675:
4443:
Lori Price, Jonathan E. M. Baillie, Don Weeden, Kierán
Suckling, Crystal Davis, Nigel Sizer, Rebecca Moore, David Thau, Tanya Birch, Peter Potapov, Svetlana Turubanova, Alexandra Tyukavina, Nadia de Souza, Lilian Pintea, José C. Brito, Othman A. Llewellyn, Anthony G. Miller, Annette Patzelt, Shahina A. Ghazanfar, Jonathan Timberlake, Heinz Klöser, Yara Shennan-Farpón, Roeland Kindt, Jens-Peter Barnekow Lillesø, Paulo van Breugel, Lars Graudal, Maianna Voge, Khalaf F. Al-Shammari, Muhammad Saleem, An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545,
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and grazing or clearing of forests for maintenance agriculture. Other areas are called "protected forests", which means that uncontrolled clearings and unauthorized logging are forbidden. After World War II, commercial exploitation increased until no West
African forestry department was able to make the law. By comparison with rainforests in other places of the world in 1973, Africa showed the greatest infringement though in total volume means, African timber production accounted for just one-third compared to that of
4224:, the core contained eroded land material and microfossils from marine algae. That concluded that the land environment of tropical Africa cooled more than the bordering Atlantic Ocean during the last ice age. Since the Congo River drains a large part of tropical central Africa, the land-derived material gives an integrated signal for a very large area. These findings further enlighten natural disparities in climate and the possible costs of a warming earth on precipitation in central Africa.
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36:
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4090:. Urbanized countries account for a great percentage of the world's wood consumption, which increased greatly between 1950 and 1980. Simultaneously, preservation measures were reinforced to protect European and American forests. Economic growth and growing environmental protection in industrialized European countries caused increased demand for tropical hardwood from West Africa. In the first half of the 1980s, an annual
139:
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rainforests. The rainforests provide economic resources for over-populated developing countries. Despite the stated need to save the West
African forests, there are varied opinions on how best to accomplish this goal. In April 1992, countries with some of the largest surviving tropical rainforests banned a rainforest protection plan proposed by the
4154:
Africa. The region has been facing deforestation in various degrees of intensity throughout the recent decades. The actual rate of deforestation varies from one country to another and accurate data does not exist yet. Recent estimates show that the annual pace of deforestation in the region can vary from 150 km (58 sq mi) in
3893:
rainforest regions in the world. The average monthly rainfall in nearly the whole region remains under 100 mm throughout the year. The variety of the
African rainforest flora is also less than the other rainforests. This lack of flora has been credited to several reasons such as the gradual infertility since the
4442:
Eric
Dinerstein, David Olson, Anup Joshi, Carly Vynne, Neil D. Burgess, Eric Wikramanayake, Nathan Hahn, Suzanne Palminteri, Prashant Hedao, Reed Noss, Matt Hansen, Harvey Locke, Erle C Ellis, Benjamin Jones, Charles Victor Barber, Randy Hayes, Cyril Kormos, Vance Martin, Eileen Crist, Wes Sechrest,
4227:
Scientists discovered a way to measure sea temperature—based on organic molecules from algae growing off the surface layer of the Ocean. These organisms acclimatize the molecular composition of their cell membranes to ambient temperature to sustain regular physiological properties. If such molecules
3892:
Among rainforest areas in other continents, most of the
African rainforest is comparatively dry and receives between 1600 and 2000 mm of rainfall per year. Areas receiving more rain than this mainly are in coastal areas. The circulation of rainfall throughout the year remains less than in other
986:(they harbor more than two-thirds of the estimated 2,000 species in the family). The West African coastal rivers region covers only a fraction of West Africa, but harbors 322 of West Africa's fish species, with 247 restricted to this area and 129 restricted even to smaller ranges. The central rivers
3928:
not only changes the edifice of the forest, but it also affects the tree species spectrum by removing economically important species and terminating other species in the process. The species that compose
African rainforests are of different evolutionary ages because of the contraction and expansion
3787:
The tropical environment is rich in terms of biodiversity. Tropical
African forest is 18 percent of the world's total and covers over 3.6 million square kilometers of land in West, East, and Central Africa. This total area can be subdivided to 2.69 million square kilometers (74%) in Central Africa,
4165:
The
African Timber Organization member countries eventually recognized the cooperation between rural people and their forest environment. Customary law gives residents the right to use trees for firewood, fell trees for construction, and collect of forest products and rights for hunting or fishing
4153:
Peter Raven pictures that the majority of the world's moderate and smaller rainforests (such as in Africa) could be destroyed in forty years. Tropical Africa comprises 18% of the world's total land area covering 20 million km (7.7 million sq mi) of land in West and
Central
3923:
The Tropical African rainforest has rich fauna, commonly smaller mammal species rarely seen by humans. New species are being discovered. For instance, in late 1988 an unknown shrub species was discovered on the shores of the Median River in Western Cameroon. Since then many species have become
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is constituted of two main types: The semi-deciduous rainforest is characterized by a large number of trees whose leaves are left during the dry season. It appears in areas where the dry period (rainfall below about 100 mm) reaches three months. Then, the evergreen or the semi-evergreen
4143:
The rainforests that remain in West Africa now greatly differ in condition from their state 30 years ago. In Guinea, Liberia, and the Ivory Coast, there is almost no primary forest cover left unscathed; in Ghana, the situation is much worse, and nearly all of the rainforest is being removed.
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Species unfamiliar with the changes in forest structure for industrial use might not survive. If timber use continues and an increasing amount of farming occurs, it could lead to the mass killing of animal species. The home of nearly half of the world's animals and plant species are tropical
4125:
Other observed changes in these forests are forest disintegration (changing the spatial continuity and creating a mosaic of forest blocks and other land cover types), and selective logging of woody species for profitable purposes that affect the forest subfloor and the biodiversity.
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loses 200 to 350 km (77 to 135 sq mi) of forest yearly, Senegal 500 km (190 sq mi) of wooded savanna, and Nigeria 6,000,050,000 of both. Liberia loses 800 km (310 sq mi) of forests each year. Extrapolating from present rates of loss,
4113:
blamed the timber industry and the farmers for felling trees, others believe rainforest destruction is connected to the problem of fuel wood. The contribution of fuel wood consumption to tree stock decline in Africa is believed to be significant. It is generally believed that
4232:
does not go through, they can be preserved for thousands of years. The ratios between the different molecules from the algal cell membrane can approximate the past temperature of the sea surface. The new “proxy” used in this sediment core obtained both a continental and a
4242:
was only about 2.5 °C cooler. Lead author Johan Weijers and his colleagues concluded that the land-sea temperature difference has by far the largest influence on continental rainfall. The relation of air pressure to temperature strongly determines this factor. During the
4512:
Sharkey, Michael J.; Janzen, Daniel H.; Hallwachs, Winnie; Chapman, Eric G.; Smith, M. Alex; Dapkey, Tanya; Brown, Allison; Ratnasingham, Sujeevan; Naik, Suresh; Manjunath, Ramya; Perez, Kate; Milton, Megan; Hebert, Paul; Shaw, Scott R.; Kittel, Rebecca N. (2021-02-02).
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Forest legislation of ATO member countries aims to promote the balanced utilization of the forest domain and of wildlife and fishery to increase the input of the forest sector to the economic, social, cultural, and scientific development of the country.
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record. In comparison, both records show that ocean surface and land temperatures behaved differently during the past 25,000 years. During the last ice age, African temperatures were 21 °C, about 4 °C lower than today, while the tropical
3948:, rodents, bats, tree frogs, and bird species inhabit the forest. These species, along with a diversity of fruits and insects, make a special habitat that allows for a diversity of life. The top canopy is home to monkey species like the
2608:
3168:
1858:
4098:, a figure equivalent to 4-5 percent of the total remaining rainforest area. By 1985, 72% of West Africa's rainforests had been transformed into fallow lands and an additional 9% had been opened up by timber exploitation.
1193:
7792:
3952:, Black-and-white Colobus, and many other Old-World monkey species. Many of these rare and unique species are endangered or critically endangered and need protection from poachers and provided ample habitat to thrive.
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rainforest climatically adapted to somewhat more humid conditions than the semi-deciduous type and is usually there in areas where the dry period is shorter than two months. This forest is usually richer in
1774:
4204:
In early 2007, scientists created an entirely new proxy to determine the annual mean air temperature on land—based on molecules from the cell membrane of soil-inhabiting bacteria. Scientists from the NIOZ,
3987:
Many African countries are in economic and political change, overwhelmed by conflict, making various movements of forest exploitation to maintain forest management and production more and more complicated.
3972:. It aimed at finding endangered species of tropical trees to control their trade. Experts estimate that the rainforest of West Africa, at the present rate of deforestation, may disappear by the year 2020.
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7817:
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3853:. Rainforests such as these are the richest, oldest, most prolific, and most complex systems on Earth, are dying, and in turn, are upsetting the delicate ecological balance. This may disturb global
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4109:. Despite efforts to promote lesser-known timber species use, the market continued to focus on part of the usable timber obtainable. West Africa was prone to selective harvesting practices; while
730:. A semi-desert natural region, the Karoo desert spans across parts of the Western and Eastern Cape in South Africa and contains vast open spaces and unique vegetation, such as certain species of
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is less known than the rate of other tropical regions. A lack of dependable data and survey information in some countries has made change in areas of unbroken forest difficult to ascertian.
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provided $ 111,103 million to developing countries, especially in Africa, to help in developing long-range forest conservation and management programs meant for ending deforestation.
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that formed more recently. Madagascar contains various plant habitats, from rainforests to mountains and deserts, as its biodiversity and ratio of endemism are extremely high.
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spoils entire habitats with the forests. The conversion of forests into timber is another cause of deforestation. Over decades, the primary forest product was commercial
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4515:"Minimalist revision and description of 403 new species in 11 subfamilies of Costa Rican braconid parasitoid wasps, including host records for 219 species"
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8396:
7986:
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6528:
6518:
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4406:
Moritz, Timo; Linsenmair, K. Eduard (2005). "West African fish diversity – distribution patterns and possible conclusions for conservation strategies".
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extinct. However, undisturbed rainforests are some of the richest habitats for animal species. Today, undisturbed rainforests are remnant but rare.
9907:
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Thieme, M.L., R. Abell, M.L.J. Stiassny, P. Skelton, B. Lehner, G.G. Teugels, E. Dinerstein, A.K. Toham, N. Burgess & D. Olson. 2005.
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savanna gap. The rain forest of West Africa continues from east of Benin through southern Nigeria and officially ends at the border of
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regulations in East Africa were first applied by colonial governments. The Tropical Forestry Action Plan was conceived in 1987 by the
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5410:
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provides 75% of the energy used in sub-Sahara Africa. With the high demand, the consumption of wood for fuel exceeds the renewal of
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100:
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Southern Africa as described in Plant Taxonomic Database Standards No. 2. Approximate locations of deserts are overlaid in red.
72:
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79:
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9019:
9009:
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4888:
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4849:
4822:
4721:
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1825:
1241:
824:
53:
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5017:
5012:
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4162:. The remaining tropical forests still cover major areas in Central Africa but are abridged by patches in West Africa.
2085:
1925:
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to Gabon, and with some large patches leaning to the west from Ghana to Liberia and to the east of ZaĂŻre-Congo basin.
742:, a mountainous desert in the northwestern corner of South Africa, presents a rugged landscape. It is celebrated as a
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4170:. The difference was due to the variety of trees in Africa forests and the demand for specific wood types in Europe.
4042:
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2017:
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119:
674:
86:
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4767:
4488:"Study of Land-Use and Deforestation In Central African Tropical Forest Using low-Resolution SAR Satellite Imagery"
4247:, the land climate in tropical Africa was drier than it is now, whereas it favors the growth of a lush rainforest.
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1938:
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with hopes of halting tropical forest destruction. In its bid to stress forest conservation and development, the
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17:
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is one of the oldest deserts in the world and extends for over 2,000 kilometers along the Atlantic coasts of
4105:, as trade with East European countries stopped and timber noticeably became sparse in western and southern
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The vegetation of Africa: A descriptive memoir to accompany the Unesco/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa
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1345:
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396:, a zone of forest-savanna mosaic that reaches to the coast, separates the Upper Guinean forests from the
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of the cool and dry climate of tropical Africa during the last severe ice age of about 18,000 years ago.
