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Some of our men tried to dissuade me. "Something might happen," they warned me. But everything went off beautifully. The men were called out of their barracks. "Comrade-deserters—come to the meeting. Comrade
Trotsky has come to speak to you." They ran out excited, boisterous, as curious as schoolboys. I had imagined them much worse, and they had imagined me as more terrible...The "comrade-deserters" were looking at me with such curiosity that it seemed as if their eyes would pop out of their heads. I...spoke to them for about an hour and a half. It was a most responsive audience. I tried to raise them in their own eyes; concluding, I asked them to lift their hands in token of their loyalty to the revolution. The new ideas infected them before my very eyes. They were genuinely enthusiastic...shouted at the tops of their voices. They would hardly let me go. I learned afterward, with some pride, that one of the best ways to educate them was to remind them: "What did you promise Comrade Trotsky?" Later on, regiments of Ryazan "deserters" fought well at the fronts.
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transcends by far the importance of individuals, factions and parties. It is the struggle for the future of all mankind. It will be severe, it will be lengthy. Whoever seeks physical comfort and spiritual calm let him step aside. In time of reaction it is more convenient to lean on the bureaucracy than on the truth. But all those for whom the word 'Socialism' is not a hollow sound but the content of their moral life—forward! Neither threats nor persecutions nor violations can stop us! Be it even over our bleaching bones the future will triumph! We will blaze the trail for it. It will conquer! Under all the severe blows of fate, I shall be happy as in the best days of my youth; because, my friends, the highest human happiness is not the exploitation of the present but the preparation of the future."
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6189:". Danilov also cited Politburo Secretary Bazhanov's notes of a concluding speech delivered by Trotsky in 1923 to the wider party membership. Trotsky explained his decision to decline the proposed position of Lenin's chief deputy due to concerns about his "Jewish origins" which could accentuate anti-semitic attitudes towards the Soviet Union. Mccauley stated that Trotsky would "almost certainly" have become the successor had Lenin succumbed to his first stroke in 1922. Deutscher noted that Zinoviev had been Lenin's closest discipline rather than Trotsky between 1907 and 1917. However, Zinoviev's opposition to the October revolution had strained his relations with Lenin.
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internationalist anti-war positions that saw defeat for your own country's ruling class imperialists as the "lesser evil" in the war, while they opposed all imperialists in the imperialist war. These anti-war believers were known as "defeatists". Those who supported one side over the other in the war were known as "defencists". Plekhanov and many other defencist social democrats (both
Bolsheviks and Mensheviks) supported the Russian government to some extent and wanted them to win the war, while Trotsky's ex-colleague Parvus, now a defencist, sided against Russia so strongly that he wanted Germany to win the war. In Switzerland, Trotsky briefly worked within the
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3303:. On the question of world revolution, Trotsky and Karl Radek saw a period of stability in Europe, while Stalin and Zinoviev confidently predicted an "acceleration" of revolution in Western Europe in 1924. On the theoretical plane, Trotsky remained committed to the Bolshevik idea that the Soviet Union could not create a true socialist society in the absence of the world revolution, while Stalin gradually came up with a policy of building "socialism in one country". These ideological divisions provided much of the intellectual basis for the political divide between Trotsky and the Left Opposition on the one hand, and Stalin and his allies on the other.
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organization. The bureaucratization of the party apparatus has developed to unheard-of proportions by means of the method of secretarial selection. There has been created a very broad stratum of party workers, entering into the apparatus of the government of the party, who completely renounce their own party opinion, at least the open expression of it, as though assuming that the secretarial hierarchy is the apparatus which creates party opinion and party decisions. Beneath this stratum, abstaining from their own opinions, there lies the broad mass of the party, before whom every decision stands in the form of a summons or a command.
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3804:, along with an increase in pressure from the Soviet government on the Norwegian authorities. On 5 August 1936, Knudsen's house was burgled by fascists from the Nasjonal Samling while Trotsky and his wife were out on a seashore trip with Knudsen and his wife. The burglars targeted Trotsky's works and archives for vandalism. The raid was largely thwarted by Knudsen's daughter, Hjørdis, although the burglars did take a few papers from the nearest table as they left. Although the perpetrators were caught and put on trial, the "evidence" obtained in the burglary was used by the government to make claims against Trotsky.
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government in Russia. He agreed with the Left
Communists that ultimately a pan-European Soviet revolution would solve all problems, but until then the Bolsheviks had to stay in power. Lenin did not mind prolonging the negotiating process for maximum propaganda effect, but, from January 1918 on, advocated signing a separate peace treaty if faced with a German ultimatum. Trotsky's position was between these two Bolshevik factions. Like Lenin, he admitted that the old Russian military, inherited from the monarchy and the Provisional Government and in advanced stages of decomposition, was unable to fight:
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1931:. Allied with Lenin, he defeated attempts by other Bolshevik Central Committee members (Zinoviev, Kamenev, Rykov, etc.) to share power with other moderate, socialist parties. Trotsky was an outspoken advocate for a predominantly Bolshevik government and was reluctant to recall Mensheviks as partners after their voluntary withdrawal from the Congress of the Soviets. However, he released several socialist ministers from prison, and neither Trotsky nor his colleagues in 1917 wished to suppress these parties. The Bolsheviks also reserved a number of vacant seats in the Soviets and
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command will always be obliged to place the soldiers between the possible death in the front and the inevitable one in the rear. And yet armies are not built on fear. The Tsar's army fell to pieces not because of any lack of reprisals. In his attempt to save it by restoring the death-penalty, Kerensky only finished it. Upon the ashes of the great war, the
Bolsheviks created a new army. These facts demand no explanation for any one who has even the slightest knowledge of the language of history. The strongest cement in the new army was the ideas of the October revolution, and
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transformation of the party from a small group of revolutionaries into the country's ruling party, with a corresponding increase in membership. New members included career seekers and former members of banned socialist parties, who were viewed with apprehension by Old
Bolsheviks. To prevent a possible degeneration of the party, various membership requirements were instituted for party officials, and the ultimate power of appointment of local officials was reserved for the Secretariat of the Central Committee. This put enormous power in the general secretary's hands.
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2728:. In the run-up and during the war, Trotsky argued that the Red Army was exhausted and the Soviet government should sign a peace treaty with Poland as soon as possible. He did not believe that the Red Army would find much support in Poland proper. Lenin later wrote that he and other Bolshevik leaders believed the Red Army's successes in the Russian Civil War and against the Poles meant "The defensive period of the war with worldwide imperialism was over, and we could, and had the obligation to, exploit the military situation to launch an offensive war."
5805:“With all the greater frankness can I state how, in my view, the Soviet government should act in case of a fascist upheaval in Germany. In their place, I would, at the very moment of receiving telegraphic news of this event, sign a mobilisation order calling up several age groups. In the face of a mortal enemy, when the logic of the situation points to inevitable war, it would be irresponsible and unpardonable to give that enemy time to establish himself, to consolidate his positions, to conclude alliances… and to work out the plan to attack..”
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conditions for residing in Norway. These conditions included agreeing to write no more about current political matters, to give no interviews, and to have all his correspondence (incoming and outgoing) inspected by the police. Trotsky categorically refused the conditions, and
Trotsky was then told that he and his wife would soon be moved to another residence. The following day Trotsky was interrogated by the police about his political activities, with the police officially citing Trotsky as a "witness" to the fascist raid of 5 August 1936.
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2606:, who had formerly led the Eastern Front against the Czechoslovak Legions. Vatsetis took charge of the day-to-day operations. Trotsky became chairman of the newly formed Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic and retained overall control of the military. Trotsky and Vatsetis had clashed earlier in 1918, while Vatsetis and Trotsky's adviser Mikhail Bonch-Bruevich were also on unfriendly terms. Nevertheless, Trotsky eventually established a working relationship with the often prickly Vatsetis.
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6039:, Lenin was "pleased with the definite manner" of Trotsky's theoretical comprehension of diverging Russian revolutionary movements during their first meeting in 1902. She similarly expressed this view in a personal note after Lenin's death that her husband's attitude towards Trotsky had "not changed until his death" since their initial meeting in London. In his final months, Lenin read several of Trotsky's works among a wider collection of books which interested him. Lenin read
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Swain sought to discredit historical works appreciative of
Trotsky. North continued to argue that Swain gave an insufficient consideration of the "complex historical, political, social and theoretical issues that arise in any serious study of the Lenin-Trotsky relationship". He also asserted that Swain had distorted and misrepresented the positions of the cited scholars. Le Blanc also disputed Swain's representation of Trotsky and referenced various historians which included
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democracy"; he believed that spinelessness and soft-heartedness would destroy the revolution, and that the suppression of the propertied classes and political opponents would clear the historical arena for socialism. He was the initiator of concentration camps, compulsory "labour camps", and the militarization of labour, and the state takeover of trade unions. Trotsky was implicated in many practices which would become standard in the Stalin era, including
1211:" argued the party should focus on helping industrial workers improve their lot and were less concerned with changing the government. They believed that societal reforms would grow out of the worker's struggle for higher pay and better working conditions. Others argued that overthrowing the monarchy was more important and that a well-organized and disciplined revolutionary party was essential. The latter position was expressed by the London-based newspaper
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2267:, protested vigorously against Trotsky's appointment and eventually resigned. They believed that the Red Army should consist only of dedicated revolutionaries, rely on propaganda and force, and have elected officers. They viewed former imperial officers and generals as potential traitors who should be kept out of the new military, much less put in charge of it. Their views continued to be popular with many Bolsheviks throughout most of the
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last period of our lives. But I find some comfort in the fact that she also knew days of happiness. For forty-three years of my conscious life I have remained a revolutionist; for forty-two of them I have fought under the banner of
Marxism. If I had to begin all over again I would of course try to avoid this or that mistake, but the main course of my life would remain unchanged. I shall die a proletarian revolutionist, a Marxist, a
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3526:, in November 1927. It would be the last speech that Trotsky would give in the Soviet Union. When the XV Party Congress made United Opposition views incompatible with membership in the Communist Party, Zinoviev, Kamenev, and their supporters capitulated and renounced their alliance with the Left Opposition. Trotsky and most of his followers, on the other hand, refused to surrender and stayed the course. Trotsky was exiled to
3823:, where they were under house arrest. The treatment of Trotsky and his wife at Hurum was harsh, as they were forced to stay indoors for 22 hours per day under the constant guard of thirteen policemen, with only one hour permitted twice a day for a walk on the farm. Trotsky was prevented from posting any letters and prevented from arguing back against his critics in Norway and beyond. Only Trotsky's lawyers and the
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Saint
Petersburg Soviet. Trotsky joined the Soviet under the name "Yanovsky" (after the village he was born in, Yanovka) and was elected vice-chairman. He did much of the actual work at the Soviet and, after Khrustalev-Nosar's arrest on 26 November 1905, was elected its chairman. On 2 December, the Soviet issued a proclamation which included the following statement about the Tsarist government and its foreign debts:
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6859:, most importantly in his rejection of the theory of "socialism in one country" and his declaring of the need for an international "permanent revolution". Numerous Fourth Internationalist groups around the world continue to describe themselves as Trotskyists and see themselves as standing in this tradition. However, they have different interpretations of the conclusions to be drawn from this.
7438:, Trotsky recognised "like Lenin on the need for a socialist culture to absorb the finest products of bourgeois art". Trotsky himself viewed the proletarian culture as "temporary and transitional" which would provide the foundations for a culture above classes. He also argued that the pre-conditions for artistic creativity were economic well-being and emancipation from material constraints.
68:
5321:, Trotsky's last words were "I will not survive this attack. Stalin has finally accomplished the task he attempted unsuccessfully before." Mercader was tried and convicted of the murder and spent the next 20 years in a Mexican prison. Stalin wrote that the assassin of Trotsky was a dangerous Trotskyist. This is why Mercader had no awards initially, though his mother was presented with the
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attempts by the triumvirate to remove
Trotsky from the leadership. In a 1922 memo written to Kamenev, he chastised the efforts by the Central Committee to "throw Trotsky overboard" as the "height of stupidity. If you do not consider me already hopelessly foolish, how can you think of that ?". In his last testament, Lenin urged the wider party circles to not use and hold Trotsky's
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5595:. He claimed that the circulation under his tenure had increased from 30,000 to 500,000. However, historians Anthony Heywood and Jonathan Smele believe this was an exaggerated claim and cited circulation figures from the editors of Trotsky's collected works that the figures had in fact increased to 100,000 which they still regarded as impressive and comparatively ahead of Lenin's
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bodyguards burst into the room and nearly beat Mercader to death, but Trotsky stopped them, laboriously stating that the assassin should be made to answer questions. Trotsky was then taken to a hospital and operated on, surviving for more than a day, yet ultimately dying at the age of 60 on the 21st of August, 1940 from blood loss and shock. Mercader later testified at his trial:
1070:. Trotsky and his wife Natalia later registered their children as Lutheran, since Austrian law at the time required children to be given religious education "in the faith of their parents". Odessa was then a bustling cosmopolitan port city, very unlike the typical Russian city of the time. This environment contributed to the development of the young man's international outlook.
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relieved of their duties on 8 July, and new members, including Smilga, were added. The same day, while Trotsky was in the south, Vācietis was suddenly arrested by the Cheka on suspicion of involvement in an anti-Soviet plot, and replaced by Sergey Kamenev. After a few weeks in the south, Trotsky returned to Moscow and resumed control of the Red Army. A year later, Smilga and
7362:, Trotsky examined aesthetic issues in relation to class and the Russian revolution. Soviet scholar Robert Bird considered his work as the "first systematic treatment of art by a Communist leader" and a catalyst for later, Marxist cultural and critical theories. Trotsky also defended intellectual autonomy in regards to literary movements as well scientific theories such as
5285:, disappeared with the attackers and was later found murdered; it is probable that he was an accomplice who granted them access to the villa. Trotsky's other guards fended off the attackers. Following the failed assassination attempt, Trotsky wrote an article titled "Stalin Seeks My Death" on 8 June 1940, in which he stated that another assassination attempt was certain.
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every issue for several months now; he works, in general, most energetically for the Iskra; he gives lectures (in which he has been very successful). In the section of articles and notes on the events of the day, he will not only be very useful, but absolutely necessary. Unquestionably a man of rare abilities, he has conviction and energy, and he will go much farther.
7895:, and in November 1919 by Nikolai Krestinsky. After Krestinsky's ouster in March 1921, Vyacheslav Molotov became the senior secretary, but he lacked Krestinsky's authority, since he was not a full Politburo member. Stalin took over the position as senior secretary, which was formalized at the XIth Party Congress in April 1922, with Molotov becoming second secretary.
2564:
personnel. It is absolutely essential that we have at least an embryonic network of blocking units and that we work out a procedure for bringing them up to strength and deploying them." The barrier troops were also used to enforce Bolshevik control over food supplies in areas controlled by the army, a role which earned them the hatred of the civilian population.
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group consisting of Stalin, Trotsky and Kamenev, which was charged with drafting a mutually acceptable compromise. On 5 December, the Politburo and the Central Control Commission unanimously adopted the group's final draft as its resolution. On 8 December, Trotsky published an open letter, in which he expounded on the recently adopted resolution's ideas. The
2056:, Leon Trotsky appointed his old friend Joffe to represent the Bolsheviks. When the Soviet delegation learned that Germans and Austro-Hungarians planned to annex slices of Polish territory and to set up a rump Polish state with what remained, while the Baltic provinces were to become client states ruled by German princes, the talks were recessed for 12 days.
1466:'s printing house in Moscow went out on strike for shorter hours and higher pay. By the evening of 24 September, the workers at 50 other printing shops in Moscow were also on strike. On 2 October 1905, the typesetters in printing shops in Saint Petersburg decided to strike in support of the Moscow strikers. On 7 October 1905, the railway workers of the
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wrong, it is my country. We have much better historical justification in saying whether it is right or wrong in certain individual concrete cases, it is my party... And if the Party adopts a decision which one or other of us thinks unjust, he will say, just or unjust, it is my party, and I shall support the consequences of the decision to the end.
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Send a reply; I will wait. Lenin, Stalin." As it was remarked by Trotsky that, "ossibly this answer already showed that he did not agree with my proposition (...)", Trotsky returned to Petrograd to debate with Lenin. During his debate with Trotsky, Lenin concluded: "(...) In any case, I stand for the immediate signing of peace; it is safer."
6035:, dismissing rumours of an alleged political difference between himself and Trotsky with the words: "There are many lies, and it seems, particularly many lies about me and Trotsky". Gorky also stated that Lenin made an approving assessment of Trotsky due to his military organisation of the army in a single year. In the view of Lenin's wife,
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2505:. Kaplan referenced the Bolsheviks' growing authoritarianism. These events persuaded the government to heed Dzerzhinsky's lobbying for greater terror against opposition. The campaign of mass repressions would officially begin thereafter. The Red Terror is began between 17 and 30 August 1918. Regarding the Red Terror Trotsky wrote:
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German government, and cause an upsurge of internal resistance. He argued that any German ultimatum should be refused, and that this might well lead to an uprising in Germany, or at least inspire German soldiers to disobey their officers since any German offensive would be a naked land grab for territories. Trotsky wrote in 1925:
2110:, etc.) in the hope of accelerating the hoped−for Soviet revolution in the West. Still, they were dead set against signing any peace treaty. In the case of a German ultimatum, they advocated proclaiming a revolutionary war against Germany to inspire Russian and European workers to fight for socialism. This opinion was shared by
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6201:. Although, he did reference a written document signed by Lenin in 1922 which assigned Trotsky and Kamenev different areas of focus as deputy chairmen. Lenin's authorised document proposed Trotsky as deputy chairman of the Council of Commissars rather than Kamenev who was intended to serve only as a deputy chairman of the
2624:, most "deserters...were handed back to the military authorities, and formed into units for transfer to one of the rear armies or directly to the front". Even those registered as "malicious" deserters were returned to the ranks when the demand for reinforcements became desperate". Forges noted that the Red Army instituted
6314:. After his assassination, his widow, Natalya Sedova collected his remaining papers and shipped them to Harvard, and in the years following, Harvard managed to collect additional papers that had been hidden from both Soviet and Nazi agents in Europe. These papers now occupy 65 feet (20 m) of shelf space in Harvard's
4023:, published in 1938, which emphasized the need for artistic freedom outside the constraints of capitalist and Stalinist regimes. This collaboration inspired the creation of the International Federation of Independent Revolutionary Art (FIARI) in 1938. However, this organization was short-lived and ended before 1940.
5659:, outdistancing Lenin and other theoreticians both in the range of his interests and in the imaginativeness of his perceptions". Yet, he emphasised his personal arrogance as an underlying weakness which antagonised other members of the communist movement. Daniels also argued that had Trotsky assumed the role of
6643:" in 1905 and highlighted his representation of Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and the rest of the Soviets on major occasions. Rogovin stated that the Left Opposition, led by Trotsky, was a political movement that "offered a real alternative to Stalinism, and that to crush this movement was the primary function of the
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The need of the hour was for a man who would incarnate the call to struggle, a man who, subordinating himself completely to the requirements of the struggle, would become the ringing summons to arms, the will which exacts from all unconditional submission to a great, sacrificial necessity. Only a man
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The concept of uneven and combined development derived from the political theories of Trotsky. This concept was developed in combination with the related theory of permanent revolution to explain the historical context of Russia. He would later elaborate on this theory to explain the specific laws of
6384:
parties throughout the world, were devoted to blackguarding Trotsky as an anti-Soviet saboteur, terrorist and fascist agent. Within the Soviet Union, his political co-thinkers, past and present, were ruthlessly exterminated". North was also critical of the biographical literature on Trotsky's legacy
6153:
also echoed these views and argued that had Trotsky accepted the post of vice-chairman then his prestige and power would have been strengthened as a counter-weight to Stalin's growing influence. Dziewanowski expressed the view that Trotsky as vice-chairman would have been a natural successor to Lenin
5312:
I laid my raincoat on the table in such a way as to be able to remove the ice axe which was in the pocket. I decided not to miss the wonderful opportunity that presented itself. The moment Trotsky began reading the article, he gave me my chance; I took out the ice axe from the raincoat, gripped it in
3851:
When I look back today on this period of internment, I must say that never, anywhere, in the course of my entire life—and I have lived through many things—was I persecuted with as much miserable cynicism as I was by the Norwegian "Socialist" government. For four months, these ministers, dripping with
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Trotsky was again sick and unable to respond while his opponents mobilised all their resources to denounce him. They succeeded in damaging his military reputation so much that he was forced to resign as People's Commissar of Army and Fleet Affairs and Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council on
2989:
on 14 March 1923. Stalin delivered the key reports on organisational structure and questions of nationality; while Zinoviev delivered the Central Committee political report, traditionally Lenin's prerogative. Among the resolutions adopted by the XIIth Congress were those calling for greater democracy
2806:
stormed the island, resulting in the deaths of thousands of Kronstadt sailors. Trotsky justified the action by presenting evidence that the rebellion had foreign backing, though this claim has been contested by several historians. Trotsky’s role has been the subject of criticism, with anarchists such
2749:
During the trade union debate of 1920–1921, Trotsky argued that trade unions should be integrated directly into the state apparatus, advocating for a "militarization of labor" to rebuild the Soviet economy after the Civil War. He believed that in a workers' state, the state should control the unions,
2527:
In...Kaluga, Voronezh, and Ryazan, tens of thousands of young peasants had failed to answer the first recruiting summons by the Soviets ... The war commissariat of Ryazan succeeded in gathering in some fifteen thousand of such deserters. While passing through Ryazan, I decided to take a look at them.
1961:
According to Deutscher, the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries presented a number of demands for a coalition government. These demands proposed disarming the Bolshevik detachments and excluding Lenin and Trotsky from the coalition. This was seen as unacceptable to even the most moderate, Bolshevik
1373:
From 1904 until 1917, Trotsky described himself as a "non-factional social democrat". He tried to reconcile different groups within the party, which resulted in many clashes with Lenin and other prominent party members. Trotsky later maintained that he had been wrong in opposing Lenin on the issue of
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democratic tasks in countries with delayed bourgeois democratic development can only be accomplished through the establishment of a workers' state, and that the creation of a workers' state would inevitably involve inroads against capitalist property. Thus, the accomplishment of bourgeois democratic
6375:
Trotsky's legacy, unlike those of Stalin and Lenin, had long been submerged and obliterated as a topic of debate, and his place in Soviet history books had correspondingly diminished to one of no importance. For Western readers, however, Trotsky has always been one of the most enigmatic and powerful
6196:
even argued that "Lenin indeed regarded Trotsky as his political heir" and sought to protect him before his passing in 1924. Zinoviev and Kamenev also viewed Trotsky as Lenin's most likely successor and sided with Stalin out of fear that Trotsky would remove them from the party leadership. However,
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in 1917, and suggested Trotsky for the position. However, Trotsky refused the position and other Bolsheviks insisted that Lenin assume principal responsibility which thereafter resulted in Lenin eventually accepting the role of chairman. On a separate occasion, Lenin expressed hostility to the early
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commented that he was a "volatile and untrustworthy", "arrogant individual" that impressed supporters even during the periods of "personal adversity in the 1920s and 1930s" but failed to "coax and encourage them to the full". Service stated that Trotsky gave the "minimum time to the Jewish question"
5391:
summarised the dominant image of Trotsky as "self-confident", "unshakeable in the conviction of his historic mission", "strict with others and himself" and "indifferent to material privileges and to the small joys and sorrows of life". Mandel argued this image reflected "certain aspects of Trotsky's
5205:
In addition to the happiness of being a fighter for the cause of socialism, fate gave me the happiness of being her husband. During the almost forty years of our life together she remained an inexhaustible source of love, magnanimity, and tenderness. She underwent great sufferings, especially in the
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into a world revolution. Many of his supporters argued against his appearance. When the committee learned the nature of the testimony Trotsky intended to present, it refused to hear him, and he was denied a visa to enter the United States. On hearing about it, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
5131:
An organization which was not roused by the thunder of fascism and which submits docilely to such outrageous acts of the bureaucracy demonstrates thereby that it is dead and that nothing can ever revive it... In all our subsequent work it is necessary to take as our point of departure the historical
3254:
None of us desires or is able to dispute the will of the Party. Clearly, the Party is always right... We can only be right with and by the Party, for history has provided no other way of being in the right. The English have a saying, "My country, right or wrong", whether it is in the right or in the
3143:
through its editor Bukharin, it was able to direct the discussion and the process of delegate selection. Although Trotsky's position prevailed within the Red Army and Moscow universities and received about half the votes in the Moscow Party organisation, it was defeated elsewhere, and the Conference
2701:
With the defeat of Denikin and Yudenich in late 1919, the Soviet government's emphasis shifted to the economy. Trotsky spent the winter of 1919–20 in the Urals region trying to restart its economy. A false rumor of his assassination circulated in Germany and the international press on New Year's Day
2509:
The bourgeoisie today is a falling class... We are forced to tear it off, to chop it away. The Red Terror is a weapon utilized against a class, doomed to destruction, which does not wish to perish. If the White Terror can only retard the historical rise of the proletariat, the Red Terror hastens the
2255:
On 13 March 1918, Trotsky's resignation as Commissar for Foreign Affairs was officially accepted, and he was appointed People's Commissar of Army and Navy Affairs—in place of Podvoisky—and chairman of the Supreme Military Council. The post of commander-in-chief was abolished, and Trotsky gained full
1902:
All practical work in connection with the organization of the uprising was done under the immediate direction of Comrade Trotsky, the President of the Petrograd Soviet. It can be stated with certainty that the Party is indebted primarily and principally to Comrade Trotsky for the rapid going over of
1285:
were evenly split between the "old guard" led by Plekhanov and the "new guard" led by Lenin and Martov. Plekhanov's supporters were older, and had spent the previous 20 years together in exile in Europe. Members of the new guard were in their early 30s and only recently emigrated from Russia. Lenin,
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Comrade Trotsky, on the other hand, as his struggle against the C.C. on the question of the People's Commissariat of Communications has already proved, is distinguished not only by outstanding ability. He is personally perhaps the most capable man in the present C.C., but he has displayed excessive
5941:
However, Swain viewed the notion that Trotsky was Lenin's natural heir a myth and cited several scholars such as Erik Van Rees, James White and Richard B.Day who Swain claimed had challenged the traditional characterization of their relationship. North specifically rejected this position and argued
5538:
His arch enemy, Stalin, even read and sometimes appreciated a great deal of his writings. According to Rubenstein, Stalin had even acknowledged that "after Lenin, Trotsky was the most popular figure in the country" at the end of the Civil War. He also recognized the prominent role of Trotsky during
5216:
Natasha has just come up to the window from the courtyard and opened it wider so that the air may enter more freely into my room. I can see the bright green strip of grass beneath the wall, and the clear blue sky above the wall, and sunlight everywhere. Life is beautiful. Let the future generations
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and who had been defeated by Trotsky and the Red Army in the Russian Civil War. However, Trotsky's European supporters volunteered to serve as bodyguards and assured his safety. At this time, he made requests to enter Belgium, France, Norway, Germany, and the United Kingdom, but all refused access.
3521:
On the tenth anniversary of the October Revolution, the Opposition held a street demonstration in Moscow against Stalin’s Government, that was dispersed by the sovietic authorities and Trotsky was expelled from the Communist Party shortly after. Trotsky gave the eulogy at the funeral of his friend,
2953:
In January 1923, Lenin amended his Testament to suggest that Stalin should be removed as the party's general secretary, while also mildly criticising Trotsky and other Bolshevik leaders. The relationship between Stalin and Lenin had broken down completely by this time, as was demonstrated during an
2908:
nominated Trotsky to head second-rate government departments (e.g., Gokhran, the State Depository for Valuables). In mid-July 1922, Kamenev wrote a letter to the recovering Lenin to the effect that "(the Central Committee) is throwing or is ready to throw a good cannon overboard". Lenin was shocked
2584:
When Comrade Trotsky informed me recently that the number of officers of the old army employed by our War Department runs into several tens of thousands, I perceived concretely where the secret of using our enemy lay, how to compel those who had opposed communism to build it, how to build communism
2221:
on 18 February. Within a day, it became clear that the German army was capable of conducting offensive operations and that Red Army detachments, which were relatively small, poorly organized, and poorly led, were no match for it. On the evening of 18 February 1918, Trotsky and his supporters in the
2059:
The Soviets' only hopes were that, given time, their allies would agree to join the negotiations or that the western European proletariat would revolt, so their best strategy was to prolong the negotiations. As Foreign Minister Leon Trotsky wrote, "To delay negotiations, there must be someone to do
1708:
The outbreak of World War I caused a sudden realignment within the RSDLP and other European social democratic parties over the issues of war, revolution, pacifism and internationalism, redividing the party into defeatists and defencists. Within the RSDLP, Lenin, Trotsky and Martov advocated various
7153:
It is our interest and our task to make the revolution permanent until all the more or less propertied classes have been driven from their ruling positions, until the proletariat has conquered state power and until the association of the proletarians has progressed sufficiently far—not only in one
5791:
had been established to prevent his succession. Rubenstein differed in his interpretation and attributed Trotsky's decision to decline Lenin's proposal because he believed the position had "little authority of its own" and overlapped with other government and party officials. Deutscher believed he
5403:
characterised him as a "vivid, complex, multi-faceted personality in the gallery of world figures" who was remembered "with hatred and respect, anger and admiration" decades after his assassination in Mexico. Volkogonov also found Trotsky to be a constant "spectre" for Stalin, after his exile, and
4031:
In August 1936, the first Moscow show trial of the so-called "Trotskyite–Zinovievite Terrorist Center" was staged in front of an international audience. During the trial, Zinoviev, Kamenev and 14 other accused, most of them prominent Old Bolsheviks, confessed to having plotted with Trotsky to kill
3892:
3577:
to intervene in favor of Christian Rakovsky, and boarded the ship he was traveling on near Constantinople. According to Heijenoort, they only managed to meet Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, who reportedly told them that his father was indisposed, but promised to pass on their request. Rakovsky was the
3088:
tried to come up with a compromise to placate, or at least temporarily neutralise, Trotsky and his supporters. (Their task was made easier by the fact that Trotsky was sick in November and December.) The first draft of the resolution was rejected by Trotsky, which led to the formation of a special
3069:
we observe an ever progressing, barely disguised division of the party into a secretarial hierarchy and into "laymen", into professional party functionaries, chosen from above, and the other party masses, who take no part in social life. free discussion within the party has virtually disappeared,
2857:
Lenin said in 1921 that Trotsky was "in love with organisation," but in working politics, "he has not got a clue." Swain explains the paradox by arguing that Trotsky was not good at teamwork; he was a loner who had mostly worked as a journalist, not as a professional revolutionary like the others.
2665:
At the 3–4 July Central Committee meeting, after a heated exchange, the majority supported Kamenev and Smilga against Vācietis and Trotsky. Trotsky's plan was rejected, and he was much criticized for various alleged shortcomings in his leadership style, much of it of a personal nature. Stalin used
2362:
An army cannot be built without reprisals. Masses of men cannot be led to death unless the army command has the death-penalty in its arsenal. So long as those malicious tailless apes that are so proud of their technical achievements—the animals that we call men—will build armies and wage wars, the
2208:
However, even though Lenin was in favor of a peace, due to party opposition, he responded with these messages from January 18, 1918: "Stalin has just arrived; we will look into the matter with him and let you have a joint answer right away," and "please adjourn proceedings and leave for Petrograd.
2147:
revolution itself and particularly its peace policy. But there was the other question: Can the Germans still fight? Are they in a position to begin an attack on the revolution that will explain the cessation of the war? How can we find out the state of mind of the German soldiers, how to fathom it?
