:. Built with mouthpiece, bore and bell dimensions similar to the B 2260:

resulting in only six positions available on the F slide, to low C

2156: 6289: 5920: 5889: 5857: 5842: 5790: 5734: 5713: 5618: 5582: 4022: 3926: 3921: 3445: 3355: 3059: 2919: 2000: 1988: 1896:

The trombone can be found in symphony orchestras, concert bands,

1607: 1492: 1471: 1252: 1150: 1111: 1035: 1016: 824: 789: 764: 759: 714: 709: 674: 592: 522: 487: 414: 404: 360: 2742:

The most frequently encountered types of trombone today are the

2434:

The most common type of valve seen for valve attachments is the

2126:

For trombones with three or more valves instead of a slide, see

5950: 5945: 5940: 5852: 5626: 5440: 3998: 3913: 3399: 3393: 3014: 2922:. The lowest note of the standard instrument is therefore an E 2727: 2564: 1186: 1039: 929: 906: 724: 664: 647: 557: 532: 409: 3294:" and "trombone", also known as the "marching trombone", is a 3262:" in the 1940s with a short four-position slide. In the 1970s 2247:

It provides access to the otherwise missing notes between the

1159:

Renaissance era tenor sackbut (replica by Frank Tomes, London)

6408: 6215:

List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers

5960: 5935: 5646: 3441: 3311: 3290:

The "flugabone" (or sometimes "flugelbone"), portmanteau of "

3066:—were made as novelties or for use by jazz players including 2053: 1921: 1169: 1127: 1038:, in contrast to the more conical brass instruments like the 901: 809: 799: 704: 659: 642: 632: 622: 507: 5150: 4266:"Albrechtsberger, J.G.: Concerto per trombone alto ed archi" 3704:

higher than it would be in twelve-tone equal temperament. E♭

3306:

of the trombone, rather than the conical bore of either the

2750:, though as with many other instrument families such as the 1196:

Composers who wrote for trombone during this period include

5749: 5460: 5455: 5284:

The World of Medieval & Renaissance Musical Instruments

5235:

Encyclopédie de la musique et Dictionnaire du Conservatoire

4406:

Campbell, Murray; Greated, Clive A.; Myers, Arnold (2004).

3739:

Trombone with F attachment slide position second harmonics.

3170: 2580: 2137:

Trombone with F attachment slide position second harmonics.

1067: 774: 749: 719: 684: 597: 517: 1015:

is an exception, using three valves similar to those on a

5479:

from Music Acoustics at the University of New South Wales

2340:

without lowering the valve to E with a long tuning slide.

1901: 1267:), and used three trombones and a cornett in the cantata 1110:

During the Renaissance, the equivalent English term was "

5263:

The World of Baroque & Classical Musical Instruments

3302:

wrapped into a compact flugelhorn shape. It retains the

1726:

Newsboy Military Band Member with Trombone, Toledo, Ohio

4614: 4032:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

3092:

Soprano trombone § Sopranino and piccolo trombones

2277:

Tenor trombones without a valve are sometimes known as

2099: in (27 cm) or more, with most being between 1114:". The word first appears in court records in 1495 as " 5305:

The World of Romantic & Modern Musical Instruments

4872: 4870: 3314:, and thus is similar in playing characteristics to a 1373:) and in sacred music. The prominent solo part in the 4909: 4897: 1239:

used trombones on a few occasions. Bach called for a

4540: 4405: 4091: 3483:. It was first described by Andre Braun circa 1795. 3274:

announced a larger bore variant with rotary valves.

1243:, which may have been a form of the closely related 1054:. The most frequently encountered trombones are the 4867: 4602: 4039: – Set of available musical works for trombone 4009:, Schilke, S.E. Shires, Thein, Wessex, Willson and 2408:Trombone valve attachments. Standard rotary valve, 2160:

Tenor trombone with a traditional wrap F attachment

1168:part in a dance band. It was also used, along with 135:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5281: 5152: 4761: 4407: 4079: 3085: 3005:to strengthen the alto voice, particularly in the 2264:. Thus, the F attachment cannot provide the low B♮ 4958:with ascending Bb/C rotor. Wayback.archive-it.org 4230:"Albrechtsberger; Mozart, L.: Trombone Concertos" 3388:Bell of a buccin, Museu de la Música de Barcelona 6457: 5229: 5048: 4994:Brass Instruments: Their History and Development 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4375: 4373: 4163:(PhD dissertation). Louisiana State University. 3112:, they are played primarily by trumpet players. 2305:). This allows the player to produce a complete 1389: 5332:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 2934:. Most experienced trombonists can play lower " 1470:The trombone trio was combined with one or two 5527:"Choosing Alternate Positions for Bebop Lines" 5115:The Trombone: Its History and Music, 1697–1811 4794: 4494: 4353:"The Evolution of the Jazz Trombone: Part One" 2954:to or from a higher note on the same partial. 2682:Tuning slide of a trombone with a traditional 6241: 5552: 5151:Herbert, Trevor; Wallace, John, eds. (1997). 4622:"Contrabass Trombone in Bb with Double Slide" 4473: 4370: 3178: 951: 5321: 5155:The Cambridge Companion to Brass Instruments 4452:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 15–. 4399: 4248:"Haydn, M.: Concerto per Trombone Alto in D" 3979:H. N. White Company/King Musical Instruments 3195:. The modern cimbasso first appeared as the 2754:, the trombone has been built in sizes from 2683: 2632: 2200:In the early 2010s Torbjörn Hultmark of the 2169: 1878: 1705:; played by The Indestructible Military Band 1647: 5211:. This source is now considered unreliable. 4439: 3912:can be used with the trombone to alter its 2638: 2527:In-slide tuning on a Conn 70H bass trombone 2255:in first position, and the second partial E 2175: 1001:air column inside the instrument to vibrate 98:Learn how and when to remove these messages 23: 6248: 6234: 5559: 5545: 5096:The Trombone: The Instrument and its Music 4936:University of North Carolina at Greensboro 3585:Trombone seventh position harmonic series. 3568: 3501:inches ) will produce a note which is one 2446:particularly from European manufacturers. 1846: 1730: 1578: 1422: 1394:Symphony in E♭ (1807) by Swedish composer 958: 944: 24: 6255: 5163:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4733:"Korg UK takes on distribution of Tromba" 4449:The Renaissance Sackbut and Its Use Today 4168: 3756:(the fundamental in first position) and E 3021:began writing for alto trombone in their 2618:Kruspe Virtuosa tenor trombone bell with 1130:as early as 1478. The French equivalent " 1026:The word "trombone" derives from Italian 275:Learn how and when to remove this message 257:Learn how and when to remove this message 195:Learn how and when to remove this message 4819:"FB124 Bb Flugabone (Marching Trombone)" 4379: 4324: 4318: 4112:Journal of the Royal Musical Association 3899: 3871:Trombone parts are typically notated in 3868:Baroque A tenor = modern B-flat tenor). 3771: 3734: 3580: 3572: 3464: 3460: 3383: 3342: 3281: 3236: 3169:The cimbasso covers the same range as a 3160: 3124: 3115: 2969:. The range of the C tenor trombone is F 2773: 2677: 2613: 2591: 2553: 2522: 2468: 2155: 2145:operated by the left hand by means of a 2132: 1721: 1601: 1154: 363:in English until the early 18th century. 32:This is an accepted version of this page 5302: 5279: 5260: 5177: 5093: 5074: 5029: 4915: 4903: 4778:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40576 4445: 4097: 4050: 3009:. Early 19th century composers such as 2351:Contrabass trombone § Construction 1884:bore than their American counterparts. 1398:features an independent trombone part. 14: 6458: 5241: 5196: 4991: 4842: 4836: 4662: 4546: 4382:"The German Trombone, by Jay Friedman" 4344: 4285:"A. Zimmermann: Symphonies (Ehrhardt)" 3776:Trombone slide position "pedal tones". 3473:The modern system has seven chromatic 3318:. A similar marching trombone is the " 3187:scores, and originally referred to an 2814: 2609: 2604: 2596:Trombone "pBone" made from ABS plastic 1587:Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale 1408:Symphony No. 6 in F major ("Pastoral") 1353:and Divertimento in D major (1764) by 1320:(1767). He also used it in the operas 6229: 5566: 5540: 5451:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). 1911. 5136:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 5131: 5112: 5052:Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart 4888: 4876: 4705: 4699: 4608: 4304:"Biography of Joachim Nikolas Eggert" 4282: 4152: 4140: 4109: 4085: 3613:higher than the previous partial), B♭ 3326:, wrapped and held vertically like a 3183:first appeared in early 19th century 1637:Concertino for Trombone and Orchestra 1507:scored for a valve trombone section. 1011:used by other brass instruments. The 5354: 5182:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 5010: 4972: 4927: 4921: 4506:(6th ed.). Upper Saddle River: 4414:. Oxford University Press. pp. 4103: 4056: 3601:(one octave higher than the pedal B♭ 2121: 2003:(medieval precursors to trombones). 1668: 206: 133:adding citations to reliable sources 104: 63: 59:Brass instrument played with a slide 5373: 5359:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5201:. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. 5199:Die Instrumentation: Teil 8 Posaune 4693: 4599:, p. 73, "independent valves". 4596: 4584: 4572: 4170:10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.2799 3875:, though sometimes also written in 3804:" by David Rose and his orchestra. 3028: 1987:and closely related to that of the 1891: 1542:, 1st movement (composed 1893–1896) 1305: 56: 5509: 5456:International Trombone Association 4965: 4350: 4325:Bernotas, Bob (7 September 2015). 4301: 4198: 3199:in the 1880s and has three to six 2769: 2057:diameter, with most being between 1675: 1512: 1417: 1107:(large), meaning "large trumpet". 57: 6507: 5433: 5032:Instrumentation and Orchestration 4380:Friedman, Jay (8 November 2003). 4227: 4153:Lewis, Horace Monroe (May 1975). 3971:Boston Musical Instrument Company 3333: 3120: 2877: 2292:Bass trombone § Construction 1231:During the later Baroque period, 79:This article has multiple issues. 5288:. New York: The Overlook Press. 5265:. New York: The Overlook Press. 4208:Historical Brass Society Journal 4073:Bibliothèque nationale de France 3963: 3254:. Jazz trombonist and machinist 3207:and a predominantly cylindrical 2985: 2843: 2473:F attachment tubing: open wrap, 2398: 2389: 2380: 2309:upwards from the pedal register. 2026:inches (13.9 mm) (large or 1920: 1713:Problems playing this file? See 1691: 1550:Problems playing this file? See 1528: 293: 211: 109: 68: 5307:. London: David & Charles. 4949: 4882: 4755: 4737:Musical Instrument Professional 4725: 4656: 4295: 4276: 4258: 3349:Museu de la Música de Barcelona 3347:Alto, tenor and bass sackbuts, 3139:In the 19th century as soon as 3086:Sopranino and piccolo trombones 2457:valves instead of a slide; see 1907: 1904:, and New Orleans brass bands. 