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is a more arid sub-region known for harsher conditions and starker landscapes. Further to the west, the
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2777:
2621:
1505:
334:, and Jabal Badaj in the Yemeni highland escarpment and the seasonal forests in eastern Yemen and the
10282:
10194:
9657:
8808:
8708:
7349:
6119:
6049:
4726:
4177:
3765:
3661:
3433:
2753:
2349:
1581:
1421:
10318:
10204:
9488:
8910:
8875:
8840:
8813:
8703:
8615:
7254:
4736:
4491:
2713:
2313:
2158:
2001:
1966:
1897:
1885:
1662:
1618:
1593:
853:
795:
10189:
5732:
4573:
4234:
4056:
3917:
3309:
2177:
2069:
1457:
1397:
639:
616:
includes woodlands, savannas, grasslands, and thickets. Characteristic plant communities include
363:
195:
46:
515:
are the dominant trees, growing in open-canopied woodlands, open savannas, dense bushlands, and
431:
A belt of tropical moist broadleaf forest also runs along the Indian Ocean coast, from southern
93:
9438:
9327:
8845:
8798:
8793:
7039:
6886:
6003:
4318:
3975:
Africa's rainforest, like many others emergent in the world, has a special significance to the
3697:
3397:
2729:
2109:
10338:
10174:
9606:
9332:
9247:
8860:
8783:
7009:
5790:
5768:
3690:
2837:
2486:
2425:
1957:
1726:
1670:
1626:
1258:
925:
767:
763:
546:
397:
381:
295:
10287:
10267:
10209:
10169:
10164:
9785:
9626:
9586:
8850:
8835:
7114:
6999:
5753:
4731:
4368:
4213:
3753:
3362:
2630:
803:
and neighboring islands form a distinctive sub-region of the realm, with numerous endemic
8:
10240:
10081:
9897:
9616:
8925:
8825:
5950:
5757:
4244:
3025:
1369:
967:
812:
743:
595:
581:
542:
239:
151:
4372:
10108:
9242:
6072:
4545:
4288:
3933:
3854:
856:
are home to ten endemic families of flowering plants; eight are endemic to Madagascar (
783:
287:
155:
133:
3913:
3788:
680,000 square kilometers (19%) in West Africa, and 250,000 square kilometers (7%) in
10277:
10199:
10128:
10118:
10041:
9596:
9227:
8890:
6077:
6067:
4550:
4532:
4419:
4384:
4330:
4298:
4217:
3925:
3717:
3678:
3625:
1682:
1574:
1549:
1334:
1262:
1096:
1092:
921:
897:
885:
832:
550:
505:
451:
are the dominant plant communities. This region is called the Somali-Masai center of
421:
207:
159:
3796:, a chain of rain forests up to 350 km long extends from the eastern border of
2646:
990:
comprise 194 fish species, with 119 endemics and only 33 restricted to small areas.
10333:
10138:
4540:
4522:
4411:
4376:
4159:
4110:
3941:
3937:
3827:
3823:
3417:
2658:
1918:
909:
873:
617:
613:
607:
271:
255:
211:
3960:
In Tropical Africa, about 8,500 plant species have been documented, including 403
3868:
The rainforest vegetation of the Guinea-Congolian transition area, extending from
2642:
904:). Twelve plant families are endemic or nearly endemic to South Africa (including
634:. It extends from east to west in a broad belt across the continent, south of the
10113:
10103:
10006:
9778:
9770:
9294:
7772:
7547:
6082:
6013:
5975:
5785:
5778:
4669:
4617:
4607:
4292:
4133:
4083:
4066:
has led to forest depletion. West African countries depend on products like gum,
3886:
3882:
3569:
3386:
3181:
1301:
1084:
1076:
979:
961:
893:
836:
707:
9696:
National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act, 24 of 2008
4355:"Total evidence: molecules, morphology, and the phylogenetics of cichlid fishes"
726:, as well as a variety of flora. South of the Namib and Kalahari deserts is the
10154:
10133:
10123:
9621:
4674:
4527:
4239:
4095:
3858:
1053:
1002:
945:
881:
857:
816:
460:
401:
259:
235:
203:
10302:
10051:
10001:
9964:
9848:
9611:
4536:
4514:
4429:
4415:
4145:
4129:
3834:
3730:
3390:
2046:
1049:
1029:
971:
917:
901:
869:
722:. The Kalahari is known for its diversity of mineral resources, particularly
573:
4354:
3833:
Semi-deciduous rainforests in West Africa begin at the fringed coastline of
10159:
10036:
10031:
10026:
9571:
8630:
7832:
7389:
4554:
4388:
4216:, this detailed record shows the history of land temperatures based on the
4119:
4102:
3945:
3817:
3797:
3774:
3738:
3642:
3574:
3558:
3542:
3489:
3482:
3410:
3270:
3222:
3210:
3198:
3186:
3074:
3034:
2942:
2926:
2662:
2534:
2434:
2378:
2322:
2286:
2182:
2098:
2026:
1750:
1542:
1498:
1486:
1474:
1037:
941:
937:
905:
865:
861:
747:
739:
735:
719:
695:
683:
436:
323:
167:
4608:
Terrestrial Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment
4381:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(20000415)288:1<76::AID-JEZ8>3.0.CO;2-P
4294:
Terrestrial Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment
10016:
9408:
8595:
4618:
Freshwater ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A conservation assessment
4221:
4091:
3949:
3850:
3842:
3805:
3793:
3789:
3746:
2782:
2454:
2410:
2226:
2166:
2138:
2050:
1986:
1742:
1466:
1410:
1354:
1045:
1018:
975:
933:
929:
877:
751:
538:
532:
425:
393:
369:
283:
4444:
186:
Most of the Afrotropical realm, except for Africa's southern tip, has a
10245:
10021:
9581:
9222:
6008:
4262:
4193:
4189:
3898:
3770:
3758:
3706:
3473:
3450:
3438:
3286:
3142:
3114:
3070:
3058:
2982:
2822:
2794:
2526:
2358:
2210:
2190:
2006:
1818:
1806:
1702:
1538:
1522:
1510:
1450:
1064:
1014:
1006:
982:) are the center of biodiversity of many freshwater fishes, especially
949:
913:
889:
800:
731:
655:
635:
561:
555:
511:
327:
263:
163:
1558:
1123:
10235:
10230:
10046:
9576:
6593:
5849:
4075:
4063:
3861:
into the atmosphere, and lessen the planet's ability to store excess
3592:
3228:
3148:
2860:
2680:
2588:
1852:
1768:
1554:
1180:
1164:
1068:
1010:
642:, and north of the deserts of southeastern Africa, the countries are
520:
499:
493:
488:
350:
344:
251:
247:
35:
10067:
10011:
9974:
6041:
5915:
5694:
4173:
4150:
4115:
4079:
3881:
and a variety of species and its maximum development is around the
3813:
3710:
3670:
3630:
3589:
3462:
3402:
3338:
3330:
3314:
3130:
3078:
3014:
2998:
2986:
2966:
2946:
2842:
2826:
2810:
2758:
2722:
2570:
2558:
2542:
2518:
2514:
2414:
2398:
2366:
2326:
2318:
2306:
2262:
2246:
2202:
2186:
2154:
2130:
2114:
2102:
2090:
2074:
2030:
2010:
1982:
1962:
1946:
1710:
1706:
1658:
1646:
1614:
1570:
1534:
1430:
1374:
1358:
1330:
1278:
1250:
1230:
1033:
1022:
820:
711:
703:
663:
651:
631:
626:
480:
472:
464:
456:
452:
409:
339:
9701:
National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 57 of 2003
5752:
4094:
of 7,200 km (2,800 sq mi) was noted down along the
852:
The Afrotropical realm is home to several endemic plant families.
9969:
9419:
Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Virtual Museum
9390:
6140:
4663:
CGIAR Research Program on integrated systems in the humid tropics
4605:
Burgess, N., J.D. Hales, E. Underwood, and E. Dinerstein (2004).
3894:
3878:
3869:
3838:
3809:
3742:
3722:
3646:
3638:
3530:
3506:
3494:
3478:
3426:
3406:
3374:
3342:
3334:
3318:
3046:
3030:
2938:
2922:
2770:
2734:
2562:
2530:
2466:
2462:
2390:
2270:
2258:
2222:
2218:
2198:
2118:
2094:
2058:
2054:
1978:
1934:
1906:
1746:
1642:
1602:
1586:
1470:
1434:
1426:
1338:
1318:
1306:
1282:
1222:
1072:
998:
983:
828:
734:
flowering plants. Within the boundaries of the larger Karoo, the
723:
715:
691:
567:
516:
484:
476:
432:
303:
267:
215:
187:
5705:
List of marine invertebrates of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
4220:
of soil bacteria. When applying this to the outflow core of the
4209:
conducted a temperature record dating back to 25,000 years ago.
9943:
9833:
9691:
National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 10 of 2004
6971:
6023:
4662:
4392:
4326:
4286:
4229:
4106:
4087:
4071:
3961:
3929:
of the rainforest in response to global climatic fluctuations.
3873:
3862:
3734:
3726:
3666:
3422:
3126:
3110:
3098:
3094:
2970:
2910:
2898:
2830:
2818:
2806:
2566:
2554:
2538:
2522:
2502:
2498:
2478:
2446:
2438:
2418:
2406:
2362:
2354:
2338:
2170:
2142:
2078:
2042:
2034:
1994:
1950:
1942:
1930:
1902:
1890:
1834:
1830:
1738:
1698:
1462:
1362:
1246:
1234:
1226:
1104:
1041:
775:
687:
659:
647:
643:
621:
385:
335:
331:
227:
199:
191:
138:
5710:
List of marine vertebrates of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
298:
is a transitional zone between the grasslands and the belt of
9838:
9809:
9413:
6115:
4511:
4155:
4067:
3846:
3801:
3702:
3686:
3682:
3654:
3650:
3634:
3562:
3546:
3518:
3466:
3346:
3302:
3274:
3018:
3002:
2962:
2958:
2766:
2718:
2458:
2442:
2430:
2402:
2302:
2290:
2266:
2242:
2230:
2214:
2134:
2038:
2022:
1990:
1850:
tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
1666:
1638:
1622:
1598:
1438:
1406:
1402:
1378:
1350:
1266:
1141:
tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
1128:
1112:
987:
808:
804:
727:
468:
413:
405:
315:
243:
9996:
4167:
3358:
3298:
3266:
2762:
2746:
2626:
2450:
2282:
2206:
2194:
2062:
1970:
1414:
994:
771:
699:
389:
319:
291:
279:
5720:
List of brown seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
5715:
List of green seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
5668:
List of Southern African indigenous trees and woody lianes
823:, and broke away from Africa millions of years ago. Other
789:
706:
wildlife. Further inland concerning the Namib Desert, the
326:, has few permanent forests. Some of the notable ones are
4574:"Microfossils Unravel Climate History Of Tropical Africa"
3837:(via Guinea) and run through the coasts of Sierra Leone,
9338:
South African Association for Marine Biological Research
6114:
5725:
List of red seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
4228:
sink to the sea floor and are buried in sediments where
3804:. In Ghana, the forest zone gradually dispels near the
770:
region that is home to a significant number of endemic
1118:
553:. This region is home to distinctive flora, including
5946:
Drakensberg montane grasslands, woodlands and forests
4199:
2934:
Drakensberg montane grasslands, woodlands and forests
2638:
Amsterdam and Saint-Paul Islands temperate grasslands
1127:
Ecoregions of the Afrotropical realm, color-coded by
1060:
are well known for their diversity of large mammals.