1294:
I suggest to all the members of the editorial board that they co-opt 'Pero' as a member of the board on the same basis as other members. We very much need a seventh member, both as a convenience in voting (six being an even number) and as an addition to our forces. 'Pero' has been contributing to
6130:
with Kamenev in 1922. Pipes attributed this overstated claim to Trotsky's supporters and explained that he had in fact been reprimanded by the party for "categorically refusing" the post. Conversely, Medvedev stated that Trotsky "undoubtedly would have been first among Lenin's deputies" given his
5555:
and brother Aleksandr Bronstein having been shot. He spoke several European languages "with a markedly Russian accent" and identified as a cosmopolitan and internationalist. In the course of his life, Trotsky wrote about 30,000 documents, most of which are contained in various archives. Deutscher
2874:
In late 1921, Lenin's health deteriorated and he was absent from Moscow for longer periods of time. He had three strokes between 25 May 1922 and 9 March 1923, which caused paralysis, loss of speech and finally death on 21 January 1924. With Lenin increasingly sidelined throughout 1922, Stalin was
2839:
Trotsky bears a great deal of responsibility both for the victory of the Red Army in the civil war, and for the establishment of a one-party authoritarian state with its apparatus for ruthlessly suppressing dissent... He was an ideologist and practitioner of the Red Terror. He despised "bourgeois
1648:
The 1910s were a period of heightened tension within the RSDLP, leading to numerous frictions between Trotsky, the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. The most serious disagreement that Trotsky and the Mensheviks had with Lenin at the time was over the issue of "expropriations", i.e., armed robbery of
1520:
The following day, on 3 December 1905, the Soviet was surrounded by troops loyal to the government and the deputies were arrested. Trotsky and other Soviet leaders were tried in 1906 on charges of supporting an armed rebellion. On 4 October 1906 he was convicted and sentenced to internal exile to
1470:
went out on strike. Amid the resulting confusion, Trotsky returned from Finland to Saint Petersburg on 15 October 1905. On that day, Trotsky spoke before the Saint Petersburg Soviet Council of Workers Deputies, which was meeting at the Technological Institute in the city. Also attending were some
1361:
Shortly afterwards, the pro-Iskra delegates unexpectedly split into two factions. The split was initially over an organisational issue. Lenin and his supporters, the Bolsheviks, argued for a smaller but highly organized party where only party members would be seen as members, while Martov and his
7904:
It is not clear why Kamenev, a mild-mannered man with few leadership ambitions and who was the brother-in-law of Trotsky, sided with Zinoviev and Stalin against Trotsky in 1922. Trotsky later speculated that it may have been due to Kamenev's love of comfort, which Trotsky found "repelled me." He
6422:
Robert Alexander made a similar observation in 1991 that Trotskyists had never assumed power in any nation but explained that the international movement did "not enjoy the support of a well-established regime, as did the heirs of Stalinism". Alexander also recognised that the "persistence of the
6102:
before the appointment of Stalin as General Secretary. According to Mccauley, Lenin had revealed that he planned to retire to the Central Committee and made an arrangement for Trotsky to speak on his behalf as his natural successor which in turn triggered the formation of the troika. Forges drew
5933:
described Lenin and Trotsky as the "widely leading figures in the Russia's Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 as well as in the final years of the rising world communist movement". They characterized Lenin and Trotsky as "fierce adversaries" during the early years of the Russian socialist movement but
5837:
considered it a debatable notion that his personal "sophistication" as a political figure led to "his defeat in the great struggle of 1923 and after". He also reached the view that Trotsky did not share Stalin's understanding of the party in which "fewer than 10 percent of its members were fully
4048:
The Moscow trials are perpetuated under the banner of socialism. We will not concede this banner to the masters of falsehood! If our generation happens to be too weak to establish Socialism over the earth, we will hand the spotless banner down to our children. The struggle which is in the offing
2900:
Stalin's power of patronage in his capacity as general secretary clearly played a role, but Trotsky and his supporters later concluded that a more fundamental reason was the process of slow bureaucratisation of the Soviet regime once the extreme conditions of the Civil War were over. Much of the
2563:
In December 1918 Trotsky ordered detachments of additional barrier troops be raised for attachment to each infantry formation. On December 18 he cabled: "How do things stand with the blocking units? As far as I am aware they have not been included in our establishment and it appears they have no
2378:
Trotsky would later defend his decision and argue that none of the families of ex-officials who did betray the army and contribute to additional human casualties were themselves ever executed. He would also insist that had these draconian measures been adopted rather than excess “magnanimity” to
2357:
into the army. The latter had the task of ensuring the loyalty of military experts (mostly former officers in the Imperial Army) and co-signing their orders. Trotsky regarded the organisation of the Red Army as built on the ideas of the October Revolution. As he later wrote in his autobiography:
2229:
Germany did not respond for three days and continued its offensive, encountering little resistance. The response arrived on 21 February, but the proposed terms were so harsh that even Lenin briefly thought that the Soviet government had no choice but to fight. But in the end, the committee again
2141:
But he agreed with the Left Communists that a separate peace treaty with an imperialist power would be a terrible morale and material blow to the Soviet government, negate all its military and political successes of 1917 and 1918, resurrect the notion that the Bolsheviks secretly allied with the
2128:
Lenin, who had earlier hoped for a speedy Soviet revolution in Germany and other parts of Europe, quickly decided that the Imperial government of Germany was still firmly in control and that, without a strong Russian military, an armed conflict with Germany would lead to a collapse of the Soviet
1832:
He reached Russia on 17 May 1917. After his return, Trotsky substantially agreed with the Bolshevik position, but did not join them right away. Russian social democrats were split into at least six groups, and the Bolsheviks were waiting for the next party Congress to determine which factions to
1620:
A majority of Bolsheviks controlled the Central Committee in 1910. Lenin agreed to the financing of "Pravda", but required a Bolshevik to be appointed as co-editor of the paper. When various Bolshevik and Menshevik factions tried to re-unite at the January 1910 RSDLP Central Committee meeting in
1510:
However, since his election, he proved to be very popular with the workers in spite of the Bolsheviks' original opposition to him. Khrustalev-Nosar became famous in his position as spokesman for the Saint Petersburg Soviet. Indeed, to the outside world, Khrustalev-Nosar was the embodiment of the
1427:
to supposedly beseech the Tsar for food and relief from the government. According to Gapon himself, he led the people into a Palace Guard already on the defensive due to the crowd instigating violence against them. They eventually fired on the demonstration, resulting in the deaths of an unknown
6971:
Trotsky had specified the need for the "overall guidance in planning i.e. the systematic co-ordination of the fundamental sectors of the state economy in the process of adapting to the present market" and urged for a national plan alongside currency stabilization. He also rejected the Stalinist
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described the duo as having reached a convergence and a substantial agreement in 1917 before colluding their efforts to achieve the October Revolution. They also highlighted the mutual appreciation and respect between Lenin and Trotsky with the former seeking to work closely with Trotsky on the
4003:
of the United States, and other supporters. Cannon, a long-time leading member of the American communist movement, had supported Trotsky in the struggle against Stalinism since he had first read Trotsky's criticisms of the Soviet Union in 1928. Trotsky's critique of the Stalinist regime, though
7445:
on the role of the party as transmitters of culture to the masses and raising the standards of education, as well as entry into the cultural sphere, but that the process of artistic creation in terms of language and presentation should be the domain of the practitioner. Knei-Paz also noted key
5307:
and penetrating 7 cm (2.8 in) into his brain. The blow to his head was bungled and failed to kill Trotsky instantly. Witnesses stated that Trotsky spat on Mercader and began struggling fiercely with him, which resulted in Mercader's hand being broken. Hearing the commotion, Trotsky's
3815:
of the accused. Trotsky demanded a complete and open enquiry into Moscow's accusations. The accused were sentenced to death, including Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev, and executed on 25 August 1936. On 26 August 1936, eight policemen arrived at Knudsen's house demanding that Trotsky sign new
3556:
After Trotsky's expulsion from the Soviet Union, Trotskyists within the Soviet Union began to waver. Between 1929 and 1932, most leading members of the Left Opposition surrendered to Stalin, "admitted their mistakes" and were reinstated in the Communist Party. One initial exception to this was
3441:. The methods used by the Stalinists against the Opposition became more and more extreme. At the XV Party Conference in October 1926, Trotsky could barely speak because of interruptions and catcalls, and at the end of the Conference he lost his Politburo seat. In 1927, Stalin started using the
1816:
Trotsky's speeches and agitation incurred the wrath of German officer inmates who complained to the British camp commander, Colonel Morris, about Trotsky's "anti-patriotic" attitude. Morris then forbade Trotsky to make any more public speeches, leading to 530 prisoners protesting and signing a
1253:
Until this point, Trotsky had used his birth name: Lev (Leon) Bronstein. He changed his surname to "Trotsky", the name he would use for the rest of his life. It is said he adopted the name of a jailer of the Odessa prison in which he had earlier been held. This became his primary revolutionary
3501:'s right-wing Kuomintang were the only ones capable of defeating the imperialists, that Chiang had funding from the rich merchants, and that his forces were to be utilized until squeezed for all usefulness like a lemon before being discarded. However, Chiang quickly reversed the tables in the
2669:
However, some significant changes to the leadership of the Red Army were made. Trotsky was temporarily sent to the Southern Front, while Smilga informally coordinated the work in Moscow. Most members of the Revolutionary Military Council who were not involved in its day-to-day operations were
2146:
We began peace negotiations in the hope of arousing the workmen's party of Germany and Austria-Hungary as well as of the Entente countries. For this reason we were obliged to delay the negotiations as long as possible to give the European workman time to understand the main fact of the Soviet
6658:
Conversely, other figures such as Volkogonov have strongly criticised his defence of the Red Terror and dictatorship of the proletariat. Service argued that his "ideas and practices laid several foundation stones for the erection of the Stalinist political, economic, social and even cultural
6507:
5962:
across different generations. According to Le Blanc, these historians on balance had tilted "toward the view that Lenin's desired "heir" was collective responsibility in which Trotsky placed an important role and within which Stalin would be dramatically demoted (if not removed)". Similarly,
5828:
regarded Trotsky's position among the Soviet elites as largely dependent on Lenin. Rubenstein also added that he had an image of an outsider within party circles as he had previously been an "outspoken critic of Lenin". Conversely, Volkongov stated that Trotsky had the support of many party
2657:
It is no wonder that my military work created so many enemies for me. I did not look to the side, I elbowed away those who interfered with military success, or in the haste of the work trod on the toes of the unheeding and was too busy even to apologize. Some people remember such things. The
23479:
3054:
In the fiercest moment of War Communism, the system of appointment within the party did not have one tenth of the extent that it has now. Appointment of the secretaries of provincial committees is now the rule. That creates for the secretary a position essentially independent of the local
7166:, that in "backward" countries the tasks of the Bourgeois Democratic Revolution could not be achieved by the bourgeoisie itself. Trotsky first developed this conception in collaboration with Alexander Parvus in late 1904–1905. The relevant articles were later collected in Trotsky's books
7923:
The Central Committee's Secretariat became increasingly important during the Civil War and especially in its aftermath, as the Party switched from elected officials to appointed ones. The change was prompted by the need to allocate manpower quickly during the Civil War as well as by the
1273:
3365:
and losing his Red Army posts, he was effectively unemployed throughout the winter and spring. In May 1925, he was given three posts: chairman of the Concessions Committee, head of the electro-technical board, and chairman of the scientific-technical board of industry. Trotsky wrote in
1757:
In September 1916, Trotsky was deported from France to Spain for his anti-war activities. Spanish authorities did not want him and deported him to the United States on 25 December 1916. He arrived in New York City on 13 January 1917. He stayed for over two months at 1522 Vyse Avenue in
2585:
with the bricks which the capitalists had chosen to hurl against us! We have no other bricks! And so, we must compel the bourgeois experts, under the leadership of the proletariat, to build up our edifice with these bricks. This is what is difficult; but this is the pledge of victory.
2234:
was signed on 3 March and ratified on 15 March 1918. Since Trotsky was so closely associated with the policy previously followed by the Soviet delegation at Brest-Litovsk, he resigned from his position as Commissar for Foreign Affairs to remove a potential obstacle to the new policy.
7045:. Overall, Trotsky was sharply critical of Bukharin and Stalin's views on the state of the Soviet economy. Russian historian, Vladimir Buldakov found that some historical research had supported the view that Trotsky advocated the most rational decisions for industrial development.
5759:
in 1920. Bazhanov also claimed that Stalin's antagonism towards Trotsky stemmed from the fact that he was Jewish and that the former would refuse to obey military orders during the Russian Civil War. According to Rogovin, Trotsky received hundreds of letters reporting the use of
3424:
In early 1926, Zinoviev, Kamenev and their supporters in the "New Opposition" gravitated closer to Trotsky's supporters, and the two groups soon formed an alliance, which also incorporated some smaller opposition groups within the Communist Party. The alliance became known as the
2579:
Given the lack of manpower and the 16 opposing foreign armies, Trotsky insisted on the use of former Tsarist officers as military specialists within the army, in combination with Bolshevik political commissars to ensure the revolutionary nature of the Red Army. Lenin commented on
2169:
We announce the termination of the war and demobilization without signing any peace. We declare we cannot participate in the looting war of the Allies nor can we sign a looting peace. Poland's, Lithuania's and Courland's fate we place upon the responsibility of the German working
2798:
rose up against the Bolshevik government, demanding greater freedom for workers and peasants, an end to one-party rule, and the restoration of civil rights. The rebellion occurred simultaneously with the 10th Party Congress, further destabilizing the fragile political situation.
6430:
On the other hand, British historian and socialist Christian Høgsbjerg believed that academic literature on Trotskyism had minimised its historical role in building wider social movements. Høgsbjerg stressed the key role of British Trotskyists in various movements such as the
1625:
was made a party-financed 'central organ'. Lev Kamenev, Trotsky's brother-in-law, was added to the editorial board from the Bolsheviks, but the unification attempts failed in August 1910. Kamenev resigned from the board amid mutual recriminations. Trotsky continued publishing
6094:, due to intra-party controversies and the wider conflict of the Civil War, Trotsky had a considerable following among the party activists and members of the Central Committee against the narrow majority supporting Lenin. His supporters also controlled the newly established
3893:
3298:
Economically, the Left Opposition opposed the development of capitalist elements in the Soviet economy and advocated for accelerated industrialization through state-led policies." That put them at odds with Bukharin and Rykov, the "Right" within the Party, who supported the
1583:
7334:, which takes nothing ‘on faith’, is actually able to cut down mountains and move them. Up to now this was done for industrial purposes (mines) or for railways (tunnels); in the future this will be done on an immeasurably larger scale, according to a general industrial and
5188:
After quarreling with Diego Rivera, Trotsky moved to his final residence on Avenida Viena in April 1939. On 27 February 1940, Trotsky wrote a document known as "Trotsky's Testament", in which he expressed his final thoughts and feelings for posterity. He was suffering from
3290:
In the meantime, the Left Opposition, which had coagulated somewhat unexpectedly in late 1923 and lacked a definite platform aside from general dissatisfaction with the intra-Party "regime", began to crystallise. It lost some less dedicated members to the harassment by the
3889:
1228:
In the summer of 1902, at the urging of his wife, Aleksandra, Trotsky escaped from Siberia hidden in hay. Aleksandra later escaped with their daughters. Both daughters married, and Zinaida had children, but the daughters died before their parents. Nina Nevelson died from
3070:
party public opinion has been stifled. it is the secretarial hierarchy, the party hierarchy which to an ever greater degree chooses the delegates to the conferences and congresses, which to an ever greater degree are becoming the executive conferences of this hierarchy.
2597:
In September 1918, the Bolshevik government, facing military difficulties, declared what amounted to martial law and reorganized the Red Army. The Supreme Military Council was abolished, and the position of commander-in-chief was restored, filled by the commander of the
3317:
a summary of the events of the 1917 revolution. He described Zinoviev and Kamenev's opposition to the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917, something they would have preferred left unmentioned. This started a new round of intra-party struggle, which became known as the
23519:
23514:
1490:
increasing its circulation to 500,000. Trotsky also co-founded, together with Parvus and Julius Martov and other Mensheviks, "Nachalo" ("The Beginning"), which also proved to be a very successful newspaper in the revolutionary atmosphere of Saint Petersburg in 1905.
6118:" as signifying that he was entrusted "with the highest government post" and he argued that this was also considerable given Lenin's illness at the time. Rogovin also referenced a previous proposal by Lenin in 1917 to appoint Trotsky with another senior position as
23474:
2379:
opponents at the start of the October Revolution then Russia would have experienced far less casualties. Deutscher draws attention to the fact that Trotsky preferred to exchange hostages and prisoners rather than execute them. He recounts that Trotsky had released
1515:
The autocracy never enjoyed the confidence of the people and was never granted any authority by the people. We have therefore decided not to allow the repayment of such loans as have been made by the Tsarist government when openly engaged in a war with the entire
23509:
23504:
23499:
5823:
noted that Trotsky never held a party post and rarely attended party meetings despite serving as a member of the Politburo. Figes also described him as having "too many characteristics that made it extraordinarily hard to work collectively with him". Biographer
23494:
23489:
23484:
6306:
in Mexico City, run by a board which included his grandson Esteban Volkov (1926–2023). Trotsky's grave is located on its grounds. The foundation "International Friends of the Leon Trotsky Museum" has been organized to raise funds to improve the museum further.
3496:
Trotsky wanted the Communist Party to complete an orthodox proletarian revolution and have clear class independence from the KMT. Stalin funded the KMT during the expedition. Stalin countered Trotskyist criticism by making a secret speech in which he said that
3432:
The United Opposition was repeatedly threatened with sanctions by the Stalinist leadership of the Communist Party, and Trotsky had to agree to tactical retreats, mostly to preserve his alliance with Zinoviev and Kamenev. The opposition remained united against
6943:
to mitigate urgent economic matters arising from war communism. He would later reproach Lenin privately about the delayed government response in 1921-1922. However, his position differed from the majority of Soviet leaders at the time who fully supported the
1143:
had noted that he displayed an exceptional gift for mathematics. Using the name "Lvov", he wrote and printed leaflets and proclamations, distributed revolutionary pamphlets, and popularized socialist ideas among industrial workers and revolutionary students.
17973:"Talk of uneven development becomes dominant in Trotskii's writings from 1927 onwards. From this date, whenever the law is mentioned, the claim consistently made for it is that 'the entire history of mankind is governed by the law of uneven development'." –
6768:
Several scholars have regarded his historical writings on the Soviet bureaucracy as having a considerable influence in shaping the receptive attitudes of later Marxists and many non-Marxists. Trotsky associated bureaucratism with authoritarianism, excessive
2212:
However, after debates with the German delegation, Trotsky and the Russian delegation withdrew from peace talks on 10 February 1918, by declaring ending the war on the side of Soviet Russia, and not signing a peace treaty. Privately, in correspondence with
7242:
Trotsky was a central figure in the Comintern during its first four congresses. During this time, he helped to generalize the strategy and tactics of the Bolsheviks to newly formed Communist parties across Europe and further afield. From 1921 onwards, the
3373:
Some contemporary accounts paint a picture of a remote and distracted man. Later in the year, Trotsky resigned his two technical positions (maintaining Stalin-instigated interference and sabotage) and concentrated on his work in the Concessions Committee.
7966:
with Trotsky's capacity for work, only a man so unsparing of himself as Trotsky, only a man who knew how to speak to the soldiers as Trotsky did—only such a man could have become the standard bearer of the armed toilers. He was all things rolled into one.
7022:
The policy was later adopted by members of the United Opposition which also advocated a programme of rapid industrialization during the debates of 1924 and 1927. The United Opposition proposed a progressive tax on wealthier peasants, the encouragement of
2997:
in the Soviet Union which emerged during Lenin's illness and eventual death would also determine the prospect of world revolution. In particular, the leadership of the German Communist party had requested that Moscow send Trotsky to Germany to direct the
1020:
said that this was an assumption based on Trotsky's Jewish birth, but, contrary to Service's claims, there is no documentary evidence to support his using a Yiddish name, when that language was not spoken by his family. Both North and political historian
6951:
Comparatively, Trotsky believed that planning and N.E.P should develop within a mixed framework until the socialist sector gradually superseded the private industry. He found allies among a circle of economic theorists and administrators which included
23469:
23464:
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his chief adversary Stalin, strongly denied claims that Trotsky was the succeeding chairman following Lenin's illness. He pointed out that Trotsky was expected to serve as one of several deputy chairmen under Lenin which included Kamenev, Rykov and
3561:, who inspired Trotsky between 1929 and 1934 with his refusal to capitulate as state suppression of any remaining opposition to Stalin increased by the year. In late 1932, Rakovsky had failed with an attempt to flee the Soviet Union and was exiled to
1672:. In response, Trotsky organized a "unification" conference of social democratic factions in Vienna in August 1912 (a.k.a. "The August Bloc") and tried to re-unite the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks into one party. The attempt was generally unsuccessful.
1366:, argued for a bigger and less disciplined party where people who assisted would also be seen as members. In a surprise development, Trotsky and most of the Iskra editors supported Martov and the Mensheviks, while Plekhanov supported Lenin and the
23459:
23454:
23449:
22973:
6215:, Trotsky maintained that Lenin had intended for him to be his successor as Chairman of the Soviet Union with his proposed appointment as deputy. He explained that this process would have begun after their alliance in 1923 with the formation of a
5122:
For fear of splitting the communist movement, Trotsky initially opposed the idea of establishing parallel communist parties or a parallel international communist organization that would compete with the Third International. In mid-1933, after the
23444:
23439:
7154:
country but in all the leading countries of the world—that competition between the proletarians of these countries ceases and at least the decisive forces of production are concentrated in the hands of the workers. ... Their battle-cry must be:
1738:("Our Word"), an internationalist socialist newspaper. He adopted the slogan of "peace without indemnities or annexations, peace without conquerors or conquered." Lenin advocated Russia's defeat in the war and demanded a complete break with the
1370:. During 1903 and 1904, many members changed sides in the factions. Trotsky left the Mensheviks in September 1904 over their insistence on an alliance with Russian liberals and their opposition to a reconciliation with Lenin and the Bolsheviks.
15633:
3700:
and Trotskyists who "capitulated" to Stalin. Kamenev and Zinoviev were also alleged members of the bloc. Trotsky wanted by no means that the alliance became a fusion, and he was afraid of the right gaining much power inside the bloc. Historian
23429:
572:
546:
3461:. In reality, however, the Republic controlled very little of the country. Much of China was divided between various regional warlords. The Republican government established a new "nationalist people's army and a national people's party"—the
23424:
5967:
noted the close association of Trotsky and Lenin in the Soviet republic throughout the period of 1921–24. Medvedev mentioned a number of public commendations such as "greetings in honour of comrades Lenin and Trotsky were announced at many
23434:
6748:
through their proposals for mass industrialization. Trotsky had delivered a joint report to the April Plenum of the Central Committee in 1926 which proposed a program for national industrialization and the replacement of annual plans with
1608:
Avoiding factional politics, the paper proved popular with Russian industrial workers. Both the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks split multiple times after the failure of the 1905–1907 revolution. Money was very scarce for the publication of
1749:
of anti-war socialists in September 1915 and advocated a middle course between those who, like Martov, would stay within the Second International at any cost and those who, like Lenin, would break with the Second International and form a
3738:, signed a decree to deport Trotsky from France. However, no foreign government was found willing to accept Trotsky within its borders. Accordingly, the French authorities instructed Trotsky to move to a residence in the tiny village of
3687:
on his way to a socialist conference in Denmark. By the end of 1932, Trotsky had made contact with the anti-Stalin opposition inside the USSR and discussed the possibility of forming a bloc. There was no evidence of any alliance with
2644:
Throughout late 1918 and early 1919, there were a number of attacks on Trotsky's leadership of the Red Army, including veiled accusations in newspaper articles inspired by Stalin and a direct attack by the Military Opposition at the
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to Stalin dictated on 15 December 1922: "I am sure Trotsky will uphold my views as well as I." Faced with a united opposition by Lenin and Trotsky, the Central Committee reversed its previous decision and adopted the Lenin-Trotsky
3230:
There was little overt political disagreement within the Soviet leadership throughout most of 1924. On the surface, Trotsky remained the most prominent and popular Bolshevik leader, although his "mistakes" were often alluded to by
3448:
Soviet policy toward the Chinese Revolution became the ideological line of demarcation between Stalin and the United Opposition. The Chinese Revolution began on 10 October 1911, resulting in the abdication of the Chinese Emperor,
2689:'s troops approached Petrograd from the west. Lenin decided that since it was more important to defend Moscow, Petrograd would have to be abandoned. Trotsky argued that Petrograd needed to be defended, at least in part to prevent
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and inferred this from his conduct during the Civil War along with his writings in the early 1920s. Other scholars have pointed to the fact that Trotsky opposed the policy of forced collectivisation under Stalin and favoured a
5690:. Rather, she suggested Trotsky would presumably have provided good leadership during the Second World War but may have struggled to maintain party cohesion as seen during the succession struggle after 1924. Political theorist
3590:"). Rakovsky was appointed to high office in the Commissariat for Health and allowed to return to Moscow, also serving as Soviet ambassador to Japan in 1935. However, Rakovsky was cited in allegations involving the killing of
1507:(Georgy Nosar, alias Pyotr Khrustalyov). Khrustalyev-Nosar had been a compromise figure when elected as the head of the Saint Petersburg Soviet. He was a lawyer that stood above the political factions contained in the Soviet.
6542:
agreed that Lenin’s influence on the Bolshevik party was decisive but the October insurrection was carried out according to Trotsky’s, not to Lenin’s, plan. Historian Betrand Patenaunde also noted his social appeal among the
5266:, the NKVD proceeded to set up three NKVD agent networks to carry out the murder; these three networks were designed to operate entirely autonomously from the NKVD's hitherto-established spy networks in the U.S. and Mexico.
3469:
was planned to smash the power of the warlords of the northern part of the country. This Northern Expedition became a point of contention over foreign policy by Stalin and Trotsky. Stalin tried to persuade the small Chinese
1679:
under a variety of pseudonyms, often using "Antid Oto", a name chosen at random from an Italian dictionary, with Trotsky joking that "wanted to inject the Marxist antidote into the legitimate newspapers". In September 1912,
22502:
22334:
7977:
The term "Trotskyism" was first coined by the Russian liberal politician Pavel Milyukov, the first foreign minister in the Provisional Government who, in April 1917, was forced to demand that the British government release
6753:. His proposals were rejected by the Central Committee majority which was controlled by the troika and derided by Stalin at the time. The eventual adoption of the five year plans in 1928 would serve as the basis for Soviet
2852:
The Bolsheviks triumphed in the Civil War because of Trotsky's ability to work with military specialists, because of the style of work he introduced where widescale consultation was followed through by swift and determined
6716:
Trotsky as a historical figure and noted his work featured several inaccuracies and distortions of the historical record. Daniels argued that many of the distinctive features of Stalin's rule such as his campaigns against
2929:(Sovnarkom). The Politburo approved the proposal, but Trotsky "categorically refused". Lenin's proposal has been interpreted by various scholars as evidence that he designated Trotsky as a successor as head of government.
970:
Leon Trotsky was born Lev Davidovich Bronstein to David Leontyevich Bronstein (1847–1922) and Anna Lvovna (née Zhivotovskaya, 1850–1910) on 7 November 1879, the fifth child of a wealthy Jewish landowner family in Yanovka,
22343:
21049:
3104:. The discussion lasted most of December and January until the XIIIth Party Conference of 16–18 January 1924. Those who opposed the Central Committee's position in the debate were thereafter referred to as members of the
1183:
While imprisoned in Moscow, in the summer of 1899, Trotsky married Aleksandra Sokolovskaya (1872–1938), a fellow Marxist. The ceremony was performed by a Jewish chaplain. In 1900, he was sentenced to four years exile in
7247:, a method of uniting revolutionaries and reformists in the common struggle while winning some of the workers to revolution, was the central tactic put forward by the Comintern after the defeat of the German revolution.
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killed during the Great Purges. His son, Sergei Sedov, who died in 1937, was rehabilitated in 1988, as was Nikolai Bukharin. Beginning in 1989, Trotsky's books, forbidden until 1987, were published in the Soviet Union.
3705:
concluded that the bloc dissolved in early 1933, since some of its members like Zinoviev and Kamenev joined Stalin again, and because there were no letters in the Trotsky Harvard archive mentioning the bloc after 1932.
2965:
At the XIIth Party Congress in April 1923, however, just after Lenin's final stroke, Trotsky did not raise the issue. Instead, he made a speech about intra-party democracy while avoiding any direct confrontation of the
587:
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river and oversaw the sinking of the floating prison in which the officers perished. Another instance was when Stalin disobeyed Trotsky's order to march on Warsaw which contributed to the defeat of the Red Army at the
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6 January 1925. Zinoviev demanded Trotsky's expulsion from the Communist Party, but Stalin refused to go along and played the role of a moderate. Trotsky kept his Politburo seat, but was effectively put on probation.
608:
583:
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Trotsky himself ascribed his political defeat to external, objective conditions rather than the individual qualities of Stalin. He specifically argued that the failed series of international insurrections as seen in
2341:
rose against the Soviet government. This left the Bolsheviks with the loss of most of the country's territory, an increasingly well-organized resistance by Russian anti-Communist forces (usually referred to as the
23076:
2556:, to station blocking detachments behind unreliable infantry regiments, with orders to shoot if front-line troops either deserted or retreated without permission. The barrier troops comprised personnel drawn from
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also remarked that Trotsky, in the 1930s, did not abandon hope for the spread of the revolution. Rogovin argued that Trotsky's prognosis of world events was plausible as a majority of European countries such as
5453:
through his political writings and levels of military accuracy. Deutscher also referenced his "uncanny clear sightedness" in predicting the emergence of a single dictator who would "substitute himself" for the
7316:. They argued his theory presented "a specific understanding of capitalist development as 'uneven', insofar as it systematically featured geographically divergent 'advanced' and 'backward' regions" across the
2072:, continued to believe that there could be no peace between a Soviet republic and a capitalist empire, and that only a revolutionary war leading to a pan-European Soviet republic would bring a durable peace.
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In modern historiography, Trotsky's legacy has evoked a range of conflicting and diverse views. Biographer Paul Le Blanc stated "for millions of people throughout the world, Trotsky was initially seen as a
7857:
3831:, were permitted to visit. From October 1936, even the outdoor walks were prohibited for Trotsky and his wife. Trotsky did eventually manage to smuggle out one letter on 18 December 1936, titled
2913:
Throwing Trotsky overboard—surely you are hinting at that, it is impossible to interpret it otherwise—is the height of stupidity. If you do not consider me already hopelessly foolish, how can you think of
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editorial. Stalin himself wrote: "All practical work in connection with the organization of the uprising was done under the immediate direction of Comrade Trotsky, the president of the Petrograd Soviet".
545:
576:
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Just before Trotsky's return, the Mensheviks had independently come up with the same idea that Trotsky had: an elected non-party revolutionary organization representing the capital's workers, the first
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as a historical figure which necessitated a historical reappraisal. Patenaude regarded Service's characterisation of Trotsky as a "mass murderer and a terrorist" to be reflective of a wider attempt to
5404:
also wrote that he was "of a different calibre intellectually, with his grasp of organization and his talents as a speaker and writer". Volkogonov considered Trotsky "far superior" to figures such as
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used his letter as an excuse to launch a campaign against Trotsky, accusing him of factionalism, setting "the youth against the fundamental generation of old revolutionary Bolsheviks" and other sins.
1813:. While imprisoned in the camp, Trotsky established an increasing friendship with the workers and sailors amongst his fellow inmates, describing his month at the camp as "one continual mass meeting".
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judged Trotsky to be personally fastidious, but possessing the qualities of vanity and volatility which were not shared with Lenin. Engelstein also described him as talented and dynamic, "but only a
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uneven development in 1930 and the conditions for a possible revolutionary scenario. According to biographer Ian Thatcher, this theory would be later generalised to "the entire history of mankind".
1645:, and a copy was put into their archives. Shortly after Lenin's death in 1924, the letter was found and publicized by Trotsky's opponents within the Communist Party to portray him as Lenin's enemy.
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We must have your decision. We can still drag on negotiations for one or two or three or four days. Afterward they must be broken off. I see no other solution than that proposed. I clasp your hand.
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as a newly established body and called for the strengthening of its formal responsibilities to support a balanced level of economic reconstruction after the Civil War. Trotsky also urged economic
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1139:. He dropped out in early 1897 to help organize the South Russian Workers' Union in Nikolayev. Trotsky's university colleague and a prominent engineer who served as the Technical Director of the
601:
1037:. North has compared the speculation on Trotsky's given name to the undue emphasis given to his having a Jewish surname. The language spoken at home was not Yiddish but a mixture of Russian and
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6777:. Political scientist Baruch Knei-Paz argued that Trotsky had done more than any other political figure to "show the historical and social roots of Stalinism" as a bureaucratic system. British
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by the Turkish authorities. On Büyükada, they were moved into a house called the Yanaros mansion. During his exile in Turkey, Trotsky was under the surveillance of the Turkish police forces of
594:
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for her own part of the operation. Ramón Mercader could not be either assassinated or freed from prison by the Soviets. When he was released from jail in 1960 and arrived in the USSR in 1961,
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In mid-1919, the dissatisfied had an opportunity to mount a serious challenge to Trotsky's leadership: the Red Army grew from 800,000 to 3,000,000 and fought simultaneously on sixteen fronts.
2271:, and their supporters, including Podvoisky, who became one of Trotsky's deputies, were a constant thorn in Trotsky's side. The discontent with Trotsky's policies of strict discipline, forced
7284:
After he was exiled and politically marginalized by Stalinism, Trotsky continued to argue for a united front against fascism in Germany and Spain. According to Joseph Choonara of the British
3465:. In 1920, the Kuomintang opened relations with Soviet Russia. With Soviet help, the Republic of China built up the nationalist people's army. With the development of the nationalist army, a
3002:. However, this proposal was rejected by the Politburo which was controlled by Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev who decided to send a commission of lower-ranking Russian Communist party members.
2256:
control of the Red Army, responsible only to the Communist Party leadership, whose Left Socialist Revolutionary allies had left the government over the controversial treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
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to Stalin with particular emphasis drawn to his activities in the pre-Civil War period and as leader of the Left Opposition. Prior to the October Revolution, Trotsky had been part of an old
6427:" and the instability of political events across most of the world means the "possibility that a Trotskyist party might come to power in the foreseeable future cannot be totally ruled out".
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had underestimated Stalin's cunning, ruthlessness, and tenacity on several occasions. Political scientist Richard B. Day argued that it was more probable that Trotsky's interest in building
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state and initiating several military practices such as summary executions which later became standard practice during the Stalinist era. Thatcher cited his defence of terror in his work,
547:
23369:
13313:"Trotsky...maintained during the period of Hitler's rise to power so persistent and, for the most part, so prescient a commentary on the course of events in Germany as to deserve record".