341:Hornbostel–Sachs classification 120:needs additional citations for 87:or discuss these issues on the 6425:part relation with additional 6133:Drum and bugle corps (classic) 5493:NPR story about trombone bands 5477:Acoustics of Brass Instruments 5049:Blüme, Friedrich, ed. (1962). 4849:Historic Brass Society Journal 4639:"Bb contrabass slide trombone" 4575:, p. 10, "alto trombone". 4549:"The Soprano Trombone Project" 4504:The Technique of Orchestration 4446:Fischer, Henry George (1984). 4240: 4221: 4192: 4146: 3767: 3505:lower when played in the same 2688:snake ornament, by Thein Brass 2361: 1875:were early trombone soloists. 1855: 13: 1: 6309:Dynamic intonation adjustment 6138:Drum and bugle corps (modern) 5161:Cambridge Companions to Music 5098:. London: Faber & Faber. 5079:. London: Faber & Faber. 4996:. London: Faber & Faber. 4977:. London: Faber & Faber. 4587:, p. 55, "F-attachment". 4547:Salmon, Jane (23 June 2016). 4043: 4030: – Style of Gospel music 3952:in the 1920s, also under the 3939:puts the instrument in B♭ is 2549: 1390:Transition to Romantic period 443:List of classical trombonists 359:Originated mid 15th century, 6476:Continuous pitch instruments 6423:Physical just-intoned string 4739:. 2 May 2013. Archived from 4706:Flynn, Mike (20 June 2013). 4696:, p. 34, "closed wrap". 4120:10.1080/02690403.2011.562714 3933: 3788: 3700:higher) is almost exactly a 3455: 3410:wrote for the buccin in his 3277: 3226: 3129:Valve (tenor) trombone in B♭ 2895:and is usually treated as a 2806:in B♭ with F and G♭ valves, 1359:Johann Georg Albrechtsberger 1090: 7: 5525:Antonio J. García. (1997). 5515:Christian E. Waage (2009). 5329:, eds. (2001). "Trombone". 4806:Kanstul Musical Instruments 4681:The Online Trombone Journal 4665:"Larry David Minick Passes" 4201:"The Soprano Trombone Hoax" 4016: 3851: 3676:The next higher partials—B♭ 3419: 3150: 2810:in F with D and B♭ valves. 2558:A tenor trombone mouthpiece 2166:Christian Friedrich Sattler 1642:Christian Friedrich Sattler 1616:Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy 1064:non-transposing instruments 237:the claims made and adding 10: 6512: 6335:Just intonation in one key 6275:Fretless string instrument 6200:Pitch of brass instruments 5244:Talking about the Trombone 5221:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 4973:Adey, Christopher (1998). 4893:. Oxford University Press. 4663:Tanner, K (January 1999). 4160:in the Works of J. S. Bach 3688:(a major second higher), D 3432:by replacing a trombone's 3391: 3353: 3338: 3298:instrument, essentially a 3230: 3154: 3132: 3089: 3032: 2989: 2965:, or more conservatively D 2897:non-transposing instrument 2847: 2818: 2587: 2449:Some trombones have three 2365: 2348: 2322:. The second valve can be 2289: 2168:in the late 1830s for the 2125: 1983:is similar to that of the 1979:The detachable cup-shaped 1888:trigger became necessary. 1859: 1293:. All were examples of an 1148: 1103:(trumpet) plus the suffix 1095:"Trombone" comes from the 1085: 385: 6486:Marching band instruments 6422: 6393: 6370: 6334: 6321:Fretted string instrument 6308: 6264: 6192: 6146: 6105: 6012: 5969: 5913: 5778: 5574: 5471:Trombone History Timeline 5134:A History of the Trombone 4802:"Model 955 Bb Flugelbone" 3810: 3540: 3514: 3379: 2910:. Thus, each note in the 2882:The tenor trombone has a 2716: 2535: 2518: 2464: 1879:20th-century construction 1648:19th-century construction 1412:Symphony No. 9 ("Choral") 1404:Symphony No. 5 in C minor 1312:Christoph Willibald Gluck 1144: 438: 433: 400: 393: 374: 367: 355: 351:sounded by lip vibration) 339: 311: 304: 292: 5488:Two Frequencies Trombone 5466:British Trombone Society 5383:Rowman & Littlefield 5335:(2nd ed.). London: 5303:Montagu, Jeremy (1981). 5280:Montagu, Jeremy (1976). 5261:Montagu, Jeremy (1979). 5178:Herbert, Trevor (2006). 5132:Guion, David M. (2010). 5077:Anatomy of the Orchestra 5075:Del Mar, Norman (1983). 5059:Carter, Stewart (2011). 5030:Blatter, Alfred (1997). 5013:The Trumpet and Trombone 4992:Baines, Anthony (1980). 4708:"pBone plastic trombone" 3895: 3477:on a tenor trombone in B 3324:King Musical Instruments 2737: 2272:in a very long position. 2047: 1862:List of jazz trombonists 1023:has valves and a slide. 448:List of jazz trombonists 39:latest accepted revision 6371:Retunable to a just key 5461:Online Trombone Journal 5448:Encyclopædia Britannica 5242:Maxted, George (1970). 5094:Gregory, Robin (1973). 5015:. London: Ernest Benn. 4956:Yamaha Catalog YSL-350C 4770:Oxford University Press 4063:(in French). p. 16 3720:can go even higher to G 3569:Partials and intonation 3286:Flugabone in B♭ by Olds 3241:Holton TR-395 Superbone 3141:brass instrument valves 3043:is usually pitched in B 2832:Der Ring des Nibelungen 2713:and snake decorations. 2357:A♭, which combine to E. 1953:second slide brace/stay 1847:20th-century wind bands 1731:20th-century orchestras 1632:Friedrich August Belcke 1579:19th-century wind bands 1571:Der Ring des Nibelungen 1423:19th-century orchestras 1062:. These are treated as 6491:Orchestral instruments 6357:Long-string instrument 5984:Marching baritone horn 5517:"Slide Position Chart" 5246:. London: John Baker. 5055:. Kassel: Bärenreiter. 4975:Orchestral Performance 4928:Palm, Paul W. (2010). 4889:Myers, Arnold (2001). 3905: 3858:transposing instrument 3777: 3740: 3586: 3578: 3470: 3389: 3351: 3287: 3242: 3179: 3166: 3165:A modern cimbasso in F 3130: 2811: 2689: 2684: 2633: 2623: 2597: 2559: 2528: 2482: 2212:Although rare on the E 2202:Royal College of Music 2170: 2161: 2138: 1956:first slide brace/stay 1914:Basic trombone anatomy 1829:Ralph Vaughan Williams 1727: 1680: 1624:Karl Traugott Queisser 1594:, who played with the 1517: 1396:Joachim Nicolas Eggert 1237:George Frideric Handel 1160: 1077:transposing instrument 984: 6169:Classical trombonists 5766:Double bell euphonium 5197:Kunitz, Hans (1959). 5117:. Gordon and Breach. 5113:Guion, David (1988). 5034:. Belmont: Schirmer. 5011:Bate, Philip (1978). 4071:– via Gallica, 3997:, Courtois, Edwards, 3903: 3775: 3738: 3584: 3576: 3468: 3461:Basic slide positions 3387: 3346: 3285: 3240: 3164: 3128: 3116:Trombones with valves 3051:Moravian Church music 2914:can be lowered by an 2829:in the 1870s for his 2777: 2699:Schlangenverzierungen 2685:Schlangenverzierungen 2681: 2617: 2595: 2557: 2526: 2472: 2349:Further information: 2290:Further information: 2159: 2136: 1860:Further information: 1725: 1679: 1654:Schlangenverzierungen 1606:In the Romantic era, 1602:19th-century pedagogy 1540:Mahler's 3rd Symphony 1516: 1233:Johann Sebastian Bach 1158: 1070:. The once common E♭ 6378:Keyboard instruments 5355:Wick, Denis (1984). 5337:Macmillan Publishers 3943:when the trigger is 3372:, and a less-flared 3322:" first produced by 3197:trombone basso Verdi 2477:; traditional wrap, 1947:water key/spit valve 1630:, Ernst Sachse, and 1400:Ludwig van Beethoven 1329:Iphigénie en Tauride 1271:. Handel used it in 129:improve this article 5237:. Paris: Delagrave. 4843:Weiner, H. (1993). 4314:on 8 November 2014. 4156:The Problem of the 4037:Trombone repertoire 3175:contrabass trombone 2928:– a tritone below B 2872:British brass bands 2821:Contrabass trombone 2815:Contrabass trombone 2610:Germany and Austria 2605:Regional variations 2571:, the instrument's 2185:tenor-bass trombone 1976:in the instrument. 