449:
Acacia-Commiphora woodlands, savannas, and bushlands
420:. The largest tropical forest zone in Africa is the
8742:
4212:In concordance with their German colleagues at the
2654:
Tristan da Cunha–Gough Islands shrub and grasslands
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
9800:
9186:Southeast Atlantic Seamounts Marine Protected Area
9070:Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area
7793:Southern Namaqualand Quartzite Klipkoppe Shrubland
9233:Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries
8959:Addo Elephant National Park Marine Protected Area
5941:Drakensberg alti-montane grasslands and woodlands
4653:— A journal of Afrotropical biodiversity research
2918:Drakensberg alti-montane grasslands and woodlands
2298:Southern Acacia–Commiphora bushlands and thickets
2278:South Arabian fog woodlands, shrublands, and dune
2126:Northern Acacia–Commiphora bushlands and thickets
1694:Southern Zanzibar–Inhambane coastal forest mosaic
1634:Northern Zanzibar–Inhambane coastal forest mosaic
1071:) are endemic to Central Africa: both species of
254:savanna. Rainfall increases further south in the
234:run east and west across the continent, from the
10300:
9348:South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity
4704:
4405:
4353:Farias, I.P.; OrtĂ, G.; Meyer, A. (2000-04-15).
2978:Eastern Zimbabwe montane forest–grassland mosaic
1178:tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
1133:tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
1028:Africa has three endemic orders of mammals, the
455:or Somali-Masai region. It extends from central
9535:List of authors of South African botanical taxa
9343:South African Environmental Observation Network
9284:
9191:Southwest Indian Seamount Marine Protected Area
5695:Regional taxon checklists and other minor lists
4352:
2254:Somali Acacia–Commiphora bushlands and thickets
523:ecosystem, which is renowned for its wildlife.
342:that scatter the land are small, predominantly
214:, which includes northern Africa and temperate
9602:International Union for Conservation of Nature
7478:Nieuwoudtville-Roggeveld Dolerite Renosterveld
5653:List of invasive plant species in South Africa
4806:
4287:Burgess, Neil D.; Hales, J.D.; Underwood, E.;
2586:temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
1766:tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests
1145:temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
1137:tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests
682:Southern Africa contains several deserts. The
9786:
9353:South African National Biodiversity Institute
4750:
4690:
4101:Tropical timber was used in Europe following
3606:
3242:
3162:
3122:Southern Rift montane forest–grassland mosaic
2874:
2694:
2602:
1866:
1782:
1194:
932:). Other endemic Afrotropic families include
842:
669:
526:
309:
246:belt, a transitional zone of semi-arid short
9632:South African Sustainable Seafood Initiative
9540:List of authors of South African animal taxa
9514:University of KwaZulu-Natal Botanical Garden
9258:Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality
7763:Richtersveld Sandy Coastal Scorpionstailveld
4207:Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research
4158:to 2,900 km (1,100 sq mi) in
3106:South Malawi montane forest–grassland mosaic
9934:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
9719:List of field guides to South African biota
9686:National Environmental Management Act, 1998
9592:Environmental impact of recreational diving
9196:Port Elizabeth Corals Marine Protected Area
9176:Prince Edward Islands Marine Protected Area
9166:Namaqua Fossil Forest Marine Protected Area
9161:iSimangaliso Offshore Marine Protected Area
9030:Namaqua National Park Marine Protected Area
8641:Subantarctic Biotic Herbfield and Grassland
3146:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
1157:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
384:of West Africa extend along the coast from
242:. Immediately south of the Sahara lies the
181:
9793:
9779:
9751:
9310:South African National Collection of Fungi
9106:Agulhas Bank Complex Marine Protected Area
8556:Pondoland-Natal Sandstone Coastal Sourveld
5956:Maputaland–Pondoland bushland and thickets
4697:
4683:
3849:, Nigeria and Cameroon, and ending at the
3613:
3599:
3382:Ile Europa and Bassas da India xeric scrub
3249:
3235:
3169:
3155:
3066:Maputaland–Pondoland bushland and thickets
2994:Ethiopian montane grasslands and woodlands
2881:
2867:
2701:
2687:
2609:
2595:
1873:
1859:
1789:
1775:
1201:
1187:
1115:and their ancestors originated in Africa.
1017:are limited to the Afrotropics, including
376:, runs across most of equatorial Africa's
9141:Browns Bank Complex Marine Protected Area
7818:Stinkfonteinberge Eastern Apron Shrubland
7798:Southern Richtersveld Inselberg Shrubland
5227:
4544:
4526:
4043:Learn how and when to remove this message
3326:Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:One of Earth's eight biogeographic realms
9509:Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden
9146:Browns Bank Corals Marine Protected Area
9060:Sixteen Mile Beach Marine Protected Area
8881:Ç€Ai-Ç€Ais/Richtersveld Transfrontier Park
8755:Index of protected areas of South Africa
6189:Dwarsberg-Swartruggens Mountain Bushveld
6131:List of vegetation types of South Africa
5673:List of botanists by author abbreviation
5648:List of invasive species in South Africa
5290:Whip spiders and tailless whip scorpions
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4128:
3912:
3822:
2334:Southern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic
2150:Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic
1566:Mount Cameroon and Bioko montane forests
1122:
774:, as well as to plant families like the
757:
673:
137:
9681:Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998
9519:Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden
9479:KwaZulu-Natal National Botanical Garden
9459:Harold Porter National Botanical Garden
9171:Orange Shelf Edge Marine Protected Area
9126:Amathole Offshore Marine Protected Area
8316:Southern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert
8301:Northern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert
7858:Vyftienmyl se Berge Succulent Shrubland
7803:Southern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld
7723:Northern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld
7583:Central Richtersveld Mountain Shrubland
6847:Southern Drakensberg Highland Grassland
6782:Northern Drakensberg Highland Grassland
6672:Drakensberg-Amathole Afromontane Fynbos
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
2894:Angolan montane forest–grassland mosaic
2474:Western Congolian forest–savanna mosaic
1678:SĂŁo TomĂ©, PrĂncipe, and AnnobĂłn forests
854:Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands
790:Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands
750:and cultural significance to the local
14:
10301:
9499:North-West University Botanical Garden
9494:Manie van der Schijff Botanical Garden
9474:Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden
9469:Karoo Desert National Botanical Garden
9371:African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme
9015:Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area
7838:Tatasberg Mountain Succulent Shrubland
7340:Swartberg Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos
6922:Waterberg-Magaliesberg Summit Sourveld
6852:Southern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland
6807:Northern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland
6797:Northern Escarpment Quartzite Sourveld
6792:Northern Escarpment Dolomite Grassland
6787:Northern Escarpment Afromontane Fynbos
4568:
4566:
4564:
4280:
3979:who have occupied them for millennia.
3808:, following a 300 km stretch of
3554:Southwestern Arabian montane woodlands
3538:Southwestern Arabian foothills savanna
1654:Northwestern Congolian lowland forests
1610:Northeastern Congolian lowland forests
442:
9774:
9560:
9283:
8741:
8656:Subantarctic Drainage Line Vegetation
8407:Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands
7848:Upper Annisvlakte Succulent Shrubland
7808:Southern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld
7728:Northern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld
7375:Western Coastal Shale Band Vegetation
7240:Northern Inland Shale Band Vegetation
7070:Eastern Coastal Shale Band Vegetation
7055:Central Coastal Shale Band Vegetation
6902:Vaal Reefs Dolomite Sinkhole Woodland
6113:
5847:
5751:
5693:
5304:Alderflies, dobsonflies and fishflies
4749:
4678:
4622:Washington D.C.: World Wildlife Fund.
4317:
3458:Masai xeric grasslands and shrublands
9918:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
9880:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
9663:List of nature reserves in Cape Town
9444:Free State National Botanical Garden
9238:Department of Science and Innovation
9201:uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area
9085:uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area
8714:KwaZulu-Natal coastal lowland forest
7843:Umdaus Mountains Succulent Shrubland
7768:Riethuis-Wallekraal Quartz Vygieveld
7738:Piketberg Quartz Succulent Shrubland
7613:Goariep Mountain Succulent Shrubland
7433:Hantam Plateau Dolerite Renosterveld
7370:Western Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos
7075:Eastern Inland Shale Band Vegetation
7060:Central Inland Shale Band Vegetation
6817:Northern Zululand Mistbelt Grassland
6667:Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland
6032:Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra
5901:Tropical and subtropical grasslands,
5663:List of slime moulds of South Africa
4449:
4348:
4346:
4311:
3999:
3982:
3294:East Saharan montane xeric woodlands
3262:Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert
2386:Victoria Basin forest–savanna mosaic
210:, separates the Afrotropic from the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
9253:iSimangaliso Wetland Park Authority
9136:Benguela Muds Marine Protected Area
9131:Benguela Bank Marine Protected Area
9111:Agulhas Front Marine Protected Area
9040:Robben Island Marine Protected Area
9025:Marcus Island Marine Protected Area
9020:Malgas Island Marine Protected Area
9010:Jutten Island Marine Protected Area
8821:Golden Gate Highlands National Park
8721:List of forests of the Western Cape
8699:List of forests of the Eastern Cape
8646:Subantarctic Cinder Cone Vegetation
7413:Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld
6259:Koranna-Langeberg Mountain Bushveld
5774:Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot
4722:Marine biodiversity of South Africa
4645:Terrestrial ecoregions of the world
4561:
3354:Gulf of Oman desert and semi-desert
3042:Jos Plateau forest–grassland mosaic
2906:Angolan Scarp savanna and woodlands
1826:Zambezian Cryptosepalum dry forests
1242:Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests
1119:Afrotropical terrestrial ecoregions
993:The Afrotropic has various endemic
924:) of which five are endemic to the
601:
202:deserts of northern Africa and the
24:
9504:Pretoria National Botanical Garden
9181:Protea Banks Marine Protected Area
9121:Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area
9116:Agulhas Muds Marine Protected Area
9055:Sardinia Bay Marine Protected Area
9005:iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area
8492:Subtropical Estuarine Salt Marshes
7608:Eenriet Plains Succulent Shrubland
7325:Stinkfonteinberge Quartzite Fynbos
7290:South Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos
7210:North Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos
6687:Eastern Free State Sandy Grassland
6617:Amersfoort Highveld Clay Grassland
6279:KwaZulu-Natal Hinterland Thornveld
5911:Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands
5886:KwaZulu–Cape coastal forest mosaic