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in the last month of his life and instructed Krupskaya to read him a passage from another of Trotsky's books that characterised Marxism and Leninism. Lenin also read Trotsky's pamphlet,
5775:
believed that Trotsky could probably have removed Stalin with the use of Lenin's testament but he "stupidly" acquiesced to the collective decision not to publish the document. Historian
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that he "was taking a rest from politics" and "naturally plunged into the new line of work up to my ears". Trotsky would also deliver a tribute to Lenin in his 1925 short book, "Lenin".
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partisans. Behind the scenes, he was completely cut off from the decision-making process. Politburo meetings were pure formalities since all key decisions were made ahead of time by the
3100:
in January 1924. The illusion of a "monolithic Bolshevik leadership" was thus shattered and a lively intra-Party discussion ensued, both in local Party organizations and in the pages of
1965:
By the end of 1917, Trotsky was unquestionably the second man in the Bolshevik Party after Lenin. He overshadowed Zinoviev, who had been Lenin's top lieutenant over the previous decade.
22847:
22734:
22616:
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in the Russian Civil War, the heir apparent to Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin, and the arch enemy and then vanquished foe of Joseph Stalin in the succession struggle after Lenin's death".
7953:
that he refused to deliver the report because "it seemed to me equivalent to announcing my candidacy for the role of Lenin's successor at a time when Lenin was fighting a grave illness.
6078:
Trotsky was generally viewed as Lenin's choice as a successor in 1923. He had been nominated to be Lenin's deputy in 1922 and 1923 as well as expected to assume responsibility over the
5560:'s manifestos and resolutions, edited its Izvestia newspaper and also composed the oath of loyalty for the Red Army. According to Mandel, Trotsky wrote the Zimmerwald Manifesto for the
2217:, Trotsky had expressed his willigness to relent to peace terms upon the resumption of a German offensive although with moral dissent. Contrary to Russia's declaration, Germany resumed
5168:, chairman of the committee, demanded the suppression of the American Communist Party. Trotsky intended to use the forum to expose the NKVD's activities against him and his followers.
2901:
Bolshevik elite wanted 'normality,' while Trotsky was personally and politically personified as representing a turbulent revolutionary period that they would much rather leave behind.
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23053:
22950:
1455:, and the local Menshevik committee, which he pushed in a more radical direction. The latter, however, were betrayed by a secret police agent in May, and Trotsky had to flee to rural
23604:
10716:
re: the Smilga episode. Abramovich (1900–1985), a friend of Smilga's, was one of the few Trotskyists who survived the Great Purges and returned from Stalin's camps in the late 1950s.
6103:
focus to the increasing alignment between Lenin and Trotsky in 1923. He cited Lenin's testament which was critical of Stalin and the bureaucracy along with their shared position on
5742:
His enmity with Stalin developed during the Civil War with the latter's disregard of military specialists whom Trotsky considered indispensable for the success of the Red Army. In
5547:
Upon his exile in 1929, eighteen of his close relatives remained in the Soviet Union and all were subjected to repressive measures with seven of his family members including his son
2757:, who argued that trade unions should retain some independence from the state and act as "schools of communism" rather than instruments of state control. Lenin's view won out at the
11536:
Joseph Stalin, "The Prospects of Revolution in China" a speech to the Chinese Commission of the Executive Committee of the Communist International on 30 November 1926" contained in
3108:. In 1924, in a series of conferences at Sverdlov University; Stalin cited several times, in a critical way 'the Permanentists', as the followers of Trotsky 'Permanent revolution'.
1852:
After an unsuccessful pro-Bolshevik uprising in Petrograd, Trotsky was arrested on 7 August 1917. He was released 40 days later in the aftermath of the failed counter-revolutionary
1299:
Because of Plekhanov's opposition, Trotsky did not become a full member of the board. But participated in its meetings in an advisory capacity, which earned him Plekhanov's enmity.
9953:
The authenticity of this letter, which has been in doubt for twenty years, was personally confirmed to the writer by Leon Trotsky in conversation in Mexico City, in September 1937.
7999:
used in mining and other excavations, and by the multiple languages spoken by those involved in reporting the details; many history and reference books have confused the two tools.
3942:
on his birthday, the 20th anniversary of the October Revolution. His final move was a few blocks away to a residence on Avenida Viena in April 1939, following a break with Rivera.
3683:
On 20 February 1932, Trotsky and all of his family lost their Soviet citizenship and were forbidden to enter the Soviet Union. In 1932, Trotsky entered via a port into the fascist
7748:
Trotsky was People's Commissar for Military Affairs from 14 March 1918 and People's Commissar for Naval Affairs from April 1918 before the offices were merged on 12 November 1923.
3622:
After being deported from the Soviet Union, in February 1929, Trotsky arrived in Turkey. During his first two months in Turkey, Trotsky lived with his wife and eldest son at the
1203:
In Siberia, Trotsky studied philosophy. He became aware of the differences within the party, which had been decimated by arrests in 1898 and 1899. Some social democrats known in
3445:(Soviet secret police) to infiltrate and discredit the opposition. Rank-and-file oppositionists were increasingly harassed, sometimes expelled from the Party and even arrested.
2172:
The Germans will be unable to attack us after we declare the war ended. At any rate, it would be very difficult for Germany to attack us, because of her internal condition. The
5637:. Trotsky's failure, however, seems to have been almost inevitable, considering his own qualities and the conditions of authoritarian rule by the Communist Party organization.
5201:". After forcefully denying Stalin's accusations that he had betrayed the working class, he thanked his friends and above all his wife, Natalia Sedova, for their loyal support:
3310:, always an alliance of convenience, showed signs of weakness. Stalin began making poorly veiled accusations about Zinoviev and Kamenev. Yet in October 1924, Trotsky published
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and Rivera. Trotsky's writings on literature such as his 1923 survey which advocated tolerance, limited censorship and respect for literary tradition had strong appeal to the
6411:
In 2018, John Kelly wrote that "almost 80 years after Leon Trotsky founded the Fourth International, there are now Trotskyite organisations in 57 countries, including most of
2319:
6708:
and executions for desertions were a common feature of every war and not exclusive to the actions of the Red Army under Trotsky. Dukes believed Trotsky had been maligned and
3186:
Internationally, Trotsky's opposition and criticism of the ruling troika received support from several, Central Committee members of foreign communist parties. This included
1688:
for the next year. While there, Trotsky chronicled the ethnic cleansing carried out by the Serbian army against the Albanian civilian population. He became a close friend of
10889:
7225:
5875:, "went through a period of revolutionary crisis". Although, Daniels contended that Trotsky would have in reality been no more prepared than other Bolshevik figures to risk
4044:, and 14 others, took place in January 1937, during which more alleged conspiracies and crimes were linked to Trotsky. The findings were published in the book "Not Guilty".
1147:
In January 1898, more than 200 members of the union, including Trotsky, were arrested. He was held for the next two years in prison awaiting trial, first in Nikolayev, then
1120:. That same year, he graduated from his high school with a first class honours. According to his relative, Valery Bronstein, his father had intended for Trotsky to become a
8078:"A prolific writer and a spellbinding orator, he was a central figure in the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the October Revolution of 1917, the organizer and leader of the
6450:
Outside of the Fourth International, Trotsky has also been admired by a range of figures across intellectual, military, political and cultural fields including philosopher
3796:-led Norwegian government began to exhibit disquiet about Trotsky's actions. In the summer of 1936, Trotsky's asylum was increasingly made a political issue by the fascist
3664:. A Russian language journal, it was first published in July 1929 in Paris. In 1931, Trotsky wrote a letter to a friend entitled "What is Fascism" in which he attempted to
1754:. The conference adopted the middle line proposed by Trotsky. At first opposed, in the end Lenin voted for Trotsky's resolution to avoid a split among anti-war socialists.
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Another controversial feature of his military decisions was to inaugurate hostage-taking of relatives of ex-Tsarist officials working in the Red Army to avert the risk of
1614:
1448:
10800:, Political Report of the Central Committee of the RKP(b) to the Ninth All-Russian Conference of the Communist Party delivered by Lenin on 20 September 1920, Document 59.
3897:
A speech of Trotsky in Mexico, where he thanks Mexico and President Lázaro Cárdenas for receiving him, and says that Stalin's trial against him is based on false evidence
12005:
5281:. Trotsky's 14-year-old grandson, Vsevolod Platonovich "Esteban" Volkov (7 March 1926 – 16 June 2023), was shot in the foot. A young assistant and bodyguard of Trotsky,
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Towards the end of 1939, Trotsky agreed to go to the United States to appear as a witness before the Dies Committee of the House of Representatives, a forerunner of the
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758:
after the party's 1903 schism, but declared himself non-factional in 1904. During the failed 1905 Revolution, Trotsky returned to Russia and was elected chairman of the
6920:
Trotsky was an early proponent of economic planning since 1923 and favored an accelerated pace of industrialization. In 1921, he had also been a prominent supporter of
6091:
5527:
and stated that he "emerged from the revolution having acquired an enormous degree of popularity, whereas neither Lenin nor Martov had effectively gained any at all".
5171:
He made it clear that he also intended to argue against the suppression of the American Communist Party and to use the committee as a platform for a call to transform
3377:
In one of the few political developments that affected Trotsky in 1925, the circumstances of the controversy over Lenin's Testament were described by American Marxist
2918:
From then until his final stroke, Lenin spent much of his time trying to devise a way to prevent a split within the Communist Party leadership, which was reflected in
2196:
We declare we end the war but do not sign a peace. They will be unable to make an offensive against us. If they attack us, our position will be no worse than now (...)
1649:
banks and other companies by Bolshevik groups to procure money for the Party. These actions had been banned by the 5th Congress, but were continued by the Bolsheviks.
1447:. At first he wrote leaflets for an underground printing press in Kiev, but soon moved to the capital, Saint Petersburg. There he worked with both Bolsheviks, such as
1432:, Gapon's own biography points to a conspiracy. This was later confirmed by Russian police records listing the number of known militant radicals found among the dead.
1339:
1331:
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with the Soviet Union government, Trotsky was officially told that he was no longer welcome in France. After weighing his options, Trotsky applied to move to Norway.
3038:
Starting in mid-1923, the Soviet economy ran into significant difficulties, which led to numerous strikes countrywide. Two secret groups within the Communist Party, "
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in response to a suspected civilian uprising, and to "crush" landowners who resisted, sometimes violently, the requisitioning of their grain by military detachments.
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2678:, but Trotsky refused this opportunity to pay Smilga back, which earned him Smilga's friendship and later his support during the intra-Party battles of the 1920s.
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2151:
Trotsky, in a letter he wrote to Lenin during the negotiations, which must have been written before January 18, 1918, described its policy, summarily, as follows:
1817:
petition against Morris' order. Back in Russia, after initial hesitation and facing pressure from the workers' and peasants' Soviets, the Russian foreign minister
1732:, Trotsky moved to France on 19 November 1914. In January 1915 in Paris, he began editing (at first with Martov, who soon resigned as the paper moved to the left)
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alongside an equilibrium of the import-export balance to access accumulated reserves to purchase machinery from abroad to increase the pace of industrialization.
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Celebration of the second anniversary of the October Revolution in Moscow, 1919. One of the photos of which the image of Trotsky was erased, along with those of
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4776:
1066:, which admitted students of other faiths and backgrounds,) which became Russified during his years in Odessa as a result of the Imperial government's policy of
155:
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wrote, in the aftermath of Trotsky's death, that he evoked strong feelings of enmity and fear from several political figures. According to James, this included
3847:, and accused the Norwegian government of trying to prevent him from publicly voicing his strong opposition to the Moscow Trials and other show trials, saying:
3474:
to merge with the Kuomintang (KMT) Nationalists to bring about a bourgeois revolution before attempting to bring about a Soviet-style working class revolution.
2052:
In preparation for peace talks with the representatives of the Imperial German government and the representatives of the other Central Powers leading up to the
6099:
2970:
Stalin had prepared for the congress by replacing many local party delegates with those loyal to him, mostly at the expense of Zinoviev and Kamenev's backers.
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7891:
Yakov Sverdlov was the Central Committee's senior secretary responsible for personnel affairs from 1917 and until his death in March 1919. He was replaced by
5344:
In the aftermath of Trotsky's assassination, an estimated 300,000 people had passed by his funeral casket in Mexico City over several days by 27 August 1940.
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At the thirteenth Congress Kamenev and Zinoviev helped Stalin defuse Lenin's Testament, which belatedly came to the surface. But just after the congress, the
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under the strict surveillance of the French police, where Trotsky found his contact with the outside world to be even worse than during his exile in Turkey.
3597:
Almost all Trotskyists who were still within the Soviet Union's borders were executed in the Great Purges of 1936–1938, although Rakovsky survived until the
11273:
10748:
5625:
Had Trotsky won the struggle to succeed Lenin, the character of the Soviet regime would almost certainly have been substantially different, particularly in
3074:
Although the text of these letters remained secret at the time, they had a significant effect on the Party leadership and prompted a partial retreat by the
2946:
In late 1922, Trotsky secured an alliance with Lenin against Stalin and the emerging Soviet bureaucracy. Stalin had recently engineered the creation of the
2706:, which included confiscating grain from peasants, and partially restoring the grain market. Still committed to War Communism, Lenin rejected his proposal.
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Political scientist August Nimtz regarded Trotsky to have had better foresight than both Marxist and some non-Marxist intellectual observers with his work
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798:
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Political theorist David North attributed his diminished influence and historical role to the "virtually unlimited resources of the Soviet regime, and of
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For a time it was speculated that this letter was in fact not an authentic one. However, Trotsky's himself verified its authenticity to Wheeler-Bennett.
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2950:(USSR), further centralising state control. The alliance proved effective on the issue of foreign trade but was hindered by Lenin's progressing illness.
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5484:" who had "elements of bourgeois origin". He had a diverse and profound range of interests which exceeded that of other Bolshevik theoreticians such as
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on 31 January 1928. He was expelled from the Soviet Union to Turkey in February 1929, accompanied by his wife Natalia Sedova and their eldest son, Lev.
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The successes are very important, and I affirmed it every time. They are due to the abolition of private property and to the possibilities inherent in
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newspaper, prior to their polemical disagreements, and Lenin acknowledging that his theory on permanent revolution "happened to be right" after 1917.
5767:
Trotsky lacked the political acumen to succeed against Stalin's machinations. Lenin had encouraged Trotsky, in his absence, to challenge Stalin at the
5577:
2802:
Trotsky, as Commissar of War, was instrumental in ordering the suppression of the rebellion. On March 18, 1921, after several failed negotiations, the
16911:
6158:. However, his rejection of the position enabled Stalin to place Rykov as Lenin's successor and serve as a key ally in the Politburo against Trotsky.
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delegates. In the end, only three delegates voted for Trotsky's position, and the Conference denounced "Trotskyism" as a "petty bourgeois deviation".
2958:. In March 1923, days before his third stroke, Lenin asked Trotsky to denounce Stalin and his so-called "Great-Russian nationalistic campaign" at the
2693:
and Finland from intervening. In a rare reversal, Trotsky was supported by Stalin and Zinoviev, and prevailed against Lenin in the Central Committee.
2620:
In 1919, 612 "hardcore" deserters of the total 837,000 draft dodgers and deserters were executed following Trotsky's dracionan measures. According to
2501:. In September, Trotsky rushed back from the far-eastern front of the civil war to Moscow after the second day of the shooting and Stalin remained in
1151:, then Odessa, and finally in Moscow. In the Moscow prison, he came into contact with other revolutionaries, heard about Lenin and read Lenin's book,
23714:
23614:
23579:
21976:
20619:
12624:
12457:, New York, London, Harper & brothers, 1938, xv, 422 pp. 2nd edition New York, Monad Press, distributed by Pathfinder Press 1973, c. 1972 xxiii.
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After a failed attempt to have Trotsky murdered in March 1939, Stalin assigned the overall organization of implementing the task to the NKVD officer
9623:
6590:
period, later generations of Soviet and Russian historians would reevaluate his role in the history of the revolution with varying interpretations.
5735:
1641:, a Menshevik leader, bitterly denouncing Lenin and the Bolsheviks. Though he quickly got over the disagreement, the message was intercepted by the
23609:
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7442:
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In the Soviet Union, his reputation gradually deteriorated over the course of the succession struggle as his views were presented as sectarian and
4915:
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2609:
The reorganization caused yet another conflict, this time between Trotsky and Stalin, in late September. Trotsky appointed former imperial general
16938:
14333:
14052:
12345:
11155:
7250:
Trotsky was a strong critic of the shifting Comintern policy position under Stalin which directed German Communists to treat social democrats as "
3345:
23624:
7634:
3781:, and spent over a year living at Knudsen's house, from 18 June 1935 to 2 September 1936. Trotsky was hospitalized for a few weeks at the nearby
1692:, later a leading Soviet politician and Trotsky's ally in the Soviet Communist Party. On 3 August 1914, at the outbreak of World War I, in which
16284:
3819:
On 2 September 1936, four weeks after the break-in at Knudsen's house, Trygve Lie ordered that Trotsky and his wife be transferred to a farm in
1314:(1908–1937), both of whom would predecease their parents. Regarding his sons' surnames, Trotsky later explained that after the 1917 revolution:
938:, scholarship ranks Trotsky's leadership of the Red Army highly among historical figures, and he is credited for his major involvement with the
23319:
19579:
11139:
10453:
8447:
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6145:
body working alongside the other deputies. Deutscher argued that had Trotsky assumed the post of deputy, then it would have been difficult for
5779:
commented that Trotsky "displayed a lamentable lack of political judgement" on multiple occasions such as declining Lenin's proposal to become
4902:
4020:
3151:
Members of the Left Opposition represented most of the international elements of the party and held offices at the highest responsibility with
538:
12417:
12279:
9812:
9450:
7048:
In 1932–33, Trotsky maintained the need for mass participation in the operationalisation of the planned economy. He elaborated on the need of
6613:". Swain asserted that the Bolsheviks would certainly have lost the Civil War within a single year without Trotsky as leader of the Red Army.
5515:, considered him to be amicable, inquisitive and occasionally charming with new acquaintances during his final years in Mexico. Old Bolshevik
15689:Троцкий район (август 1927 г. – август 1929 г.), Красногвардейский район (август 1929 г. – январь 1944 г.), Гатчинский район (январь 1944 г.)
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aligned with Zinoviev and Kamenev. The struggle became open at the September 1925 meeting of the Central Committee and came to a head at the
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Scholarly consensus holds Trotsky to have demonstrated remarkable leadership of the Red Army during the Civil War. He had been awarded the
3043:
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2427:
has been viewed as an influence and a model for the civil war repressions. The decision to enact the Red Terror was also driven by initial
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which he argued had falsely presented Trotsky as the principal figure that led and was responsible for the repression. He also added that
6400:
5833:
but this was overshadowed by the huge apparatus which included the GPU and the party cadres who were at the disposal of Stalin. Historian
1978:
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18697:
16558:
15793:
12695:
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Trotsky's house in Coyoacán has been preserved in much the same condition as it was on the day he was assassinated there, and is now the
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Our relations with Kamenev, which were very good in the first period after the insurrection, began to become more distant from that day.
5428:
and believed that "he ceased to be a Jew in any important sense because Marxism had burned out the fortuitous residues of his origins".
1428:
number of violent radicals, peaceful demonstrators and police caught within the melee. Although Sunday, 9 January 1905, became known as
1306:(1882–1962), who soon became his companion. They married in 1903, and she was with him until his death. They had two children together,
21945:
21069:
20215:
11181:
8497:
7991:—an awl-like bartender's tool); this misnomer has been explained as being occasioned by the assassin's use of the French-language term
4688:
4657:
3442:
3046:", were uncovered and suppressed by the Soviet secret police. On 8 October 1923 Trotsky sent a letter to the Central Committee and the
2613:
to command the Southern Front, but in early October 1918 Stalin refused to accept him and so he was recalled from the front. Lenin and
631:
19672:
16164:
The New York Intellectuals, Thirtieth Anniversary Edition: The Rise and Decline of the Anti-Stalinist Left from the 1930s to the 1980s
15606:
13341:
12482:
12192:
12162:
11758:
7162:
Trotsky's conception of the Permanent Revolution is based on his understanding, drawing on the work of the founder of Russian Marxism
7068:
According to Fitzpatrick, the scholarly consensus was that Stalin appropriated the position of the Left Opposition on such matters as
5858:
and demoralised the Russian working class which in turn strengthened the growth of an internal, Soviet bureaucracy. Russian historian
5437:(1936). Trotsky argued that the Stalinist regime was an "ephemeral phenomenon" and Nimtz believed this had later been proven with the
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16965:
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12455:
Not Guilty; Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Charges Made Against Leon Trotsky in the Moscow Trials, John Dewey, chairman
10052:
9500:
7203:
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5492:
and wrote on "everyday life and cultural progress as well as on the more customary Marxism of the day". Trotsky and his second wife,
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2007:
830:
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commission along with members of the Opposition bloc had put forward an electrification plan which involved the construction of the
3239:
and its supporters. Trotsky's control over the military was undermined by reassigning his deputy, Ephraim Sklyansky, and appointing
1416:
in the city. This single strike grew into a general strike, and by 7 January 1905, there were 140,000 strikers in Saint Petersburg.
762:. He was again exiled to Siberia, but escaped in 1907 and spent time in London, Vienna, Switzerland, Paris, and New York. After the
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tasks. Although most closely associated with Leon Trotsky, the call for a "Permanent Revolution" is first found in the writings of
6916:
The Scissor crisis: retail and wholesale prices of agricultural and industrial goods in the Soviet Union July 1922 to November 1923
6115:
4806:
4728:
3722:
and soon found himself under the surveillance of the French police. From July 1933 to February 1934, Trotsky and his wife lived in
2495:
2404:
1550:
18139:"Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941R
17177:
11619:
11551:
10882:
9131:
Smith, Edward Ellis. The Okhrana; The Russian Department of Police; A Bibliography. Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 1967.
6341:
of the Russian Federation (Certificates of Rehabilitation No. 13/2182-90, No. 13-2200-99 in Archives Research Center "Memorial").
3322:, with Zinoviev and Kamenev again allied with Stalin against Trotsky. Their criticism of Trotsky was concentrated in three areas:
1871:
and Lev Kamenev when the Bolshevik Central Committee discussed staging an armed uprising, and he led the efforts to overthrow the
1660:
In January 1912, the majority of the Bolshevik faction, led by Lenin, as well as a few defecting Mensheviks, held a conference in
23674:
21081:
21024:
20694:
20642:
19544:
17782:"Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941
16488:"Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941
16409:"Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941
15279:
14309:"Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941
11585:
8086:"Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941
7312:
Political scientists Emanuele Saccarelli and Latha Varadarajan valued his theory as a "signal contribution" to the discipline of
7219:
7064:. But, they – I cannot say exactly – but I will say two or three times less than they could be under a regime of Soviet democracy
5318:
5214:. My faith in the communist future of mankind is not less ardent, indeed it is firmer today, than it was in the days of my youth.
4816:
4000:
3938:
3354:
2353:, which increased the size of the Red Army from fewer than 300,000 in May 1918 to one million in October, and an introduction of
2018:
that detailed plans for post-war reallocation of colonies and redrawing state borders. On 23 November 1917, Trotsky revealed the
1932:
1846:
1153:
19263:
18272:
16135:
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12859:
6185:
Similarly, Soviet historian Victor Danilov believed that Lenin's proposed appointment of Trotsky as deputy "would have made him
3852:
democratic hypocrisy, gripped me in a stranglehold to prevent me from protesting the greatest crime history may ever know.
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plan. Man will occupy himself with re-registering mountains and rivers, and will earnestly and repeatedly make improvements in
6961:
6079:
5674:
dictatorship akin to Stalin's rule and increased the likelihood of conflict across the European continent. Although, historian
5520:
4748:
3578:
last prominent Trotskyist to capitulate to Stalin in April 1934, when Rakovsky formally "admitted his mistakes" (his letter to
1665:
1601:("Truth"), a bi-weekly, Russian-language social democratic paper for Russian workers, which he co-edited with Adolph Joffe and
1355:
1322:
Trotsky never used the name "Sedov" either privately or publicly. Natalia Sedova sometimes signed her name "Sedova-Trotskaya".
1158:
951:
733:
423:
411:
16433:
12392:
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8929:
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shows that capitalism offers no way forward for underdeveloped countries, thus again proving the central tenet of the theory.
2658:
dissatisfied and those whose feelings had been hurt found their way to Stalin or Zinoviev, for these two also nourished hurts.
2472:. From early 1918, the Bolsheviks started physical elimination of opposition and other socialist and revolutionary fractions,
930:
contributions to Marxism. While some of his wartime actions have proved controversial, such as his ideological defence of the
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6389:, Geoffrey Swain and Robert Service. He viewed these recent trends in historiography as "manifestations of the confluence of
4897:
4723:
3623:
3601:
of September 1941, where he was shot dead along with 156 other prisoners on Stalin's orders, less than three months into the
15447:
14013:
10251:
7277:
Trotsky also formulated a theory of fascism based on a dialectical interpretation of events to analyze the manifestation of
7262:
argued that Trotsky's political strategy and approach to fascism such as the emphasis on an organisational bloc between the
6792:. Other historians have noted the literary value of his account of historical events and social analysis with works such as
6360:
because "these men knew his stature, the power of what he stood for, and were never lulled by the smallness of his forces".
4088:
1821:
was compelled to demand the release of Trotsky as a Russian citizen, and the British government freed him on 29 April 1917.
1439:
Police mugshots of Trotsky in 1905 after Soviet members were arrested during a meeting in the Free Economic Society building
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when other members of the Bolshevik leadership were prepared to abandon the former capital. According to military scholar,
6440:
5480:. Russian historian Vladimir Buldakov considered Trotsky, in some respect, a "typical representative" of "Russia's radical
5103:
4796:
4791:
3808:
3544:
3329:
Trotsky's alleged distortion of the events of 1917 to emphasise his role and diminish the roles played by other Bolsheviks.
2387:
during the initial stage of the civil war but the general would take up arms against the Soviets shortly again afterwards.
1047:
943:
939:
218:
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12670:
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which stemmed from his youth when he considered studying mathematics and physics at the New Russian University in Odessa.
3782:
2628:
weeks to prohibit punitive measures against desertion which encouraged the voluntary return of 98,000-132,000 deserters.
1696:
fought against the Russian Empire, Trotsky was forced to flee Vienna for neutral Switzerland to avoid arrest as a Russian
1423:
knowingly led a procession of radicals mixed within larger groups of ordinary working citizens through the streets to the
23699:
23694:
23689:
22839:
22726:
22608:
22256:
21118:
20328:
19464:
18223:
16027:
12006:"Former Soviet leader Leon Trotsky, in exile visits ruins of ancient Roman sites with other dignitaries in Naples, Italy"
6750:
6419:". However, he also argued that no Trotskyite group had ever led a revolution or built an enduring mass political party.
6282:
4892:
4872:
4733:
2947:
2649:
in March 1919. On the surface, he weathered them successfully and was elected one of only five full members of the first
2060:
the delaying". Therefore, Trotsky replaced Joffe as the leader of the Soviet delegation during the peace negotiations in
1669:
1504:
814:
23045:
22942:
19607:
16081:
16054:
15973:
8886:
6740:
Various historians have credited Trotsky and the Left Opposition with shifting the Soviet economic orientation from the
3638:. Trotsky was also at risk from the many former White Army officers who lived on Prinkipo, officers who had opposed the
23639:
23574:
23409:
21830:
21570:
21488:
20595:
19867:
19345:
19326:
18415:
15742:
13047:
12562:
12332:
12309:
11987:
11718:
9409:
9059:. The Selected Works. Critical and biographical essay. Khudozhestvennaya Literatura Publishers. Moscow. 1954. Pp. 5–24.
7703:
7548:
7363:
7267:
6127:
5780:
5614:
4828:
4625:
2545:
1637:. Trotsky was so upset by what he saw as a usurpation of his newspaper's name that in April 1913, he wrote a letter to
1605:. It was smuggled into Russia. The paper appeared very irregularly; only five issues were published in its first year.
15385:
15358:
5360:
Trotsky was regarded as an outstanding orator, preeminent theoretician, and organiser that, in the view of historian
4251:
2106:
They were willing to hold talks with the Germans as a means of exposing German imperial ambitions (territorial gains,
1237:, taking her son by her second marriage but leaving behind a daughter in Russia. Suffering also from tuberculosis and
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20547:
20114:
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17932:
16216:
15693:
13432:
12775:
12355:
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10468:
9564:
8033:
7619:
6104:
4986:
4718:
4508:
4163:
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3962:
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3128:
2926:
2375:
or betrayal. Service pointed out that this practice was exercised by both Red and White armies during the Civil War.
2176:
adopted a formal resolution to break with the Government if it makes annexationist demands of the Russian revolution.
1062:
to be educated. He was enrolled in a Lutheran German-language school (School of the Lutheran St. Pauls Cathedral, of
19356:
18581:
15692:(in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. Archived from
15664:(in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. Archived from
14694:
10833:
7434:
and emphasised a need of cultural autonomy for the development of a socialist culture. According to literary critic
6376:
personalities of the Russian revolution, a Mephistophelian figure whose life ended in an appropriately dramatic way.
1318:
In order not to oblige my sons to change their name, I, for "citizenship" requirements, took on the name of my wife.
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3843:. When later living in Mexico, Trotsky was utterly scathing about the treatment he received during his 108 days at
3426:
2717:
Polish poster titled "Bolshevik freedom" which depicts him on a pile of skulls, holding a bloody knife, during the
1904:
1562:
14490:
3835:. On 19 December 1936, Trotsky and his wife were deported from Norway after being put on the Norwegian oil tanker
3404:, were thoroughly defeated, while Trotsky refused to get involved in the fight and did not speak at the Congress.
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5177:
4449:
4198:
3840:
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3458:
3407:
2835:
Vladimir Cherniaev, a leading Russian historian, sums up Trotsky's main contributions to the Russian Revolution:
2065:
2022:
which had been made between the Tsarist government, Britain and France, causing them considerable embarrassment.
20012:
10823:; Chapter 11: War Communism at an impasse; paragraph "The militarisation of all labour"; Bookmarks, London 1990.
6582:. At the same time, Trotsky became a convenient bogeyman for Soviet affairs and was associated with ideological
5706:. Biographer Geoffrey Swain believed that the Soviet Union under the leadership of Trotsky would have been more
2330:
The military situation soon tested Trotsky's managerial and organization-building skills. In May–June 1918, the
1942:
had assumed positions in Lenin's government and lead commissariats in several areas. This included agriculture (
1633:
The Bolsheviks started a new workers-oriented newspaper in Saint Petersburg on 22 April 1912 and also called it
23480:
Members of the Central Committee of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)
23324:
22179:
21508:
21405:
21377:
21205:
21158:
21106:
21029:
17754:
17586:
15928:"Trotskyology: A review of John Kelly, Contemporary Trotskyism: Parties, Sects and Social Movements in Britain"
15875:
12945:
11661:
11294:
10278:
7594:
3438:
3111:
2111:
2096:
1939:
1872:
1566:
775:
650:
10308:
9694:
9660:
6205:. On Lenin's initiative, Stalin requested the Central Committee that Trotsky be appointed deputy chairman and
5897:
5694:
argued that Trotsky's military policies would have averted the dismantlement of Soviet defenses alongside the
3477:
2885:(triumvirate) formed by Stalin to ensure that Trotsky, publicly the number-two man in the country and Lenin's
1179:
Trotsky's first wife Aleksandra Sokolovskaya with her brother (left), Trotsky (right), Dr Ziv (bottom) in 1897
525:
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23364:
22144:
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16265:
11345:
10813:
9917:
8519:
7038:
6862:
In the post-Leninist struggle, Trotsky and the Left-United Opposition had advocated for a programme of rapid
6073:—Lenin's testament; 1923 Most historians consider the document to be an accurate reflection of Lenin's views.
5569:
5148:
4936:
4926:
4133:
4118:
3977:
3925:
3630:
and then at a nearby hotel in the city. In April 1929, Trotsky, his wife and son were moved to the island of
2384:
1861:
1233:
in 1928, cared for in her last months by her older sister. Zinaida Volkova followed her father into exile in
1188:. Because of their marriage, Trotsky and his wife were allowed to be exiled to the same location in Siberia:
871:
669:
334:
38:
16243:
11159:
7374:
during the succession period. However, these theories were increasingly marginalised during the Stalin era.
7041:. He had also warned against the danger of market spontaneity and called for a well-thought out strategy of
5842:" and this was in spite of the fact that Stalin "was a man of narrower outlook in virtually every respect".
3665:
1350:
supporters handily defeating the few "economist" delegates. Then the congress discussed the position of the
23339:
22104:
21961:
21483:
21064:
20959:
20944:
20650:
11050:
Revolutionary Pairs: Marx and Engels, Lenin and Trotsky, Gandhi and Nehru, Mao and Zhou, Castro and Guevara
7684:
7501:
7285:
7184:
6627:
which included both Left Mensheviks and Left Bolsheviks. He had also proposed the election of a new Soviet
6404:
6338:
6202:
5797:
4931:
4738:
4713:
4168:
3119:
2346:
after their best-known component) and widespread defection by the military experts whom Trotsky relied on.