1916: 1813:Dmitri Shostakovich 1797:Sergei Rachmaninoff 1566:contrabass trombone 1251:in some liturgical 1134:" appears in 1466. 987:, Italian, French: 882:Electronic keyboard 467:Musical instruments 461:Part of a series on 395:Related instruments 289: 29:Page version status 6466:B-flat instruments 6280:Pedal steel guitar 6118:British brass band 5989:Marching euphonium 5756:Subcontrabass tuba 5357:Trombone Technique 4765:Grove Music Online 4553:Jane Salmon (blog) 4510:. pp. 148–9. 4283:Threasher, David. 4057:Michault, Pierre. 3958:Yamaha Corporation 3906: 3778: 3741: 3714:facial musculature 3587: 3579: 3471: 3390: 3352: 3288: 3243: 3215:Italian operas by 3167: 3131: 2812: 2690: 2624: 2598: 2567:of that tone, its 2560: 2529: 2483: 2162: 2139: 1912: 1873:J. J. Johnson 1833:Heitor Villa-Lobos 1728: 1681: 1634:. David wrote his 1620:Paris Conservatory 1518: 1449:Gioacchino Rossini 1222:) and in Germany ( 1198:Claudio Monteverdi 1183:St Mark's Basilica 1174:in the city towers 1161: 993:musical instrument 611:String instruments 287: 222:possibly contains 35: 6453: 6452: 6223: 6222: 6179:Euphonium players 5568:Brass instruments 5392:978-1-538-15966-8 5346:978-1-56159-239-5 5189:978-0-300235-75-3 5069:978-1-57647-206-4 4787:978-1-56159-263-0 4712:Jazzwise Magazine 4517:978-0-130-40772-6 4459:978-0-87099-412-8 4425:978-0-19-816504-0 4302:Kallai, Avishai. 4158:Tromba Da Tirarsi 3650:equal temperament 3566: 3565: 2122:Valve attachments 1970:brass instruments 1965: 1964: 1809:Arnold Schoenberg 1805:Ottorino Respighi 1749:Leonard Bernstein 1696: 1669:Twentieth century 1596:John Philip Sousa 1533: 1429:Felix Mendelssohn 1323:Orfeo ed Euridice 1241:tromba di tirarsi 1206:Giovanni Gabrieli 1191:period performers 1122:" is similar to " 968: 967: 546:Brass instruments 456: 455: 285: 284: 277: 267: 266: 259: 224:original research 205: 204: 197: 179: 102: 47:14 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 6503: 6481:Jazz instruments 6326:Wind instruments 6250: 6243: 6236: 6227: 6226: 6174:Jazz trombonists 6154:(all) Trumpeters 6092:Axial flow valve 6004:Contrabass bugle 5561: 5554: 5547: 5538: 5537: 5452: 5444: 5442:"Trombone" 5428: 5370: 5350: 5318: 5299: 5287: 5276: 5257: 5238: 5231:Lavignac, Albert 5226: 5220: 5212: 5193: 5174: 5158: 5147: 5128: 5109: 5090: 5056: 5045: 5026: 5007: 4988: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4768:(8th ed.). 4759: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4678: 4676: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4500:Grantham, Donald 4492: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4413: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4377: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4310:. Archived from 4299: 4293: 4292: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4205: 4199:Weiner, Harold. 4196: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4172: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4070: 4068: 4054: 4033: 3904:A plunger in use 3836: 3835: 3823: 3822: 3667:harmonic seventh 3512: 3511: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3492: 3482: 3481: 3413:Messe solennelle 3304:cylindrical bore 3264:Maynard Ferguson 3182: 3107: 3106: 3101: 3100: 3058: 3057: 3048: 3047: 3041:soprano trombone 3035:Soprano trombone 3029:Soprano trombone 2974: 2973: 2945: 2944: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2926: 2894: 2893: 2866: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2723:Second World War 2687: 2674: 2673: 2668: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2502:traditional wrap 2440:axial flow valve 2414:axial flow valve 2402: 2393: 2384: 2368:Axial flow valve 2241: 2240: 2223: 2222: 2217: 2216: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2147:lever or trigger 2112: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2035: 1924: 1917: 1911: 1892:Contemporary use 1793:Sergei Prokofiev 1781:Olivier Messiaen 1753:Benjamin Britten 1701:1908 ragtime by 1698: 1697: 1678: 1535: 1534: 1515: 1477:Second World War 1384:Anton Zimmermann 1335:Echo et Narcisse 1306:Classical period 1247:, to double the 979: 960: 953: 946: 458: 457: 306:Brass instrument 299:A tenor trombone 297: 290: 286: 280: 273: 262: 255: 251: 248: 242: 239:inline citations 215: 214: 207: 200: 193: 189: 186: 180: 178: 137: 113: 105: 94: 72: 71: 64: 21: 6511: 6510: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6501: 6500: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6424: 6418: 6401:overtone series 6398: 6395:Flageolet tones 6389: 6366: 6330: 6304: 6266:Just intonation 6260: 6254: 6224: 6219: 6188: 6159:Jazz trumpeters 6142: 6101: 6097:Harmonic series 6013:Parts/technique 6008: 5965: 5909: 5868:Soprano helicon 5838:Baroque trumpet 5833:Natural trumpet 5774: 5725:Alto/Tenor horn 5609:Fanfare trumpet 5570: 5565: 5531:GarciaMusic.com 5512: 5510:Slide positions 5504:Merriam Webster 5439: 5436: 5431: 5393: 5367: 5347: 5315: 5296: 5273: 5254: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5190: 5171: 5144: 5125: 5106: 5087: 5042: 5023: 5004: 4985: 4968: 4966:Further reading 4963: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4940: 4938: 4926: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4887: 4883: 4875: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4841: 4837: 4827: 4825: 4817: 4810: 4808: 4800: 4799: 4795: 4788: 4760: 4756: 4746: 4744: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4674: 4672: 4661: 4657: 4647: 4645: 4637: 4630: 4628: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4607: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4555: 4545: 4541: 4518: 4493: 4474: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4444: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4404: 4400: 4390: 4388: 4378: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4351:Wilken, David. 4349: 4345: 4335: 4333: 4323: 4319: 4300: 4296: 4281: 4277: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4203: 4197: 4193: 4183: 4181: 4151: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4108: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4066: 4064: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4031: 4019: 3975:E. A. Couturier 3966: 3936: 3898: 3885:Robert Schumann 3854: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3813: 3791: 3770: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3711: 3707: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3672: 3663:just intonation 3655: 3647: 3643: 3632: 3624: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3595:harmonic series 3571: 3497: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3479: 3478: 3475:slide positions 3463: 3458: 3430:Peter Schickele 3422: 3396: 3382: 3358: 3341: 3336: 3280: 3260:valide trombone 3235: 3229: 3189:upright serpent 3159: 3153: 3137: 3123: 3118: 3110:piccolo trumpet 3104: 3103: 3098: 3097: 3094: 3088: 3080:Christian Scott 3076:Wycliffe Gordon 3072:Dizzy Gillespie 3068:Louis Armstrong 3055: 3054: 3045: 3044: 3037: 3031: 2994: 2988: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2923: 2912:harmonic series 2901:slide positions 2891: 2890: 