5861:List of ecoregions in South Africa
4626:
4268:Plant Resources of Tropical Africa
4200:Historical temperature and climate
4186:United Nations Development Program
4015:tone or style may not reflect the
3845:, Ghana, continuing through Togo,
3086:Rwenzori–Virunga montane moorlands
2086:Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands
1926:Central Zambezian miombo woodlands
1494:KwaZulu–Cape coastal forest mosaic
1326:Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests
698:. It is characterized by towering
447:In northeastern Africa, semi-arid
221:
25:
10365:
9844:Montane grasslands and shrublands
9484:Lowveld National Botanical Garden
9156:Childs Bank Marine Protected Area
9151:Cape Canyon Marine Protected Area
9080:Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area
8984:Dwesa-Cwebe Marine Protected Area
8974:Bird Island Marine Protected Area
8969:Betty's Bay Marine Protected Area
8906:Gouritz Cluster Biosphere Reserve
8666:Subantarctic Fernbrake Vegetation
7788:Rosyntjieberg Succulent Shrubland
7683:Namaqualand Heuweltjie Strandveld
7473:Nieuwoudtville Shale Renosterveld
7453:Matjiesfontein Shale Renosterveld
6927:Western Free State Clay Grassland
6742:Lesotho Highland Basalt Grassland
6682:Eastern Free State Clay Grassland
6564:Western Maputaland Sandy Bushveld
5658:List of Oomycetes of South Africa
4638:
4343:
4182:Food and Agriculture Organization
2858:montane grasslands and shrublands
2790:Zambezian coastal flooded savanna
2742:Inner Niger Delta flooded savanna
1290:Central Congolian lowland forests
1153:montane grasslands and shrublands
166:, and the islands of the western
142:The Afrotropical realm (in green)
9750:
9740:
9739:
9637:World Register of Marine Species
9454:Hantam National Botanical Garden
9376:National Biodiversity Assessment
8994:Helderberg Marine Protected Area
8901:Cape Winelands Biosphere Reserve
8517:Upper Gariep Alluvial Vegetation
8477:Subantarctic Kelp Bed Vegetation
8432:Lower Gariep Alluvial Vegetation
8387:Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetlands
8382:Cape Lowland Alluvial Vegetation
7733:Oograbies Plains Sandy Grassland
7708:Namaqualand Spinescent Grassland
7538:Western RuĂŞns Shale Renosterveld
7468:Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld
7428:Eastern RuĂŞns Shale Renosterveld
7418:Central RuĂŞns Shale Renosterveld
7398:Baviaanskloof Shale Renosterveld
7315:South Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos
7310:South Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos
7300:South Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos
7295:South Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos
7235:North Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos
7230:North Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos
7220:North Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos
7215:North Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos
6937:Western Lesotho Basalt Shrubland
6932:Western Highveld Sandy Grassland
6912:Vredefort Dome Granite Grassland
6867:Steenkampsberg Montane Grassland
6812:Northern KwaZulu-Natal Shrubland
6732:KwaZulu-Natal Highland Thornveld
6662:Drakensberg Afroalpine Heathland
6652:Carletonville Dolomite Grassland
6559:Western Maputaland Clay Bushveld
6449:Poung Dolomite Mountain Bushveld
6284:KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld
5891:Maputaland coastal forest mosaic
5643:List of bacteria of South Africa
5310:Booklice, barklice and barkflies
4025:guide to writing better articles
4004:
3995:
3675:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3091:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2815:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2483:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2395:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2374:Saint Helena scrub and woodlands
2343:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2163:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1975:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1939:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1814:Madagascar dry deciduous forests
1723:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1530:Maputaland coastal forest mosaic
1391:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1295:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1255:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1219:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1013:(Coliidae). Several families of
710:is a semi-arid savanna spanning
630:woodlands, and higher-elevation
418:Democratic Republic of the Congo
374:tropical moist broadleaf forests
300:tropical moist broadleaf forests
34:
9960:Flooded grasslands and savannas
9381:National Vegetation Map Project
9075:Trafalgar Marine Protected Area
9045:Rocherpan Marine Protected Area
9035:Pondoland Marine Protected Area
8744:Protected areas of South Africa
8694:List of forests of South Africa
8651:Subantarctic Coastal Vegetation
8507:Subtropical Seashore Vegetation
8497:Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands
8482:Subtropical Alluvial Vegetation
8452:Namaqualand Seashore Vegetation
7743:Platbakkies Succulent Shrubland
7698:Namaqualand Klipkoppe Shrubland
7573:Bushmanland Inselberg Shrubland
7533:Vanrhynsdorp Shale Renosterveld
7523:Swartland Silcrete Renosterveld
7508:Swartland Alluvium Renosterveld
7305:South Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos
7225:North Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos
7185:Matjiesfontein Quartzite Fynbos
6822:Paulpietersburg Moist Grassland
6484:South Eastern Coastal Thornveld
6429:Phalaborwa-Timbavati Mopaneveld
6204:Gauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld
5986:Montane fynbos and renosterveld
5981:Lowland fynbos and renosterveld
5355:Sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants
4599:
4584:from the original on 2011-06-07
4360:Journal of Experimental Zoology
3514:Socotra Island xeric shrublands
3370:Hobyo grasslands and shrublands
3206:Montane fynbos and renosterveld
3194:Lowland fynbos and renosterveld
2678:flooded grasslands and savannas
1734:Western Guinean lowland forests
1718:Western Congolian swamp forests
1386:Eastern Congolian swamp forests
1149:flooded grasslands and savannas
549:of South Africa, including the
170:. It was formerly known as the
45:needs additional citations for
10273:Ecological land classification
9802:Biogeographic regionalisations
9065:Stilbaai Marine Protected Area
8989:Goukamma Marine Protected Area
8964:Amathole Marine Protected Area
8921:Magaliesberg Biosphere Reserve
8311:Richtersveld Sheet Wash Desert
8261:Alexander Bay Coastal Duneveld
7718:Northern Knersvlakte Vygieveld
7658:Lekkersing Succulent Shrubland
7653:Kosiesberg Succulent Shrubland
7648:Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo
7633:Knersvlakte Dolomite Vygieveld
7623:Kamiesberg Mountains Shrubland
7513:Swartland Granite Renosterveld
7488:Robertson Granite Renosterveld
6917:Wakkerstroom Montane Grassland
6747:Low Escarpment Moist Grassland
6647:Bloemfontein Karroid Shrubland
6534:Tshokwane-Hlane Basalt Lowveld
6494:Soutpansberg Mountain Bushveld
6224:Gordonia Kameeldoring Bushveld
5921:Zambezian and mopane woodlands
5881:Knysna–Amatole montane forests
5848:
5416:Marine heterobranch gastropods
4658:Manual of Afrotropical Diptera
4612:Island Press, Washington, D.C.
4505:
4436:
4399:
4257:African Rainforest Conservancy
4082:as a source of steady income.
3526:Somali montane xeric woodlands
3446:Madagascar succulent woodlands
2954:East African montane moorlands
2510:Zambezian and mopane woodlands
1914:Ascension scrub and grasslands
1802:Cape Verde Islands dry forests
1482:Knysna–Amatole montane forests
1314:Cross–Niger transition forests
1214:Albertine Rift montane forests
815:are old pieces of the ancient
766:at Africa's southern tip is a
587:Albertine rift montane forests
378:Intertropical Convergence Zone
357:
232:tropical grassland and savanna
13:
1:
9464:Johannesburg Botanical Garden
9449:Garden Route Botanical Garden
9050:Robberg Marine Protected Area
8999:Hluleka Marine Protected Area
8979:De Hoop Marine Protected Area
8789:Augrabies Falls National Park
8606:Southern Afrotemperate Forest
8581:Northern Afrotemperate Forest
8326:Western Gariep Lowland Desert
8107:Saldanha Limestone Strandveld
8027:Grahamstown Grassland Thicket
7753:Richtersveld Coastal Duneveld
7748:Prince Albert Succulent Karoo
7663:Little Karoo Quartz Vygieveld
7593:Die Plate Succulent Shrubland
7578:Central Knersvlakte Vygieveld
7463:Mossel Bay Shale Renosterveld
7438:Humansdorp Shale Renosterveld
7355:Swartruggens Quartzite Fynbos
7160:Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos
7150:Kouebokkeveld Alluvium Fynbos
6802:Northern Free State Shrubland
6772:Mooi River Highland Grassland
6434:Pilanesberg Mountain Bushveld
6424:Olifantshoek Plains Thornveld
6414:Nwambyia-Pumbe Sandy Bushveld
6159:Barberton Serpentine Sourveld
4273:
4138:Dzanga-Sangha Special Reserve
2238:Serengeti volcanic grasslands
2018:Guinean forest–savanna mosaic
1274:Cameroonian Highlands forests
782:) that are also found in the
314:South Arabia, which includes
9939:Deserts and xeric shrublands
9746:Biodiversity of South Africa
9305:National Research Foundation
9263:South African National Parks
8866:Table Mountain National Park
8856:Mountain Zebra National Park
8831:Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park
8417:Highveld Alluvial Vegetation
8331:Western Gariep Plains Desert
8306:Richtersberg Mountain Desert
8266:Eastern Gariep Plains Desert
8057:Koedoeskloof Karroid Thicket
7952:Crossroads Grassland Thicket
7863:Western Bushmanland Klipveld
7823:Swartruggens Quartzite Karoo
7678:Namaqualand Coastal Duneveld
7638:Knersvlakte Quartz Vygieveld
7598:Doringrivier Quartzite Karoo
7528:Uniondale Shale Renosterveld
7518:Swartland Shale Renosterveld
7503:Swartberg Shale Renosterveld
7493:Roggeveld Shale Renosterveld
7483:Peninsula Shale Renosterveld
7448:Langkloof Shale Renosterveld
7443:Kango Limestone Renosterveld
7403:Breede Alluvium Renosterveld
7365:Tsitsikamma Sandstone Fynbos
7110:Grootrivier Quartzite Fynbos
6857:Soutpansberg Summit Sourveld
6837:Sekhukhune Montane Grassland
6702:Frankfort Highveld Grassland
6657:Central Free State Grassland
6637:Besemkaree Koppies Shrubland
6474:Sekhukhune Mountain Bushveld
6088:Southeast Atlantic ecoregion
5996:Deserts and xeric shrublands
4706:Biodiversity of South Africa
3977:indigenous peoples of Africa
3897:, severe dry periods during
3226:deserts and xeric shrublands
2802:Zambezian flooded grasslands
2550:Zambezian Baikiaea woodlands
2494:Western Zambezian grasslands
1346:East African montane forests
1161:deserts and xeric shrublands
592:East African montane forests
150:is one of the Earth's eight
7:
10180:Temperate Northern Atlantic
9870:Broadleaf and mixed forests
9561:
9285:Biodiversity research in SA
8916:Kruger to Canyons Biosphere
8779:Addo Elephant National Park
8551:Maputaland Wooded Grassland
8467:Southern Kalahari Salt Pans
8372:Cape Estuarine Salt Marshes
8362:Arid Estuarine Salt Marshes
8321:Western Gariep Hills Desert
8271:Eastern Gariep Rocky Desert
8211:Bushmanland Sandy Grassland
8206:Bushmanland Basin Shrubland
8102:Saldanha Granite Strandveld
7957:Doubledrift Karroid Thicket
7828:Tanqua Escarpment Shrubland
7703:Namaqualand Shale Shrubland
7693:Namaqualand Inland Duneveld
7643:Knersvlakte Shale Vygieveld
7498:RuĂŞns Silcrete Renosterveld
7380:Winterhoek Sandstone Fynbos
7190:Matjiesfontein Shale Fynbos
7180:Lourensford Alluvium Fynbos
7100:Graafwater Sandstone Fynbos
7090:Garden Route Granite Fynbos
7045:Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos
6947:Wolkberg Dolomite Grassland
6897:uKhahlamba Basalt Grassland
6882:Tarkastad Montane Shrubland
6872:Stormberg Plateau Grassland
6767:Midlands Mistbelt Grassland
6752:Lydenburg Montane Grassland