1983:
853:
637:
17912:
8964:
3259:
864:" posited that the socialist revolution could only survive if spread to advanced capitalist countries. In
23719:
23644:
23619:
22444:
22001:
21817:
21713:
20949:
20806:
20206:
18560:
17679:
17621:
Trotsky: October and its perspective in The Trotsky reappraisal. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)
15826:
15820:
13990:
13709:
13524:
Trotsky: October and its perspective in the Trotsky reappraisal. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)
11009:
9641:
9620:
8336:
6636:
6432:
6003:
5776:
4976:
4811:
4786:
4781:
4642:
3761:
Konrad Knudsen's House in Veksal, Norderhov, Norway, where Trotsky lived from June 1935 to September 1936
3730:
also arranged for Trotsky and his bodyguards to stay for a few days at her parents' house. Following the
3696:, as the Soviet Union government claimed. The alleged members of the anti-Stalin bloc were Zinovievites,
2744:
2476:
among the first. On 11 August 1918, prior to the events that would officially catalyze the Terror, Lenin
947:
915:
845:
in 1928, and deported in 1929. He lived in Turkey, France, and Norway before settling in Mexico in 1937.
782:
140:
16381:
15760:
5441:. Other scholars have similarly described Trotsky as having a prescient judgement of events such as the
5140:, which was intended to be a revolutionary and internationalist alternative to the Stalinist Comintern.
4143:
1675:
In Vienna, Trotsky continuously published articles in radical Russian and Ukrainian newspapers, such as
23544:
23419:
23399:
23161:
22016:
21528:
21503:
21170:
21101:
20447:
20301:
20196:
20156:
17540:
15227:
14721:
13496:
7644:
7263:
6886:, advocating political revolution and arguing that socialism cannot sustain itself without democracy.
6765:, centralising and technocratic” than the economic proposals presented by rival theoretician Bukharin.
5810:
Trotsky describing the military measures he would have taken in place of Stalin to counter the rise of
5679:
5524:
5424:
4615:
4128:
3789:
3660:
3505:
of 12 April 1927 by massacring the Communist Party in Shanghai midway through the Northern Expedition.
3400:
in December 1925. With only the Leningrad Party organization behind them, Zinoviev and Kamenev, dubbed
3392:
finally broke up. Bukharin and Rykov sided with Stalin while Krupskaya and Soviet Commissar of Finance
2084:
1443:
Following the events of Bloody Sunday, Trotsky secretly returned to Russia in February 1905, by way of
1387:
1003:
19674:
The Soviet Communist Party in Disarray: The XXVIII Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
18667:
Cox, Michael (1992). "Trotsky and His Interpreters; or, Will the Real Leon Trotsky Please Stand up?".
16752:
Trotsky: a biographer's problems. In The Trotsky reappraisal. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)
12596:
11451:
Novaia Ekonomicheskaia Politika i Krizis Partii Posle Smerti Lenina: Gody Raboty v VSNKh vo Vremia NEP
6659:
edifice". Cherniaev considered Trotsky to be partly responsible for the establishment of a one-party,
2681:
By October 1919, the government was in the worst crisis of the Civil War: Denikin's troops approached
2157:
It is impossible to sign their peace. They already have agreed with fictitious Governments of Poland,
2064:
from 22 December 1917 to 10 February 1918. At that time the Soviet government was split on the issue.
2036:
1717:
and the pro-war position taken by the European social democratic parties, primarily the German party.
1045:. Although Trotsky spoke French, English, and German to a good standard, he said in his autobiography
23704:
23634:
23359:
22134:
21498:
20700:
20531:
20523:
20477:
20232:
17458:
17203:
13103:
12885:
12503:
10057:
7614:
7358:
7024:
6682:
6303:
6299:) in 1929. In 1944, to increase the morale of Russian troops, the town's historic name was restored.
6244:
6150:
6045:
5926:
5489:
4981:
4488:
4478:
4434:
4354:
4289:
4113:
3992:
3207:
2994:
2019:
1916:
1554:
1330:
In the meantime, after a period of secret police repression and internal confusion that followed the
767:
375:
18377:
11134:
9711:
9442:
7948:
6141:
scholar Derek Watson presumed that Trotsky would have been the first vice-chairman of an additional
23520:
Members of the Central Committee of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23515:
Members of the Central Committee of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23414:
23389:
21986:
21910:
21880:
21513:
21493:
20915:
20905:
20627:
20571:
19086:
17726:
17119:
12414:
12271:
11091:
10775:
10725:
10685:
10204:
9911:
9875:
9853:
9832:
9737:
9532:
9356:
9285:
9264:
9231:
8906:
8737:
8047:
Trotsky was a leader of a small group, the Mezhraionts, consisting of almost four thousand members.
6907:
6757:. On the whole, historian Mark Sandle characterised his vision for socialist construction as “more
6281:) by the Soviet authorities after Lev Trotsky. After Joseph Stalin became General Secretary of the
6240:
6126:
dismissed the view that Trotsky was Lenin's successor due to his proposed and joint appointment as
5466:
5330:
5096:
4821:
4299:
3598:
3471:
2477:
1774:
1768:
1471:
200,000 people crowded outside to hear the speeches—about half of all workers in Saint Petersburg.
1467:
857:
31:
23475:
Members of the Central Committee of the 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
12240:
10844:
8259:
6068:
self-assurance and shown excessive preoccupation with the purely administrative side of the work.
2925:
As part of this effort, on 11 September 1922 Lenin proposed that Trotsky become his deputy at the
2735:
in August 1920. Back in Moscow, Trotsky again argued for a peace treaty, and this time prevailed.
676:, was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He was a central figure in the
23649:
23539:
23510:
Members of the Central Committee of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23505:
Members of the Central Committee of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23500:
Members of the Central Committee of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
22054:
20910:
20767:
20587:
20515:
18247:
Trotsky's Challenge: The 'Literary Discussion' of 1924 and the Fight for the Bolshevik Revolution
17897:
16913:
Modernization from the Other Shore: American Intellectuals and the Romance of Russian Development
11270:
9087:
7835:
7765:
7313:
7290:
7080:
implemented by Stalin after 1928 due to the levels of brutality associated with its enforcement.
6713:
6640:
6594:
6322:
6135:
in 1922 and noted that Kamenev lacked any personal desire to become Chairman upon Lenin's death.
6087:
5969:
5756:
5691:
5557:
5432:
5207:
4753:
4693:
4518:
4468:
4394:
4009:
3968:
3669:
2732:
2675:
2488:
2445:
2259:
The entire Bolshevik leadership of the Red Army, including People's Commissar (defence minister)
2231:
2053:
2045:
2031:
1806:
1500:
1117:
1017:
903:
866:
806:
790:
759:
706:
442:
94:
17:
23495:
Members of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23490:
Members of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23485:
Members of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
20175:
13833:
Toward the United Front: Proceedings of the Fourth Congress of the Communist International, 1922
11776:
11467:
11419:
10749:"Assassinate Trotzky, Report; Ex-Leader Of Russia Soviet Slayer's Victim, Berlin Officials Hear"
10552:
10120:
10053:"Statement By Trotsky At The Brest-Litovsk Peace Conference On Russia's Withdrawal From The War"
9390:
8606:
8474:
7447:
6310:
Shortly before his assassination, Trotsky agreed to sell the bulk of the papers he still had to
22099:
22084:
21523:
20979:
20668:
17017:"Beer also read Trotsky and found inspiration in Trotsky's critique of the Soviet bureaucracy".
16137:
Gramsci and Trotsky in the Shadow of Stalinism: The Political Theory and Practice of Opposition
16029:
Gramsci and Trotsky in the Shadow of Stalinism: The Political Theory and Practice of Opposition
16002:
The Complete Works of Rosa Luxemburg Volume IV: Political Writings 2, On Revolution (1906-1909)
12489:– Leon Trotsky's telephone address to the N.Y. Hippodrome Meeting for the opening event of the
12218:
11947:
11556:. Vol. 1 of Asia's transformations (illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. p. 233.
9338:
9036:
7934:
7906:
7719:
7473:
7388:
6953:
6444:
5834:
5664:
5648:
5396:
5278:
4758:
4647:
4414:
3980:" controlled by an undemocratic bureaucracy, which would eventually either be overthrown via a
3861:
3824:
3731:
3203:
2973:
The delegates, most of whom were unaware of the divisions within the Politburo, gave Trotsky a
2819:
2214:
2191:
2080:
1456:
1170:
1091:
Trotsky became involved in revolutionary activities in 1896 after moving to the harbor town of
78:
18299:
18052:
17662:
14015:
Leon Trotsky and the Fate of Socialism in the 20th Century: A Reply to Professor Eric Hobsbawm
13076:
12687:
11843:
11813:
11237:
10919:
9959:
8572:
7528:
purchased the distribution rights to the series in 2018 and made it available on its platform.
7183:
According to his biographer, Isaac Deutscher, Trotsky explicitly supported revolution through
7007:
which had undermined relations between the workers and peasants in 1923–1924. This included a
6788:
from 1970 to 1973, was reported to have read and been influenced by Trotsky's critique of the
3538:
3332:
Trotsky's harsh treatment of his subordinates and other alleged mistakes during the Civil War.
2866:
1157:. Two months into his imprisonment, on 1–3 March 1898, the first Congress of the newly formed
23529:
23299:
21518:
21195:
21002:
20939:
20555:
20440:
20247:
18956:
18326:
17950:
Cultures of Uneven and Combined Development: From International Relations to World Literature
12023:
11710:
11489:
9732:
9000:"Parvus, Luxemburg and Kautsky on the 1905 Russian Revolution: The Relationship with Trotsky"
7199:
7195:
7173:
7076:. Other scholars have argued that the economic programme of Trotsky differed from the forced
6266:
5670:
Contrarily, Service asserted that the succession of Trotsky would have resulted in a similar
5561:
5450:
4743:
4667:
4610:
4595:
4556:
4138:
3061:
2725:
2718:
2537:
2461:
2451:
2218:
1746:
1710:
987:
and later moved to Bereslavka, as it had a large Jewish community. Trotsky's younger sister,
625:
22510:
22342:
12479:
11973:
10360:
In Defence of Terrorism in The Trotsky reappraisal. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)
8770:
Commission of Inquiry into the Charges Made Against Leon Trotsky in the Moscow Trials,
7238:
published posthumously which elaborated on the need of a united front for mass mobilisation.
7003:
Trotsky and the Left Opposition developed a number of economic proposals in response to the
6840:
Trotsky considered himself to be a "Bolshevik-Leninist", arguing for the establishment of a
6522:". He was viewed by contemporaries in the initial Soviet period and later historians as the
6424:
5530:
5329:
signed a sentence to award Mercader the Order of Lenin, the Gold Star, and the title of the
268:
23729:
23470:
Members of the Politburo of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23465:
Members of the Politburo of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23309:
23304:
22192:
22114:
22074:
21896:
21791:
21770:
21539:
20710:
20678:
20292:
20192:
19288:
12184:
12154:
12074:
11755:
11624:. Vol. 2 of A History of Russia (2, illustrated ed.). Anthem Press. p. 282.
9948:
9940:
9497:
7609:
7579:
7492:
7371:
7089:
6849:
6826:
6754:
6726:
6455:
6149:
to have been promoted above him as chairman after Lenin's death in 1924. Polish historian
5699:
5660:
5634:
5299:
A mountaineering ice axe has a narrow end, called the pick, and a flat wide end called the
5296:
as a weapon. The operation was known within the NKVD as "Operation Utka" (Operation Duck).
5282:
5194:
5137:
5117:
5001:
4966:
4921:
4708:
4605:
4546:
4158:
4123:
4032:
Stalin and other members of the Soviet leadership. The court found every defendant guilty,
3906:
3654:
in Turkey, as it appears today. Trotsky lived at the house from April 1929 until July 1933.
2920:
2549:
2331:
2100:
1802:
1739:
1429:
1392:
1375:
875:
861:
22869:
22756:
22638:
12625:"Trotsky Injured in Attack on Home; Leon Trotsky and Home in Mexico Where He Was Attacked"
9809:
8193:
2932:
2275:
and reliance on carefully supervised non-Communist military experts eventually led to the
2099:
forces as proof that the Red Army could repel German forces, especially if propaganda and
1713:, prompting it to adopt an internationalist resolution. He wrote a book opposing the war,
1474:
8:
23534:
23524:
23460:
Members of the Politburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23455:
Members of the Politburo of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23450:
Members of the Politburo of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23354:
23235:
23075:
22972:
22464:
22268:
22251:
22124:
22094:
22006:
21415:
21165:
21091:
20984:
20854:
20483:
20075:
19078:
18530:
Blackledge, Paul (2006). "Leon Trotsky's Contribution to the Marxist Theory of History".
17721:
15747:
15191:
Trotsky and the struggle for "Lenin's heritage". Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)
7727:
7654:
7569:
7517:
6945:
6936:
6932:
regions and factories to counter structural inefficiency and the problem of bureaucracy.
6912:
6870:. In 1936, Trotsky called for the restoration of the right of criticism in areas such as
6817:
6741:
6701:
6620:
6598:
6531:
6186:
6086:. Lenin and Trotsky were also the only Soviet leaders elected honorary presidents of the
5783:
of Sovnarkom, failing to build a power base before forming a bloc with Lenin against the
5610:
5573:
5516:
5512:
5190:
5089:
5016:
4971:
4241:
4193:
4108:
4072:
3811:
announced the discovery of a "Trotskyist–Zinovievist" plot and the imminent start of the
3635:
3566:
3466:
3412:
3211:
2794:
In March 1921, during the Kronstadt Rebellion, sailors and soldiers in the naval base of
2787:
2774:
2354:
2276:
2223:
2222:
committee abstained, and Lenin's proposal was accepted 7–4. The Soviet government sent a
2173:
2134:
1903:
the garrison to the side of the Soviet and the efficient manner in which the work of the
1842:
1783:
1751:
1561:, Austria-Hungary. For the next seven years, he often took part in the activities of the
1121:
980:
972:
935:
911:
907:
826:
763:
90:
23445:
Members of the Politburo of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23440:
Members of the Politburo of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
18962:(Report). Washington, D. C.: National Council for Soviet and East European Research and
18353:"Trotsky coming soon to Netflix: Russian revolutionary series to go on online streaming"
17885:
16514:
Grand Strategy in Theory and Practice: The Need for an Effective American Foreign Policy
8999:
7294:, his articles on the united front represent an essential part of his political legacy.
6616:
A number of scholars and Western socialists have argued that Trotsky represented a more
6114:
Rogovin interpreted Lenin's proposal to the Politburo that Trotsky be confirmed as the "
6002:
Lenin and Trotsky (both photographed in 1920) were viewed as the leading figures in the
5504:
across Europe to view specific art collections. He also retained a personal interest in
3715:
2523:, Trotsky appealed to them politically, arousing them with the ideas of the Revolution.
740:, but in 1902 escaped to London, where he met Lenin and wrote for the party's newspaper
23430:
Members of the Orgburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23096:
22993:
22931:
22828:
22710:
22592:
22582:
22378:
22363:
22231:
22154:
22109:
21658:
21626:
21433:
21357:
20869:
20829:
20688:
20673:
20539:
20407:
20397:
19897:
19880:
19659:
19651:
19573:
18807:
18684:
18547:
18080:
17867:
17859:
17067:
16804:
15428:
13477:
13469:
12629:
12056:
11921:
10753:
10634:
10186:
9056:
9015:
8441:
7697:
7659:
7521:
7477:
7255:
7042:
6705:
6479:
6311:
6198:
6036:
6016:
5847:
5724:
5675:
5656:
5405:
5338:
4583:
4578:
4537:
4498:
4419:
4037:
3905:
arrived in Mexico on 9 January 1937. On Trotsky's arrival, the Mexican president,
3793:
3639:
3558:
3393:
3350:
3312:
3279:
3267:
3187:
3160:
3152:
2955:
2828:
2762:
2364:
2248:
2180:
1912:
1876:
1792:
1689:
1204:
1106:
1038:
889:
874:" due to its isolation, and called for an end to Stalin's dictatorship. He founded the
681:
98:
84:
23425:
Members of the Orgburo of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
22715:
22587:
22434:
22403:
18328:
War Representation in British Cinema and Television: From Suez to Thatcher, and Beyond
17917:
International Encyclopedia of Geography: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology
15719:[Esteban Volkov, grandson and guardian of Leon Trotsky's memory, dies at 97].
11909:
10391:
6367:
assessed the conflicting perspectives on Trotsky's legacy in the Soviet Union and the
5127:
takeover in Germany and the Comintern's response to it, he changed his mind. He said:
4439:
2904:
Although the exact sequence of events is unclear, evidence suggests that at first the
2603:
2165:
and others concerning territorial concessions and military and customs treaties. (...)
23435:
Members of the Bureau of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
23187:
22572:
22429:
22419:
22169:
22149:
22079:
22049:
21953:
21856:
21705:
21666:
21602:
21400:
21329:
21246:
21223:
20922:
20895:
20833:
20353:
20321:
20242:
20129:
20110:
20079:
20056:
20037:
20018:
19997:
19978:
19957:
19938:
19919:
19902:
19863:
19844:
19825:
19806:
19785:
19768:
19758:
19737:
19716:
19697:
19678:
19663:
19613:
19592:
19550:
19529:
19508:
19489:
19470:
19449:
19430:
19383:
19362:
19341:
19322:
19303:
19269:
19248:
19229:
19210:
19189:
19168:
19149:
19128:
19109:
19090:
19046:
19027:
19006:
18985:
18963:
18941:
18922:
18903:
18884:
18865:
18846:
18827:
18799:
18764:
18745:
18724:
18703:
18653:
18598:
18566:
18516:
18497:
18478:
18468:
18444:
18411:
18332:
18305:
18278:
18251:
18199:
18169:
18142:
18105:
18084:
18072:
18031:
17954:
17928:
17871:
17851:
17810:
17785:
17760:
17691:
17624:
17565:
17508:
17483:
17438:
17387:
17336:
17297:
17255:
17228:
17183:
17156:
17026:
16998:
16971:
16944:
16917:
16890:
16829:
16796:
16755:
16730:
16679:
16654:
16627:
16600:
16545:
16518:
16491:
16466:
16439:
16412:
16387:
16357:
16330:
16271:
16222:
16195:
16168:
16141:
16114:
16087:
16060:
16033:
16006:
15979:
15952:
15906:
15881:
15830:
15799:
15665:
15639:
15612:
15585:
15546:
15519:
15492:
15453:
15420:
15391:
15364:
15337:
15310:
15285:
15258:
15233:
15194:
15169:
15130:
15086:
15059:
15032:
15005:
14978:
14951:
14912:
14885:
14860:
14835:
14808:
14783:
14744:
14700:
14673:
14648:
14597:
14551:
14521:
14496:
14469:
14393:
14366:
14339:
14312:
14287:
14245:
14220:
14193:
14166:
14139:
14112:
14085:
14058:
14019:
13957:
13915:
13864:
13837:
13795:
13732:
13688:
13661:
13634:
13590:
13527:
13502:
13428:
13391:
13347:
13320:
13282:
13243:
13204:
13136:
13109:
13082:
13043:
13018:
12968:
12941:
12771:
12741:
12604:
12598:
12597:
Pavel Sudoplatov; Anatoli Sudoplatov; Jerrold L. Schecter; Leona P. Schecter (1994).
12558:
12351:
12328:
12305:
12046:
11913:
11714:
11625:
11591:
11557:
11365:
Leon Trotsky, "Speech to the Thirteenth Party Congress on May 26, 1924" contained in
11325:
11300:
11200:
11175:
11054:
11015:
10925:
10626:
10589:
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10145:
10096:
9907:
9787:
9477:
9415:
9019:
8714:
8675:
8578:
8559:
Mein Leben. Ein Essay über Trockijs Autobiographie und den jungen Trockij (1879–1904)
8513:
8227:
8116:
8089:
8059:
8029:
7711:
7554:
7069:
6895:
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6758:
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6357:
6223:
which in turn would have facilitated the conditions for his succession in the party.
6211:
6193:
5851:
5825:
5715:
5587:
and a journalist. Trotsky stated that he worked for three newspapers and oversaw the
5442:
5400:
5381:
5274:
4801:
4173:
4033:
3502:
3489:
3116:
3039:
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2709:
2541:
2457:
2436:
2298:
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2268:
2260:
2186:
2092:
1999:
1638:
1128:
1063:
899:
884:
818:
702:
685:
291:
199:
102:
20720:
18981:
A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution – centenary edition with new introduction
18551:
17924:
15717:"Muere a los 97 años Esteban Volkov, nieto y guardián de la memoria de León Trotsky"
13481:
9913:
Russia and Germany at Brest-Litovsk: A Documentary History of the Peace Negotiations
9781:
9755:
9581:
8533:
7662:, armoured train carriage which was used for logistical travel and oration speeches.
6491:
5925:
His relations with Lenin have been a source of intense historical debate. Historian
5913:
5289:
4698:
4294:
4036:, including Trotsky, sentencing them to death. The second show trial of Karl Radek,
4004:
banned, was distributed to leaders of the Comintern. Among his other supporters was
3960:
Trotsky wrote prolifically while in exile, penning several key works, including his
3757:
3605:. Also among the Medvedev Forest victims was Trotsky's sister/Kamenev's first wife,
3565:
in March 1933. Answering Trotsky's request, the French mathematician and Trotskyist
893:
805:
and led it to victory in the Russian Civil War. He was an honorary president of the
23271:
23259:
23132:
23127:
23029:
23024:
22921:
22885:
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22772:
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22654:
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22368:
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22291:
22236:
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22039:
21991:
21840:
21762:
21428:
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21294:
21261:
21044:
20974:
20969:
20798:
20785:
20370:
20311:
20261:
19892:
19643:
19410:
19406:
18791:
18676:
18539:
18064:
18004:
17920:
17843:
17807:
Trotsky's political economy of capitalism. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)
17098:
17059:
16788:
13461:
13420:
12490:
12384:
11905:
10706:
10618:
10341:
10178:
9964:
9011:
8926:
7850:
7795:
7780:
7629:
7163:
7146:
7134:
7073:
7049:
6925:
6867:
6845:
6821:
6785:
6606:
6587:
6586:. The works of Trotsky also remained banned until the Gorbachev era. Following the
6539:
6451:
6436:
6381:
6326:
6315:
6274:
6270:
6236:
5959:
5906:
5703:
5592:
5485:
5409:
5377:
5269:
On 24 May 1940, Trotsky survived a raid on his villa by armed assassins led by the
5253:
5065:
5053:
5027:
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4223:
4183:
4178:
4055:
3797:
3697:
3684:
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Trotsky defended his position in a series of seven letters which were collected as
2974:
2886:
2686:
2617:
tried to make Trotsky and Stalin reconcile, but their meeting proved unsuccessful.
2599:
2553:
2264:
2069:
1995:
1947:
1943:
1868:
1857:
1787:
1763:
1534:
1496:
1405:
1379:
1255:
1052:
1030:
771:
303:
261:
17103:
17086:
7254:". Historian Bertrand Patenaude believed that the Comintern policy following the "
6674:
and had personally urged that White army deserters be treated with understanding.
5764:
methods during the inter-party struggle between Stalin and the United Opposition.
3326:
Trotsky's disagreements and conflicts with Lenin and the Bolsheviks prior to 1917.
3050:, attributing these difficulties to lack of intra-Party democracy. Trotsky wrote:
2243:
2133:
That we could no longer fight was perfectly clear to me and that the newly formed
1290:
expected Trotsky, then 23, to side with the new guard. In March 1903 Lenin wrote:
23283:
23175:
23137:
23034:
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22823:
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22577:
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22241:
22119:
22089:
22044:
21463:
21314:
20864:
20773:
20424:
20380:
20202:
20126:
Three Who Made a Revolution: A Biographical History of Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin
20102:
19972:
19731:
19204:
19183:
19000:
18979:
18918:
Inside Lenin's Government: Ideology, Power and Practice in the Early Soviet State
18819:
18739:
18592:
18463:
17974:
17892:
17647:
Writings of Leon Trotsky. [Edited by George Breitman and Evelyn Reed: 1932-33
17432:
17249:
17150:
16823:
16648:
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15946:
15779:
15581:
Inside Lenin's Government: Ideology, Power and Practice in the Early Soviet State
15163:
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13385:
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12486:
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11762:
11354:
11277:
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11143:
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11048:
10851:
10834:
http://www.inkrit.de/e_inkritpedia/e_maincode/doku.php?id=k:kronstaedter_aufstand
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9862:
9841:
9816:
9627:
9568:
9541:
9504:
9365:
9294:
9273:
9240:
9094:
9075:
9043:
8933:
8913:
8890:
8746:
8064:
8023:
7670:
7649:
7604:
7408:
7278:
7138:
7061:
7031:
7008:
6957:
6903:
6899:
6883:
6871:
6745:
6232:
6108:
5947:
5855:
5630:
5373:
5369:
5326:
5198:
5165:
5077:
4600:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4218:
4203:
4188:
3988:
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3481:
3271:
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3199:
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and Red Army detachments were too small and poorly trained to resist the Germans.
2117:
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2011:
1951:
1853:
1693:
1602:
1409:
1197:
1140:
923:
822:
677:
498:
17505:
Trotsky and foreign economic relations. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)
12732:"Bloodstained ice axe used to kill Trotsky emerges after decades in the shadows"
7399:
6980:
as an accelerator and to direct investments by means of a system of comparative
6882:. Supporters of the Fourth International echo Trotsky's opposition to Stalinist
5730:
5288:
On 20 August 1940, Trotsky was attacked in his study by Spanish-born NKVD agent
4016:
3702:
3533:
3385:(1925). Trotsky denied these statements made by Eastman in an article he wrote.
3080:
and its supporters on the issue of intra-Party democracy, notably in Zinoviev's
2567:
2464:
threats and appointed director of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (aka
837:, but was outmaneuvered by him and lost his positions: he was expelled from the
23223:
23199:
23101:
22998:
22895:
22797:
22782:
22679:
22664:
22597:
22551:
22393:
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22187:
22164:
22159:
22031:
22021:
21872:
21864:
21618:
21443:
21367:
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21352:
21319:
21304:
21284:
21233:
21218:
21187:
21034:
20761:
20338:
20238:
17847:
12833:
12667:
12577:
8277:
7510:
7435:
7259:
7251:
7004:
6973:
6968:
would constitute the core of the Left Opposition during the succession period.
6841:
6696:
This view has been disputed by some writers such as French socialist historian
6535:
6459:
6412:
6394:
6364:
6138:
6050:
5976:
of Lenin and Trotsky hung on the walls of many Soviet and party institutions".
5626:
5493:
5481:
5322:
5257:
5248:
The study where Leon Trotsky was assassinated with an ice axe on 20 August 1940
4374:
4364:
3770:
3735:
3680:" because it was not a mass movement arising from a base in the lower classes.
3275:
3240:
3016:
2999:
2893:
2754:
2714:
2614:
2533:
2498:
2454:
under the White Guard forces and the Bolsheviks responded with the Red Terror.
2440:
2412:
2343:
2307:
2088:
2015:
1987:
1955:
1818:
1577:
1303:
1241:, Zinaida committed suicide in 1933. Aleksandra disappeared in 1935 during the
1022:
976:
729:
693:
469:
211:
179:
20186:
20150:
19647:
18543:
18068:
17087:"Leon Trotsky and Soviet Historiography of the Russian Revolution (1918–1931)"
13465:
10918:
Acton, Edward; Cherni͡aev, Vladimir I͡u.; Rosenberg, William G., eds. (1997).
10392:"How the 'Red Terror' Exposed the True Turmoil of Soviet Russia 100 Years Ago"
10182:
2636:
1973:
892:, and in 1940, was assassinated at his home in Mexico City by Stalinist agent
696:
were widely considered the two most prominent Soviet figures, and Trotsky was
23293:
23247:
23211:
23142:
23106:
23003:
22900:
22792:
22674:
22546:
22388:
22301:
22069:
22011:
21996:
21971:
21848:
21809:
21754:
21736:
21697:
21674:
21453:
21423:
21395:
21385:
21309:
21266:
21256:
21251:
21241:
20879:
20743:
20181:
20170:
19772:
18803:
18076:
17855:
17695:
16800:
15424:
13424:
12745:
11917:
11885:
10630:
10622:
9786:. Internet Archive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 75–80.
9023:
8883:
7892:
7481:
7421:
7317:
7035:
6977:
6965:
6781:
6778:
6722:
6660:
6570:. Throughout the Stalin era, his name and image would be erased from history
6567:
6548:
6516:
6483:
6416:
6390:
6371:. He also commented on the lack of a balanced view. Specifically, he stated:
6368:
6349:
6330:
6178:
6123:
5859:
5820:
5552:
5388:
5376:
and industrialization" during the early years of the Soviet Union. Historian
5304:
5262:
4635:
4429:
4399:
4389:
4384:
4349:
4041:
3996:
3812:
3651:
3631:
3606:
3263:
3195:
3025:
2703:
2621:
2469:
2416:
2380:
2061:
1924:
1883:
1452:
1424:
1413:
1382:
in 1904–07. During their split, Lenin referred to Trotsky as "Little Judas" (
1259:
1238:
1067:
988:
834:
747:
391:
18780:"The Blackmail of the Single Alternative: Bukharin, Trotsky and Perestrojka"
10962:
5176:
immediately accused Trotsky of being in the pay of the oil magnates and the
3945:
1270:("quill" or "pen"), Trotsky soon became one of the paper's leading writers.
1161:(RSDLP) was held. From then on Trotsky identified as a member of the party.
22787:
22669:
22541:
22454:
22383:
22262:
22208:
22129:
22064:
21981:
21888:
21574:
21448:
21390:
21334:
21097:
Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia
21086:
21076:
20755:
19906:
19418:
12875:
150th Anniversary edition reprint, 23 August 1940; retrieved 22 March 2007.
12736:
12075:"Pierre Broué: The "Bloc" of the Oppositions against Stalin (January 1980)"
12060:
11281:
11219:
Leon Trotsky, "The First Letter to the Central Committee" contained in the
10611:"The Red Army and Mass Mobilization during the Russian Civil War 1918-1920"
10420:
10027:
10002:
9820:
7536:
7532:
7506:
7466:
7384:
7244:
7215:
7099:
6981:
6875:
6832:
6789:
6774:
6697:
6644:
6519:
6487:
6471:
6386:
6353:
6146:
6021:
5964:
5930:
5830:
5811:
5761:
5720:
5707:
5683:
5671:
5597:
5584:
5548:
5501:
5496:
enjoyed Viennese galleries and made frequent visits to museums such as the
5477:
5446:
5361:
5352:
5172:
5153:
5011:
4444:
4404:
4379:
4339:
4279:
4208:
4103:
3953:
3933:
3932:, with whom Trotsky had an affair, and Kahlo's husband and fellow painter,
3828:
3689:
3591:
3570:
3523:
3219:
3156:
2808:
2750:
with workers being treated as "soldiers of labor" under strict discipline.
2731:
Poland defeated the Red Army, and the offensive was turned back during the
2682:
2671:
2572:
2491:
2350:
2303:
2272:
2114:, who were then the Bolsheviks' junior partners in a coalition government.
1834:
1684:
sent him to the Balkans as its war correspondent, where he covered the two
1573:
1541:(right) in Saint Peter and Paul Fortress prison at Saint Petersburg in 1906
1420:
1311:
1230:
927:
810:
774:, he played an important role in the October Revolution that overthrew the
770:, Trotsky returned to Russia and joined the Bolsheviks. As chairman of the
689:
511:
417:
184:
19752:
19023:
Practicing Stalinism: Bolsheviks, Boyars, and the Persistence of Tradition
18053:"Culture as permanent revolution: Lev Trotsky's Literature and Revolution"
17722:"The mass uprising in Tunisia and the perspective of permanent revolution"
16792:
15903:
International Trotskyism: 1929–1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement
15126:
Practicing Stalinism: Bolsheviks, Boyars, and the Persistence of Tradition
12938:
The saga of Leon Trotsky: his clandestine operations and his assassination
11464:"Leon Trotsky: My Life (42. The Last Period of Struggle Within the Party)"
9559:
5984:
3984:
establishing a workers' democracy, or degenerate into a capitalist class.
3788:
Following French media complaints about Trotsky's role in encouraging the
1404:
The unrest and agitation against the Russian government came to a head in
1286:
who was trying to establish a permanent majority against Plekhanov within
902:
under Stalin, Trotsky was one of the few of Stalin's rivals who was never
23091:
22988:
22890:
22777:
22659:
22536:
22469:
22424:
22296:
21458:
21438:
21289:
21213:
20737:
20499:
18482:
18458:
7692:
7589:
7486:
7461:
7258:" facilitated the rise of Hitler's party. Marxist theorist and economist
7177:
7168:
7126:
6794:
6709:
6686:
6475:
6463:
6220:
6028:
5955:
5951:
5902:
5788:
5772:
5711:
5687:
5565:
4630:
4620:
4359:
4319:
4213:
3929:
3878:
3866:
3727:
3646:
3574:
3454:
3378:
3115:
Leon Trotsky with Soviet leaders write the letter of defiance to British
3076:
2610:
2395:
2338:
2075:
They cited the successes of the newly formed (15 January 1918) voluntary
2041:
1927:
and other troops still loyal to the overthrown Provisional Government at
1810:
1734:
1697:
1685:
1538:
1351:
1242:
1193:
1136:
1132:
996:
794:
356:
23170:
19655:
18811:
18779:
17730:. International Committee of the Fourth International. 17 January 2011.
17251:
The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and where is it Going?
16808:
16776:
14492:
The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and where is it Going?