2880: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2846: 2823: 2817: 2772: 2770:Slide trombones 2764:valve trombones 2740: 2719: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2612: 2607: 2590: 2552: 2538: 2521: 2492: 2467: 2432: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2395: 2394: 2386: 2385: 2374: 2364: 2353: 2339: 2321: 2317: 2307:chromatic range 2304: 2300: 2294: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2238: 2237: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2213: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2171:Tenorbaßposaune 2131: 2124: 2116:sterling silver 2109: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2050: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2031: 1938:slide lock ring 1915: 1910: 1894: 1881: 1864: 1858: 1849: 1825:Igor Stravinsky 1821:Richard Strauss 1765:George Gershwin 1733: 1720: 1719: 1711: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1699: 1692: 1689: 1687:"Miss Trombone" 1682: 1676: 1671: 1650: 1628:Ferdinand David 1612:Musikhochschule 1604: 1581: 1557: 1556: 1548: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1536: 1529: 1526: 1519: 1513: 1501:Bedřich Smetana 1497:Giacomo Puccini 1485:First World War 1457:Robert Schumann 1425: 1420: 1418:Romantic period 1392: 1377:section of his 1308: 1280:Israel in Egypt 1210:Andrea Gabrieli 1202:Heinrich Schütz 1153: 1147: 1126:", attested in 1093: 1088: 1007:instead of the 975: 964: 935: 934: 925: 917: 916: 867: 857: 856: 827:aka Kettledrums 740: 730: 729: 613: 603: 602: 548: 538: 537: 478: 452: 429: 389: 379: 378: 346: 335: 300: 281: 270: 269: 268: 263: 252: 246: 243: 228: 216: 212: 201: 190: 184: 181: 138: 136: 126: 114: 73: 69: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6509: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6431: 6429: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6405: 6403: 6397:(harmonics) or 6391: 6390: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6338: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6271: 6269: 6262: 6261: 6253: 6252: 6245: 6238: 6230: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5975: 5973: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5788: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5758: 5746: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5727: 5722: 5710: 5709: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5633:Soprano cornet 5623: 5622: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5604:Pocket trumpet 5601: 5596: 5591: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5564: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5523: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5435: 5434:External links 5432: 5430: 5429: 5391: 5371: 5365: 5352: 5345: 5323:Sadie, Stanley 5319: 5313: 5300: 5294: 5277: 5271: 5258: 5252: 5239: 5233:, ed. (1927). 5227: 5207: 5194: 5188: 5175: 5169: 5148: 5142: 5129: 5123: 5110: 5104: 5091: 5085: 5072: 5057: 5046: 5040: 5027: 5021: 5008: 5002: 4989: 4983: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4948: 4934:(DMA thesis). 4920: 4908: 4896: 4881: 4866: 4835: 4793: 4786: 4754: 4724: 4698: 4686: 4655: 4613: 4601: 4589: 4577: 4565: 4539: 4516: 4472: 4458: 4438: 4424: 4398: 4369: 4343: 4331:All About Jazz 4317: 4294: 4275: 4257: 4239: 4220: 4191: 4145: 4133: 4102: 4090: 4078: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4040: 4034: 4025: 4018: 4015: 3965: 3962: 3935: 3932: 3922:toilet plunger 3897: 3894: 3853: 3850: 3841: 3837: 3828: 3824: 3812: 3809: 3790: 3787: 3769: 3766: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3709: 3705: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3677: 3670: 3669:as well for A♭ 3653: 3645: 3641: 3630: 3629:higher), and F 3622: 3619:perfect fourth 3614: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3421: 3418: 3408:Hector Berlioz 3392:Main article: 3381: 3378: 3354:Main article: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3334:Other variants 3332: 3316:valve trombone 3300:valve trombone 3296:marching brass 3279: 3276: 3272:James Morrison 3258:invented his " 3231:Main article: 3228: 3225: 3155:Main article: 3152: 3149: 3145:military bands 3135:Valve trombone 3133:Main article: 3122: 3121:Valve trombone 3119: 3117: 3114: 3090:Main article: 3087: 3084: 3033:Main article: 3030: 3027: 2990:Main article: 2987: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2946: 2879: 2878:Tenor trombone 2876: 2867: 2848:Main article: 2845: 2842: 2838:perfect fourth 2819:Main article: 2816: 2813: 2771: 2768: 2739: 2736: 2718: 2715: 2707:Konzertposaune 2628:Konzertposaune 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2589: 2586: 2551: 2548: 2537: 2534: 2520: 2517: 2490: 2466: 2463: 2459:valve trombone 2407: 2406: 2397: 2396: 2388: 2387: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2331: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2244: 2243: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2198: 2128:valve trombone 2123: 2120: 2049: 2046: 2010:). During the 2008:valve trombone 1963: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1925: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1893: 1890: 1880: 1877: 1869:Jack Teagarden 1857: 1854: 1848: 1845: 1837:William Walton 1785:Darius Milhaud 1732: 1729: 1710: 1703:Henry Fillmore 1700: 1690: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1649: 1646: 1603: 1600: 1580: 1577: 1547: 1537: 1527: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1505:Antonín Dvořák 1467:, and others. 1465:Richard Wagner 1461:Giuseppe Verdi 1453:Franz Schubert 1441:Charles Gounod 1433:Hector Berlioz 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1391: 1388: 1351:Leopold Mozart 1307: 1304: 1208:and his uncle 1146: 1143: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1056:tenor trombone 1030:(trumpet) and 1013:valve trombone 966: 965: 963: 962: 955: 948: 940: 937: 936: 933: 932: 926: 923: 922: 919: 918: 915: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 877:Clavicytherium 874: 868: 863: 862: 859: 858: 855: 854: 849: 844: 838: 833: 828: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 741: 736: 735: 732: 731: 728: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 651: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 614: 609: 608: 605: 604: 601: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 549: 544: 543: 540: 539: 536: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 479: 474: 473: 470: 469: 463: 462: 454: 453: 451: 450: 445: 439: 436: 435: 431: 430: 428: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 401: 398: 397: 391: 390: 375: 372: 371: 365: 364: 357: 353: 352: 343: 337: 336: 334: 333: 328: 323: 317: 315: 313:Classification 309: 308: 302: 301: 298: 283: 282: 265: 264: 247:September 2024 219: 217: 210: 203: 202: 117: 115: 108: 103: 77: 76: 74: 67: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6508: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6421: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6396: 6392: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6352:Tromba marina 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6251: 6246: 6244: 6239: 6237: 6232: 6231: 6228: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6205:Brass section 