6622:Barberton Montane Grassland
6607:Amathole Mistbelt Grassland
6554:Waterberg Mountain Bushveld
6419:Ohrigstad Mountain Bushveld
6214:Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld
5831:Maputaland-Pondoland Region
5322:Dragonflies and damselflies
4250:
4062:The cultivation of various
3782:
3054:Madagascar ericoid thickets
3010:Ethiopian montane moorlands
1518:Madagascar subhumid forests
1446:Granitic Seychelles forests
519:. This region includes the
258:, also known simply as the
10:
10370:
10283:Vegetation classifications
10185:Temperate Northern Pacific
9642:World Wide Fund for Nature
9300:Iziko South African Museum
9090:Walker Bay Whale Sanctuary
8871:Tankwa Karoo National Park
8804:Garden Route National Park
8541:KwaZulu-Natal Coastal Belt
8462:Southern Kalahari Mekgacha
8412:Fynbos Riparian Vegetation
8347:Albany Alluvial Vegetation
8231:Kalahari Karroid Shrubland
8201:Bushmanland Arid Grassland
8196:Blouputs Karroid Thornveld
8077:Motherwell Karroid Thicket
8037:Groot Brak Dune Strandveld
7947:Cape Flats Dune Strandveld
7688:Namaqualand Heuweltjieveld
7668:Namaqualand Arid Grassland
7458:Montagu Shale Renosterveld
7360:Swellendam Silcrete Fynbos
7285:South Hex Sandstone Fynbos
7265:Piketberg Sandstone Fynbos
7260:Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos
7205:North Hex Sandstone Fynbos
7175:Loerie Conglomerate Fynbos
7155:Kouebokkeveld Shale Fynbos
7145:Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos
7050:Cederberg Sandstone Fynbos
7005:Bokkeveld Sandstone Fynbos
6952:Woodbush Granite Grassland
6877:Strydpoort Summit Sourveld
6722:Karoo Escarpment Grassland
6717:KaNgwane Montane Grassland
6692:Eastern Highveld Grassland
6642:Bloemfontein Dry Grassland
6612:Amathole Montane Grassland
6602:Aliwal North Dry Grassland
6579:Zululand Coastal Thornveld
6479:Sekhukhune Plains Bushveld
6454:Pretoriuskop Sour Bushveld
6439:Polokwane Plateau Bushveld
6404:Northern Zululand Sourveld
6354:Mamabolo Mountain Bushveld
6349:Malelane Mountain Bushveld
6149:Andesite Mountain Bushveld
6093:Southwest Indian ecoregion
5461:Marine spiny-finned fishes
4528:10.3897/zookeys.1013.55600
3857:, release vast amounts of
3502:Namibian savanna woodlands
3282:Aldabra Island xeric scrub
2778:Saharan flooded grasslands
2622:Al Hajar montane woodlands
1506:Madagascar lowland forests
959:
955:
843:Endemic plants and animals
793:
744:UNESCO World Heritage Site
670:Deserts of Southern Africa
605:
530:
527:Eastern Africa's highlands
361:
310:Southern Arabian woodlands
131:
10349:Natural history of Africa
10260:
10218:
10195:Temperate Southern Africa
10147:
10091:
10080:
10060:
9987:
9952:
9926:
9888:
9857:
9826:
9817:
9808:
9735:
9711:
9673:
9658:Biodiversity of Cape Town
9650:
9567:
9556:
9527:
9427:
9399:
9361:
9318:
9290:
9279:
9213:
9098:
8951:
8934:
8889:
8809:Tsitsikamma National Park
8763:
8750:
8737:
8709:KwaZulu-Natal Dune Forest
8684:
8676:Subantarctic Polar Desert
8629:
8525:
8457:Namib Seashore Vegetation
8339:
8286:Kwaggarug Mountain Desert
8175:
8157:Vanstadens Forest Thicket
8097:Saldanha Flats Strandveld
8087:Oudshoorn Karroid Thicket
8072:Mons Ruber Fynbos Thicket
8067:Langebaan Dune Strandveld
7982:Escarpment Valley Thicket
7886:
7853:Vanrhynsdorp Gannabosveld
7783:Rooiberg Quartz Vygieveld
7758:Richtersveld Red Duneveld
7568:Anenous Plateau Shrubland
7563:Agter-Sederberg Shrubland
7558:Aggeneys Gravel Vygieveld
7546:
7408:Breede Shale Renosterveld
7388:
7350:Swartland Alluvium Fynbos
7330:Suurberg Quartzite Fynbos
7320:Southern Cape Dune Fynbos
7270:Potberg Ferricrete Fynbos
7250:Overberg Sandstone Fynbos
7245:Olifants Sandstone Fynbos
7170:Leipoldtville Sand Fynbos
7135:Kango Conglomerate Fynbos
7130:Kamiesberg Granite Fynbos
7120:Hawequas Sandstone Fynbos
7095:Garden Route Shale Fynbos
6970:
6957:Xhariep Karroid Grassland
6862:Soweto Highveld Grassland
6712:Ithala Quartzite Sourveld
6677:East Griqualand Grassland
6627:Basotho Montane Shrubland
6592:
6499:Springbokvlakte Thornveld
6489:Southern Lebombo Bushveld
6469:Schweizer-Reneke Bushveld
6399:Northern Lebombo Bushveld
6324:Madikwe Dolomite Bushveld
6319:Lowveld Rugged Mopaneveld
6264:Kuruman Mountain Bushveld
6244:Kaalrug Mountain Bushveld
6239:Gravelotte Rocky Bushveld
6229:Gordonia Plains Shrubland
6209:Ghaap Plateau Vaalbosveld
6169:Cathedral Mopane Bushveld
6139:
6126:
6120:Vegetation classification
6109:
6058:
6050:Southern Africa mangroves
6040:
6022:
5994:
5964:
5929:
5899:
5869:
5856:
5843:
5806:Drakensberg Alpine Centre
5764:
5747:
5700:
5689:
5635:
5520:
5494:
5428:
5393:
5297:
5278:Shorttailed whipscorpions
5259:
5176:
4760:
4756:
4751:National taxon checklists
4745:
4727:Temperate Southern Africa
4712:
4633:Production Land use study
4178:World Resources Institute
3766:Southern Africa mangroves
3662:Central African mangroves
3584:
3434:Madagascar spiny thickets
3220:
3140:
2852:
2754:Lake Chad flooded savanna
2672:
2580:
2350:Southern miombo woodlands
1844:
1760:
1582:Niger Delta swamp forests
1422:Ethiopian montane forests
1172:
847:
400:, which extend along the
190:climate. A broad belt of
10205:Tropical Eastern Pacific
10155:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
9489:Makana Botanical Gardens
8911:Kogelberg Nature Reserve
8876:West Coast National Park
8841:Mapungubwe National Park
8814:Wilderness National Park
8704:Forests of KwaZulu-Natal
8616:Southern Mistbelt Forest
8591:Northern Mistbelt Forest
8487:Subtropical Dune Thicket
8392:Cape Seashore Vegetation
8236:Lower Gariep Broken Veld
8147:Thorndale Forest Thicket
8127:Subtropical Dune Thicket
8112:Saltaire Karroid Thicket
8092:Overberg Dune Strandveld
8062:Lambert's Bay Strandveld
7977:Escarpment Mesic Thicket
7423:Ceres Shale Renosterveld
7280:Robertson Granite Fynbos
7275:Potberg Sandstone Fynbos
7255:Peninsula Granite Fynbos
7065:De Hoop Limestone Fynbos
6980:Agulhas Limestone Fynbos
6942:Winburg Grassy Shrubland
6907:Vaal-Vet Sandy Grassland
6309:Loskop Mountain Bushveld
5916:Southern Africa bushveld
5903:savannas, and shrublands
5871:Tropical and subtropical
5361:Silverfish and firebrats
5319:Cockroaches and termites
4737:Wildlife of South Africa
4416:10.1007/0-387-24320-8_16
4180:in cooperation with the
3955:
3908:
2714:East African halophytics
2314:Southern Africa bushveld
2159:Central African Republic
2002:Eastern miombo woodlands
1967:Central African Republic
1898:Angolan mopane woodlands
1886:Angolan miombo woodlands
1663:Central African Republic
1619:Central African Republic
1594:Nigerian lowland forests
968:East African Great Lakes
796:Ecoregions of Madagascar
541:region extends from the
182:Major ecological regions
10344:Natural history of Asia
10226:Biogeographic provinces
10190:Temperate South America
9908:Moist broadleaf forests
8611:Southern Coastal Forest
8586:Northern Coastal Forest
8571:Lowveld Riverine Forest
8546:Maputaland Coastal Belt
8276:Helskloof Canyon Desert
8241:Lower Karoo Gwarrieveld
8122:St Francis Dune Thicket
8117:Sardinia Forest Thicket
8012:Geluk Grassland Thicket
7972:Escarpment Arid Thicket
7922:Baviaans Valley Thicket
7200:Namaqualand Sand Fynbos
7020:Breede Quartzite Fynbos
6962:Zastron Moist Grassland
6842:Senqu Montane Shrubland
6832:Rand Highveld Grassland
6777:Mthatha Moist Grassland
6697:Egoli Granite Grassland
6544:Vaalbos Rocky Shrubland
6524:Thukela Valley Bushveld
6509:Swaziland Sour Bushveld
6394:Norite Koppies Bushveld
6379:Mopane Gabbro Shrubland
6374:Mopane Basalt Shrubland
6344:Makuleke Sandy Bushveld
6289:Lebombo Summit Sourveld
6194:Eastern Valley Bushveld
5873:moist broadleaf forests
5733:Timber trees of Gauteng
5466:Marine Perciform fishes
4235:sea surface temperature
4057:deforestation in Africa
3918:African forest elephant
3310:Eritrean coastal desert
2178:Sahelian Acacia savanna
1458:Guinean montane forests
1398:Eastern Guinean forests
926:Cape floristic province
666:, and the subtropical.
640:Guineo-Congolian region
463:and covers portions of
459:northwards through the
364:Guineo-Congolian region
9439:Durban Botanic Gardens
9328:Animal Demography Unit
8846:Marakele National Park
8799:Camdeboo National Park
8794:Bontebok National Park
8661:Subantarctic Fellfield
8472:Southern Karoo Riviere
8352:Albany Dune Strandveld
8281:Kahams Mountain Desert
8167:Willowmore Gwarrieveld
8142:Sundays Valley Thicket
8082:Nanaga Savanna Thicket
8047:Hartenbos Dune Thicket
8022:Gouritz Valley Thicket
7942:Buffels Valley Thicket
7878:Willowmore Gwarrieveld
7713:Namaqualand Strandveld
7628:Klawer Sandy Shrubland
7345:Swartberg Shale Fynbos
7165:Kouga Sandstone Fynbos
7085:Elim Ferricrete Fynbos
7040:Cape Flats Sand Fynbos
7035:Canca Limestone Fynbos
7015:Breede Alluvium Fynbos
6995:Algoa Sandstone Fynbos
6990:Albertinia Sand Fynbos
6887:Tsakane Clay Grassland
6762:Mabela Sandy Grassland
6707:Income Sandy Grassland
6569:Western Sandy Bushveld
6464:Schmidtsdrif Thornveld
6384:Musina Mopane Bushveld
6339:Makhado Sweet Bushveld
6304:Limpopo Sweet Bushveld
6299:Limpopo Ridge Bushveld
6294:Legogote Sour Bushveld
6199:Gabbro Grassy Bushveld
6174:Central Sandy Bushveld
6004:Kalahari xeric savanna
5966:Mediterranean forests,
5796:Griqualand West Centre
5364:Stick and leaf insects
4140:
3920:
3830:
3698:East African mangroves
3398:Kalahari xeric savanna
2730:Etosha Pan halophytics
2110:Mandara Plateau mosaic
1167:
1091:) and both species of
679:
338:region of Oman. Other
143:
10288:Zoogeographic regions
10246:Global 200 ecoregions
10175:Temperate Australasia
9913:Dry broadleaf forests
9651:Regional biodiversity
9607:Marine protected area
9333:BirdLife South Africa
9248:Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife
8861:Namaqua National Park
8784:Agulhas National Park
8561:Transkei Coastal Belt
8502:Subtropical Salt Pans
8447:Namaqualand Salt Pans
8377:Cape Inland Salt Pans
8357:Algoa Dune Strandveld
8251:Upper Karoo Hardeveld
8152:Umtiza Forest Thicket
8137:Sundays Mesic Thicket
8017:Goukamma Dune Thicket
7967:Elands Forest Thicket
7937:Buffels Mesic Thicket
7917:Albany Valley Thicket
7335:Suurberg Shale Fynbos
7125:Hopefield Sand Fynbos
7010:Boland Granite Fynbos
6737:Leolo Summit Sourveld
6632:Bedford Dry Grassland
6539:Tzaneen Sour Bushveld
6444:Postmasburg Thornveld
6334:Makatini Clay Thicket
5821:Sekhukhuneland Centre
5791:Cape Floristic Region
5769:Cape Floristic Region
5754:Biodiversity hotspots
5313:Butterflies and moths
4651:African Invertebrates
4132:
3916:
3826:
2838:Zambezian halophytics
2487:Republic of the Congo
2426:West Sudanian savanna
1958:East Sudanian savanna
1727:Republic of the Congo
1687:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1671:Republic of the Congo
1627:Republic of the Congo
1259:Republic of the Congo
1126:
1001:(Struthionidae), the
811:. Madagascar and the
768:Mediterranean climate
764:Cape floristic region
758:Cape floristic region
677:
547:Drakensberg Mountains
487:. Thorny, dry-season
398:Lower Guinean forests
382:Upper Guinean forests
318:and parts of western
296:forest-savanna mosaic
274:is home to two great
141:
10329:Ecoregions of Africa
10314:Biogeographic realms
10268:Altitudinal zonation
10210:Western Indo-Pacific
10170:Eastern Indo-Pacific
10165:Central Indo-Pacific
9627:Scuba diving tourism
9587:Encyclopedia of Life
8851:Mokala National Park
8836:Kruger National Park
8402:Drakensberg Wetlands
8296:Noms Mountain Desert
8246:Northern Upper Karoo
8132:Sundays Arid Thicket
8052:Kasouga Dune Thicket
8042:Hamburg Dune Thicket
8007:Gamka Valley Thicket
7927:Bethelsdorp Bontveld
7912:Albany Mesic Thicket
7873:Western Little Karoo
7673:Namaqualand Blomveld
7603:Eastern Little Karoo
7195:Montagu Shale Fynbos
7115:Hangklip Sand Fynbos
7105:Greyton Shale Fynbos
7000:Atlantis Sand Fynbos
6827:Queenstown Thornveld
6727:Klerksdorp Thornveld
6514:Tembe Sandy Bushveld
6369:Moot Plains Bushveld
5968:woodlands, and scrub
5758:Centres of diversity
5334:Jumping bristletails
4732:Western Indo-Pacific
4410:. pp. 187–195.