13473:
13449:
11925:
11889:
11449:
Nikolai Valentinov-Volsky's account of his work with Trotsky in 1925 in
8500:. Translated by Crawford, Ted. Archived from the original on 4 June 2007
7430:
Trotsky presented a critique of contemporary literary movements such as
6254:
5917:
Lenin delivering a speech to a crowd in Moscow Square, with Trotsky and
5583:
Aside from his interest in political activism, Trotsky also worked as a
5461:
5434:
The Revolution Betrayed: What Is the Soviet Union and Where Is It Going?
5313:
my hand and, with my eyes closed, dealt him a terrible blow on the head.
5072:
3921:
3778:
3594:, and was arrested and imprisoned in late 1937, during the Great Purge.
2881:
21276:
21146:
21141:
20934:
20715:
20228:
19426:
19113:
18907:
18795:
17071:
17047:
15877:
Contemporary Trotskyism: Parties, Sects and Social Movements in Britain
15432:
15412:
15309:(Rev. and expanded ed.). Columbia Univ. Press. pp. 112, 143.
13953:
The Russian Revolution: The Fall of the Tsars and the Rise of Communism
10865:
10809:
10585:
Russia's Army: A History from the Napoleonic Wars to the War in Ukraine
8303:
8019:
7599:
7543:
7331:
7094:
6856:
6813:
6770:
6718:
6527:
6467:
5413:
5364:, "forged and directed the Red Army". He served as one of the original
5222:
4409:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4246:
4080:
4005:
3766:
3462:
3283:
3164:
3123:
2982:
2702:
1920. Based on his experiences, he proposed abandoning the policies of
2473:
2428:
2420:
1798:
1779:("Forward"), in translation. He also made speeches to Russian émigrés.
1463:
1435:
1367:
1363:
1254:
pseudonym. After escape from Siberia, Trotsky moved to London, joining
1014:
931:
755:
751:
718:
42:
20014:
Stalin as revolutionary, 1879-1929: a study in history and personality
18688:
18219:
17863:
17831:
17022:
Cybernetic Revolutionaries: Technology and Politics in Allende's Chile
15772:
12600:
Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness – A Soviet Spymaster
11003:
11001:
10638:
10610:
10190:
10166:
9411:
The Road to Independence for Kosovo: A Chronicle of the Ahtisaari Plan
5244:
1459:. There he worked on fleshing out his theory of permanent revolution.
1078:
20859:
20749:
20161:
18009:
17993:"Leon Trotsky and the political conundrum of international relations"
14564:
11753:
Fagan, Gus; Biographical Introduction to Christian Rakovsky; chapter
10832:
Kronstadt Rebellion, Kronstädter Aufstand In: Dictionary of Marxism,
7130:
7121:
6940:
6762:
6648:
6632:
6628:
6617:
6605:, scholars view Trotsky as "one of the outstanding figures in modern
6544:
6345:
6132:
5973:
5943:
5793:
5743:
5678:
found it implausible that Trotsky like Stalin would have launched an
5652:
5365:
5033:
4424:
4344:
4284:
3973:
3774:
3714:
In July 1933, Trotsky was offered asylum in France by Prime Minister
2795:
2666:
this opportunity to pressure Lenin to dismiss Trotsky from his post.
2650:
2520:
2502:
2372:
2315:
2158:
1890:, 6 November 1918. Although this passage was quoted in Stalin's book
1838:
1759:
1529:
1307:
1208:
1096:
992:
919:
879:
849:
506:
156:
People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs of the Soviet Union
21940:
17063:
11669:
8304:"Библиотека газеты "Революция". Клушин В.И. Малоизвестное о Троцком"
6866:, voluntary collectivisation of agriculture, and the expansion of a
6161:
5651:
expressed the view that Trotsky was "undoubtedly the most brilliant
5511:
His personal secretary and later a historian of mathematical logic,
5317:
According to James Cannon, the Trotskyist secretary of the American
3873:
3548:
as reported in the Soviet Union in August 1929, with the editors of
3513:
1652:
809:. In 1922, Trotsky and Lenin formed an alliance against the growing
736:
in 1898. He was arrested for revolutionary activities and exiled to
23278:
21054:
20270:
20266:
19733:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
18680:
18352:
17349:
16887:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
16676:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
15927:
15255:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
14882:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
14857:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
14805:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
14518:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
14242:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
12801:
12799:
11322:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
11197:
Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years
10998:
9097:, Marxists Internet Archive, (9 June 2006); retrieved 26 July 2013.
8079:
7988:
7574:
7431:
7367:
7335:
7270:
during the interwar period would very likely have prevented Hitler
7194:
with documented references made to his personal opposition to the
7191:
7188:
6996:
6852:
and viewed this as a conscious expression of historical processes.
6560:
6552:
6262:
6209:
in January 1923 but he refused the position. In his autobiography,
6166:
5892:
5839:
5399:
described Trotsky as the "genius of the revolution" and biographer
5226:
4960:
4369:
4256:
4153:
4148:
3920:
From January 1937 to April 1939, Trotsky and his wife lived in the
3739:
3627:
2990:
within the Party, but these were vague and remained unimplemented.
2814:
2803:
2783:
2779:
2162:
2076:
1991:
1935:
for the parties in proportion to their vote share at the Congress.
1928:
1920:
1824:
1248:
1175:
1109:
1101:
1092:
962:
842:
802:
714:
698:
10144:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 43.
8626:
8624:
6807:
6506:
6049:, on the day prior to his death. According to Stalin's secretary,
5993:
3658:
Soon after arriving in Turkey Trotsky established the publication
3492:
on 22 July 1926. Trotsky can be seen over Kalinin's left shoulder.
2407:
and Trotsky along with the successful assassinations of Petrograd
1720:
1358:(RSDLP) in 1898 but wanted to remain autonomous within the party.
1245:
under Stalin and was murdered by Soviet forces three years later.
1083:
1073:
18187:
18185:
14672:(Rev. and expanded ed.). Columbia Univ. Press. p. 109.
13860:
Lenin and the Twentieth Century: A Bertram D. Wolfe Retrospective
13274:
12871:
10093:
Lenin and His Comrades: The Bolsheviks Take Over Russia 1917–1924
7996:
7525:
7232:
6992:
6921:
6575:
6556:
6206:
6170:
6095:
6083:
5918:
5864:
5784:
5505:
5474:
5417:
5293:
5211:
4954:
3914:
3677:
3587:
3562:
2690:
2625:
2450:
Trotsky argued that the reign of terror in Russia began with the
2279:, which was active within the Communist Party in late 1918–1919.
2204:
Answer by direct wire: "I agree to your plan" or "I don't agree."
1642:
1546:
1189:
1185:
1148:
1113:
1042:
1007:
984:
737:
717:, his thought and writings inspired a school of Marxism known as
710:
339:
50:
19397:
McNeal, Robert H. (2015). "Trotsky's Interpretation of Stalin".
19071:
Leon Trotsky: the Man and His Work. Reminiscences and Appraisals
15825:. Harold Shukman (ed. and trans.). Simon and Schuster. pp.
14406:
12796:
8177:
7446:
distinctions between Trotsky's approach on cultural matters and
6700:
who criticised Western representations of Trotsky's role in the
6655:
which were "imposed on Bolshevism by hostile political forces".
6249:
3909:, welcomed Trotsky to Mexico and arranged for his special train
3745:
In May 1935, soon after the French government had agreed to the
3139:
controlled the Party apparatus through Stalin's Secretariat and
2896:, Bukharin) was at first uncommitted, but eventually joined the
2875:
elevated to the newly created position of the Central Committee
1164:
906:
by later leaders. In the West, Trotsky emerged as a hero of the
22278:
20432:
14740:
The Russian Revolution 1917: A Personal Record by N.N. Sukhanov
11845:
Application by Leon Trotsky for permission to reside in England
11684:
8621:
7535:
debut single was entitled "Lev Bronstein", released on the CNT
7499:
Trotsky's final days and death was dramatized in the 1972 film
7469:, who believes himself to be the reincarnation of Leon Trotsky.
7420:, stylized depictions of Trotsky which have been attributed to
7417:
7339:
7113:
7016:
6929:
6690:
6671:
6610:
6583:
6495:
5868:
5540:
5497:
4996:
4652:
3586:, depicted Trotsky and his supporters as "agents of the German
3527:
3485:
3434:
3180:
3168:
3021:
2985:'s article, "Leon Trotsky – Organiser of Victory" published in
2536:
by the Red Army occurred in the summer and fall of 1918 in the
1882:
The following summary of Trotsky's role in 1917 was written by
1661:
1597:
1558:
1483:
1234:
1059:
725:
23266:
20604:
Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice
18182:
14165:. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall. p. 157.
13933:
13931:
13450:"Leon Trotsky's Contribution to the Marxist Theory of History"
13295:
10986:
10974:
8328:
7172:
and in "Permanent Revolution", which also contains his essay "
6855:
His politics differed in some aspects from those of Stalin or
5746:, Stalin ordered the imprisonment of several specialists on a
5604:
5060:
3877:
Trotsky arrives in Mexico, January 1937 with his wife. Artist
3718:. Trotsky accepted the offer, but he was forbidden to live in
3028:– a version of this appeared on one of the earliest covers of
2811:
accusing him of betraying the revolution's democratic ideals.
1499:("Council") of Workers. By the time of Trotsky's arrival, the
21131:
18641:
Trotsky: The darker the night the brighter the star 1927–1940
18441:
Trotsky in New York, 1917: A Radical on the Eve of Revolution
15491:. London; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 78–79.
13180:
13178:
13176:
12816:
12814:
11074:
11072:
11070:
10521:
10519:
9783:
A history of modern Russia from Nicholas II to Vladimir Putin
9582:"Leon Trotsky | Biography, Books, Assassination, & Facts"
9185:
8534:"Leon Trotsky – Biography, Books, Assassination, & Facts"
7012:
6999:
pictured in the mid-1920s as members of the United Opposition
6730:
6579:
6571:
6142:
5935:
5880:
5872:
5751:
5747:
3844:
3820:
3769:
to enter the country, Trotsky and his wife became a guest of
3723:
3719:
3534:
Fate of Left Oppositionists after Trotsky's exile (1929–1941)
3176:
3172:
3065:
to the Central Committee on 15 October, in which they wrote:
2557:
2465:
2408:
2311:
2226:
the German side, taking the final Brest-Litovsk peace terms.
1630:
for another two years until it finally folded in April 1912.
1617:
to seek financial backing for the newspaper throughout 1909.
1213:
742:
672:
26 October] 1879 – 21 August 1940), better known as
22512:
13th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
22344:
14th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
21569:
18957:
Arbitrary Justice: Courts and Politics in Post-Stalin Russia
18632:
Trotsky: Fighting the rising Stalinist bureaucracy 1923–1927
16777:"Review of Trotsky: A Biography; In Defense of Leon Trotsky"
16692:
16056:
Marxism, Ethics and Politics: The Work of Alasdair MacIntyre
15559:
15307:
Let history judge: the origins and consequences of Stalinism
14670:
Let history judge: the origins and consequences of Stalinism
12272:"The House in Coyoacán – Reflection on Trotsky's last years"
11735:
11523:
Compilation Group for the "History of Modern China" Series,
10253:
Stalin's Terror of 1937-1938: Political Genocide in the USSR
9320:
9318:
9305:
9303:
9202:
9200:
8358:
8356:
8354:
7995:—meaning the winter-mountaineering tool which resembles the
7027:
and the formation of collective farms on a voluntary basis.
5771:
over the Georgian Affair but the latter relented. Historian
2724:
In early 1920, Soviet–Polish tensions eventually led to the
2322:
as mass murderers. The caption reads, "Peace and Liberty in
1595:
In October 1908 he was asked to join the editorial staff of
1332:
First Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
23370:
Expelled members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
18118:
14831:
Barbarism and Civilization: A History of Europe in our Time
14459:
14457:
14335:
A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End
13928:
13757:
13256:
13217:
12994:
12992:
12990:
12988:
12986:
12984:
8653:
8651:
8574:
Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews
8415:
8413:
8400:
8398:
7819:
7465:, centers on a protagonist named Leon Bronstein, played by
7323:
7281:
and the early emergence of Nazi Germany from 1930 to 1933.
7109:
6523:
6174:
5300:
5270:
5218:
5124:
3517:
Trotsky with his wife Natalia and son Lev in Alma Ata, 1928
3450:
3361:
For Trotsky, 1925 was a difficult year. After the bruising
1974:
Commissar for Foreign Affairs and Brest-Litovsk (1917–1918)
1444:
1346:
editors attended. The first congress went as planned, with
870:(1936), Trotsky argued that the Soviet Union had become a "
22871:
10th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
22758:
11th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
22640:
12th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
17412:
17400:
17361:
17310:
15143:
14442:
14430:
14263:
14261:
13769:
13552:
13540:
13173:
13161:
13056:
12811:
12535:
11988:"The Stanford Daily, Volume 82, Issue 44, 5 December 1932"
11540:(Suren Dutt Publishers: Calcutta, India, 1970), pp. 5–21.
11067:
10516:
10072:
9245:
8240:
7807:
7224:
6935:
Originally, he had proposed the principles underlying the
3084:
article published on 7 November. Throughout November, the
2439:
in which 10,000-20,000 workers had been liquidated by the
1576:, his friend for the next 20 years, who introduced him to
219:
People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the Russian SFSR
23600:
People sentenced to death in absentia by the Soviet Union
23077:
8th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
22974:
9th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
20017:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. p. 336.
18938:
Permanent Revolution – Results and Prospects 100 Years On
17479:
Socialism, Economics and Development (Routledge Revivals)
15843:
14539:
14537:
14138:. London; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 76.
13042:(7th ed.). Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe. p. 176.
9315:
9300:
9197:
9173:
9134:
8828:
8351:
6784:
who worked on a decentralized form of economic planning,
6285:, Trotsky was gradually exiled, and the town was renamed
5876:
5334:
3573:, unsuccessfully called on the influential Soviet author
3437:
throughout 1926 and 1927, especially on the issue of the
2349:
Trotsky and the government responded with a full-fledged
1915:
on 7–8 November 1917, Trotsky led the efforts to repel a
995:
and a Soviet politician, married the prominent Bolshevik
17991:
Saccarelli, Emanuele; Varadarajan, Latha (7 June 2023).
16435:
Russia in the Twentieth Century: The quest for stability
15390:. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. p. 162.
14454:
13908:
Heywood, Anthony J.; Smele, Jonathan D. (3 April 2013).
13813:
13811:
12981:
12784:
12374:
75/1 (Jan. 2011): 99–107. www.jstor.org/stable/25769086.
11723:
11651:
J. Arch Getty, Oleg V. Naumov. Road to Terror. pp. 26-27
10917:
10553:"Achievements and Difficulties of the Soviet Government"
10302:
10300:
9510:
9161:
9122:. Chapman & Hall; 1st THUS edition (January 1, 1905)
8852:
8840:
8801:
8777:
8648:
8636:
8607:"My Life – Chapter XVII, Preparing for a New Revolution"
8410:
8395:
8373:
8371:
7120:
The Permanent Revolution concept is the theory that the
5883:
opportunities despite his support for world revolution.
5341:
presented all these awards to Ramón Mercader in person.
5156:(left) in Mexico, shortly before his assassination, 1940
4054:
Leon Trotsky, 'I Stake My Life', opening address to the
2761:
in 1921, and several of Trotsky’s supporters, including
2640:
Trotsky addressing soldiers during the Polish-Soviet War
1399:
983:, Ukraine). His father, David Leontyevich, had lived in
18274:
A Companion to the British and Irish Novel, 1945 – 2000
17204:"Leon Trotsky: Platform of the Joint Opposition (1927)"
15466:
15229:
A people's tragedy: a history of the Russian Revolution
15207:
14757:
14622:
14610:
14258:
14084:. New Haven : Yale University Press. p. 161.
13745:
13564:
13498:
A people's tragedy: a history of the Russian Revolution
13132:
Russia in Flames: War, Revolution, Civil War, 1914–1921
12649:
12319:
12317:
10921:
Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914–1921
10231:
10142:
A Specter Haunting Europe: The Myth of Judeo-Bolshevism
9876:"Letters From Trotzky and From Kerensky's War Minister"
9297:, Marxist Internet Archive; retrieved 31 January 2018.
8864:
8789:
8752:
7947:
Trotsky explained in Chapter 12 of his unfinished book
6639:
in September 1917. Deutscher described Trotsky as the "
6015:
when the Bolsheviks formed a new government, after the
3552:
titled the publication: "On the service of bourgeoisie"
2006:
After the Bolsheviks came to power, Trotsky became the
1938:
At the same time, a number of prominent members of the
1790:. He left New York on 27 March 1917, but his ship, the
1553:
and once again made his way to London. He attended the
1006:, have claimed that Trotsky's childhood first name was
19185:
Stalin's Nemesis: The Exile and Murder of Leon Trotsky
17120:"To Build Communist Parties and an International Anew"
16353:
Stalin's Nemesis: The Exile and Murder of Leon Trotsky
16191:
From Trotsky to Gödel: The Life of Jean van Heijenoort
14593:
The Palgrave Handbook of Leninist Political Philosophy
14534:
14032:
13911:
The Russian Revolution of 1905: Centenary Perspectives
13889:
13149:
12460:
12024:"The Stalinists and Trotsky's Radio Speech to America"
11028:
10950:
10938:
9630:
New International, Vol. 2 No. 6, October 1935, p. 208.
9212:
8818:
8816:
8028:. Vol. 2. Chicago: Haymarket Books. p. 139.
7176:." Some Trotskyists have argued that the state of the
6325:
during the rule of the Soviet government, despite the
6031:
recollected Lenin in the first version of his sketch,
5303:. The adze of the axe wounded Trotsky, fracturing his
3869:
from April 1939 until his assassination in August 1940
3650:
Trotsky's house, the Yanaros mansion on the island of
3059:
Other senior communists who had similar concerns sent
2190:
demand an understanding with Russia by all means. The
1860:, Trotsky was elected chairman on 8 October [
1051:
that he was never fluent in any language but Russian.
23605:
People's commissars and ministers of the Soviet Union
23159:
20095:
The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History
18580:
Carr, Edward Hallett; Davies, Robert William (1971).
17990:
17702:
17521:
16704:
15855:
14585:
14583:
14418:
13970:
13808:
13017:. University of California Press. p. Chapter 7.
12940:. San Francisco: Austin & Winfield. p. 452.
12917:
11954:
11590:(2 ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 96.
10297:
9370:
9100:
8383:
8368:
7840:
7816:
7813:
7770:
7209:
7011:
on the wealthier sections of populations such as the
6116:
First Deputy Chairman of the Council of the Sovnarkom
6011:
Initially, Lenin turned down the leading position of
5667:
Soviet Union markedly distinct from Stalin's regime.
2238:
20828:
20790:
18900:
Ironies of History: Essays on contemporary communism
18432:
Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War
16259:
16257:
15652:
14925:
14468:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 6.
13877:
13731:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 9.
13203:. Orion. p. Introduction (List of Characters).
12530:
To Build Communist Parties and an International Anew
12314:
11814:"Leon Trotsky: An Open Letter to the French Workers"
11236:, New York, New International Publishing Co., 1943.
10463:«Красный и Белый террор в России в 1917—1922 годах»
10219:
9078:, Marxists Internet Archive; retrieved 26 July 2013.
9046:, Marxists Internet Archive; retrieved 26 July 2013.
8688:
8674:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 8.
8454:
7810:
7804:
7801:
3734:
in France, the French minister of internal affairs,
2892:
The rest of the recently expanded Politburo (Rykov,
2560:
punitive detachments or regular infantry regiments.
2399:
European theatre of the Russian Civil War in 1918–19
841:
in 1926 and the party in 1927, internally exiled to
19878:
18513:
Trotsky, Trotskyism and the Transition to Socialism
17591:. Baltimore, Md. : Penguin Books. p. 180.
17383:
Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation
14389:
Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation
14283:
The 20th Century O–Z: Dictionary of World Biography
14054:
Trotsky, Trotskyism and the Transition to Socialism
12805:
12716:Christopher Weaver, "The Assassination of Trotsky"
11583:
9831:The "Brest-Litovsk" chapter in Trotsky's 1925 book
8813:
8570:
8260:"Leon Trotsky: Terrorism and Communism (Chapter 4)"
7798:
5197:. He would also reiterate his "unshaken faith in a
4860:
International Committee of the Fourth International
4777:
Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma
1968:
1670:
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)
1221:), founded in 1900. Trotsky quickly sided with the
1200:(1901–1933) and Nina (1902–1928), born in Siberia.
1079:
Revolutionary activity and imprisonment (1896–1898)
957:
20684:American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky
20508:The Permanent Revolution and Results and Prospects
19522:Payne, Anthony; Phillips, Nicola (23 April 2013).
17130:
16083:All the World at War: People and Places, 1914–1918
15661:Гатчинский уезд (февраль 1923 г. – август 1927 г.)
14590:Rockmore, Tom; Levine, Norman (19 December 2018).
14580:
13830:Internationale, Communistische (14 October 2011).
12493:on the Moscow Trial, delivered on 9 February 1937.
12343:
11662:"Anti-Stalinist Demonstration on November 7, 1927"
11133:Chapter 12 of Trotsky's unfinished book, entitled
11112:Chapter 11 of Trotsky's unfinished book, entitled
9642:"The October Revolution and the National Question"
7441:Political scientist Baruch Knei-Paz characterised
7297:
6670:but also acknowledged that Trotsky was capable of
6647:". He also attributed the eventual formation of a
5578:Executive Committee of the Communist International
5568:and drafted the Appeal for the Convocation of the
5420:and "also superior to Stalin and Stalin knew it".
5347:
4850:Committee for a Workers' International (refounded)
3987:While in Mexico, Trotsky also worked closely with
3340:
2954:event where Stalin crudely insulted Lenin's wife,
2435:and the large-scale massacres of Reds during the
1828:Trotsky arriving in Petrograd by train in May 1917
1374:the party. Trotsky began developing his theory of
833:in 1924, Trotsky was the most prominent critic of
20620:Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence
19486:The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939–53
19141:
18370:
16254:
15333:Molotov and Soviet Government: Sovnarkom, 1930-41
15058:. Manchester University Press. pp. 137–239.
14726:. New York, Oxford University Press. p. 325.
14464:Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul, eds. (1992).
14463:
13727:Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul, eds. (1992).
13726:
13373:. New York, Oxford University Press. p. 522.
13343:Antonio Gramsci: Marxism, philosophy and politics
12730:Borger, Julian; Tuckman, Jo (13 September 2017).
10447:
8670:Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul, eds. (1992).
8669:
8287:
7056:when questioned by the Dewey Commission in 1937:
6337:Trotsky was rehabilitated on 16 June 2001 by the
5738:with the Soviet delegation at Brest-Litovsk, 1917
5619:Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence
5132:collapse of the official Communist International.
3913:to bring Trotsky to Mexico City from the port of
3765:After obtaining permission from Justice Minister
3250:in May, Trotsky delivered a conciliatory speech:
3243:, who was being groomed to take Trotsky's place.
3210:which was led by prominent theoreticians such as
2825:People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs
2738:
799:People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs
23291:
19165:The Social and Political Thought of Leon Trotsky
19145:Picturing Russia: Explorations in Visual Culture
19083:With Trotsky in Exile: From Prinkipo to Coyoacan
18195:The social and political thought of Leon Trotsky
17911:Peck, Jamie; Varadarajan, Latha (6 March 2017).
17268:
13586:With Trotsky in Exile: From Prinkipo to Coyoacán
12765:
11808:
11806:
11804:
11802:
11549:
10541:, University of California Press (1990), p. 131.
10510:Terrorism and Communism: A Reply to Karl Kautsky
10167:"The Czechoslovak Revolt against the Bolsheviks"
9682:. International Universities Press. p. 130.
6666:Terrorism and Communism: A Reply to Karl Kautsky
5136:In 1938, Trotsky and his supporters founded the
3976:. He argued that the Soviet state had become a "
3419:
2815:Trotsky's contribution to the Russian Revolution
2546:People's Commissar of Military and Naval Affairs
1856:. After the Bolsheviks gained a majority in the
1524:
1378:and developed a close working relationship with
1249:First emigration and second marriage (1902–1903)
789:(Foreign Minister) and led negotiations for the
19142:Kivelson, Valerie Ann; Neuberger, Joan (2008).
18467:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
17910:
16754:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 19, 20.
15542:The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life
15109:The Government and Politics of the Soviet Union
14189:The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life
14108:The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life
12370:Daniel Gaido, "Marxist Analyses of Stalinism",
11859:Lubitz, Petra; Lubitz, Wolfgang (August 2004).
11527:(Foreign Languages Press: Peking, 1976) p. 153.
11391:Leon Trotsky "Lessons of October" contained in
11367:The Challenge of the Left Opposition: 1923–1925
11259:The Challenge of the Left Opposition: 1923–1925
10888:. Glasgow: The Anarchist Communist Federation.
9939:
9750:
9748:
9561:Leon Trotsky: My Life – In a Concentration Camp
9157:. New York: Pathfinder Press. pp. 27, 122.
9153:Leon Trotsky (1969) . "Results and Prospects".
7635:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union
6972:conception of industrialisation which favoured
6808:Political ideology and contributions to Marxism
3508:
2468:), a predecessor of the KGB that served as the
1837:, a regional social democratic organization in
1549:, Siberia, in January 1907, Trotsky escaped at
1325:
1074:Early political activities and life (1896–1917)
1058:When Trotsky was eight, his father sent him to
27:Soviet politician and revolutionary (1879–1940)
23685:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
19879:Soto-Pérez-de-Celis, Enrique (1 August 2010).
18695:
18623:Trotsky: The Sword of the Revolution 1917–1923
18198:. Oxford : Clarendon Press. pp. 289–301.
15193:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 42–52.
14737:Sukhanov, Nikolai Nikolaevich (14 July 2014).
14589:
13829:
12439:Manifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art
11747:
11514:(Alfred A. Knopf Inc.: New York, 1992) p. 454.
10814:Trotsky: The Sword of the Revolution 1917–1923
10415:
10114:
10112:
10032:. New York: Blue Ribbon Books Inc. p. 110
10007:. New York: Blue Ribbon Books Inc. p. 107
9945:Brest-Litovsk: the Forgotten Peace, March 1918
8171:
7781:[lʲef–lʲɪjbə–dɐˈvʲidəvʲɪtɕbrɐnʂˈtʲejn]
7380:Manifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art
6090:. Prior to the introduction of the factional
6013:Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars
5519:viewed Trotsky as the best prepared among the
4021:Manifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art
3005:
2879:. Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev became part of the
2870:Trotsky with Red Army soldiers in Moscow, 1922
2861:
1845:in June, he was elected a member of the first
1841:, and became one of its leaders. At the First
1762:. In New York he wrote articles for the local
30:"Trotsky" redirects here. For other uses, see
23061:
22958:
22855:
22742:
22624:
22496:
22328:
21926:
21555:
20814:
20448:
20097:. Vol. 39. Academic International Press.
19521:
18954:
17664:Lenin and Trotsky: What They Really Stood For
17332:Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy
17293:Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy
16994:Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy
16967:Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy
16860:
15680:
15608:Stalin, Vol. I: Paradoxes of Power, 1878-1928
15410:
14904:
14212:
12729:
12573:
12571:
12043:Life and Terror in Stalin's Russia, 1934–1941
11799:
11741:
11324:. Mehring Books. pp. 139, 249, 268–269.
11223:(Pathfinder Press: New York, 1975) pp. 55–56.
10588:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 109.
10484:Stalin, Vol. I: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928
8564:
7987:The murder weapon was an ice axe (and not an
7828:
7758:
7552:, which was published in his 1994 collection
7330:Faith merely promises to move mountains; but
6393:falsification and traditional Anglo-American
6290:
5097:
3972:(1936), a critique of the Soviet Union under
3225:
1782:Trotsky was living in New York City when the
1462:On 19 September 1905, the typesetters at the
1165:First marriage and Siberian exile (1899–1902)
101:. Please discuss this issue on the article's
20329:People's Commissar for Army and Navy Affairs
19302:. University of Michigan Press. p. 67.
18304:. Manchester University Press. p. 265.
17117:
16640:
15905:. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press. p. 32.
15383:
14158:
13956:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. pp. 92–93.
13907:
13278:The Oxford Companion to Comparative Politics
13074:
11858:
11257:Leon Trotsky, "The New Course" contained in
11053:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 93.
10507:
10084:
9745:
9665:. Oxford University Press. pp. 330–336.
9555:
9553:
9551:
9549:
9152:
6737:—run totally counter to Trotsky's thought".
2433:allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
2167:We cannot sign their peace. My plan is this:
1962:negotiators such as Kamenev and Sokolnikov.
1342:in London in August 1903. Trotsky and other
848:In exile, Trotsky wrote polemically against
20011:Tucker, Robert C. (Robert Charles) (1973).
19750:
18998:
18720:The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia
18594:Socialism in One Country: 1924-1926. Vol. 1
18583:Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926–1929
18141:. Cambridge University Press. p. 204.
17809:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 227.
17784:. Cambridge University Press. p. 203.
17677:
17623:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 112.
17507:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 212.
17386:. Cambridge University Press. p. 109.
16856:
16517:. Cambridge University Press. p. 133.
16490:. Cambridge University Press. p. 197.
16411:. Cambridge University Press. p. 208.
16375:
16373:
16294:
16188:Feferman, Anita Burdman (28 January 2022).
15281:A concise history of the Russian Revolution
14827:
14743:. Princeton University Press. p. 266.
14311:. Cambridge University Press. p. 199.
13988:
13609:
13526:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 102.
12668:Trotsky's grandson recalls ice pick killing
12415:"The Unification of the Chinese Opposition"
12337:
11974:"Open Letter to the C.E.C. of the U.S.S.R."
11617:
11408:(Pathfinder Press: New York, 1970) p. 520.
11393:Challenge of the Left Opposition: 1923–1925
11221:Challenge of the Left Opposition: 1923–1925
10680:
10678:
10362:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 158.
10109:
10090:
9990:. The Hague: Mouton & Co. pp. 6–7.
9960:"Revolutionary's Letter to Lenin Auctioned"
9675:
9599:
9336:
8577:. Cambridge University Press. p. 446.
8088:. Cambridge University Press. p. 189.
7625:List of Trotskyist organizations by country
7116:as a true champion of the workers' struggle
5605:Political stature and conflicts with Stalin
5356:Portrait as Commander of the Red Army, 1920
4992:List of Trotskyist organizations by country
4704:Organisation of Communist Internationalists
3807:On 14 August 1936, the Soviet Press Agency
3790:mass strikes in France in May and June 1936
3542:The publication of Trotsky's autobiography
3295:, but it also began formulating a program.
1833:merge with. Trotsky temporarily joined the
1724:Leon Trotsky with his daughter Nina in 1915
1116:but was won over by his future first wife,
821:, but he declined. Trotsky led the party's
23555:Denaturalized citizens of the Soviet Union
23068:
23054:
22965:
22951:
22862:
22848:
22749:
22735:
22631:
22617:
22503:
22489:
22335:
22321:
21933:
21919:
21562:
21548:
20821:
20807:
20455:
20441:
20218:by Leon Trotsky. The New York Times, 1919.
20092:
20031:
19779:
19629:"Socialism in One Country: A Reassessment"
19578:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
19206:The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath
19181:
19120:
19077:
18935:
18878:
18859:
18840:
18818:
18579:
18529:
18124:
17660:
17561:Industrialisation in the Non-Western World
17502:
17418:
17406:
17367:
17355:
17316:
16872:
16848:
16698:
16580:
16310:
16306:
16290:
16133:
16086:. Pen and Sword Military. pp. 1–672.
16025:
15818:
15565:
15232:. New York, NY: Viking. pp. 796–801.
15149:
14448:
14436:
14412:
14392:. Cambridge University Press. p. 77.
14338:. Cambridge University Press. p. 77.
14081:Leon Trotsky : a revolutionary's life
14077:
13775:
13630:Stalin's Library: A Dictator and His Books
13582:
13558:
13447:
13301:
13275:August Nimtz. Krieger, Joel (ed). (2013).
13235:
13223:
13196:
13128:
13062:
13040:The Soviet colossus: history and aftermath
12820:
12587:(27 February 1940) Retrieved 12 June 2011.
12568:
12541:
12134:
12132:
12130:
12128:
12126:
12124:
12122:
12120:
11945:
11701:
11699:
11690:
11078:
10525:
10078:
9865:, marxists.org; Retrieved 31 January 2018.
9696:The Prophet Armed Trotsky 1879-1921 (1954)
9662:The Prophet Armed Trotsky 1879-1921 (1954)
9516:
9414:. Cambridge University Press. p. 17.
9324:
9309:
9206:
9191:
9179:
9140:
9004:Australian Journal of Politics and History
8870:
8858:
8846:
8807:
8783:
8657:
8642:
8630:
8475:"My Life – Chapter VIII, My First Prisons"
8446:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8362:
8246:
8207:
8155:
8139:
5368:members in Lenin's government. Biographer
5152:Trotsky with American comrades, including
5104:
5090:
4903:Trotskyist Fraction – Fourth International
1703:
1225:position and began writing for the paper.
1055:wrote that Trotsky spoke French fluently.
882:. In 1936, Trotsky was sentenced to death
632:Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee
139:
19896:
19670:
19502:
19375:
18897:
18136:
18097:
18008:
17779:
17752:
17285:
17283:
17220:
17102:
16916:. Harvard University Press. p. 153.
16864:
16774:
16646:
16619:
16485:
16406:
16349:
16322:
16221:. Cornell University Press. p. 298.