6203: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6128:Brass quintet 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6042:Hand-stopping 6040: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5848:Slide trumpet 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5807: 5806:Tenor cornett 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5720:Baritone horn 5718: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5562: 5557: 5555: 5550: 5548: 5543: 5542: 5539: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5443: 5438: 5437: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5366:0-19-322378-3 5362: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5327:Tyrrell, John 5324: 5320: 5316: 5314:0-7153-7994-1 5310: 5306: 5301: 5297: 5295:0-87951-045-5 5291: 5286: 5285: 5278: 5274: 5272:0-87951-089-7 5268: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5253:0-212-98360-1 5249: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5218: 5210: 5208:3-7330-0009-9 5204: 5200: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5170:0-521-56522-7 5166: 5162: 5157: 5156: 5149: 5145: 5143:9780810874459 5139: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5124:2-88124-211-1 5120: 5116: 5111: 5107: 5105:0-571-08816-3 5101: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5086:0-520-05062-2 5082: 5078: 5073: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5047: 5043: 5041:0-534-25187-0 5037: 5033: 5028: 5024: 5022:0-510-36413-6 5018: 5014: 5009: 5005: 5003:0-571-11571-3 4999: 4995: 4990: 4986: 4984:0-571-17724-7 4980: 4976: 4971: 4970: 4957: 4952: 4937: 4933: 4932: 4924: 4918:, p. 43. 4917: 4912: 4906:, p. 40. 4905: 4900: 4892: 4885: 4879:, p. 93. 4878: 4873: 4871: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4839: 4824: 4820: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4789: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4758: 4743:on 5 May 2013 4742: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4690: 4682: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4644: 4640: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4611:, p. 61. 4610: 4605: 4598: 4593: 4586: 4581: 4574: 4569: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4509: 4508:Prentice Hall 4505: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4461: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4442: 4427: 4421: 4417: 4412: 4411: 4402: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4374: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4279: 4271: 4270:Stretta Music 4267: 4261: 4253: 4252:Stretta Music 4249: 4243: 4235: 4231: 4228:March, Ivan. 4224: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4149: 4142: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4100:, p. 59. 4099: 4094: 4088:, p. 22. 4087: 4082: 4074: 4062: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4038: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3964:Manufacturers 3961: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3931: 3929: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3908:A variety of 3902: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3847: 3817: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3798: 3796: 3786: 3783: 3774: 3765: 3763: 3737: 3733: 3719: 3715: 3703: 3699: 3683: 3674: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3651: 3638: 3636: 3628: 3620: 3612: 3611:perfect fifth 3596: 3592: 3583: 3575: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3484: 3476: 3467: 3453: 3451: 3450:P. D. Q. Bach 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3386: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3357: 3350: 3345: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3284: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3239: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3205:rotary valves 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3185:Italian opera 3181: 3176: 3172: 3163: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3136: 3127: 3113: 3111: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3064:slide cornets 3061: 3052: 3042: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2998:alto trombone 2993: 2992:Alto trombone 2986:Alto trombone 2983: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2937: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2888: 2885: 2875: 2873: 2851: 2850:Bass trombone 2844:Bass trombone 2841: 2839: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2822: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2686: 2680: 2676: 2654: 2635: 2629: 2621: 2616: 2602: 2594: 2585: 2582: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2556: 2547: 2544: 2533: 2525: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2487: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2444:Hagmann valve 2441: 2437: 2427: 2423: 2422:Hagmann valve 2419: 2415: 2411: 2401: 2392: 2383: 2373: 2372:Hagmann valve 2369: 2355: 2352: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2296: 2293: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2191: 2172: 2167: 2158: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2135: 2129: 2119: 2117: 2055: 2045: 2029: 2023: 2021: 2020:rotary valves 2015: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1985:baritone horn 1982: 1977: 1975: 1974:standing wave 1971: 1959:bell lock nut 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1932:counterweight 1931: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1889: 1885: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1863: 1853: 1844: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1817:Jean Sibelius 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1801:Maurice Ravel 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1777:Gustav Mahler 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757:Aaron Copland 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1724: 1718: 1716: 1704: 1688: 1666: 1663: 1657: 1655: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1588: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1555: 1553: 1541: 1525: 1524:Trombone solo 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1488: 1486: 1480: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1437:Franz Berwald 1434: 1430: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1387: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1355:Michael Haydn 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1303: 1300: 1299:alta cappella 1296: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1283:, and in the 1282: 1281: 1276: 1275: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1249:cantus firmus 1246: 1245:slide trumpet 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1220: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1157: 1152: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1073: 1072:alto trombone 1069: 1065: 1061: 1060:bass trombone 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 973: 961: 956: 954: 949: 947: 942: 941: 939: 938: 931: 928: 927: 921: 920: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 869: 866: 861: 860: 853: 850: 848: 845: 842: 841:Tubular bells 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 742: 739: 734: 733: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 