4408:African Biodiversity
4214:University of Bremen
3754:Madagascar mangroves
3363:United Arab Emirates
3079:Eswatini (Swaziland)
2947:Eswatini (Swaziland)
2631:United Arab Emirates
1535:Eswatini (Swaziland)
997:families, including
825:Indian Ocean islands
372:, a belt of lowland
152:biogeographic realms
69:"Afrotropical realm"
54:improve this article
10241:Lists of ecoregions
9898:Tropical rainforest
9617:Nature conservation
8926:Waterberg Biosphere
8826:Karoo National Park
8566:Ironwood Dry Forest
8512:Tanqua Wash Riviere
8442:Namaqualand Riviere
8291:Namib Lichen Fields
8256:Western Upper Karoo
8221:Eastern Upper Karoo
8216:Eastern Lower Karoo
8162:Western Gwarrieveld
8032:Grassridge Bontveld
7997:Fish Valley Thicket
7962:Eastern Gwarrieveld
7902:Albany Arid Thicket
7868:Western Gwarrieveld
7813:Steytlerville Karoo
7588:Citrusdal Vygieveld
7030:Breede Shale Fynbos
6985:Agulhas Sand Fynbos
6757:Lydenburg Thornveld
6274:Kuruman Vaalbosveld
6254:Kimberley Thornveld
6184:Dwaalboom Thornveld
5951:Highveld grasslands
5811:Soutpansberg Centre
5401:Non-marine molluscs
5269:Microwhip scorpions
4373:2000JEZ...288...76F
3855:hydrological cycles
3026:Highveld grasslands
2070:Itigi–Sumbu thicket
1370:Eastern Arc forests
1058:East-African plains
813:Granitic Seychelles
702:and a diversity of
596:Eastern Arc forests
582:Ethiopian Highlands
565:, as well as giant
543:Ethiopian Highlands
443:Somali–Masai region
428:in Central Africa.
262:, a belt of taller
240:Ethiopian Highlands
10324:Ecoregions of Asia
10309:Afrotropical realm
10278:Floristic kingdoms
10042:Hydrothermal vents
9903:Coniferous forests
9865:Coniferous forests
9386:Reef Atlas Project
9243:Eastern Cape Parks
8422:Highveld Salt Pans
8367:Bushmanland Vloere
8191:Albany Broken Veld
8002:Gamka Arid Thicket
7992:Fish Mesic Thicket
7932:Blombos Strandveld
7140:Knysna Sand Fynbos
7080:Elgin Shale Fynbos
7025:Breede Sand Fynbos
6459:Roodeberg Bushveld
6359:Marikana Thornveld
6073:Benguela ecoregion
5931:Montane grasslands
5456:Marine bony fishes
5346:Net-winged insects
5235:Marine crustaceans
4717:Afrotropical realm
4668:2016-03-03 at the
4141:
3970:British government
3934:pygmy hippopotamus
3921:
3831:
1168:
1021:(Chaetopidae) and
896:), and one to the
784:Australasian realm
680:
288:Niger Inland Delta
276:flooded grasslands
156:Sub-Saharan Africa
148:Afrotropical realm
144:
134:Sub-Saharan Africa
10354:Regions of Africa
10296:
10295:
10256:
10255:
10200:Tropical Atlantic
10076:
10075:
9983:
9982:
9875:Deciduous forests
9768:
9767:
9731:
9730:
9727:
9726:
9597:Low impact diving
9552:
9551:
9548:
9547:
9275:
9274:
9271:
9270:
9228:City of Cape Town
9209:
9208:
8733:
8732:
8729:
8728:
8671:Subantarctic Mire
8397:Cape Vernal Pools
7987:Fish Arid Thicket
6574:Zeerust Thornveld
6529:Tsende Mopaneveld
6519:Thukela Thornveld
6329:Mafikeng Bushveld
6269:Kuruman Thornveld
6219:Gordonia Duneveld
6105:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6078:Delagoa ecoregion
6068:Agulhas ecoregion
6060:Marine ecoregions
5839:
5838:
5743:
5742:
5685:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5490:
5489:
5446:Freshwater fishes
5411:Marine gastropods
5389:
5388:
5206:Marine cnidarians
5172:
5171:
4425:978-0-387-24320-7
4304:978-1-55963-364-2
4218:molecular fossils
4053:
4052:
4045:
4019:used on Knowledge
4017:encyclopedic tone
3983:Region protection
3926:Timber extraction
3780:
3779:
3718:Guinean mangroves
3679:Equatorial Guinea
3626:Red Sea mangroves
3580:
3579:
3216:
3215:
3136:
3135:
2848:
2847:
2668:
2667:
2647:Saint-Paul Island
2576:
2575:
1840:
1839:
1756:
1755:
1683:Equatorial Guinea
1575:Equatorial Guinea
1550:Mascarene forests
1335:Equatorial Guinea
1263:Equatorial Guinea
1097:common chimpanzee
1025:(Picathartidae).
1009:(Numididae), and
1005:(Sagittariidae),
922:Rhynchocalycaceae
898:Mascarene Islands
886:Sphaerosepalaceae
833:Mascarene Islands
551:East African Rift
422:Congolian forests
322:and southwestern
208:Arabian Peninsula
160:Arabian Peninsula
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
10361:
10089:
10088:
9824:
9823:
9815:
9814:
9795:
9788:
9781:
9772:
9771:
9754:
9753:
9743:
9742:
9648:
9647:
9558:
9557:
9316:
9315:
9281:
9280:
8949:
8948:
8761:
8760:
8739:
8738:
8437:Muscadel Riviere
6584:Zululand Lowveld
6314:Loskop Thornveld
6164:Bhisho Thornveld
6137:
6136:
6111:
6110:
5867:
5866:
5845:
5844:
5826:Barberton Centre
5749:
5748:
5691:
5690:
5257:
5256:
5225:
5224:
5210:Marine flatworms
5038:Scrophulariaceae
4804:
4803:
4758:
4757:
4747:
4746:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4676:
4675:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4570:
4559:
4558:
4548:
4530:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4490:. Archived from
4484:
4447:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4350:
4341:
4340:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4297:. Island Press.
4284:
4111:conservationists
4048:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4028:
4027:for suggestions.
4023:See Knowledge's
4008:
4007:
4000:
3942:water chevrotain
3938:giant forest hog
3859:greenhouse gases
3828:Ituri Rainforest
3615:
3608:
3601:
3582:
3581:
3418:Kaokoveld desert
3251:
3244:
3237:
3218:
3217:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3138:
3137:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2850:
2849:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2670:
2669:
2659:Tristan da Cunha
2643:Amsterdam Island
2611:
2604:
2597:
2578:
2577:
1919:Ascension Island
1875:
1868:
1861:
1842:
1841:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1758:
1757:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1170:
1169:
1151:. Light purple:
1089:Gorilla beringei
1063:Four species of
910:Heteropyxidaceae
874:Melanophyllaceae
837:volcanic islands
618:Miombo woodlands
614:Zambezian region
608:Zambezian region
602:Zambezian region
272:Sudanian Savanna
256:Sudanian Savanna
212:Palearctic realm
194:, including the
176:Ethiopian Region
162:, the island of
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
10369:
10368:
10364:
10363:
10362:
10360:
10359:
10358:
10319:Biota of Africa
10299:
10298:
10297:
10292:
10252:
10214:
10143:
10083:
10072:
10068:Endolithic zone
10056:
9989:
9979:
9948:
9922:
9890:
9884:
9853:
9819:
9804:
9799:
9769:
9764:
9723:
9707:
9669:
9646:
9563:
9544:
9523:
9430:
9423:
9401:
9400:Citizen science
9395:
9363:
9357:
9320:
9314:
9295:Bolus Herbarium
9286:
9267:
9215:
9205:
9094:
8943:
8941:
8939:
8937:
8930:
8892:
8885:
8770:
8768:
8766:
8759:
8746:
8725:
8686:
8680:
8633:
8625:
8576:Mangrove Forest
8532:
8530:
8528:
8521:
8335:
8182:
8180:
8178:
8171:
7907:Albany Bontveld
7893:
7891:
7889:
7882:
7778:Roggeveld Karoo
7773:Robertson Karoo
7549:
7542:
7384:
6966:
6892:Tsomo Grassland
6588:
6549:VhaVenda Miombo
6504:Stella Bushveld
6409:Nossob Bushveld
6364:Molopo Bushveld
6234:Granite Lowveld
6179:Delagoa Lowveld
6135:
6122:
6097:
6083:Natal ecoregion
6054:
6036:
6018:
6014:Succulent Karoo
5990:
5976:Albany thickets
5967:
5960:
5932:
5925:
5902:
5895:
5872:
5865:
5852:
5835:
5816:Wolkberg Centre
5786:Succulent Karoo
5779:Succulent Karoo
5760:
5739:
5696:
5677:
5631:
5516:
5486:
5424:
5406:Marine molluscs
5385:
5293:
5272:Pseudoscorpions
5255:
5223:
5168:
4946:Crossosomatales
4931:Ceratophyllales
4809:
4802:
4752:
4741:
4708:
4703:
4670:Wayback Machine
4641:
4629:
4627:Further reading
4602:
4597:
4596:
4587:
4585:
4572:
4571:
4562:
4521:(1013): 1–665.
4510:
4506:
4497:
4495:
4486:
4485:
4450:
4441:
4437:
4426:
4404:
4400:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4319:White, Frank F.
4316:
4312:
4305:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4253:
4202:
4134:African Pygmies
4084:Land use change
4049:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4022:
4013:This section's
4009:
4005:
3998:
3985:
3958:
3911:
3887:Eastern Nigeria
3883:Bight of Biafra
3785:
3620:
3619:
3570:Succulent Karoo
3387:Bassas da India
3256:
3255:
3182:Albany thickets
3176:
3175:
2888:
2887:
2708:
2707:
2616:
2615:
1880:
1879:
1796:
1795:
1302:Comoros forests
1208:
1207:
1143:. Light green:
1135:. Light brown:
1121:
1101:Pan troglodytes
1085:eastern gorilla
1081:Gorilla gorilla
1077:western gorilla
1054:elephant shrews
964:
962:Fauna of Africa
958:
894:Mesdusagynaceae
850:
845:
798:
792:
760:
746:for its unique
708:Kalahari Desert
672:
610:
604:
535:
529:
445:
416:to the western
366:
360:
312:
230:, two belts of
224:
222:Sahel and Sudan
184:
158:, the southern
136:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Tropical Africa
15:
12:
11:
5:
10367:
10357:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10294:
10293:
10291:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10264:
10262:
10258:
10257:
10254:
10253:
10251:
10250:
10249:
10248:
10243:
10233:
10228:
10222:
10220:
10216:
10215:
10213:
10212:
10207:
10202:
10197:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10177:
10172:
10167:
10162:
10157:
10151:
10149:
10145:
10144:
10142:
10141:
10136:
10131:
10126:
10121:
10116:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10095:
10093:
10086:
10082:Biogeographic
10078:
10077:
10074:
10073:
10071:
10070:
10064:
10062:
10058:
10057:
10055:
10054:
10049:
10044:
10039:
10034:
10029:
10024:
10019:
10014:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9993:
9991:
9985:
9984:
9981:
9980:
9978:
9977:
9972:
9967:
9962:
9956:
9954:
9950:
9949:
9947:
9946:
9941:
9936:
9930:
9928:
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9923:
9921:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9894:
9892:
9886:
9885:
9883:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9861:
9859:
9855:
9854:
9852:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9830:
9828:
9821:
9812:
9806:
9805:
9798:
9797:
9790:
9783:
9775:
9766:
9765:
9763:
9762:
9755:
9748:
9736:
9733:
9732:
9729:
9728:
9725:
9724:
9722:
9721:
9715:
9713:
9709:
9708:
9706:
9705:
9704:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9683:
9677:
9675:
9671:
9670:
9668:
9667:
9666:
9665:
9654:
9652:
9645:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9622:Nature reserve
9619:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9579:
9574:
9568:
9565:
9564:
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9506:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9456:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9435:
9433:
9425:
9424:
9422:
9421:
9416:
9411:
9405:
9403:
9397:
9396:
9394:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9367:
9365:
9359:
9358:
9356:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9324:
9322:
9313:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9291:
9288:
9287:
9277:
9276:
9273:
9272:
9269:
9268:
9266:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9219:
9217:
9211:
9210:
9207:
9206:
9204:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9102:
9100:
9096:
9095:
9093:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8955:
8953:
8946:
8932:
8931:
8929:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8897:
8895:
8887:
8886:
8884:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8817:
8816:
8811:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8775:
8773:
8758:
8757:
8751:
8748:
8747:
8735:
8734:
8731:
8730:
8727:
8726:
8724:
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6301:
6296:
6291:
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6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6249:Kathu Bushveld
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
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5972:
5970:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5937:
5935:
5933:and shrublands
5927:
5926:
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5923:
5918:
5913:
5907:
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5897:
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5547:
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5537:
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5524:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5507:Brown seaweeds
5504:
5502:Green seaweeds
5498:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
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4963:
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4953:
4948:
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4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4914:Caryophyllales
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4862:
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4709:
4702:
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4694:
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4672:
4660:
4655:
4647:
4640:
4639:External links
4637:
4636:
4635:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4613:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4580:. 2007-03-26.