16134:Saccarelli, Emanuele (28 February 2008).
16026:Saccarelli, Emanuele (28 February 2008).
15998:
15925:
15900:
15611:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 1–976.
15511:
15484:
15356:
15078:
14905:Bazhanov, Boris; Doyle, David W. (1990).
14828:Wasserstein, Bernard (12 February 2009).
14719:
14358:
14306:
14213:Bazhanov, Boris; Doyle, David W. (1990).
14131:
13787:
13687:. Michael O'Mara Books. pp. 50–100.
13610:Lunacharsky, Anatoly Vasilievich (1968).
13366:
13101:
13081:. Harvard University Press. p. 125.
12677:, BBC News, Mike Lanchin, 28 August 2012.
12149:
12147:
11292:
10924:. Indiana University Press. p. 191.
10912:
10910:
10788:, marxists.org; accessed 31 January 2018.
10738:, marxists.org; accessed 31 January 2018.
10276:
10216:, marxists.org; accessed 31 January 2018.
10139:
9810:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries (Left SRs)
9692:
9658:
9546:
9507:, marxists.org; accessed 31 January 2018.
9476:. UK: Weidenfeld & Nicolson History.
8962:
8561:, Wolfgang und Petra Libitz, 2022, p. 48.
8203:
8108:
8083:
8025:All Power to the Soviets: Lenin 1914–1917
6547:workers in which he drew "vast crowds of
5162:House Committee on Un-American Activities
4855:Fourth International (post-reunification)
3747:Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance
1849:("VTsIK") from the Mezhraiontsy faction.
1621:Paris over Lenin's objections, Trotsky's
813:; Lenin proposed that Trotsky become his
646:1918: Chairman, Supreme Military Council
23715:Ministers of defence of the Soviet Union
23615:Prisoners of the Peter and Paul Fortress
23580:People of the Russian Revolution of 1905
20171:FBI records relating to Trotsky's murder
20101:
19991:
19800:
19729:
19542:
19443:
19417:
19354:
19242:
19162:
18741:The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia
18737:
18723:. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 946.
18647:
18558:
18510:
18489:
18438:
18324:
18191:
18161:
18137:Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017).
17829:
17780:Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017).
17618:
17434:The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia
16909:
16852:
16825:The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia
16722:
16596:The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia
16572:
16568:
16564:
16486:Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017).
16407:Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017).
16379:
16370:
16298:
16187:
16110:Erich Fromm and the Quest for Solidarity
15971:
15944:
15926:Høgsbjerg, Christian (18 October 2018).
15538:
15472:
15449:The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia
15413:"We Are Starting to Learn about Trotsky"
15363:. New York, Vintage Books. p. 135.
15304:
15213:
15165:The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia
15105:
15001:A History Of Russia Volume 2: Since 1855
14943:
14736:
14667:
14547:The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia
14307:Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017).
14267:
14185:
14104:
14050:
13680:
13589:. Harvard University Press. p. 47.
13521:
13383:
13135:. Oxford University Press. p. 388.
13108:. New York, Vintage Books. p. 468.
13075:Hough, Jerry F.; Fainsod, Merle (1979).
13010:
12790:
12347:Frida Kahlo, 1907-1954: Pain and Passion
12040:
11729:
11490:"Leon Trotsky: Letter on Eastman's Book"
10675:
10539:Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914–1921
10409:
9721:. Charles Schribner's Sons. p. 286.
9639:
8834:
8795:
8283:
8199:
8135:
8084:Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017).
7324:Literary criticism and socialist culture
7223:
7093:
6986:
6911:
6825:
6676:
6505:
6501:
6399:
6248:
6160:
5912:
5896:
5729:
5529:
5460:
5392:personality, strengths and weaknesses".
5351:
5243:
5147:
4807:Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1944)
3944:
3884:
3872:
3860:
3756:
3645:
3537:
3512:
3476:
3406:
3344:
3258:
3110:
3015:
2931:
2865:
2818:
2778:
2753:This position was sharply criticized by
2708:
2635:
2588:
2566:
2394:
2297:
2282:
2242:
2116:
2035:
1977:
1823:
1719:
1651:
1582:
1528:
1473:
1434:
1272:
1174:
1082:
1025:wrote that Trotsky's childhood name was
961:
281:20 September – 26 December 1917
231:8 November 1917 – 13 March 1918
168:14 March 1918 – 12 January 1925
23610:Perpetrators of the Red Terror (Russia)
21082:Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine
21025:Provisional Committee of the State Duma
20695:Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky
20643:The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany
19857:
19838:
19819:
19710:
19528:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1936.
19483:
19223:
19040:
18758:
18716:
18405:
18297:
18270:
18023:
17804:
17643:
17601:
17430:
17247:
17148:
16884:
16821:
16710:
16673:
16592:
16431:
16052:
15978:. Oxford University Press. p. 53.
15763:, MS Russ 13.1 in the Houghton Library.
15635:My Life: An Attempt at an Autobiography
15631:
15488:The prophet unarmed: Trotsky, 1921–1929
15445:
15411:Danilov, Victor; Porter, Cathy (1990).
15360:The prophet unarmed: Trotsky, 1921-1929
15252:
15161:
14879:
14854:
14802:
14763:
14543:
14515:
14488:
14239:
14135:The prophet unarmed: Trotsky, 1921–1929
13976:
13949:
13937:
13895:
13763:
13751:
13626:
13570:
13262:
13197:Montefiore, Simon Sebag (3 June 2010).
13105:The prophet unarmed: Trotsky, 1921–1929
12998:
12935:
12847:, Summer 1980; retrieved 29 July 2007.
12655:
12117:
11696:
11432:
11347:Stalin: A Critical Survey of Bolshevism
11319:
11194:
11046:
11007:
10880:
10863:
10306:
10249:
10237:
10164:
10118:
10025:
10000:
9805:
9803:
9779:
9709:
9699:. Oxford University Press. p. 331.
9616:
9614:
9471:
9407:
9376:
9251:
9218:
9167:
9106:
9037:Lenin: "Judas Trotsky's Blush of Shame"
8951:My life: an attempt at an autobiography
8706:
8436:(in Russian). Berlin. pp. 22, 109.
8431:
8419:
8389:
8377:
8219:
8147:
7220:The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany
7137:in March 1850, in the aftermath of the
7083:
6057:, with Trotsky in the first position".
5886:
5854:in 1927 had diminished the prospect of
5787:and not immediately recognising that a
5710:as he would have made far more use of "
5642:—Historian Robert Vincent Daniels, 1993
5572:due to his active involvement with the
5372:considered him to be the "prompter of
5210:, and, consequently, an irreconcilable
4689:Internationalist Workers' Left (Greece)
4063:
3939:Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky
3355:Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union
2685:and Moscow from the south, and General
2653:after the Congress. But he later wrote:
2310:propaganda poster depicting Trotsky as
1847:All-Russian Central Executive Committee
1478:Trotsky in prison, awaiting trial, 1906
1281:Unknown to Trotsky, the six editors of
1154:The Development of Capitalism in Russia
14:
23292:
21137:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
20302:People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs
20203:Newspaper clippings about Leon Trotsky
20152:Trotsky speaks about the Moscow Trials
20010:
19970:
19951:
19691:
19396:
19379:Stalin: Revolutionary in an Era of War
19335:
19316:
19282:
19124:Stalin's Letters to Molotov: 1925–1936
19068:
19059:
19019:
18955:Feofanov, Yuri; Barry, Donald (1995).
18914:
18457:
18325:Flanagan, Kevin M. (25 October 2019).
18277:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 247.
18244:Corney, Frederick (24 November 2015).
18243:
17708:
17527:
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17280:
17175:
17018:
16936:
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16828:. Yale University Press. p. 189.
16749:
16653:. Verso Books. pp. 141, 674–676.
16599:. Yale University Press. p. 181.
16511:Martel, William C. (12 January 2015).
16510:
16458:
16241:
16214:
15604:
15452:. Yale University Press. p. 438.
15329:
15188:
15168:. Yale University Press. p. 162.
15082:The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky 1921-1929
14616:
14570:
14550:. Yale University Press. p. 195.
14362:The Prophet Outcast: Trotsky 1929–1940
14279:
14038:
13883:
13856:
13817:
13684:Bad History: How We Got the Past Wrong
13660:. New Park Publications. p. 422.
13546:
13413:"Trotsky and the Dialectic of History"
13339:
13184:
13167:
13155:
12207:
12144:
12102:(Taylor & Francis, 2014) p.199-202
12092:
11884:
11553:China in war and revolution, 1895–1949
11180:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
11034:
11014:. London: HarperCollins. p. 163.
10956:
10944:
10907:
10845:"More on the Suppression of Kronstadt"
10480:
10385:
10383:
10381:
10379:
10336:
10334:
10332:
10330:
9985:
9906:
9844:, marxists.org; Retrieved 1 June 2018.
9571:, ns1758.ca; accessed 31 January 2018.
9388:
8758:
8694:
8540:from the original on 15 September 2017
8187:
8183:
8163:
7187:but was opposed to achieving this via
6844:. He viewed himself as an advocate of
6177:(centre) and Trotsky (right) in early
6120:People's Commissar of Internal Affairs
6053:, Lenin "in general leaned towards a
5736:People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs
5556:stated that Trotsky wrote most of the
5443:Stalinist alliance with the Kuomintang
4916:Committee for a Workers' International
4749:Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition
4658:1968–1969 Japanese university protests
2848:Historian Geoffrey Swain argues that:
2768:
2431:massacres of "Red" prisoners in 1917,
2008:People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs
1894:(1934), it was expunged from Stalin's
1666:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
1356:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
1159:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
825:, which opposed the moderation of the
797:. From 1918 to 1925, he served as the
787:People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs
734:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
424:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
412:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
23320:Politicians assassinated in the 1940s
23049:
22946:
22843:
22730:
22612:
22484:
22316:
21914:
21543:
20802:
20789:
20436:
20123:
20050:
19932:
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19605:
19586:
19563:
19462:
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19295:
18977:
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18629:
18620:
18611:
18493:A History of Russian Economic Thought
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17977:, "Uneven and combined development",
17953:. BRILL. 8 July 2019. pp. 1–20.
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17678:Fitzpatrick, Sheila (22 April 2010).
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17155:. Wellred Publications. p. 138.
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15122:
15051:
14970:
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14723:The prophet armed: Trotsky, 1879-1921
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14640:
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14574:
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14424:
14331:
14219:. Ohio University Press. p. 59.
14011:
13989:Fitzpatrick, Sheila (22 April 2010).
13791:The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879–1921
13653:
13501:. New York, NY: Viking. p. 795.
13494:
13370:The prophet armed: Trotsky, 1879–1921
13346:. Taylor & Francis. p. 398.
12960:
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12698:from the original on 23 November 2016
12688:"Leon Trotsky: Stalin Seeks My Death"
12603:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
12510:from the original on 21 November 2005
12466:
12445:, University of Nebraska Press, 1995.
12269:
12251:from the original on 23 November 2016
12165:from the original on 23 November 2016
12045:. Yale University Press. p. 25.
11960:
11848:. UK National Archives. 24 June 1929.
11824:from the original on 23 November 2016
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10980:
10968:
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10797:
10608:
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10550:
10357:
10313:. London: J. Cape. pp. 313–314.
10280:The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky
10091:Felshtinsky, Yuri (26 October 2010).
9527:
9525:
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8997:
8945:
8943:
8941:
8822:
8732:
8730:
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8460:
8404:
8298:
8296:
8223:A History of Russian Economic Thought
8167:
8159:
8151:
8112:The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky
8018:
7849:
7779:
7585:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
7453:
7198:in 1920, proposed armistice with the
6889:
6801:The History of the Russian Revolution
6597:for his role in the Red Army such as
6060:
5143:
4898:Revolutionary Communist International
4026:
4015:While in Mexico, Trotsky worked with
1400:1905 revolution and trial (1905–1906)
20965:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)
20216:"How We Made the October Revolution"
20072:Revolutionary Russia: New Approaches
20069:
19782:Leon Trotsky: A Revolutionary's Life
19757:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
19754:Leon Trotsky: A Revolutionary's Life
19730:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021b).
19564:Brouè, Pierre (1988). Fayard (ed.).
19505:Trotsky: Downfall of a Revolutionary
19376:McDermott, Kevin (23 January 2006).
19355:Mccauley, Martin (4 February 2014).
19202:
19103:
18590:
18050:
17919:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: 1–13.
17584:
17557:
17475:
16302:
16160:
15638:. Courier Corporation. p. 479.
15584:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 165.
15305:Medvedev, Roj Aleksandrovič (1989).
15024:
14997:
14977:. Progress Publishers. p. 682.
14944:Kuromiya, Hiroaki (16 August 2013).
14908:Bazhanov and the Damnation of Stalin
14776:Swain, Geoffrey (24 February 2014).
14668:Medvedev, Roj Aleksandrovič (1989).
14216:Bazhanov and the Damnation of Stalin
14186:Brackman, Roman (23 November 2004).
14105:Brackman, Roman (23 November 2004).
14051:Beilharz, Peter (19 November 2019).
13857:Gerson, Lennard (1 September 2013).
13681:Marriott, Emma (30 September 2011).
13633:. Yale University Press. p. 2.
13410:
13314:
13037:
12886:"Ramón Mercader, mission of silence"
12555:Trotsky: Downfall of a Revolutionary
12395:from the original on 6 November 2018
12325:Trotsky: Downfall of a Revolutionary
12282:from the original on 10 January 2017
12140:Trotsky in Norway: Exile, 1935–1937.
11787:from the original on 10 January 2017
11777:"Esteban Volkov: Return to Prinkipo"
11264:
10895:from the original on 18 January 2018
10389:
10225:
9957:
9956:; the letter was auctioned in 1990.
9800:
9611:
9605:
8979:from the original on 22 October 2014
8927:'Thermidor and anti-Semitism' (1937)
8495:
8143:
6836:, a socialist newsweekly, circa 1936
6407:holding a placard of Trotsky in 1968
5663:then he would have presided over an
5576:. He also served as a member of the
5564:because he was radically opposed to
5534:Trotsky with his second wife in 1932
5488:. He also had a notable interest in
5193:, and feared that he would suffer a
4797:League for Socialist Action (Canada)
4792:International Socialist Organization
3612:
3569:, together with his fellow activist
2367:supplied the front with this cement.
1958:) and local government (Trutovsky).
728:family in Ukraine, then part of the
61:
23725:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk negotiators
23550:People excommunicated by synagogues
20928:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
19803:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
19715:. Oak Park, MI: Mehring Books Inc.
19626:
19446:Leon Trotsky's Theory of Revolution
19319:La pensée politique de Leon Trotsky
19261:
18777:
18666:
18399:
18271:Shaffer, Brian W. (15 April 2008).
18224:Toronto International Film Festival
18098:Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015).
17753:Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015).
17459:"Trotsky: The Single Economic Plan"
17379:
17274:
17221:Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015).
17136:
16940:A Short History Of Soviet Socialism
16885:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
16868:
16674:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
16647:Deutscher, Isaac (6 January 2015).
16620:Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015).
16576:
16323:Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015).
16218:Trotsky in Norway: Exile, 1935–1937
16079:
15819:Volkogonov, Dmitri (18 June 2008).
15605:Kotkin, Stephen (23 October 2014).
15253:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
14880:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
14855:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
14803:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
14516:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
14385:
14244:. Mehring Books. pp. 440–441.
14240:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
13387:Revolution: An Intellectual History
13317:The twilight of Comintern 1930–1935
12113:Trotsky in Norway: Exile, 1935–1937
11417:
11320:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
11293:Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015).
11195:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021).
10481:Kotkin, Stephen (23 October 2014).
10376:
10327:
10277:Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015).
10250:Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2009).
10050:
8736:chapter XVII of his autobiography,
8604:
8472:
8339:from the original on 17 August 2017
8335:(in Ukrainian). 14 September 2007.
8109:Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015).
8022:(2004) . "Lenin Rearms the Party".
7496:respectively, are based on Trotsky.
6599:organising the defence of Petrograd
6559:in Petrograd with his spellbinding
6385:written by some historians such as
5796:outweighed his desire for personal
5580:for the initial Congress sessions.
5539:the October revolution in the 1917
5465:Trotsky delivering a speech at the
5458:, the party and the working class.
4893:League for the Fourth International
4873:International Socialist Alternative
4734:Socialist Party (England and Wales)
3411:Trotsky addresses a meeting in the
2948:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
2765:, lost their leadership positions.
2548:(War Commissar) Trotsky authorized
2230:voted 7–4 on 23 February 1918; the
1664:and decided to break away from the
1572:In Vienna, Trotsky became close to
1503:was already functioning, headed by
1338:succeeded in convening the party's
801:(Defence Minister); he founded the
24:
23625:Russian anti–World War I activists
23565:People from Yelisavetgradsky Uyezd
21050:Council of the People's Commissars
20596:The Stalin School of Falsification
20034:Trotsky, the Eternal Revolutionary
19954:Trotsky and the Russian Revolution
19898:10.1227/01.NEU.0000371968.27560.6C
18984:. Random House. pp. 796–797.
18978:Figes, Orlando (26 January 2017).
18614:Trotsky: Towards October 1879–1917
18298:Gardner, Colin (11 January 2019).
17832:"Leon Trotsky's Theory of Fascism"
17541:"Documents of the 1923 opposition"
16937:Sandle, Mark (16 September 2003).
16356:. Faber & Faber. p. 110.
16350:Patenaude, Bertrand (6 May 2010).
16242:Benton, Gregor (24 January 2020).
16080:Roy, James Charles (31 May 2024).
16053:Gregson, John (11 December 2018).
15901:Alexander, Robert Jackson (1991).
15798:. Reaktion Books. pp. 1–100.
15004:. Anthem Press. pp. 237–238.
14998:Moss, Walter G. (1 October 2004).
14779:Trotsky and the Russian Revolution
13707:
13384:Traverso, Enzo (19 October 2021).
12770:. New York: New American Library.
11707:Maxim Gorky: A Political Biography
11466:. 22 November 2018. Archived from
11344:Chapter VIII of Boris Souvarine's
10663:from the original on 23 April 2010
10582:Reese, Roger R. (3 October 2023).
10340:Wilde, Robert. 2019 February 20. "
9522:
9088:Lenin: 123. To Alexandra Kollontai
9016:10.1111/j.1467-8497.1975.tb01151.x
8938:
8727:
8293:
7704:Variations on the Death of Trotsky
7549:Variations on the Death of Trotsky
7377:He would later co-author the 1938
7210:United front and theory of fascism
6329:-era rehabilitation of most other
5615:The Stalin School of Falsification
4829:Workers Party of the United States
4626:Minneapolis general strike of 1934
2239:Head of the Red Army (spring 1918)
1990:is locked and guarded by Trotsky,
1419:On Sunday, 9 January 1905, Father
1412:), when a strike broke out at the
25:
23741:
20706:List of Trotskyist internationals
20635:The Spanish Revolution, 1931-1939
20580:History of the Russian Revolution
20144:
19609:Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime
18936:Dunn, Bill; Radice, Hugo (2006).
18699:The Russian Revolution, 1917-1945
18562:Hitler and Stalin: parallel lives
18104:. Verso Books. pp. 729–730.
18051:Bird, Robert (1 September 2018).
17759:. Verso Books. pp. 472–473.
17667:. Wellred Books. pp. 50–151.
16723:Thatcher, Ian D. (27 June 2005).
16462:Modern Latin American Revolutions
16380:Thatcher, Ian D. (27 June 2005).
16270:. Reaktion Books. pp. 1–30.
16215:Hoidal, Oddvar (1 October 2013).
16161:Wald, Alan M. (10 October 2017).
16107:Wilde, Lawrence (30 April 2016).
15999:Luxemburg, Rosa (15 March 2022).
15545:. Psychology Press. p. 168.
15123:Getty, J. Arch (27 August 2013).
14647:. Reaktion Books. pp. 1–30.
14495:. Mehring Books. pp. 85–98.
13950:Trenton, Russell (15 July 2015).
13863:. Hoover Press. pp. 50–216.
13200:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
12637:from the original on 23 July 2018
12195:from the original on 15 July 2018
11668:. 2 December 2015. Archived from
11439:. Garden City Books. p. 215.
11239:The Campaign Against "Trotskyism"
11011:Hitler and Stalin: parallel lives
10916:V. I͡U. Cherni͡aev, "Trotsky" in
10563:from the original on 4 March 2016
10283:. Verso Books. pp. 339–340.
9069:CPGB: Stalin: "Slander and Truth"
8220:Barnett, Vincent (7 March 2013).
7772:Lev "Leyba" Davidovich Bronshteyn
7620:List of Trotskyist internationals
7516:The 8-episode biographical drama
7272:from ascending to political power
7235:: What it is and how to fight it"
7228:Leon Trotsky's original pamphlet
6976:. Rather, he proposed the use of
4987:List of Trotskyist internationals
4719:Socialist Alternative (Australia)
4509:History of the Russian Revolution
3963:History of the Russian Revolution
3603:Axis invasion of the Soviet Union
3206:and the Central Committee of the
3129:Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks
1867:Trotsky sided with Lenin against
1805:. He was detained for a month at
1786:of 1917 led to the abdication of
878:in 1938 as an alternative to the
23670:Russian people of Jewish descent
23595:People of the Russian Revolution
23570:People killed in NKVD operations
23345:Assassinated Russian politicians
23277:
23265:
23253:
23241:
23229:
23217:
23205:
23193:
23181:
23169:
21688:People's Commissars for the Navy
21638:
21060:Military Revolutionary Committee
20791:Articles related to Leon Trotsky
20548:Towards Socialism or Capitalism?
20462:
20274:
20107:Trotsky: Fate of a Revolutionary
19971:Swain, Geoffrey (22 May 2014b).
19636:Studies in East European Thought
19262:Lee, Stephen J. (20 June 2005).
19226:Stalin: The Glasnost Revelations
19203:Kort, Michael G. (18 May 2015).
19043:Leon Trotsky: His Life and Ideas
18650:The Great Terror: A Reassessment
18532:Studies in East European Thought
18345:
18318:
18291:
18264:
18237:
18212:
18162:Eagleton, Terry (7 March 2013).
18155:
18130:
18091:
18057:Studies in East European Thought
18044:
18030:. Haymarket Books. p. 204.
18017:
17997:Global Social Challenges Journal
17984:
17967:
17941:
17904:
17878:
17823:
17798:
17773:
17746:
17734:from the original on 29 May 2013
17714:
17671:
17661:Woods, Alan; Grant, Ted (1976).
17654:
17637:
17612:
17595:
17578:
17551:
17533:
17496:
17469:
17451:
17424:
17373:
17322:
17241:
17214:
17196:
17169:
17142:
17111:
17078:
17039:
17019:Medina, Eden (10 January 2014).
17011:
16984:
16957:
16930:
16903:
16878:
16815:
16768:
16743:
16716:
16678:. Mehring Books. pp. 1–15.
16667:
16613:
16586:
16531:
16504:
16479:
16459:Selbin, Eric (7 February 2018).
16452:
16425:
16400:
16343:
16316:
16264:Blanc, Paul Le (15 April 2015).
16235:
16208:
16181:
16167:. UNC Press Books. p. 157.
16154:
16127:
16100:
16073:
16046:
16019:
15992:
15965:
15938:
15919:
15894:
15867:
15812:
15792:Blanc, Paul Le (15 April 2015).
15785:
15766:
15754:
15743:"Leon Trotsky's Personal Papers"
15735:
15708:
15625:
15598:
15571:
15532:
15505:
15478:
15439:
15404:
15377:
15350:
15323:
15298:
15284:. New York: Knopf. p. 373.
15271:
15246:
15219:
15182:
15155:
15116:
15099:
15072:
15045:
15018:
14991:
14964:
14937:
14898:
14873:
14848:
14821:
14796:
14769:
14730:
14713:
14699:. New York: Knopf. p. 499.
14686:
14661:
14641:Blanc, Paul Le (15 April 2015).
14634:
14509:
14482:
14379:
14352:
14325:
14300:
14280:Magill, Frank N. (13 May 2013).
14273:
14233:
14206:
14179:
14152:
14125:
14098:
14071:
14044:
14005:
13982:
13943:
13901:
13850:
13823:
13781:
13720:
13710:"Telegram to V. I. Lenin (1917)"
13701:
13674:
13647:
13620:
13603:
13576:
13515:
13488:
13454:Studies in East European Thought
13441:
13404:
13377:
13360:
13333:
13307:
13268:
13229:
13190:
13122:
13095:
13078:How the Soviet Union is Governed
13068:
13031:
13004:
12954:
12929:
12904:
12878:
12850:
12826:
12759:
12723:
12710:
12680:
12661:
12617:
12590:
12547:
12522:
12496:
12472:
12448:
12431:
12407:
12377:
12364:
12294:
12263:
12233:
12177:
12105:
12067:
12034:
12016:
11998:
11980:
11966:
11939:
11898:Studies in Comparative Communism
11878:
11852:
11836:
11768:
11654:
11645:
11611:
11577:
11543:
11530:
11517:
11504:
11482:
11456:
11443:
11426:
11411:
11398:
11385:
11382:. Oxford University Press, 1965.
11372:
11359:
11338:
11313:
11286:
11251:
11226:
11213:
11188:
11148:
11127:
11106:
11084:
11040:
10874:
10857:
10838:
10826:
10803:
10769:
10741:
10719:
10699:
10645:
10602:
10575:
10544:
10531:
10501:
10474:
10425:"Bolsheviks Shooting Anarchists"
10390:Bird, Danny (5 September 2018).
10351:
10270:
10243:
10197:
10158:
10133:
10044:
10019:
9994:
9979:
9932:
9679:The Soviet Revolution, 1917-1939
9676:Abramovitch, Raphael R. (1985).
7981:
7971:
7956:
7941:
7927:
7917:
7898:
7885:
7794:
7640:Primitive socialist accumulation
7407:
7398:
7145:of the Central Committee to the
5992:
5983:
5633:, and the extent of terroristic
5239:
5071:
5059:
5047:
4888:Internationalist Communist Union
4878:International Socialist Tendency
4869:International Revolutionary Left
4764:Workers Revolutionary Party (UK)
4663:1970s Hong Kong student protests
4087:
2025:
1969:Russian Revolution and aftermath
1954:), post offices and telegraphs (
1905:Military Revolutionary Committee
1773:and the Yiddish-language daily,
1563:Austrian Social Democratic Party
1396:), a "scoundrel" and a "swine".
1196:region. They had two daughters,
958:Childhood and family (1879–1895)
793:, by which Russia withdrew from
543:
524:
458:
269:Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet
81:to read and navigate comfortably
66:
23590:People of the Russian Civil War
23585:People of the Polish–Soviet War
23405:Soviet people of Jewish descent
23330:20th-century Russian historians
21649:People's Commissars for Defence
20955:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
19503:Patenaude, Bertrand M. (2010).
18761:Trotsky, Stalin & Socialism
18425:
18331:. Springer Nature. p. 51.
17925:10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0721
17836:Journal of Contemporary History
17650:. Merit Publishers. p. 96.
17608:. Wellred Books. pp. 1–50.
17476:Nove, Alec (12 November 2012).
17329:Twiss, Thomas M. (8 May 2014).
17290:Twiss, Thomas M. (8 May 2014).
17182:. Verso Books. pp. 32–66.
17149:Trotsky, Leon (25 March 2019).
17085:White, James D. (3 July 2021).
16991:Twiss, Thomas M. (8 May 2014).
16964:Twiss, Thomas M. (8 May 2014).
16943:. Routledge. pp. 151–171.
16775:Patenaude, Bertrand M. (2011).
16538:Swain, Geoffrey (22 May 2014).
15387:Russia in the twentieth century
15025:Suny, Ronald (25 August 2020).
14974:Selected Works in Three Volumes
14971:Lenin, Vladimir Ilʹich (1970).
14162:Russia in the twentieth century
12720:(Oct 1971), pp. 697–707 online.
12437:André Breton and Leon Trotsky,
12155:"Leon Trotsky in Norway (1936)"
11946:L. Trotsky (15 November 1931).
11775:Oxley, Greg (1 February 2004).
11621:A history of Russia: Since 1855
11538:J. Stalin on Chinese Revolution
11280:; Glossary of organizations on
11234:The Struggle for the New Course
11047:Ceplair, Larry (21 July 2020).
9958:Pyle, Richard (23 March 1990).
9900:
9868:
9847:
9825:
9819:; Glossary of organizations on
9773:
9725:
9703:
9686:
9669:
9652:
9633:
9574:
9490:
9465:
9435:
9401:
9382:
9349:
9330:
9278:
9257:
9224:
9146:
9125:
9112:
9081:
9062:
9049:
9030:
8991:
8965:"The Bolshevik–Menshevik Split"
8956:
8919:
8899:
8876:
8764:
8700:
8663:
8598:
8552:
8526:
8489:
8466:
8425:
8321:
8252:
8213:
7760:Лев "Лейба" Давидович Бронштейн
7666:Uneven and combined development
7383:with the signed endorsement of
7304:Uneven and combined development
7298:Uneven and combined development
7105:Man, Controller of the Universe
6962:Council of the National Economy
5727:as an area of differentiation.
5696:high levels of human casualties
5348:Personality and characteristics
5183:
5178:Federal Bureau of Investigation
4729:Socialist Equality Party (U.S.)
4199:Uneven and combined development
4144:Decentralized economic planning
3936:. She later presented him with
3726:. The philosopher and activist
3674:dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
3341:A year in the wilderness (1925)
2510:destruction of the bourgeoisie.
2405:assassination attempts on Lenin
1728:As a war correspondent for the
785:, Trotsky was appointed as the
478:
454:
83:. When this tag was added, its
23675:Russian people murdered abroad
21489:German Revolution of 1918–1919
21030:Russian Provisional Government
20258:Works by or about Leon Trotsky
20093:Wieczynski, Joseph L. (1976).
19916:Life and Death of Leon Trotsky
19507:. New York: Harper Perennial.
19411:10.1080/00085006.1961.11417867
19005:. Oxford University Press US.
18165:Marxism and Literary Criticism
17602:Trotsky, Leon (2 March 2023).
17254:. Mehring Books. p. 218.
16889:. Mehring Books. p. 358.
16781:The American Historical Review
16005:. Verso Books. p. xviii.
15951:. Berghahn Books. p. 86.
15822:Trotsky: Eternal Revolutionary
15773:В. В. Иофе. Осмысление Гулага.
15632:Trotsky, Leon (5 April 2012).
15578:Douds, Lara (22 August 2019).
15518:. Rosetta Books. p. 127.
15330:Watson, Derek (27 July 2016).
14884:. Mehring Books. p. 225.
14596:. Springer. pp. 231–255.
14520:. Mehring Books. p. 381.
14332:Kenez, Peter (13 March 1999).
12967:. Chelsea House. p. 106.
12936:Mahoney, Harry Thayer (1998).
12553:Patenaude, Bertrand M. (2009)
12323:Patenaude, Bertrand M. (2009)
11199:. Mehring Books. p. 272.
10551:Lenin, Vladimir Ilych (1919).
10256:. Mehring Books. p. 376.
9408:Perritt, Henry H. Jr. (2010).
8102:
8072:
8065:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
8052:
8012:
7787:
7751:
7742:
7595:Group of Democratic Centralism
7364:Freudian psychoanalytic theory
6261:In 1923, the historic town of
6219:to mitigate the growth of the
5921:in the background, 1 May 1920.
4865:International Communist League
4817:Socialist Workers Party (U.S.)
4019:and Diego Rivera to write the
2927:Council of People's Commissars
2739:Trade union debate (1920–1921)
2593:Trotsky with Lenin and Kamenev
2532:The first use of the punitive
2480:"to introduce mass terror" in
2320:Bolsheviks' Chinese supporters
2112:Left Socialist Revolutionaries
2095:region, and newly independent
1940:Left Socialist Revolutionaries
1873:Russian Provisional Government
1715:The War and the International,
1668:, and formed a new party, the
1567:German Social Democratic Party
1482:After his return, Trotsky and
1386:, based on the character from
1087:Lev Davidovich Bronstein, 1897
966:8-year-old Lev Bronstein, 1888
705:during the early years of the
651:Revolutionary Military Council
566:Central institution membership
13:
1:
23660:Russian expatriates in Norway
23655:Russian expatriates in Mexico
23560:People from Kirovohrad Oblast
21967:Vasily and Andrey Shchelkalov
21746:Ministers of the Armed Forces
21154:Socialist Revolutionary Party
20901:Ukrainian War of Independence
20296:(Minister of Foreign Affairs)
20109:. New York: Stein & Day.
19448:. Brighton: Harvester Press.
19182:Patenaude, Bertrand (2010b).
19106:The Basic Writings of Trotsky
19073:. New York: Merit Publishers.
18591:Carr, Edward Hallett (1978).
18439:Ackerman, Kenneth D. (2017).
18378:"Struggling for soul-cialism"
17981:, Vol. 4 No. 2, 1991, p. 237.
17913:"Uneven Regional Development"
17585:Carr, Edward Hallett (1970).
17564:. Routledge. pp. 1–150.
17558:Kemp, Tom (14 January 2014).
17482:. Routledge. pp. 89–90.
17227:. Verso Books. p. 1348.
17176:Mandel, Ernest (5 May 2020).
17104:10.1080/09546545.2021.1983938
16329:. Verso Books. p. 1283.
16248:www.historicalmaterialism.org
15874:Kelly, John (14 March 2018).