657: 656: 655: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 620: 619: 618: 612: 607: 606: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 553:Baritone horn 551: 550: 547: 542: 541: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 493:Contrabassoon 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 480: 477: 472: 471: 468: 465: 464: 460: 459: 449: 446: 444: 441: 440: 437: 432: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 402: 399: 396: 392: 387: 383: 373: 370: 369:Playing range 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 344: 342: 338: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 318: 316: 314: 310: 307: 303: 296: 291: 279: 276: 261: 258: 250: 240: 236: 232: 226: 225: 220:This article 218: 209: 208: 199: 196: 188: 185:December 2018 177: 174: 170: 167: 163: 160: 156: 153: 149: 146: – 145: 141: 140:Find sources: 134: 130: 124: 123: 118:This article 116: 112: 107: 106: 101: 99: 92: 91: 86: 85: 80: 75: 66: 65: 62: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 6471:Bass (sound) 6347:Natural horn 6284: 6210:Horn section 6164:Horn players 6123:Balkan brass 6030:Rotary valve 6025:Piston valve 5956:Tibetan horn 5823:Natural horn 5801:Mute cornett 5748: 5712: 5674: 5673: 5639: 5625: 5581: 5530: 5520: 5446: 5378: 5375:Yeo, Douglas 5356: 5330: 5304: 5283: 5262: 5243: 5234: 5198: 5180:The Trombone 5179: 5154: 5133: 5114: 5095: 5076: 5060: 5050: 5031: 5012: 4993: 4974: 4951: 4939:. Retrieved 4930: 4923: 4916:Herbert 2006 4911: 4904:Herbert 2006 4899: 4890: 4884: 4857:. Retrieved 4852: 4848: 4838: 4826:. Retrieved 4823:Wessex Tubas 4822: 4809:. Retrieved 4805: 4796: 4763: 4757: 4745:. Retrieved 4741:the original 4736: 4727: 4715:. Retrieved 4711: 4701: 4689: 4680: 4679:– via 4673:. Retrieved 4669:The Cambrian 4668: 4658: 4646:. Retrieved 4643:Miraphone eG 4642: 4629:. Retrieved 4625: 4616: 4604: 4592: 4580: 4568: 4556:. Retrieved 4552: 4542: 4503: 4496:Kennan, Kent 4463:. Retrieved 4448: 4441: 4429:. Retrieved 4409: 4401: 4389:. Retrieved 4386:Jay Friedman 4385: 4360:. Retrieved 4357:trombone.org 4356: 4346: 4334:. Retrieved 4330: 4320: 4312:the original 4307: 4297: 4288: 4278: 4269: 4260: 4251: 4242: 4233: 4223: 4211:. Retrieved 4207: 4194: 4182:. Retrieved 4159: 4155: 4148: 4136: 4111: 4105: 4098:Herbert 2006 4093: 4081: 4065:. Retrieved 4059: 4052: 3967: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3925: 3907: 3890: 3870: 3865: 3855: 3814: 3806: 3802:The Stripper 3799: 3792: 3779: 3742: 3732:and beyond. 3702:quarter tone 3698:minor second 3682:major second 3675: 3639: 3588: 3485: 3472: 3423: 3411: 3397: 3359: 3289: 3250:, and later 3244: 3196: 3168: 3138: 3095: 3063: 3038: 3003:church music 2995: 2956: 2905: 2900: 2881: 2853: 2830: 2824: 2783: 2779: 2741: 2720: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2698: 2691: 2655: 2627: 2625: 2619: 2599: 2577: 2561: 2542: 2539: 2530: 2514: 2510:Thayer valve 2505: 2501: 2498:closed wrap 2497: 2495: 2486:F attachment 2484: 2478: 2474: 2448: 2436:rotary valve 2433: 2425: 2417: 2409: 2327: 2323: 2278: 2225: 2192: 2163: 2140: 2051: 2027: 2024: 2016: 2005: 1978: 1966: 1929:tuning slide 1908:Construction 1895: 1886: 1882: 1865: 1850: 1841: 1789:Carl Nielsen 1773:Leos Janacek 1769:Gustav Holst 1761:Edward Elgar 1737:20th century 1734: 1712: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1635: 1605: 1592:Arthur Pryor 1585: 1582: 1569: 1558: 1549: 1489: 1481: 1469: 1426: 1393: 1374: 1370:Don Giovanni 1368: 1363: 1343:divertimenti 1340: 1333: 1332:(1779), and 1327: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1288: 1284: 1278: 1272: 1240: 1230: 1224: 1218: 1214: 1195: 1179:alta capella 1162: 1138: 1137:The German " 1136: 1131: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1094: 1081: 1031: 1027: 1025: 997:brass family 988: 971: 969: 770:Glockenspiel 653: 652: 615: 587: 420:Bass Trumpet 382:F attachment 271: 253: 244: 221: 191: 182: 172: 165: 158: 151: 139: 127:Please help 122:verification 119: 95: 88: 82: 81:Please help 78: 61: 46: 37:This is the 31: 6445:Moodswinger 6383:Split sharp 6300:Synthesizer 6295:Human voice 6256:Instrument 5667:Wagner tuba 5662:Vienna horn 5657:German horn 5652:French horn 5521:YeoDoug.com 4626:Thein Brass 3768:Pedal tones 3635:minor third 3627:major third 3541:Old system 3515:New system 3426:portmanteau 3404:French horn 3362:Renaissance 3256:Brad Gowans 3177:. The term 2918:of up to a 2884:fundamental 2778:Trombones ( 2697:as well as 2362:Valve types 2328:independent 2226:trill valve 2012:Renaissance 1991:. It has a 1944:knob/bumper 1856:Use in jazz 1741:Béla Bartók 1614:founded by 1445:Franz Liszt 1285:Death March 1166:contratenor 892:Harpsichord 670:Bass guitar 638:Hurdy-gurdy 628:Double bass 573:French horn 498:Cor anglais 6460:Categories 6427:3rd bridge 6268:in any key 6258:intonation 6113:Brass band 6062:Pedal tone 6052:Mouthpiece 6047:Embouchure 5999:Sousaphone 5994:Trombonium 5979:Mellophone 5914:Indigenous 5905:Jazzophone 5895:Saxotromba 5885:Sudrophone 5875:Ophicleide 5796:Cornettino 5779:Antiquated 5730:Flugelhorn 5681:Contrabass 5589:Contrabass 5425:Q111040546 5409:1249799159 5401:2021020757 4891:Pedal Note 4877:Guion 1988 4717:16 October 4671:(obituary) 4609:Guion 2010 4534:Q113561204 4526:1312487324 4465:4 December 4431:4 December 4391:4 December 4327:"Trombone" 4308:Musicalics 4289:Gramophone 4234:Gramophone 4141:Guion 1988 4086:Guion 2010 4067:4 December 4044:References 4028:Shout band 3983:J. W. York 3930:cartoons. 3877:tenor clef 3782:pedal tone 3684:higher), C 3658:intonation 3621:higher), D 3434:mouthpiece 3320:trombonium 3308:flugelhorn 3292:flugelhorn 3193:ophicleide 3023:symphonies 2808:contrabass 2760:contrabass 2695:water keys 2573:intonation 2550:Mouthpiece 2366:See also: 2345:Contrabass 2281:trombones. 2028:orchestral 1981:mouthpiece 1950:main slide 1935:mouthpiece 1745:Alban Berg 1715:media help 1561:ophicleide 1552:media help 1375:Tuba Mirum 1149:See also: 1132:saqueboute 1120:Shakbusshe 1116:shakbusshe 1050:, and the 1044:flugelhorn 1019:, and the 872:Clavichord 847:Vibraphone 843:aka Chimes 815:Snare drum 785:Lithophone 738:Percussion 583:Tenor horn 578:Mellophone 568:Flugelhorn 513:Nadaswaram 231:improve it 155:newspapers 144:"Trombone" 84:improve it 6496:Trombones 6440:Pencilina 6435:Monochord 6362:Harmonica 6106:Ensembles 6087:Water key 6072:Valve oil 5828:Post horn 5761:Euphonium 5740:Kuhlohorn 5701:Superbone 5417:34132790M 5217:cite book 4941:1 October 4859:29 August 4855:: 288–308 4362:29 August 4336:29 August 4179:249667805 4128:144303968 3987:C.G. Conn 3954:Wurlitzer 3950:C.G. Conn 3934:Didactics 3881:alto clef 3873:bass clef 3795:glissando 3789:Glissando 3718:diaphragm 3652:scale. A♭ 3637:higher). 3456:Technique 3436:with the 3416:of 1824. 3328:euphonium 3278:Flugabone 3233:Superbone 3227:Superbone 3011:Beethoven 2952:glissando 2543:dual-bore 2506:open wrap 2412:; Thayer 2324:dependent 1898:big bands 1347:serenades 1124:sacabuche 1091:Etymology 1052:euphonium 1021:superbone 977:‹See Tfd› 912:Virginals 887:Harmonium 865:Keyboards 852:Xylophone 836:Tubaphone 805:Mridangam 795:Marímbula 745:Bass drum 563:Euphonium 528:Saxophone 476:Woodwinds 434:Musicians 356:Developed 349:aerophone 347:(Sliding 331:Aerophone 235:verifying 90:talk page 18:Trombones 6399:natural 6342:Bagpipes 6285:Trombone 6082:Leadpipe 5971:Marching 5931:Vuvuzela 5706:Cimbasso 5675:Trombone 5614:Firebird 5421:Wikidata 5377:(2021). 