4560:
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4435:
4424:
4398:
4342:
4335:
4310:
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4289:Dinerstein, E.
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4275:
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4271:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4252:
4249:
4240:Atlantic Ocean
4201:
4198:
4136:living in the
4096:Gulf of Guinea
4051:
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1147:. Light blue:
1131:. Dark green:
1120:
1117:
1003:secretary bird
960:Main article:
957:
954:
946:Myrothamnaceae
882:Sarcolaenaceae
858:Asteropeiaceae
849:
846:
844:
841:
817:supercontinent
794:Main article:
791:
788:
759:
756:
671:
668:
606:Main article:
603:
600:
599:
598:
589:
584:
531:Main article:
528:
525:
461:Horn of Africa
444:
441:
402:Gulf of Guinea
362:Main article:
359:
356:
311:
308:
236:Atlantic Ocean
223:
220:
204:Arabian Desert
183:
180:
172:Ethiopian Zone
154:. It includes
128:
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33:
26:
9:
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3:
2:
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10052:Demersal zone
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9896:
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9878:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
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9860:
9856:
9850:
9849:Alpine tundra
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9831:
9829:
9827:Polar/montane
9825:
9822:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9807:
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9789:
9784:
9782:
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9640:
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9628:
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9623:
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9615:
9613:
9612:National park
9610:
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9336:
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9325:
9323:
9321:organisations
9317:
9311:
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9224:
9221:
9220:
9218:
9216:organisations
9212:
9202:
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8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8427:Lesotho Mires
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
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7811:
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7609:
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7018:
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6988:
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6890:
6888:
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6875:
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6868:
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6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
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6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
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6758:
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6753:
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6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
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6693:
6690:
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6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6595:
6591:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
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6527:
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6520:
6517:
6515:
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6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
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6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
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6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
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6447:
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6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6389:Ngongoni Veld
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
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6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
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6212:
6210:
6207:
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6202:
6200:
6197:
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6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6154:Aoub Duneveld
6152:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6112:
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6015:
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6005:
6002:
6001:
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5997:
5993:
5987:
5984:
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5957:
5954:
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5928:
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5914:
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5909:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5898:
5892:
5889:
5887:
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5882:
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5878:
5876:
5874:
5868:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5855:
5851:
5846:
5842:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5801:Albany Centre
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
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5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
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5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5564:
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5553:
5551:
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5541:
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5531:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5451:Marine fishes
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5392:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5358:Scorpionflies
5357:
5354:
5351:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5296:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5251:
5248:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5165:
5164:Zygophyllales
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5065:Euphorbiaceae
5063:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4971:Escalloniales
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4860:Hyacinthaceae
4858:
4856:
4855:Asphodelaceae
4853:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4805:
4799:
4798:Pteridophytes
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4707:
4700:
4695:
4693:
4688:
4686:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4621:
4619:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4604:
4603:
4583:
4579:
4578:Science Daily
4575:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4508:
4494:on 1997-10-18
4493:
4489:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4445:
4439:
4431:
4430:Springer Link
4427:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4402:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4349:
4347:
4338:
4336:92-3-101955-4
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4306:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4283:
4279:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4208:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4169:
4163:
4161:
4160:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
4157:
4152:
4147:
4146:Guinea-Bissau
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4047:
4044:
4036:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4011:
4002:
4001:
3996:Deforestation
3993:
3989:
3980:
3978:
3973:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3927:
3919:
3915:
3906:
3904:
3903:refuge theory
3900:
3896:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3835:Guinea Bissau
3829:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3731:Guinea-Bissau
3728:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3616:
3611:
3609:
3604:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3583:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3240:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2851:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2047:Guinea Bissau
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:Macroscelidea
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:Tubulidentata
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
963:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
918:Psiloxylaceae
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:Psiloxylaceae
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
870:Kaliphoraceae
867:
863:
859:
855:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
676:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:
623:
619:
615:
609:
597:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
578:
576:
575:
570:
569:
564:
563:
558:
557:
552:
548:
544:
540:
534:
524:
522:
518:
514:
513:
508:
507:
502:
501:
496:
495:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
440:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
404:from eastern
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
365:
355:
353:
352:
347:
346:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:South of the
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
140:
135:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
10339:Biogeography
10219:Subdivisions
10109:Australasian
10099:Afrotropical
10098:
10061:Other biomes
10037:Benthic zone
10032:Pelagic zone
10027:Neritic zone
10017:Kelp forests
9889:Tropical and
9757:
9744:Categories:
9712:Publications
9572:Biodiversity
8631:Subantarctic
8621:Swamp Forest
8601:Scarp Forest
7833:Tanqua Karoo
7618:Hantam Karoo
7390:Renosterveld
5512:Red seaweeds
5370:Strepsiptera
5189:Comb jellies
5159:Zingiberales
5139:Saxifragales
5119:Ranunculales
5060:Malpighiales
4956:Dioscoreales
4951:Cucurbitales
4936:Commelinales
4840:Aquifoliales
4716:
4650:
4616:
4606:
4600:Bibliography
4586:. Retrieved
4577:
4518:
4507:
4496:. Retrieved
4492:the original
4438:
4428:– via
4407:
4401:
4391:– via
4367:(1): 76–92.
4364:
4358:
4322:
4313:
4293:
4282:
4245:last ice age
4226:
4211:
4203:
4172:
4164:
4142:
4124:
4120:forest cover
4103:World War II
4100:
4061:
4055:The rate of
4054:
4039:
4030:
4014:
3990:
3986:
3974:
3966:
3959:
3946:insectivores
3931:
3922:
3891:
3867:
3832:
3818:Sanaga river
3798:Sierra Leone
3786:
3775:South Africa
3739:Sierra Leone
3643:Saudi Arabia
3587:Afrotropical
3586:
3575:South Africa
3559:Saudi Arabia
3543:Saudi Arabia
3490:Namib desert
3483:South Africa
3411:South Africa
3271:Saudi Arabia
3223:Afrotropical
3211:South Africa
3199:South Africa
3187:South Africa
3075:South Africa
3035:South Africa
2943:South Africa
2927:South Africa
2855:Afrotropical
2854:
2675:Afrotropical
2674:
2663:Gough Island
2583:Afrotropical
2582:
2535:South Africa
2435:Burkina Faso
2379:Saint Helena
2323:South Africa
2287:Saudi Arabia
2183:Burkina Faso
2099:South Africa
2027:Burkina Faso
1847:Afrotropical
1846:
1763:Afrotropical
1762:
1751:Sierra Leone
1543:South Africa
1499:South Africa
1487:South Africa
1475:Sierra Leone
1175:Afrotropical
1174:
1109:Pan paniscus
1108:
1100:
1088:
1080:
1062:
1046:golden moles
1038:Afrosoricida
1027:
1019:rock-jumpers
992:
965:
942:Montiniaceae
938:Dirachmaceae
906:Curtisiaceae
866:Didiereaceae
862:Didymelaceae
851:
799:
779:
761:
748:biodiversity
740:Richtersveld
736:Tankwa Karoo
720:South Africa
696:South Africa
684:Namib Desert
681:
625:
611:
572:
566:
560:
554:
536:
510:
504:
498:
492:
446:
437:South Africa
430:
367:
349:
343:
324:Saudi Arabia
313:
260:Sudan region
225:
185:
175:
171:
168:Indian Ocean
147:
145:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
10129:Neotropical
10119:Indomalayan
10092:Terrestrial
10022:Coral reefs
9891:subtropical
9818:Terrestrial
9674:Legislation
9528:Taxonomists
9409:iNaturalist
8596:Sand Forest
8226:Gamka Karoo
5429:Vertebrates
5382:Webspinners
5316:Caddisflies
5240:Sea spiders
5219:Tardigrades
5201:Polychaetes
5193:Echinoderms
5082:Nymphaeales
5055:Magnoliales
5028:Acanthaceae
4991:Apocynaceae
4986:Gentianales
4926:Celastrales
4894:Brassicales
4889:Boraginales
4870:Orchidaceae
4850:Asparagales
4823:Alismatales
4222:Congo River
4092:forest loss
3950:red colobus
3872:to western
3851:Congo Basin
3843:Ivory Coast
3806:Volta river
3794:West Africa
3790:East Africa
3747:Ivory Coast
3691:Niger Delta
2783:South Sudan
2455:Ivory Coast
2411:South Sudan
2227:South Sudan
2167:South Sudan
2139:South Sudan
2051:Ivory Coast
1987:South Sudan
1743:Ivory Coast
1467:Ivory Coast
1411:Ivory Coast
1355:South Sudan
1163:. Magenta:
934:Barbeyaceae
930:Grubbiaceae
928:(including
878:Physenaceae
827:, like the
752:Nama people
636:rainforests
539:Afromontane
533:Afromontane
491:species of
426:Congo Basin
394:Dahomey Gap
370:forest zone
358:Forest zone
284:South Sudan
282:wetland in
10303:Categories
10236:Ecoregions
10231:Bioregions
10139:Palearctic
10047:Cold seeps
10007:Intertidal
9582:Ecotourism
9223:CapeNature
9214:Management
7894:Strandveld
6009:Nama Karoo
5850:Ecoregions
5436:Amphibians
5367:Stoneflies
5352:Orthoptera
5266:Harvestmen
5252:Entognatha
5249:Millipedes
5246:Centipedes
5228:Arthropods
5134:Sapindales
5129:Santalales
5092:Pandanales
5087:Oxalidales
5018:Icacinales
5013:Huerteales
5008:Gunnerales
5003:Geraniales
4961:Dipsacales
4909:Canellales
4882:Asteraceae
4788:Lycophytes
4783:Liverworts
4588:2024-03-08
4498:2007-08-24
4274:References
4263:Global 200
4194:World Bank
4190:World Bank
4188:, and the
4064:cash crops
3899:Quaternary
3816:along the
3771:Mozambique
3759:Madagascar
3707:Mozambique
3593:ecoregions
3474:Nama Karoo
3451:Madagascar
3439:Madagascar
3287:Seychelles
3229:ecoregions
3149:ecoregions
3143:Afrotropic
3115:Mozambique
3071:Mozambique
3059:Madagascar
2983:Mozambique
2861:ecoregions
2823:Mozambique
2795:Mozambique
2681:ecoregions
2589:ecoregions
2527:Mozambique
2359:Mozambique
2211:Mauritania
2191:Cape Verde
2007:Mozambique
1853:ecoregions
1819:Madagascar
1807:Cape Verde
1769:ecoregions
1703:Mozambique
1539:Mozambique
1523:Madagascar
1511:Madagascar
1451:Seychelles
1181:ecoregions
1139:. Yellow:
1093:chimpanzee
1065:great apes
1015:passerines
1011:mousebirds
1007:guineafowl
980:Tanganyika
950:Oliniaceae
914:Penaeaceae
890:Seychelles
888:), one to
807:, such as
801:Madagascar
780:Proteaceae
732:Asteraceae
656:Mozambique
562:Afrocarpus
556:Podocarpus
512:Commiphora
503:(formerly
328:Jabal Bura
286:, and the
264:grasslands
164:Madagascar
132:See also:
80:newspapers
10114:Holarctic
10104:Antarctic
10012:Mangroves
9858:Temperate
9577:Biosphere
9429:Botanical
9402:databases
8938:protected
8891:Biosphere
7548:Succulent
6594:Grassland
6042:Mangroves
5729:Related:
5379:True bugs
5349:Notoptera
5281:Solifugae
5275:Scorpions
5260:Arachnids
5197:Nematodes
5186:Bryozoans
5183:Ascidians
5149:Vahliales
5144:Solanales
5114:Proteales
5097:Piperales
5033:Lamiaceae
4996:Rubiaceae
4919:Aizoaceae
4899:Bruniales
4877:Asterales
4865:Iridaceae
4808:Flowering
4778:Hornworts
4537:1313-2970
4076:cola nuts
4033:July 2018
3964:species.