15257:. Mehring Books. p. 58.
14859:. Mehring Books. p. 49.
14807:. Mehring Books. p. 57.
14057:. Routledge. pp. 1–206.
14018:. Mehring Books. p. 45.
13583:Heijenoort, Jean Van (1978).
13315:Carr, Edward Hallett (1986).
12845:Militant International Review
11910:10.1016/S0039-3592(77)80006-9
11587:Moscow and Chinese Communists
11453:, Moscow, Sovremennik, 1991.
10971:, Document 103 (22 May 1922).
9988:The Trotsky Papers, 1917–1922
9918:Rand School of Social Science
9445:The War and the International
8774: (1937, reprinted 1968).
8288:Kivelson & Neuberger 2008
8006:
5655:brought to prominence by the
4937:Revolutionary Workers Ferment
4927:Fourth International Posadist
4883:International Workers' League
4591:Joseph Stalin's rise to power
4119:Critique of political economy
3926:La Casa Azul (The Blue House)
3420:United Opposition (1926–1927)
2937:
2514:
2390:
1864:25 September] 1917.
1525:Second emigration (1907–1914)
1124:after leaving modern school.
900:Written out of Soviet history
590:Central Committee of AUCP(b)
39:Eastern Slavic naming customs
23335:20th-century Russian writers
22105:Andreas Eberhard von Budberg
21065:Russian Constituent Assembly
20960:Red Army invasion of Georgia
20945:Estonian War of Independence
20651:In Defence of Marxism (book)
20177:The Contradiction of Trotsky
20128:. Rowman & Littlefield.
19824:. Cambridge: Belknap Press.
19751:Rubenstein, Joshua (2011a).
19713:1937 Stalin's Year of Terror
19321:(in French). La Découverte.
19209:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 166.
18999:Fitzpatrick, Sheila (2008).
18862:Trotsky: The Prophet Outcast
18843:Trotsky: The Prophet Unarmed
18738:Daniels, Robert V. (2008b).
18696:D'Agostino, Anthony (2011).
18652:. Oxford University Pgress.
17830:Wistrich, Robert S. (1976).
16626:. Verso Books. p. 293.
16386:. Routledge. pp. 1–30.
15384:Dziewanowski, M. K. (2003).
15052:Edele, Mark (11 June 2020).
14159:Dziewanowski, M. K. (2003).
13794:. Verso. pp. 109, 472.
13616:. Hill and Wang. p. 61.
12857:Australian Associated Press,
12834:The Assassination of Trotsky
12270:Woods, Alan (30 June 2003).
12041:Thurston, Robert W. (1996).
11666:Topography of Terror, Moscow
11584:Robert Carver North (1963).
11299:. Verso Books. p. 735.
10653:"Lost leaders: Leon Trotsky"
9986:Meijer, Jan M., ed. (1964).
9498:Christian Rakovsky biography
8953:. Courier Corporation, 2007.
8571:Albert S. Lindemann (2000).
8115:. Verso Books. p. 605.
7685:The Assassination of Trotsky
7502:The Assassination of Trotsky
7448:Stalin's policy in the 1930s
7202:and temperance with staging
7185:proletarian internationalism
7030:Trotsky as president of the
6530:. Bolshevik figures such as
6257:, where his ashes are buried
6156:Chairman of the Soviet Union
5333:"for the special deed". The
5260:. According to Sudoplatov's
4739:Socialist Workers Party (UK)
4724:Socialist Alternative (U.S.)
4714:Socialist Action (Hong Kong)
4169:Proletarian internationalism
3509:Defeat and exile (1927–1928)
3120:Marquess Curzon of Kedleston
2460:was tasked with rooting out
2383:on parole in 1918 after the
2251:during the civil war in 1920
1326:Split with Lenin (1903–1904)
856:against Stalin's theory of "
854:proletarian internationalism
638:Russian Constituent Assembly
7:
23375:Foreign ministers of Russia
23350:Assassinated Mexican people
21942:Foreign ministers of Russia
21509:Workers' Councils in Poland
21107:Ukrainian People's Republic
20950:Latvian War of Independence
20273:(public domain audiobooks)
20207:20th Century Press Archives
20032:Volkogonov, Dmitri (1996).
19881:"The Death of Leon Trotsky"
19801:Schapiro, Leonard (1970) .
19780:Rubenstein, Joshua (2013).
19612:. A.A. Knopf. p. 469.
19296:Lewin, Moshe (4 May 2005).
19265:Stalin and the Soviet Union
19167:. Oxford University Press.
18860:Deutscher, Isaac (2003c) .
18841:Deutscher, Isaac (2003b) .
18410:. New York: Vintage Books.
17619:Buldakov, Vladimir (1992).
17335:. BRILL. pp. 105–106.
17048:"Leon Trotsky as Historian"
15031:. Verso Books. p. 59.
14834:. OUP Oxford. p. 137.
14286:. Routledge. p. 3728.
14078:Rubenstein, Joshua (2011).
13522:Buldakov, Vladimir (1992).
13390:. Verso Books. p. 68.
13239:Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy
13236:Volkogonov, Dmitri (2000).
12344:Kettenmann, Andrea (2003).
12304:. New York: HarperCollins.
10883:"Trotsky Protests too Much"
10757:. 1 January 1920. p. 1
10348:. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
9733:"Treaties of Brest-Litovsk"
9057:М.S. М.Е.Saltykov-Shchedrin
8963:Cavendish, Richard (2003).
8609:. Marxists Internet Archive
8477:. Marxists Internet Archive
7909:in late 1920 or early 1921:
7841:
7771:
7562:
6637:proportional representation
6433:Vietnam Solidarity Campaign
6339:General Prosecutor's Office
6283:Russian Communist Party (b)
6187:in effect Lenin's successor
6080:Council of National Economy
5723:, gradual approach towards
5229:, and enjoy it to the full.
4812:Socialist Appeal (UK, 1992)
4787:International Marxist Group
4782:Communist League of America
4643:Proletarian Military Policy
3006:Left opposition (1923–1924)
2889:, would not succeed Lenin.
2862:Lenin's illness (1922–1923)
2745:Trade-union debate (Russia)
1545:While en route to exile in
1354:, which had co-founded the
1192:and the Verkholensk in the
991:, who also grew up to be a
688:, and establishment of the
611:Central Committee of RSDLP
93:content into sub-articles,
10:
23746:
23700:Soviet emigrants to Mexico
23695:Soviet emigrants to France
23690:Soviet democracy activists
21726:People's Commissar for the
21585:Military and Naval Affairs
21529:Belarusian-Soviet conflict
21171:General Jewish Labour Bund
21040:Pro-independence movements
19466:In Defense of Leon Trotsky
19358:The Soviet Union 1917-1991
19283:Levine, Isaac Don (1960).
19247:. London: Reaktion Books.
18879:Deutscher, Isaac (2015a).
18824:Trotsky: The Prophet Armed
18759:Daniels, Robert V (1991).
18490:Barnett, Vincent (2013b).
18429:
17848:10.1177/002200947601100409
17588:A History of Soviet Russia
17503:Gueullette, Agota (1992).
17296:. BRILL. pp. 88–113.
17118:Leon Trotsky (July 1933).
17046:Wolfe, Bertram D. (1961).
17025:. MIT Press. p. 292.
16729:. Routledge. p. 102.
16438:. Routledge. p. 114.
16194:. CRC Press. p. 123.
16140:. Routledge. p. 114.
16032:. Routledge. p. 242.
15880:. Routledge. p. iii.
15106:Schapiro, Leonard (1967).
14192:. Routledge. p. 135.
14111:. Routledge. p. 129.
13914:. Routledge. p. 245.
13627:Roberts, Geoffrey (2022).
13319:. Macmillan. p. 433.
13129:Engelstein, Laura (2018).
12910:Don Levine, Isaac (1960),
12302:A Biography of Frida Kahlo
12241:"The Moscow "Confessions""
12215:"En sensasjonell rettssak"
11892:Bulletin of the Opposition
11103:, Marxist Internet Archive
10095:. New York: Enigma Books.
9949:Macmillan and Co., Limited
8916:, Marxist Internet Archive
8749:, Marxist Internet Archive
8226:. Routledge. p. 101.
7645:Russian Revolution of 1905
7546:wrote a short play titled
7301:
7213:
7087:
7078:policy of collectivisation
6893:
6878:and free elections of the
6848:. Trotsky also adhered to
6811:
6804:for wider historiography.
6230:
5890:
5608:
5439:Soviet collapse after 1989
5115:
4616:Bloc of Soviet Oppositions
4134:Degenerated workers' state
3978:degenerated workers' state
3928:, the home of the painter
3785:, from 19 September 1935.
3672:was wrong to describe the
3661:Bulletin of the Opposition
3226:After Lenin's death (1924)
3048:Central Control Commission
3009:
2772:
2742:
2286:
2046:Brest-Litovsk negotiations
2029:
2020:secret treaty arrangements
1565:and, occasionally, of the
1557:. In October, he moved to
1388:Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin
1302:In late 1902, Trotsky met
1168:
910:for his defense of a more
872:degenerated workers' state
37:In this name that follows
36:
29:
23640:Russian communist writers
23575:People murdered in Mexico
23410:Jewish Soviet politicians
23120:
23084:
23017:
22981:
22914:
22878:
22811:
22765:
22693:
22647:
22565:
22519:
22412:
22351:
22277:
22201:
22178:
22135:Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky
22030:
21952:
21829:
21800:
21782:
21745:
21725:
21686:
21647:
21636:
21581:
21499:Hungarian Soviet Republic
21476:
21414:
21376:
21343:
21275:
21232:
21204:
21186:
21179:
21117:
21017:
20888:
20875:Kerensky–Krasnov uprising
20847:
20840:
20796:
20730:
20701:Leon Trotsky House Museum
20661:
20524:Literature and Revolution
20478:Leon Trotsky bibliography
20470:
20421:
20412:
20404:
20394:
20385:
20377:
20367:
20358:
20350:
20345:
20335:
20326:
20318:
20308:
20299:
20289:
20284:
20233:Marxists Internet Archive
20124:Wolfe, Bertram D (2001).
20051:Warth, Robert D. (1978).
19992:Thatcher, Ian D. (2003).
19952:Swain, Geoffrey (2014a).
19784:. Yale University Press.
19711:Rogovin, Vadim Z (1998).
19591:. Yale University Press.
19549:. Heinemann. p. 23.
19484:Parrish, Michael (1996).
19163:Knei-Paz, Baruch (1979).
19148:. Yale University Press.
19127:. Yale University Press.
19026:. Yale University Press.
18898:Deutscher, Isaac (1966).
18784:Studies in Soviet Thought
18744:. Yale University Press.
18648:Conquest, Robert (1992).
18586:. Macmillan. p. 199.
18565:. London: HarperCollins.
18544:10.1007/s11212-005-3677-z
18192:Knei-Paz, Baruch (1978).
18168:. Routledge. p. 20.
18069:10.1007/s11212-018-9304-6
18027:Literature and Revolution
17124:Marxists Internet Archive
16861:Payne & Phillips 2013
16583:, pp. 674–676, 1558.
16244:"Lu Xun and Leon Trotsky"
16113:. Springer. p. 121.
16059:. Springer. p. 186.
15945:Birchall, Ian H. (2004).
15761:Leon Trotsky exile papers
15485:Deutscher, Isaac (1959).
15357:Deutscher, Isaac (1965).
15112:. Hutchinson. p. 48.
15085:. Verso. pp. 77–78.
15079:Deutscher, Isaac (2003).
14950:. Routledge. p. 60.
14782:. Routledge. p. 89.
14720:Deutscher, Isaac (1954).
14359:Deutscher, Isaac (2003).
14132:Deutscher, Isaac (1959).
13788:Deutscher, Isaac (2003).
13613:Revolutionary Silhouettes
13466:10.1007/s11212-005-3677-z
13448:Blackledge, Paul (2006).
13417:The Algebra of Revolution
13367:Deutscher, Isaac (1954).
13102:Deutscher, Isaac (1965).
12766:Isaac Don Levine (1960).
12557:New York: HarperCollins;
12327:New York: HarperCollins.
11742:Feofanov & Barry 1995
11550:Peter Gue Zarrow (2005).
11378:Preobrazhensky, Yevgeni.
11232:Quoted in Max Shachtman.
10867:Trotsky Protests Too Much
10487:. Penguin Books Limited.
10183:10.1080/09668136308410353
10058:Marxists Internet Archive
9693:Deutscher, Isaac (1954).
9659:Deutscher, Isaac (1954).
9646:Internet Marxists Archive
9621:In One And The Same Issue
9395:Marxists Internet Archive
9343:Internet Marxists Archive
9230:Quoted in Chapter XIV of
8905:Quoted in chapter XII of
8895:The Columbia Encyclopedia
8713:. AMS Press. p. 68.
8518:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
8498:"On Meeting with Trotsky"
7863:
7851:[ˈlʲefˈtrotskʲɪj]
7829:
7759:
7615:Leon Trotsky bibliography
7359:Literature and Revolution
7349:Literature and Revolution
7025:agricultural cooperatives
6960:, deputy chairman of the
6683:Leon Trotsky House Museum
6425:wide variety of countries
6304:Leon Trotsky House Museum
6291:
6278:
6245:Leon Trotsky bibliography
6226:
6151:Marian Kamil Dziewanowski
6041:Problems of Everyday Life
5521:Social Democratic leaders
5256:, who, in turn, co-opted
4982:Leon Trotsky bibliography
4479:Literature and Revolution
4290:Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko
4114:Bureaucratic collectivism
3856:
3752:
3709:
3617:
3248:thirteenth Party Congress
2674:were defeated during the
2385:Kerensky–Krasnov uprising
2194:favor an agreement. (...)
2121:Territory lost under the
2014:previously signed by the
1911:After the success of the
1854:uprising by Lavr Kornilov
1615:Russian Central Committee
1613:. Trotsky approached the
1555:5th Congress of the RSDLP
1127:Trotsky briefly attended
904:politically rehabilitated
659:
636:1917–1918: Member of the
562:
532:
520:
491:
433:
404:
381:
376:Leon Trotsky House Museum
371:
364:Manner of death
363:
346:
318:
313:
309:
297:
285:
274:
267:
255:
243:
235:
224:
217:
205:
193:
172:
161:
154:
150:
138:
131:
124:
21987:Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin
21494:Bavarian Soviet Republic
21484:Revolutions of 1917–1923
20628:Writings of Leon Trotsky
20612:The Transitional Program
20572:The Permanent Revolution
20346:Awards and achievements
20222:
19933:Swain, Geoffrey (2006).
19858:Service, Robert (2009).
19843:. Macmillan Publishers.
19839:Service, Robert (2010).
19820:Service, Robert (2005).
19543:Phillips, Steve (2000).
19399:Canadian Slavonic Papers
19268:. Routledge. p. 8.
19224:Laqueur, Walter (1990).
19087:Harvard University Press
19020:Getty, J. Arch (2013b).
18778:Day, Richard B. (1990).
18717:Daniels, Robert (1993).
18702:. ABC-CLIO. p. 67.
18511:Beilharz, Peter (1987).
17805:Ticktin, Hillel (1992).
17727:World Socialist Web Site
17380:Day, Richard B. (1973).
17358:, pp. 507–508, 585.
16997:. BRILL. pp. 1–15.
16970:. BRILL. pp. 1–15.
16544:. Routledge. p. 3.
15948:Sartre Against Stalinism
15688:
15660:
15539:Brackman, Roman (2001).
15336:. Springer. p. 25.
14386:Day, Richard B. (1973).
13425:10.4324/9780203983171-12
13242:. Phoenix. p. 228.
12865:2 September 2007 at the
12806:Soto-Pérez-de-Celis 2010
12485:14 November 2010 at the
12420:11 December 2017 at the
12300:Herrera, Hayden (1983).
12185:"Leon Trotsky in Norway"
11992:Stanforddailyarchive.com
10850:21 November 2007 at the
10784:10 December 2005 at the
10712:26 February 2006 at the
10358:Kline, George L (1992).
10307:Liebman, Marcel (1975).
10140:Hanebrink, Paul (2018).
9947:(1st ed.). London:
9941:Wheeler-Bennett, John W.
9888:(Second part): 113. 1918
9861:25 November 2005 at the
9840:25 November 2005 at the
9780:Service, Robert (2005).
9760:Jewishvirtuallibrary.org
9738:Encyclopaedia Britannica
8998:Weber, Nicholas (1975).
8932:29 November 2005 at the
8912:21 November 2005 at the
8772:The Case of Leon Trotsky
8745:19 November 2005 at the
7735:
7542:Satirist and playwright
7156:The Permanent Revolution
7054:industrialization period
6908:The Transitional Program
6874:, the revitalization of
6731:dogmatization of Marxism
6635:parties on the basis of
6441:Anti Poll Tax Federation
6253:Leon Trotsky's grave in
6241:The Fourth International
5570:First Comintern Congress
5467:University of Copenhagen
5331:Hero of the Soviet Union
5022:Socialist Equality Party
4822:Young Socialist Alliance
3833:The Moscow "Confessions"
3599:Medvedev Forest massacre
3584:There Should Be No Mercy
3122:in 1923, in a parody of
2981:, already infuriated by
2496:attempted to assassinate
2423:was enacted. The French
2337:from European Russia to
1486:took over the newspaper
1112:), he initially opposed
860:". Trotsky's theory of "
858:socialism in one country
783:Lenin's first government
666:Lev Davidovich Bronstein
607:1910–1912: Full member,
600:1923–1924: Full member,
593:1919–1920: Full member,
582:1917–1927: Full member,
571:1917–1927: Full member,
323:Lev Davidovich Bronstein
32:Trotsky (disambiguation)
23680:Russian revolutionaries
23665:Russian Marxist writers
23380:Historians of communism
22055:Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin
21583:People's Commissars for
20911:Kiev Bolshevik Uprising
20768:Aleksandra Sokolovskaya
20588:The Revolution Betrayed
20516:Terrorism and Communism
20164:by Dimitri Prieto from
19956:. New York: Routledge.
19648:10.1023/A:1008651325136
19606:Pipes, Richard (1993).
19587:Pipes, Richard (1996).
19444:Molyneux, John (1981).
19336:Mandel, Ernest (1995).
19317:Mandel, Ernest (1980).
19285:The Mind of an Assassin
19243:Le Blanc, Paul (2015).
19069:Hansen, Joseph (1969).
19060:Hallas, Duncan (1979).
19041:Gilbert, Helen (2003).
18940:. London: Pluto Press.
18921:. Bloomsbury Academic.
18559:Bullock, Alan (1991b).
17898:International Socialism
16750:Broue., Pierre (1992).
15975:On Stalin and Stalinism
15932:International Socialism
15278:Pipes, Richard (1995).
15226:Figes, Orlando (1997).
15189:Reiman, Michal (1992).
14693:Pipes, Richard (1990).
14466:The Trotsky reappraisal
13729:The Trotsky reappraisal
13495:Figes, Orlando (1997).
13281:. OUP USA. p. 74.
13014:The Insurgent Barricade
13011:Traugott, Mark (2010).
12912:The Mind of an Assassin
12768:The Mind of an Assassin
12350:. Taschen. p. 41.
11861:"Biulleten' oppozitsii"
11245:9 February 2006 at the
10609:Figes, Orlando (1990).
10559:. Progress Publishers.
10165:Bradley, J.F.L (1963).
9586:Encyclopedia Britannica
9472:Fischer, Louis (2001).
9093:10 January 2013 at the
8672:The Trotsky reappraisal
7907:his feelings to Kamenev
7842:Lev Davidovich Trotskiy
7520:debuted on the Russian
7314:international relations
7291:International Socialism
7286:Socialist Workers Party
7268:Social-Democratic party
7125:tasks passes over into
7108:) depicts Trotsky with
6681:Bust of Trotsky at the
6595:Order of the Red Banner
6107:, party reform and the
6088:Communist International
6004:first Soviet government
5725:agricultural production
5319:Socialist Workers Party
5208:dialectical materialist
4977:Johnson–Forest Tendency
4694:Lanka Sama Samaja Party
4519:The Revolution Betrayed
4469:Terrorism and Communism
4129:Deformed workers' state
4010:Chinese Communist Party
4001:Socialist Workers Party
3969:The Revolution Betrayed
3924:area of Mexico City at
3792:with his articles, the
3783:Oslo Community Hospital
3670:Communist International
3453:, on 12 February 1912.
2936:Trotsky with Rakovsky,
2696:
2631:
2489:Socialist Revolutionary
2446:Terrorism and Communism
2293:
2263:and commander-in-chief
2232:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2123:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2054:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2032:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1986:on 6 January 1918. The
1982:The dissolution of the
1807:Amherst Internment Camp
1801:officials in Canada at
1704:World War I (1914–1917)
1501:Saint Petersburg Soviet
1262:, and other editors of
1118:Aleksandra Sokolovskaya
1033:diminutive of the name
934:and suppression of the
867:The Revolution Betrayed
791:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
760:Saint Petersburg Soviet
707:Russian Soviet Republic
443:Aleksandra Sokolovskaya
23710:Soviet Marxist writers
23630:Russian Ashkenazi Jews
23395:Jewish Mexican history
23315:1940 murders in Mexico
22257:Aleksandr Bessmertnykh
22180:Provisional Government
22120:Karl Robert Nesselrode
22100:Adam Jerzy Czartoryski
22085:Nikita Petrovich Panin
22065:Nikita Ivanovich Panin
21524:Slovak Soviet Republic
21504:Hungarian–Romanian War
21206:Provisional Government
20669:First exile of Trotsky
20415:Cover of Time Magazine
20388:Cover of Time Magazine
20361:Cover of Time Magazine
19914:Serge, Victor (2016).
19692:Renton, David (2004).
19627:Ree, Erik Van (1998).
19338:Trotsky as alternative
19121:Kosheleva, L (1995b).
19064:. London: Pluto Press.
19002:The Russian Revolution
18515:. Barnes & Noble.
18406:Trotsky, Leon (1971).
18024:Trotsky, Leon (2005).
17891:7 January 2008 at the
17684:London Review of Books
17644:Trotsky, Leon (1972).
17463:wdc.contentdm.oclc.org
17248:Trotsky, Leon (1991).
17179:Trotsky as Alternative
16849:Carr & Davies 1971
16575:, pp. 1–15, 497;
15778:21 August 2011 at the
14696:The Russian Revolution
14489:Trotsky, Leon (1991).
14365:. Verso. p. 249.
13995:London Review of Books
13654:Black, Robert (1970).
13419:. Routledge: 263–290.
13340:Martin, James (2002).
13038:Kort, Michael (2010).
12673:11 August 2018 at the
11525:The Revolution of 1911
11433:Trotsky, Leon (1959).
11008:Bullock, Alan (1991).
10881:Goldman, Emma (1938).
10864:Goldman, Emma (1939).
10623:10.1093/past/129.1.168
10508:Leon Trotsky (1975) .
10119:Trotsky, Leon (1930).
10026:Trotzky, Leon (1925).
10001:Trotzky, Leon (1925).
9710:Trotsky, Leon (1930).
7968:
7914:
7866:; also transliterated
7864:Лев Давидович Троцький
7696:, 1981 film about the
7389:New York Intellectuals
7344:
7264:German Communist Party
7239:
7160:
7117:
7066:
7000:
6954:Yevgeni Preobrazhensky
6917:
6837:
6693:
6641:Soviet's moving spirit
6511:
6445:Stop the War Coalition
6408:
6378:
6344:Trinidadian historian
6273:) was renamed Trotsk (
6258:
6203:Labour Defence Council
6182:
6070:
5922:
5910:
5807:
5769:Twelfth Party Congress
5739:
5649:Robert Vincent Daniels
5639:
5535:
5470:
5397:Simon Sebag Montefiore
5357:
5315:
5279:David Alfaro Siqueiros
5249:
5237:
5157:
5134:
4648:New York Intellectuals
4415:Yevgeni Preobrazhensky
4061:
3957:
3956:with a bust of Trotsky
3898:
3882:
3870:
3854:
3827:Parliamentary leader,
3825:Norwegian Labour Party
3762:
3732:6 February 1934 crisis
3668:and asserted that the
3655:
3624:Soviet Union Consulate
3553:
3518:
3493:
3488:bearing the coffin of
3416:
3358:
3287:
3257:
3208:Polish Communist Party
3204:French Communist Party
3132:
3072:
3057:
3035:
2943:
2916:
2871:
2855:
2846:
2832:
2827:, as the Guard of the
2791:
2721:
2660:
2641:
2594:
2587:
2576:
2530:
2512:
2400:
2369:
2327:
2252:
2215:Count Otto von Czernin
2206:
2149:
2139:
2125:
2049:
2003:
1909:
1892:The October Revolution
1829:
1725:
1657:
1592:
1542:
1518:
1479:
1440:
1320:
1297:
1278:
1180:
1171:First exile of Trotsky
1088:
1002:Some authors, notably
967:
776:Provisional Government
668:(7 November [
23325:20th-century atheists
21801:Ministers of the Navy
21196:Nicholas II of Russia
20556:Leon Trotsky on China
20267:Works by Leon Trotsky
20248:Works by Leon Trotsky
20239:Works by Leon Trotsky
20070:Wade, Rex A. (2004).
20055:. Twayne Publishers.
19463:North, David (2010).
19299:Lenin's Last Struggle
19188:. Faber & Faber.
19104:Howe, Irving (1964).
18915:Douds, Lara (2019b).
18250:. BRILL. p. 82.
17152:In Defence of Marxism
16793:10.1086/ahr.116.3.900
16309:, pp. 310, 629;
14415:, pp. 1192–1193.
14012:North, David (1998).
12961:Garza, Hedda (1986).
12860:Death of Leon Trotsky
12578:"Trotsky's Testament"
12389:Spartacus Educational
12372:Science & Society
11709:, Praeger/Greenwood,
11353:30 April 2006 at the
11099:20 April 2006 at the
10734:20 April 2006 at the
10693:20 April 2006 at the
10212:20 April 2006 at the
9540:20 April 2006 at the
9391:"My Life, Chapter IX"
9364:20 April 2006 at the
9239:14 April 2006 at the
8889:14 March 2009 at the
8707:Eastman, Max (1970).
8432:Троцкий, Лев (1930).
8329:"Наш Троцкий – ФОКУС"
8204:Rees & Rosa 1992b
8170:, pp. 796, 797;
7963:
7910:
7830:Лев Давидович Троцкий
7328:
7227:
7174:Results and Prospects
7151:
7097:
7058:
6990:
6915:
6829:
6680:
6509:
6502:Historical reputation
6403:
6373:
6267:Petrograd Governorate
6252:
6164:
6065:
5916:
5900:
5803:
5733:
5680:anti-semitic campaign
5623:
5601:newspaper by 20,000.
5562:Zimmerwald Conference
5533:
5464:
5451:The Spanish Civil War
5355:
5310:
5247:
5203:
5151:
5129:
4744:The Struggle Pakistan
4668:Militant in Liverpool
4611:Trotskyism in Vietnam
4596:The Declaration of 46
4557:The Dilemmas of Lenin
4139:Democratic centralism
4046:
3948:
3896:
3876:
3864:
3849:
3760:
3649:
3541:
3516:
3480:
3410:
3388:In the meantime, the
3348:
3262:
3252:
3114:
3067:
3062:The Declaration of 46
3052:
3019:
2935:
2911:
2869:
2850:
2837:
2822:
2782:
2712:
2655:
2647:VIIIth Party Congress
2639:
2611:Pavel Pavlovich Sytin
2592:
2582:
2570:
2525:
2507:
2462:counter-revolutionary
2398:
2360:
2301:
2283:Civil War (1918–1920)
2246:
2153:
2144:
2131:
2120:
2085:Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki
2039:
1981:
1900:
1827:
1766:socialist newspaper,
1747:Zimmerwald Conference
1745:Trotsky attended the
1723:
1711:Swiss Socialist Party
1655:
1643:Russian secret police
1591:in Vienna, circa 1910
1586:
1532:
1513:
1477:
1438:
1316:
1292:
1276:
1266:. Under the pen name
1178:
1086:
965:
954:of the Soviet Union.
952:political development
746:. Trotsky sided with
732:, Trotsky joined the
649:1918–1925: Chairman,
626:St. Petersburg Soviet
579:Politburo of AUCP(b)
23385:Jewish anti-fascists
23365:Deaths from bleeding
22193:Mikhail Tereshchenko
22115:Ioannis Kapodistrias
22075:Alexander Bezborodko
21897:Yevgeny Shaposhnikov
21831:Ministers of Defence
21792:Aleksandr Vasilevsky
21771:Aleksandr Vasilevsky
21571:Ministers of Defence
21514:Polish–Ukrainian War
20916:Polish–Ukrainian War
20906:Ukrainian–Soviet War
20711:Permanent revolution
20293:Mikhail Tereshchenko
20193:Christopher Hitchens
19860:Trotsky: a biography
19841:Trotsky: A Biography
19289:New American Library
19079:Heijenoort, Jean van
19045:. Red Letter Press.
18643:. London: Bookmarks.
18639:Cliff, Tony (1993).
18634:. London: Bookmarks.
18630:Cliff, Tony (1991).
18625:. London: Bookmarks.
18621:Cliff, Tony (1990).
18616:. London: Bookmarks.
18612:Cliff, Tony (1989).
17979:Revolutionary Russia
17091:Revolutionary Russia
16579:, pp. 159–188;
16567:, pp. 189–198;
16301:, pp. 100–105;
15723:(in Mexican Spanish)
15515:Great Contemporaries
15055:Debates on Stalinism
13836:. BRILL. p. 7.
13657:Stalinism in Britain
12839:22 June 2004 at the
12583:24 July 2011 at the
12247:. 18 December 1936.
12221:on 29 September 2013
11761:15 July 2018 at the
11756:Opposition and Exile
11713:, 1992, pp. 201–02.
11693:, pp. 155, 202.
11618:Walter Moss (2005).
11276:16 July 2018 at the
11142:12 July 2007 at the
11121:29 June 2007 at the
10819:15 July 2018 at the
10310:Leninism under Lenin
9951:. pp. 185–186.
9815:16 July 2018 at the
9626:15 July 2018 at the
9503:19 June 2006 at the
9337:V. I. Lenin (1974).
9293:5 March 2006 at the
9272:5 March 2006 at the
9155:Permanent Revolution
9120:The Story of My Life
9074:25 June 2013 at the
8949:Trotsky, Leon.
7580:Fourth International
7493:Nineteen Eighty-Four
7372:theory of relativity
7206:in the Middle East.
7204:anti-British revolts
7090:Permanent revolution
7084:Permanent Revolution
6850:scientific socialism
6727:anti-intellectualism
6721:" as seen with "the
6494:and literary writer
6456:Mikhail Tukhachevsky
6405:West German students
6055:collegial leadership
5887:Relations with Lenin
5700:Operation Barbarossa
5525:1905–1907 revolution
5283:Robert Sheldon Harte
5277:and Mexican painter
5195:cerebral haemorrhage
5138:Fourth International
5118:Fourth International
5066:Socialism portal
5054:Communism portal
4967:Democracy in Marxism
4932:Permanent Revolution
4922:Fourth International
4754:Workers' Cause Party
4709:People Before Profit
4547:The Stalinist Legacy
4529:Transitional Program
4164:Political revolution
4159:Permanent revolution
4124:Cross-class alliance
4064:Fourth International
3982:political revolution
3528:Alma Ata, Kazakhstan
3522:the Soviet diplomat
3144:was packed with pro-
2960:XIIth Party Congress
2550:Mikhail Tukhachevsky
2355:political commissars
2332:Czechoslovak Legions
2247:Trotsky speaks from
2155:Dear Vladimir Ilyich
2101:asymmetrical warfare
1984:Constituent Assembly
1875:headed by socialist
1803:Halifax, Nova Scotia
1740:Second International
1468:Moscow–Kazan Railway
1393:The Golovlyov Family
1376:permanent revolution
1205:Leninist phraseology
888:at the first of the
876:Fourth International
862:permanent revolution
807:Third International
724:Born into a wealthy
539:Leon Trotsky's voice
457: 1899;
23340:Anti-Stalinist left
22465:Sergo Ordzhonikidze
22269:Eduard Shevardnadze
22252:Eduard Shevardnadze
22125:Alexander Gorchakov
22095:Alexander Vorontsov
22050:Aleksey Tcherkassky
22007:Yemelyan Ukraintsev
21166:Union of October 17
20985:Kronstadt rebellion
20980:Workers' Opposition
20855:February Revolution
20484:Our Political Tasks
20103:Wistrich, Robert S.
19918:. Haymarket Books.
19822:Stalin: A Biography
19568:(in French). Paris.
19429:: Spokesman Books.
18597:. Macmillan Press.
18382:SocialistWorker.org
15852:, pp. 160–161.
15748:The Harvard Crimson
15741:Gerald M. Rosberg,
13940:, pp. 945–946.
13766:, pp. 200–205.
13549:, pp. 168–169.
13411:Rees, John (1998).
13304:, pp. 886–887.
13265:, pp. 200–201.
13187:, pp. 165–166.
13170:, pp. 155–156.
11510:Sterling Seagrave,
11470:on 22 November 2018
11162:on 22 November 2005
9345:. pp. 147–155.
9254:, pp. 231–233.
9194:, pp. 138–139.
9042:3 July 2013 at the
8496:Molinier, Raymond.
8407:, pp. 144–146.