4694:Yeo 2021 4675:26 April 4597:Yeo 2021 4585:Yeo 2021 4573:Yeo 2021 4530:Wikidata 4502:(2002). 4017:See also 4005:, King, 3852:Notation 3834:♭ 3821:♭ 3503:semitone 3480:♭ 3420:Tromboon 3213:Romantic 3180:cimbasso 3157:Cimbasso 3151:Cimbasso 3105:♭ 3099:♭ 3056:♭ 3046:♭ 3019:Schumann 2972:♯ 2943:♭ 2931:♭ 2925:♮ 2916:interval 2908:semitone 2892:♭ 2864:♭ 2857:♭ 2752:clarinet 2672:♭ 2666:♭ 2659:♭ 2622:(wreath) 2279:straight 2239:♭ 2221:♭ 2215:♭ 2153:easier. 2001:sackbuts 1997:leadpipe 1472:cornetts 1406:(1808), 1295:oratorio 1253:cantatas 1219:trombone 1048:baritone 989:trombone 972:trombone 831:Triangle 820:Steelpan 780:Handbell 755:Carillon 700:Shamisen 690:Mandolin 588:Trombone 503:Clarinet 483:Bagpipes 425:Cimbasso 288:Trombone 43:reviewed 6414:Đàn bầu 6290:Timpani 6184:Tubists 6147:Players 5921:Alphorn 5900:Bazooka 5890:Saxtuba 5880:Serpent 5863:Helicon 5858:Sackbut 5843:Buccina 5791:Cornett 5786:Clarion 5735:Fiscorn 5714:Saxhorn 5696:Soprano 5619:Flumpet 5599:Piccolo 5583:Trumpet 4828:21 July 4811:21 July 4747:12 July 4648:7 March 4631:7 March 4213:18 June 4184:18 June 4023:Aequale 4003:Jupiter 3927:Peanuts 3918:wah-wah 3780:The B♭ 3593:in the 3591:partial 3507:partial 3496:⁄ 3446:bassoon 3366:Baroque 3356:Sackbut 3339:Sackbut 3221:Puccini 3060:trumpet 2920:tritone 2802:in B♭, 2798:in E♭, 2794:in B♭, 2792:soprano 2790:in B♭, 2788:piccolo 2756:piccolo 2642: 2588:Plastic 2197:Soprano 2179: 2108:⁄ 2094:⁄ 2080:⁄ 2066:⁄ 2039:⁄ 1993:venturi 1989:trumpet 1735:In the 1662:a valve 1608:Leipzig 1559:As the 1493:Bohemia 1379:Requiem 1317:Alceste 1225:Posaune 1151:Sackbut 1139:Posaune 1112:sackbut 1097:Italian 1086:History 1036:trumpet 1017:trumpet 995:in the 991:) is a 985:Posaune 825:Timpani 790:Marimba 765:Cymbals 760:Celesta 715:Ukulele 710:Tambura 675:Guzheng 654:Plucked 593:Trumpet 523:Piccolo 488:Bassoon 415:Trumpet 405:Sackbut 386:§ Types 361:sackbut 229:Please 169:scholar 6057:Falset 6020:Valves 5951:Sringa 5946:Shofar 5941:Carnyx 5853:Buccin 5627:Cornet 5575:Modern 5495:(2003) 5423: 5415: 5407: 5399: 5389: 5363: 5343: 5311: 5292: 5269: 5250: 5205: 5186: 5167: 5140: 5121: 5102: 5083: 5067: 5038: 5019: 5000: 4981: 4784: 4558:20 May 4532: 4524: 4514: 4456: 4422: 4177: 4126: 4011:Yamaha 3999:Getzen 3985:, and 3914:timbre 3816:Trills 3811:Trills 3762:falset 3400:buccin 3394:Buccin 3380:Buccin 3268:Holton 3248:Besson 3201:piston 3191:or an 3017:, and 3015:Brahms 2936:falset 2827:Wagner 2784:bottom 2728:cornet 2717:France 2648:wreath 2569:volume 2565:timbre 2536:Slides 2519:Tuning 2465:Tubing 2455:rotary 2451:piston 2418:center 2151:trills 1835:, and 1618:. The 1503:, and 1463:, and 1410:, and 1365:Mozart 1274:Samson 1269:BWV 25 1265:BWV 38 1261:BWV 21 1187:Venice 1170:shawms 1145:Origin 1101:tromba 1046:, the 1042:, the 1040:cornet 1028:tromba 1009:valves 981:German 930:Ghatam 924:Others 907:Spinet 725:Zither 665:Guitar 648:Violin 558:Cornet 533:Tharai 410:Buccin 345:423.22 171: 164: 157: 150: 142: 6409:Guqin 6316:Crook 6193:Other 6077:Crook 6037:Mutes 5961:Wazza 5936:Nyele 5926:Nabal 5813:Cornu 5647:Bugle 4204:(PDF) 4175:S2CID 4124:S2CID 3910:mutes 3896:Mutes 3862:crook 3846:range 3708:and F 3665:(see 3444:of a 3442:bocal 3312:bugle 3217:Verdi 3173:or a 3102:and B 2800:tenor 2744:tenor 2738:Types 2711:kranz 2634:kranz 2620:kranz 2479:right 2426:right 2249:pedal 2242:to F. 2233:Tenor 2143:valve 2054:brass 2048:Bells 1538:from 1287:from 1277:, in 1257:BWV 2 1128:Spain 1099:word 1005:pitch 902:Piano 897:Organ 810:Parai 800:Melam 705:Sitar 660:Banjo 643:Viola 633:Huqin 623:Cello 617:Bowed 508:Flute 326:Brass 176:JSTOR 162:books 6067:Bore 5818:Dord 5750:Tuba 5691:Alto 5686:Bass 5641:Horn 5594:Bass 5405:OCLC 5397:LCCN 5387:ISBN 5361:ISBN 5341:ISBN 5309:ISBN 5290:ISBN 5267:ISBN 5248:ISBN 5223:link 5203:ISBN 5184:ISBN 5165:ISBN 5138:ISBN 5119:ISBN 5100:ISBN 5081:ISBN 5065:ISBN 5036:ISBN 5017:ISBN 4998:ISBN 4979:ISBN 4943:2019 4861:2022 4830:2022 4813:2022 4782:ISBN 4749:2013 4719:2016 4677:2024 4650:2022 4633:2022 4560:2022 4522:OCLC 4512:ISBN 4467:2018 4454:ISBN 4433:2018 4420:ISBN 4393:2018 4364:2022 4338:2022 4215:2020 4186:2020 4069:2018 4007:Rath 3995:Conn 3991:Bach 3941:open 3866:e.g. 3728:, B♭ 3724:, A♭ 3716:and 3605:), F 3440:and 3438:reed 3374:bell 3370:bore 3364:and 3266:and 3252:Conn 3219:and 3209:bore 3171:tuba 3078:and 3070:and 3039:The 3007:Mass 2996:The 2978:to G 2889:of B 2887:note 2804:bass 2796:alto 2748:bass 2746:and 2732:horn 2639:lit. 2581:jazz 2475:left 2410:left 2370:and 2286:Bass 2209:Alto 2176:lit. 2071:and 1941:bell 1871:and 1345:and 1290:Saul 1263:and 1235:and 1118:". " 1105:-one 1068:tuba 1058:and 1032:-one 970:The 775:Gong 750:Bell 720:Yazh 695:Harp 685:Lyre 680:Koto 598:Tuba 518:Oboe 321:Wind 148:news 4774:doi 4418:–. 4416:201 4165:doi 4116:doi 3945:not 3879:or 3696:(a 3680:(a 3673:). 3633:(a 3625:(a 3617:(a 3609:(a 3310:or 3203:or 2786:): 2782:to 2780:top 2758:to 2730:or 2500:or 2493:). 2453:or 2301:– E 1902:ska 1568:in 1228:). 1185:in 233:by 131:by 45:on 6462:: 5529:, 5519:, 5445:. 5419:. 5413:OL 5411:. 5403:. 5395:. 5385:. 5339:. 5325:; 5219:}} 5215:{{ 5159:. 4869:^ 4851:. 4847:. 4821:. 4804:. 4780:. 4772:. 4735:. 4710:. 4667:. 4641:. 4624:. 4551:. 4528:. 4520:. 4498:; 4475:^ 4384:. 4372:^ 4355:. 4329:. 4306:. 4287:. 4268:. 4250:. 4232:. 4206:. 4173:. 4122:. 4114:. 4013:. 4001:, 3993:, 3981:, 3977:, 3973:, 3960:. 3840:/C 3827:/C 3562:4 3536:7 3452:. 3424:A 3376:. 3330:. 3147:. 3013:, 2982:. 2874:. 2861:(B 2461:. 2424:, 2420:; 2416:, 2336:B♮ 2251:B♭ 2118:. 2087:10 1839:. 1831:, 1827:, 1823:, 1819:, 1815:, 1811:, 1807:, 1803:, 1799:, 1795:, 1791:, 1787:, 1783:, 1779:, 1775:, 1771:, 1767:, 1763:, 1759:, 1755:, 1751:, 1747:, 1743:, 1499:, 1459:, 1455:, 1451:, 1447:, 1443:, 1439:, 1435:, 1431:, 1414:. 1361:. 1338:. 1326:, 1259:, 1204:, 1200:, 983:: 93:. 41:, 6249:e 6242:t 6235:v 5560:e 5553:t 5546:v 5533:. 5427:. 5369:. 5351:‎ 5349:. 5317:. 5298:. 5275:. 5256:. 5225:) 5192:. 5173:. 5146:. 5127:. 5108:. 5089:. 5071:. 5044:. 5025:. 5006:. 4987:. 4945:. 4863:. 4853:5 4832:. 4815:. 4790:. 4776:: 4751:. 4721:. 4683:. 4652:. 4635:. 4562:. 4536:. 4469:. 4435:. 4395:. 4366:. 4340:. 4291:. 4272:. 4254:. 4236:. 4217:. 4188:. 4167:: 4130:. 4118:: 4075:. 3842:5 3838:4 3829:4 3825:3 3758:2 3754:1 3750:1 3746:4 3730:5 3726:5 3722:5 3710:5 3706:5 3694:5 3690:5 3686:5 3678:4 3671:4 3654:4 3646:4 3642:4 3640:F 3631:4 3623:4 3615:3 3607:3 3603:1 3599:2 3559:3 3556:– 3553:2 3550:– 3547:1 3544:– 3533:6 3530:5 3527:4 3524:3 3521:2 3518:1 3498:4 3494:1 3491:+ 3489:3 2980:5 2976:2 2967:5 2963:5 2959:2 2947:3 2940:B 2868:1 2663:B 2651:' 2645:' 2637:( 2491:1 2481:. 2428:. 2338:1 2320:1 2316:2 2303:2 2299:1 2270:1 2266:1 2262:2 2257:2 2253:1 2188:' 2182:' 2174:( 2130:. 2110:2 2106:1 2103:+ 2101:9 2096:2 2092:1 2089:+ 2082:2 2078:1 2075:+ 2073:8 2068:2 2064:1 2061:+ 2059:7 2041:2 2037:1 2034:+ 2032:8 1717:. 1554:. 1216:( 974:( 959:e 952:t 945:v 388:. 278:) 272:( 260:) 254:( 249:) 245:( 227:. 198:) 192:( 187:) 183:( 173:· 166:· 159:· 152:· 125:. 100:) 96:( 49:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index