3901:, or the
3590:mangroves
1555:Mauritius
1165:mangroves
1159:. Beige:
1155:. Brown:
1069:Hominidae
1034:aardvarks
999:ostriches
521:Serengeti
500:Senegalia
494:Vachellia
489:deciduous
354:forests.
351:Vachellia
345:Juniperus
340:woodlands
302:near the
252:vachellia
248:grassland
10261:See also
10134:Oceanian
10124:Nearctic
10002:Littoral
9975:Mangrove
9965:Riparian
9364:projects
9362:Research
9319:Research
9099:Offshore
8940:areas of
8893:reserves
8769:National
5495:Seaweeds
5482:Reptiles
5394:Molluscs
5373:Termites
5343:Mayflies
5340:Mantises
5077:Myrtales
5072:Malvales
5050:Liliales
5045:Laurales
5023:Lamiales
4966:Ericales
4941:Cornales
4845:Arecales
4833:Apiaceae
4818:Acorales
4768:Conifers
4666:Archived
4582:Archived
4555:34512087
4389:10750055
4321:(1983).
4291:(2004).
4251:See also
4174:Forestry
4151:botanist
4116:firewood
4080:palm oil
3814:Cameroon
3783:Habitats
3711:Tanzania
3671:Cameroon
3631:Djibouti
3463:Ethiopia
3403:Botswana
3339:Ethiopia
3331:Djibouti
3315:Djibouti
3131:Tanzania
3015:Ethiopia
2999:Ethiopia
2987:Zimbabwe
2967:Tanzania
2843:Botswana
2827:Tanzania
2811:Botswana
2759:Cameroon
2723:Tanzania
2571:Zimbabwe
2559:Botswana
2543:Zimbabwe
2519:Eswatini
2515:Botswana
2415:Tanzania
2399:Ethiopia
2367:Zimbabwe
2327:Zimbabwe
2319:Botswana
2307:Tanzania
2263:Ethiopia
2247:Tanzania
2203:Ethiopia
2187:Cameroon
2155:Cameroon
2131:Ethiopia
2115:Cameroon
2103:Zimbabwe
2091:Botswana
2075:Tanzania
2031:Cameroon
2011:Tanzania
1983:Ethiopia
1963:Cameroon
1947:Tanzania
1711:Zimbabwe
1707:Tanzania
1659:Cameroon
1647:Tanzania
1615:Cameroon
1571:Cameroon
1431:Ethiopia
1375:Tanzania
1359:Tanzania
1331:Cameroon
1279:Cameroon
1251:Cameroon
1231:Tanzania
1023:rockfowl
984:cichlids
972:Victoria
821:Gondwana
724:diamonds
712:Botswana
664:Zimbabwe
652:Botswana
632:Bushveld
627:Baikiaea
620:, drier
574:Senecios
568:Lobelias
517:thickets
481:Djibouti
473:Ethiopia
465:Tanzania
457:Tanzania
453:endemism
410:Cameroon
408:through
330:, Jabal
268:savannas
196:Atlantic
188:tropical
110:May 2023
10334:Tropics
9988:Aquatic
9970:Wetland
9562:Related
9431:gardens
9391:SeaKeys
8952:Coastal
8767:African
8531:Coastal
7890:Thicket
6141:Savanna
5636:Related
5477:Mammals
5325:Earwigs
5307:Beetles
5298:Insects
5287:Ixodida
5284:Araneae
5214:Sponges
5177:Animals
5154:Vitales
5124:Rosales
5107:Poaceae
4981:Fagales
4976:Fabales
4904:Buxales
4828:Apiales
4546:8390796
4519:ZooKeys
4369:Bibcode
3895:Miocene
3885:, from
3879:legumes
3870:Senegal
3839:Liberia
3810:Dahomey
3743:Liberia
3723:Senegal
3647:Somalia
3639:Eritrea
3531:Somalia
3507:Namibia
3495:Namibia
3479:Namibia
3427:Namibia
3407:Namibia
3375:Somalia
3343:Somalia
3335:Eritrea
3319:Eritrea
3047:Nigeria
3031:Lesotho
2939:Lesotho
2923:Lesotho
2771:Nigeria
2735:Namibia
2563:Namibia
2531:Namibia
2467:Senegal
2463:Nigeria
2391:Burundi
2271:Somalia
2259:Eritrea
2223:Senegal
2219:Nigeria
2199:Eritrea
2119:Nigeria
2095:Namibia
2059:Senegal
2055:Nigeria
1979:Eritrea
1935:Burundi
1907:Namibia
1747:Liberia
1643:Somalia
1603:Nigeria
1587:Nigeria
1559:RĂ©union
1471:Liberia
1435:Somalia
1427:Eritrea
1339:Nigeria
1319:Nigeria
1307:Comoros
1283:Nigeria
1223:Burundi
1073:gorilla
1056:). The
1048:), and
1042:tenrecs
956:Animals
829:Comoros
776:proteas
716:Namibia
704:endemic
692:Namibia
638:of the
545:to the
485:Eritrea
477:Somalia
433:Somalia
424:of the
304:equator
238:to the
216:Eurasia
206:of the
192:deserts
94:scholar
10160:Arctic
10148:Marine
10084:realms
9990:biomes
9944:Steppe
9834:Tundra
9820:biomes
9810:Biomes
8944:Africa
8936:Marine
8687:VEGMAP
8685:not on
8527:Forest
8340:Azonal
8183:desert
7888:Albany
6972:Fynbos
6116:Biomes
6024:Tundra
5376:Thrips
5102:Poales
4810:plants
4793:Mosses
4773:Cycads
4761:Plants
4553:
4543:
4535:
4422:
4393:PubMed
4387:
4333:
4327:UNESCO
4301:
4230:oxygen
4184:, the
4107:Europe
4088:timber
4078:, and
4072:rubber
3962:orchid
3940:, the
3936:, the
3874:Uganda
3863:carbon
3735:Guinea
3727:Gambia
3667:Angola
3423:Angola
3391:Europa
3127:Malawi
3111:Malawi
3099:Uganda
3095:Rwanda
2971:Uganda
2911:Angola
2899:Angola
2831:Zambia
2819:Malawi
2807:Angola
2567:Zambia
2555:Angola
2539:Zambia
2523:Malawi
2503:Zambia
2499:Angola
2479:Angola
2447:Guinea
2439:Gambia
2419:Uganda
2407:Rwanda
2363:Zambia
2355:Malawi
2339:Angola
2171:Uganda
2143:Uganda
2079:Zambia
2043:Guinea
2035:Gambia
1995:Uganda
1951:Zambia
1943:Malawi
1931:Angola
1903:Angola
1891:Angola
1835:Angola
1831:Zambia
1739:Guinea
1699:Malawi
1463:Guinea
1363:Uganda
1247:Angola
1235:Uganda
1227:Rwanda
1113:Humans
1105:bonobo
1103:, and
1083:, and
978:, and
976:Malawi
948:, and
920:, and
884:, and
848:Plants
835:, are
809:lemurs
718:, and
694:, and
688:Angola
662:, and
660:Zambia
648:Angola
644:Malawi
622:mopane
509:) and
506:Acacia
483:, and
392:. The
386:Guinea
380:. The
336:Dhofar
332:Raymah
294:. The
278:: the
270:. The
228:Sahara
200:Sahara
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
9839:Taiga
9759:Index
9414:iSpot
8942:South
8771:Parks
8765:South
8634:biome
8179:Karoo
7550:Karoo
5522:Fungi
5441:Birds
5331:Flies
5328:Fleas
4259:(ARC)
4156:Gabon
4068:copal
3956:Flora
3909:Fauna
3847:Benin
3802:Ghana
3792:. In
3703:Kenya
3687:Ghana
3683:Gabon
3655:Yemen
3651:Sudan
3635:Egypt
3563:Yemen
3547:Yemen
3519:Yemen
3467:Kenya
3347:Sudan
3303:Sudan
3275:Yemen
3019:Sudan
3003:Sudan
2963:Sudan
2959:Kenya
2767:Niger
2719:Kenya
2459:Niger
2443:Ghana
2431:Benin
2403:Kenya
2303:Kenya
2291:Yemen
2267:Kenya
2243:Kenya
2231:Sudan
2215:Niger
2135:Kenya
2039:Ghana
2023:Benin
1991:Sudan
1667:Gabon
1639:Kenya
1623:Gabon
1599:Benin
1439:Sudan
1407:Ghana
1403:Benin
1379:Kenya
1351:Kenya
1267:Gabon
1129:biome
988:fauna
728:Karoo
700:dunes
469:Kenya
414:Gabon
406:Benin
316:Yemen
244:Sahel
101:JSTOR
87:books
9997:Pond
8533:belt
8177:Nama
6118:and
5756:and
5337:Lice
4551:PMID
4533:ISSN
4420:ISBN
4385:PMID
4331:ISBN
4299:ISBN
4168:Asia
3932:The
3359:Oman
3299:Chad
3267:Oman
2763:Chad
2747:Mali
2627:Oman
2451:Mali
2283:Oman
2207:Mali
2195:Chad
2063:Togo
1971:Chad
1415:Togo
1044:and
995:bird
966:The
831:and
805:taxa
772:taxa
762:The
624:and
612:The
594:and
571:and
559:and
537:The
497:and
412:and
390:Togo
368:The
320:Oman
292:Mali
280:Sudd
266:and
250:and
198:and
146:The
73:news
9953:Wet
9927:Dry
8529:and
8181:and
7892:and
4541:PMC
4523:doi
4412:doi
4377:doi
4365:288
3800:to
1111:).
1036:),
819:of
435:to
388:to
348:or
290:in
174:or
56:by
10305::
4576:.
4563:^
4549:.
4539:.
4531:.
4517:.
4451:^
4418:.
4383:.
4375:.
4363:.
4357:.
4345:^
4329:.
4325:.
4122:.
4074:,
4070:,
3944:,
3865:.
3841:,
3820:.
3773:,
3745:,
3741:,
3737:,
3733:,
3729:,
3725:,
3709:,
3705:,
3689:,
3685:,
3681:,
3677:,
3673:,
3669:,
3653:,
3649:,
3645:,
3641:,
3637:,
3633:,
3561:,
3545:,
3481:,
3465:,
3425:,
3409:,
3405:,
3389:,
3361:,
3345:,
3341:,
3337:,
3333:,
3317:,
3301:,
3273:,
3269:,
3129:,
3113:,
3097:,
3093:,
3077:,
3073:,
3033:,
3017:,
3001:,
2985:,
2969:,
2965:,
2961:,
2945:,
2941:,
2925:,
2829:,
2825:,
2821:,
2817:,
2813:,
2809:,
2769:,
2765:,
2761:,
2721:,
2661:,
2645:,
2629:,
2569:,
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2161:,
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2009:,
1993:,
1989:,
1985:,
1981:,
1977:,
1973:,
1969:,
1965:,
1949:,
1945:,
1941:,
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1933:,
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