7655:Socialist democracy
7570:Anti-Stalinist left
6946:New Economic policy
6928:between the state,
6818:Socialist democracy
6725:, his contemptuous
6702:Kronstadt rebellion
6609:" and a "directing
6532:Anatoly Lunacharsky
6510:Posthumous portrait
6490:, political leader
6458:, Marxist theorist
6454:, military general
6207:Chairman of Gosplan
5611:Anti-Stalinist Left
5574:Third International
5517:Anatoly Lunacharsky
5513:Jean van Heijenoort
5387:Political theorist
5191:high blood pressure
5078:Politics portal
5017:Socialist economics
4972:Fifth International
4759:Workers' Left Front
4242:Orthodox Trotskyism
4194:Transitional demand
3865:Trotsky's house in
3636:Mustafa Kemal Pasha
3567:Jean Van Heijenoort
3467:Northern Expedition
3413:House of the Unions
3363:Literary Discussion
3320:Literary Discussion
3212:Maksymilian Horwitz
2775:Kronstadt rebellion
2769:Kronstadt rebellion
2552:, commander of the
2318:and portraying the
2277:Military Opposition
2219:military operations
1843:Congress of Soviets
1797:was intercepted by
1784:February Revolution
1752:Third International
1408:on 3 January 1905 (
1122:mechanical engineer
973:Kherson governorate
936:Kronstadt rebellion
908:anti-Stalinist left
827:New Economic Policy
819:economic management
764:February Revolution
388:Russia (until 1932)
85:readable prose size
23720:Soviet Trotskyists
23645:Russian communists
23620:Refugees in Mexico
23097:Nikolay Krestinsky
22994:Nikolay Krestinsky
22932:Vyacheslav Molotov
22829:Vyacheslav Molotov
22711:Vyacheslav Molotov
22593:Grigori Sokolnikov
22583:Vyacheslav Molotov
22379:Vyacheslav Molotov
22364:Kliment Voroshilov
22279:Russian Federation
22232:Vyacheslav Molotov
22155:Alexander Izvolsky
22110:Nikolay Rumyantsev
22060:Mikhailo Vorontsov
21659:Kliment Voroshilov
21627:Kliment Voroshilov
21434:Stepan Petrichenko
21358:Alexander Kerensky
20870:October Revolution
20830:Russian Revolution
20540:Lessons of October
20408:William S. Knudsen
20398:Frank Orren Lowden
20285:Political offices
20199:about Leon Trotsky
20188:Uncommon Knowledge
18796:10.1007/BF00818977
18763:. Westview Press.
17886:"The United Front"
16305:, pp. 1–167;
15696:on 3 December 2013
12630:The New York Times
12480:"I Stake My Life!"
12030:. 3 December 1932.
11904:(1 / 2): 184–197.
11672:on 10 January 2024
11492:. 22 November 2018
10754:Los Angeles Herald
10705:Isai Abramovich's
10684:Chapter XXXVII of
10615:Past & Present
10417:Berkman, Alexander
9920:. pp. 122–123
9908:Magnes, Judah Leon
9741:. 2 February 2024.
9567:8 May 2015 at the
8882:cf, for instance,
8150:, p. 301–20;
8068:. Merriam-Webster.
7698:October Revolution
7678:In popular culture
7478:Emmanuel Goldstein
7472:The characters of
7459:The comedic film,
7454:In popular culture
7240:
7118:
7043:commercial balance
7001:
6918:
6890:Economic programme
6868:worker's democracy
6838:
6790:Soviet bureaucracy
6706:military tribunals
6694:
6512:
6482:, literary critic
6480:Alasdair MacIntyre
6443:(1989–91) and the
6409:
6321:Trotsky was never
6312:Harvard University
6259:
6192:Opponents such as
6183:
6061:Lenin's succession
6037:Nadezhda Krupskaya
6024:past against him.
6017:October Revolution
5972:and meetings, and
5923:
5911:
5740:
5676:Sheila Fitzpatrick
5657:Russian Revolution
5536:
5471:
5358:
5339:Alexander Shelepin
5250:
5217:cleanse it of all
5158:
5144:The Dies Committee
4584:October Revolution
4579:Russian Revolution
4538:Thesis of Pulacayo
4499:Lessons of October
4420:Christian Rakovsky
4038:Grigori Sokolnikov
4027:Moscow show trials
3958:
3899:
3883:
3871:
3794:Johan Nygaardsvold
3763:
3656:
3640:October Revolution
3559:Christian Rakovsky
3554:
3519:
3494:
3439:Chinese Revolution
3417:
3402:The New Opposition
3398:XIV Party Congress
3394:Grigory Sokolnikov
3359:
3351:Leonid Serebryakov
3313:Lessons of October
3288:
3286:on 7 November 1924
3280:October Revolution
3268:Kliment Voroshilov
3188:Christian Rakovsky
3161:Nikolay Krestinsky
3153:Christian Rakovsky
3133:
3036:
2956:Nadezhda Krupskaya
2944:
2872:
2842:summary executions
2833:
2829:October Revolution
2792:
2763:Nikolay Krestinsky
2722:
2642:
2595:
2577:
2401:
2328:
2253:
2249:his armoured train
2181:Berliner Tageblatt
2126:
2050:
2010:and published the
2004:
1913:October Revolution
1877:Aleksandr Kerensky
1830:
1793:SS Kristianiafjord
1726:
1690:Christian Rakovsky
1658:
1593:
1543:
1480:
1441:
1279:
1258:, Vladimir Lenin,
1181:
1107:agrarian socialist
1089:
968:
922:against Stalinist
890:Moscow show trials
811:Soviet bureaucracy
768:overthrew the tsar
709:. Ideologically a
682:October Revolution
619:Other offices held
604:Orgburo of RCP(b)
597:Orgburo of RCP(b)
397:Mexico (from 1937)
250:Office established
23545:Orthodox Marxists
23420:Marxist theorists
23400:Jewish communists
23157:
23156:
23151:
23150:
23121:Candidate members
23043:
23042:
23018:Candidate members
22940:
22939:
22915:Candidate members
22837:
22836:
22812:Candidate members
22724:
22723:
22694:Candidate members
22606:
22605:
22573:Felix Dzerzhinsky
22566:Candidate members
22478:
22477:
22430:Grigory Petrovsky
22420:Felix Dzerzhinsky
22413:Candidate members
22310:
22309:
22170:Nikolai Pokrovsky
22150:Vladimir Lamsdorf
22080:Fyodor Rostopchin
21954:Tsardom of Russia
21908:
21907:
21857:Rodion Malinovsky
21818:Nikolai Kuznetsov
21714:Nikolai Kuznetsov
21706:Mikhail Frinovsky
21667:Semyon Timoshenko
21603:Nikolai Podvoisky
21537:
21536:
21519:Polish–Soviet War
21472:
21471:
21406:Alexander Antonov
21401:Maria Spiridonova
21330:Felix Dzerzhinsky
21247:Alexander Kolchak
21224:Alexander Guchkov
21013:
21012:
20940:Polish–Soviet War
20923:Finnish Civil War
20896:Russian Civil War
20783:
20782:
20679:Lenin's Testament
20431:
20430:
20422:Succeeded by
20395:Succeeded by
20392:21 November 1927
20368:Succeeded by
20354:Winston Churchill
20336:Succeeded by
20322:Nikolai Podvoisky
20309:Succeeded by
20243:Project Gutenberg
20191:. Interview with
20162:Trotsky in Havana
20135:978-0-8154-1177-2
20085:978-0-415-30748-2
20062:978-0-8057-7720-8
20043:978-0-00-729166-3
20036:. HarperCollins.
20024:978-0-393-05487-3
19984:978-1-317-86875-0
19963:978-0-415-73667-1
19944:978-0-582-77190-1
19925:978-1-60846-469-2
19850:978-0-330-43969-5
19812:978-0-416-18380-1
19791:978-0-300-19832-4
19764:978-0-300-17841-8
19743:978-1-893638-97-6
19736:. Mehring Books.
19703:978-1-904341-62-8
19684:978-0-230-38920-5
19619:978-0-394-50242-7
19589:The Unknown Lenin
19556:978-0-435-32720-0
19535:978-0-7456-5735-6
19514:978-0-06-082069-5
19495:978-0-275-95113-9
19476:978-1-893638-05-1
19469:. Mehring Books.
19455:978-0-312-47994-7
19436:978-0-85124-150-0
19423:Let History Judge
19389:978-0-230-20478-2
19368:978-1-317-90178-5
19340:. London: Verso.
19309:978-0-472-03052-1
19275:978-1-134-66574-7
19254:978-1-78023-430-4
19235:978-0-684-19203-1
19216:978-0-7656-2845-9
19195:978-0-571-25834-5
19174:978-0-19-827234-2
19155:978-0-300-11961-9
19134:978-0-300-06211-3
19096:978-0-674-43668-8
19062:Trotsky's Marxism
19033:978-0-300-16929-4
19012:978-0-19-923767-8
18991:978-1-4481-1264-7
18964:Lehigh University
18947:978-0-7453-2522-4
18928:978-1-350-12649-7
18890:978-1-78168-560-0
18871:978-1-85984-451-9
18852:978-1-85984-446-5
18833:978-1-85984-441-0
18751:978-0-300-13493-3
18730:978-0-85229-571-7
18709:978-0-313-38622-0
18604:978-0-333-24216-2
18572:978-0-00-215494-9
18522:978-0-389-20698-9
18503:978-1-134-26191-8
18450:978-1-64009-003-3
18338:978-3-030-30203-0
18311:978-1-5261-4156-9
18284:978-1-4051-5616-5
18257:978-90-04-30666-0
18205:978-0-19-827233-5
18175:978-1-134-94783-6
18148:978-1-108-21041-6
18111:978-1-78168-721-5
18037:978-1-931859-16-5
17960:978-90-04-38473-6
17884:Joseph Choonara,
17816:978-0-7486-0317-6
17791:978-1-108-21041-6
17766:978-1-78168-721-5
17630:978-0-7486-0317-6
17571:978-1-317-90133-4
17514:978-0-7486-0317-6
17489:978-1-136-58266-0
17444:978-0-300-13493-3
17393:978-0-521-52436-0
17342:978-90-04-26953-8
17303:978-90-04-26953-8
17261:978-0-929087-48-1
17234:978-1-78168-721-5
17189:978-1-78960-701-7
17162:978-1-913026-03-5
17032:978-0-262-52596-1
17004:978-90-04-26953-8
16977:978-90-04-26953-8
16950:978-1-135-36639-1
16923:978-0-674-27241-5
16896:978-1-893638-97-6
16835:978-0-300-13493-3
16761:978-0-7486-0317-6
16736:978-1-134-57214-4
16685:978-1-893638-97-6
16660:978-1-78168-560-0
16633:978-1-78168-721-5
16606:978-0-300-13493-3
16551:978-1-317-86876-7
16524:978-1-107-08206-9
16497:978-1-108-21041-6
16472:978-0-429-97459-5
16445:978-1-317-86228-4
16418:978-1-108-21041-6
16393:978-1-134-57214-4
16363:978-0-571-25834-5
16336:978-1-78168-721-5
16277:978-1-78023-471-7
16228:978-1-5017-5806-5
16201:978-1-000-11079-1
16174:978-1-4696-3595-8
16147:978-1-135-89980-6
16120:978-1-137-07511-6
16093:978-1-3990-6034-9
16066:978-3-030-03371-2
16039:978-1-135-89980-6
16012:978-1-78873-810-1
15985:978-0-19-215842-0
15958:978-1-57181-621-4
15912:978-0-8223-0975-8
15887:978-1-317-36894-6
15836:978-1-4391-0573-3
15805:978-1-78023-471-7
15645:978-0-486-12340-0
15618:978-0-7181-9298-3
15591:978-1-350-12649-7
15568:, pp. 80–90.
15552:978-0-7146-5050-0
15525:978-0-7953-4967-6
15498:978-0-19-501094-7
15459:978-0-300-13493-3
15397:978-0-13-097852-3
15370:978-0-394-70747-1
15343:978-1-349-24848-3
15316:978-0-231-06351-7
15291:978-0-679-42277-8
15264:978-1-893638-97-6
15239:978-0-670-85916-0
15200:978-0-7486-0317-6
15175:978-0-300-13493-3
15136:978-0-300-16929-4
15092:978-1-85984-446-5
15065:978-1-5261-4895-7
15038:978-1-78873-074-7
15011:978-0-85728-739-7
14984:978-0-7178-0300-2
14957:978-1-317-86780-7
14918:978-0-8214-0948-0
14891:978-1-893638-97-6
14866:978-1-893638-97-6
14841:978-0-19-162251-9
14814:978-1-893638-97-6
14789:978-1-317-81278-4
14750:978-1-4008-5710-4
14706:978-0-394-50241-0
14679:978-0-231-06351-7
14654:978-1-78023-471-7
14631:, pp. 52–90.
14603:978-1-137-51650-3
14577:, pp. 52–90.
14573:, pp. 1–10;
14557:978-0-300-13493-3
14527:978-1-893638-97-6
14502:978-0-929087-48-1
14475:978-0-7486-0317-6
14399:978-0-521-52436-0
14372:978-1-85984-451-9
14345:978-0-521-31198-4
14318:978-1-108-21041-6
14293:978-1-136-59369-7
14251:978-1-893638-97-6
14226:978-0-8214-0948-0
14199:978-1-135-75840-0
14172:978-0-13-097852-3
14145:978-0-19-501094-7
14118:978-1-135-75840-0
14091:978-0-300-13724-8
14064:978-1-000-70651-2
14025:978-1-875639-22-9
13963:978-1-68048-034-4
13921:978-1-134-25330-2
13870:978-0-8179-7933-1
13843:978-90-04-20778-3
13801:978-1-85984-441-0
13738:978-0-7486-0317-6
13694:978-1-84317-777-7
13667:978-0-902030-02-2
13640:978-0-300-17904-0
13596:978-0-674-80255-1
13533:978-0-7486-0317-6
13508:978-0-670-85916-0
13397:978-1-83976-333-5
13353:978-0-415-21749-1
13326:978-0-333-40455-3
13288:978-0-19-973859-5
13249:978-1-84212-026-2
13210:978-0-297-86385-4
13142:978-0-19-979421-8
13115:978-0-394-70747-1
13088:978-0-674-41030-5
13024:978-0-520-26632-2
12974:978-0-87754-444-9
12610:978-0-316-77352-2
12385:"James P. Cannon"
12052:978-0-300-06401-8
11948:"What is Fascism"
11890:"Trotsky and the
11631:978-1-84331-034-1
11597:978-0-8047-0453-3
11563:978-0-415-36447-8
11380:The New Economics
11331:978-1-893638-97-6
11306:978-1-78168-721-5
11206:978-1-893638-97-6
11090:Chapter XXXIX of
11060:978-0-8131-7945-2
11021:978-0-00-215494-9
10931:978-0-253-33333-9
10779:(Chapter XXXVIII)
10657:The New Statesman
10595:978-0-8061-9356-4
10494:978-0-7181-9298-3
10369:978-0-7486-0317-6
10320:978-0-224-01072-6
10290:978-1-78168-721-5
10263:978-1-893638-04-4
10203:Chapter XXXIV of
10151:978-0-674-04768-6
10102:978-1-929631-95-7
9793:978-0-674-01801-3
9483:978-1-84212-230-3
9474:The Life of Lenin
9421:978-0-521-11624-4
9263:Chapter XXIII of
9170:, pp. 85–88.
8837:, pp. 31–32.
8761:, pp. 22–24.
8720:978-0-404-02235-8
8681:978-0-7486-0317-6
8584:978-0-521-79538-8
8422:, pp. 59–60.
8233:978-1-134-26191-8
8210:, pp. 80–81.
8122:978-1-78168-721-5
8095:978-1-108-21041-6
7839:
7769:
7610:Lenin's Testament
7555:All in the Timing
7070:industrialisation
6896:Economic planning
6864:industrialization
6744:policy towards a
6719:bourgeois experts
6625:radical democracy
6603:William C. Martel
6358:Winston Churchill
6221:state bureaucracy
6194:Winston Churchill
6173:of Lenin (left),
6122:. Yet, historian
6100:Party Secretariat
5871:, and especially
5826:Joshua Rubenstein
5712:bourgeois experts
5686:or initiated the
5661:Lenin's successor
5589:"Russian Gazette"
5456:Central Committee
5401:Dmitri Volkogonov
5382:second in command
5275:Iosif Grigulevich
5164:. Representative
5114:
5113:
4802:Militant tendency
4606:Lenin's Testament
4462:Theoretical works
4174:Social revolution
4058:, 9 February 1937
4008:, founder of the
3894:
3839:, under guard by
3613:Exile (1929–1940)
3503:Shanghai massacre
3490:Felix Dzerzhinsky
3459:Republic of China
3427:United Opposition
3349:Leon Trotsky and
3196:Ukraine Sovnarkom
3117:Foreign Secretary
3000:1923 insurrection
2977:. This upset the
2921:Lenin's Testament
2877:general secretary
2788:Kronstadt sailors
2726:Polish–Soviet War
2719:Polish–Soviet War
2542:Russian Civil War
2458:Felix Dzerzhinsky
2437:Finnish Civil War
2415:and party editor
2289:Russian Civil War
2269:Russian Civil War
2261:Nikolai Podvoisky
2187:Vossische Zeitung
1933:Central Executive
1656:Trotsky in Vienna
1639:Nikolay Chkheidze
1505:Khrustalyev-Nosar
1449:Central Committee
1129:Odessa University
1064:Black Sea Germans
817:and preside over
703:second-in-command
686:Russian Civil War
663:
662:
548:
333:7 November 1879 (
292:Nikolay Chkheidze
200:Nikolai Podvoisky
120:
119:
87:was 20,000 words.
16:(Redirected from
23737:
23705:Soviet expellees
23635:Russian atheists
23360:Comintern people
23282:
23281:
23270:
23269:
23258:
23257:
23256:
23246:
23245:
23244:
23234:
23233:
23232:
23222:
23221:
23220:
23210:
23209:
23208:
23198:
23197:
23196:
23186:
23185:
23184:
23174:
23173:
23165:
23133:Grigory Zinoviev
23128:Nikolai Bukharin
23070:
23063:
23056:
23047:
23046:
23030:Grigory Zinoviev
23025:Nikolai Bukharin
22967:
22960:
22953:
22944:
22943:
22922:Nikolai Bukharin
22886:Grigory Zinoviev
22864:
22857:
22850:
22841:
22840:
22819:Nikolai Bukharin
22773:Grigory Zinoviev
22751:
22744:
22737:
22728:
22727:
22701:Nikolai Bukharin
22655:Grigory Zinoviev
22633:
22626:
22619:
22610:
22609:
22532:Grigory Zinoviev
22527:Nikolai Bukharin
22505:
22498:
22491:
22482:
22481:
22450:Lazar Kaganovich
22369:Grigory Zinoviev
22359:Nikolai Bukharin
22337:
22330:
22323:
22314:
22313:
22292:Yevgeny Primakov
22237:Andrey Vyshinsky
22222:Georgy Chicherin
22145:Mikhail Muravyov
22140:Nikolay Shishkin
22040:Gavrila Golovkin
21992:Artamon Matveyev
21935:
21928:
21921:
21912:
21911:
21901:
21893:
21885:
21877:
21869:
21861:
21853:
21845:
21841:Nikolai Bulganin
21822:
21814:
21775:
21767:
21763:Nikolai Bulganin
21759:
21718:
21710:
21702:
21679:
21671:
21663:
21642:
21641:
21631:
21623:
21615:
21607:
21599:
21564:
21557:
21550:
21541:
21540:
21429:Maria Nikiforova
21325:Nikolai Bukharin
21295:Grigory Zinoviev
21262:Nikolai Yudenich
21184:
21183:
21045:Petrograd Soviet
20975:Tambov Rebellion
20970:Left SR uprising
20845:
20844:
20823:
20816:
20809:
20800:
20799:
20787:
20786:
20740:(brother-in-law)
20457:
20450:
20443:
20434:
20433:
20419:25 January 1937
20405:Preceded by
20378:Preceded by
20371:Thomas A. Edison
20351:Preceded by
20319:Preceded by
20312:Georgy Chicherin
20290:Preceded by
20282:
20281:
20278:
20277:
20262:Internet Archive
20153:
20139:
20120:
20098:
20089:
20076:Psychology Press
20066:
20047:
20028:
20007:
19988:
19967:
19948:
19929:
19910:
19900:
19873:
19854:
19835:
19816:
19795:
19776:
19747:
19726:
19707:
19688:
19667:
19633:
19623:
19602:
19583:
19577:
19569:
19560:
19546:Stalinist Russia
19539:
19518:
19499:
19480:
19459:
19440:
19414:
19393:
19372:
19351:
19332:
19313:
19292:
19279:
19258:
19239:
19220:
19199:
19178:
19159:
19138:
19117:
19100:
19074:
19065:
19056:
19037:
19016:
18995:
18974:
18972:
18970:
18961:
18951:
18932:
18911:
18894:
18875:
18856:
18837:
18820:Deutscher, Isaac
18815:
18790:(1/3): 159–188.
18774:
18755:
18734:
18713:
18692:
18663:
18644:
18635:
18626:
18617:
18608:
18587:
18576:
18555:
18526:
18507:
18486:
18454:
18443:. Counterpoint.
18421:
18400:Works by Trotsky
18394:
18393:
18391:
18389:
18374:
18368:
18367:
18365:
18363:
18349:
18343:
18342:
18322:
18316:
18315:
18295:
18289:
18288:
18268:
18262:
18261:
18241:
18235:
18234:
18232:
18230:
18216:
18210:
18209:
18189:
18180:
18179:
18159:
18153:
18152:
18134:
18128:
18127:, pp. 1474.
18122:
18116:
18115:
18095:
18089:
18088:
18048:
18042:
18041:
18021:
18015:
18014:
18012:
18010:10.1332/CBXB8720
18003:(aop): 105–126.
17988:
17982:
17971:
17965:
17964:
17945:
17939:
17938:
17908:
17902:
17882:
17876:
17875:
17827:
17821:
17820:
17802:
17796:
17795:
17777:
17771:
17770:
17750:
17744:
17743:
17741:
17739:
17718:
17712:
17706:
17700:
17699:
17675:
17669:
17668:
17658:
17652:
17651:
17641:
17635:
17634:
17616:
17610:
17609:
17599:
17593:
17592:
17582:
17576:
17575:
17555:
17549:
17548:
17545:www.marxists.org
17537:
17531:
17525:
17519:
17518:
17500:
17494:
17493:
17473:
17467:
17466:
17455:
17449:
17448:
17428:
17422:
17416:
17410:
17404:
17398:
17397:
17377:
17371:
17365:
17359:
17353:
17347:
17346:
17326:
17320:
17314:
17308:
17307:
17287:
17278:
17272:
17266:
17265:
17245:
17239:
17238:
17218:
17212:
17211:
17208:www.marxists.org
17200:
17194:
17193:
17173:
17167:
17166:
17146:
17140:
17134:
17128:
17127:
17115:
17109:
17108:
17106:
17082:
17076:
17075:
17043:
17037:
17036:
17015:
17009:
17008:
16988:
16982:
16981:
16961:
16955:
16954:
16934:
16928:
16927:
16907:
16901:
16900:
16882:
16876:
16863:, p. 1936;
16857:Fitzpatrick 2008
16846:
16840:
16839:
16819:
16813:
16812:
16772:
16766:
16765:
16747:
16741:
16740:
16720:
16714:
16708:
16702:
16701:, p. xxiii.
16696:
16690:
16689:
16671:
16665:
16664:
16644:
16638:
16637:
16617:
16611:
16610:
16590:
16584:
16562:
16556:
16555:
16535:
16529:
16528:
16508:
16502:
16501:
16483:
16477:
16476:
16456:
16450:
16449:
16429:
16423:
16422:
16404:
16398:
16397:
16377:
16368:
16367:
16347:
16341:
16340:
16320:
16314:
16295:Rubenstein 2011a
16288:
16282:
16281:
16261:
16252:
16251:
16239:
16233:
16232:
16212:
16206:
16205:
16185:
16179:
16178:
16158:
16152:
16151:
16131:
16125:
16124:
16104:
16098:
16097:
16077:
16071:
16070:
16050:
16044:
16043:
16023:
16017:
16016:
15996:
15990:
15989:
15969:
15963:
15962:
15942:
15936:
15935:
15923:
15917:
15916:
15898:
15892:
15891:
15871:
15865:
15859:
15853:
15847:
15841:
15840:
15816:
15810:
15809:
15789:
15783:
15770:
15764:
15758:
15752:
15739:
15733:
15732:
15730:
15728:
15712:
15706:
15705:
15703:
15701:
15684:
15678:
15677:
15675:
15673:
15656:
15650:
15649:
15629:
15623:
15622:
15602:
15596:
15595:
15575:
15569:
15563:
15557:
15556:
15536:
15530:
15529:
15509:
15503:
15502:
15482:
15476:
15470:
15464:
15463:
15443:
15437:
15436:
15417:History Workshop
15408:
15402:
15401:
15381:
15375:
15374:
15354:
15348:
15347:
15327:
15321:
15320:
15302:
15296:
15295:
15275:
15269:
15268:
15250:
15244:
15243:
15223:
15217:
15211:
15205:
15204:
15186:
15180:
15179:
15159:
15153:
15147:
15141:
15140:
15120:
15114:
15113:
15103:
15097:
15096:
15076:
15070:
15069:
15049:
15043:
15042:
15028:Red Flag Wounded
15022:
15016:
15015:
14995:
14989:
14988:
14968:
14962:
14961:
14941:
14935:
14929:
14923:
14922:
14902:
14896:
14895:
14877:
14871:
14870:
14852:
14846:
14845:
14825:
14819:
14818:
14800:
14794:
14793:
14773:
14767:
14761:
14755:
14754:
14734:
14728:
14727:
14717:
14711:
14710:
14690:
14684:
14683:
14665:
14659:
14658:
14638:
14632:
14626:
14620:
14619:, pp. 1–10.
14614:
14608:
14607:
14587:
14578:
14568:
14562:
14561:
14541:
14532:
14531:
14513:
14507:
14506:
14486:
14480:
14479:
14461:
14452:
14446:
14440:
14434:
14428:
14422:
14416:
14410:
14404:
14403:
14383:
14377:
14376:
14356:
14350:
14349:
14329:
14323:
14322:
14304:
14298:
14297:
14277:
14271:
14265:
14256:
14255:
14237:
14231:
14230:
14210:
14204:
14203:
14183:
14177:
14176:
14156:
14150:
14149:
14129:
14123:
14122:
14102:
14096:
14095:
14075:
14069:
14068:
14048:
14042:
14036:
14030:
14029:
14009:
14003:
14002:
13986:
13980:
13974:
13968:
13967:
13947:
13941:
13935:
13926:
13925:
13905:
13899:
13893:
13887:
13881:
13875:
13874:
13854:
13848:
13847:
13827:
13821:
13815:
13806:
13805:
13785:
13779:
13773:
13767:
13761:
13755:
13749:
13743:
13742:
13724:
13718:
13717:
13714:www.marxists.org
13708:Stalin, Joseph.
13705:
13699:
13698:
13678:
13672:
13671:
13651:
13645:
13644:
13624:
13618:
13617:
13607:
13601:
13600:
13580:
13574:
13568:
13562:
13556:
13550:
13544:
13538:
13537:
13519:
13513:
13512:
13492:
13486:
13485:
13445:
13439:
13438:
13408:
13402:
13401:
13381:
13375:
13374:
13364:
13358:
13357:
13337:
13331:
13330:
13311:
13305:
13299:
13293:
13292:
13272:
13266:
13260:
13254:
13253:
13233:
13227:
13221:
13215:
13214:
13194:
13188:
13182:
13171:
13165:
13159:
13153:
13147:
13146:
13126:
13120:
13119:
13099:
13093:
13092:
13072:
13066:
13060:
13054:
13053:
13035:
13029:
13028:
13008:
13002:
13001:, pp. 1–10.
12996:
12979:
12978:
12958:
12952:
12951:
12933:
12927:
12921:
12915:
12908:
12902:
12901:
12899:
12897:
12882:
12876:
12854:
12848:
12830:
12824:
12818:
12809:
12803:
12794:
12788:
12782:
12781:
12763:
12757:
12756:
12754:
12752:
12727:
12721:
12714:
12708:
12707:
12705:
12703:
12684:
12678:
12665:
12659:
12653:
12647:
12646:
12644:
12642:
12621:
12615:
12614:
12594:
12588:
12575:
12566:
12551:
12545:
12539:
12533:
12526:
12520:
12519:
12517:
12515:
12500:
12494:
12491:Dewey Commission
12476:
12470:
12464:
12458:
12452:
12446:
12435:
12429:
12411:
12405:
12404:
12402:
12400:
12381:
12375:
12368:
12362:
12361:
12341:
12335:
12321:
12312:
12298:
12292:
12291:
12289:
12287:
12267:
12261:
12260:
12258:
12256:
12237:
12231:
12230:
12228:
12226:
12217:. Archived from
12211:
12205:
12204:
12202:
12200:
12181:
12175:
12174:
12172:
12170:
12161:. January 1937.
12151:
12142:
12138:Oddvar Høidal's
12136:
12115:
12109:
12103:
12098:Geoffrey Swain,
12096:
12090:
12089:
12087:
12085:
12071:
12065:
12064:
12038:
12032:
12031:
12020:
12014:
12013:
12010:Criticalpast.com
12002:
11996:
11995:
11984:
11978:
11977:
11970:
11964:
11958:
11952:
11951:
11943:
11937:
11936:
11934:
11932:
11882:
11876:
11875:
11873:
11871:
11856:
11850:
11849:
11840:
11834:
11833:
11831:
11829:
11820:. 10 June 1935.
11810:
11797:
11796:
11794:
11792:
11772:
11766:
11751:
11745:
11739:
11733:
11727:
11721:
11703:
11694:
11688:
11682:
11681:
11679:
11677:
11658:
11652:
11649:
11643:
11642:
11640:
11638:
11615:
11609:
11608:
11606:
11604:
11581:
11575:
11574:
11572:
11570:
11547:
11541:
11534:
11528:
11521:
11515:
11508:
11502:
11501:
11499:
11497:
11486:
11480:
11479:
11477:
11475:
11460:
11454:
11447:
11441:
11440:
11430:
11424:
11423:
11415:
11409:
11402:
11396:
11389:
11383:
11376:
11370:
11363:
11357:
11342:
11336:
11335:
11317:
11311:
11310:
11290:
11284:
11268:
11262:
11255:
11249:
11230:
11224:
11217:
11211:
11210:
11192:
11186:
11185:
11179:
11171:
11169:
11167:
11158:. Archived from
11152:
11146:
11131:
11125:
11110:
11104:
11088:
11082:
11076:
11065:
11064:
11044:
11038:
11032:
11026:
11025:
11005:
10996:
10990:
10984:
10978:
10972:
10966:
10960:
10954:
10948:
10942:
10936:
10935:
10914:
10905:
10904:
10902:
10900:
10894:
10887:
10878:
10872:
10871:
10861:
10855:
10842:
10836:
10830:
10824:
10807:
10801:
10795:
10789:
10773:
10767:
10766:
10764:
10762:
10745:
10739:
10723:
10717:
10703:
10697:
10682:
10673:
10672:
10670:
10668:
10649:
10643:
10642:
10617:(129): 168–211.
10606:
10600:
10599:
10579:
10573:
10572:
10570:
10568:
10548:
10542:
10535:
10529:
10523:
10514:
10513:
10505:
10499:
10498:
10478:
10472:
10462:
10451:
10445:
10444:
10442:
10440:
10423:(January 1922).
10413:
10407:
10406:
10404:
10402:
10387:
10374:
10373:
10355:
10349:
10338:
10325:
10324:
10304:
10295:
10294:
10274:
10268:
10267:
10247:
10241:
10235:
10229:
10223:
10217:
10201:
10195:
10194:
10162:
10156:
10155:
10137:
10131:
10130:
10116:
10107:
10106:
10088:
10082:
10076:
10070:
10069:
10067:
10065:
10048:
10042:
10041:
10039:
10037:
10023:
10017:
10016:
10014:
10012:
9998:
9992:
9991:
9983:
9977:
9976:
9974:
9972:
9965:Associated Press
9955:
9936:
9930:
9929:
9927:
9925:
9916:(1st ed.).
9904:
9898:
9897:
9895:
9893:
9872:
9866:
9851:
9845:
9829:
9823:
9807:
9798:
9797:
9777:
9771:
9770:
9768:
9766:
9752:
9743:
9742:
9729:
9723:
9722:
9716:
9707:
9701:
9700:
9690:
9684:
9683:
9673:
9667:
9666:
9656:
9650:
9649:
9637:
9631:
9618:
9609:
9603:
9597:
9596:
9594:
9592:
9578:
9572:
9557:
9544:
9529:
9520:
9514:
9508:
9494:
9488:
9487:
9469:
9463:
9462:
9460:
9458:
9439:
9433:
9432:
9430:
9428:
9405:
9399:
9398:
9386:
9380:
9374:
9368:
9353:
9347:
9346:
9334:
9328:
9322:
9313:
9307:
9298:
9284:Chapter XVII of
9282:
9276:
9261:
9255:
9249:
9243:
9228:
9222:
9216:
9210:
9204:
9195:
9189:
9183:
9177:
9171:
9165:
9159:
9158:
9150:
9144:
9138:
9132:
9129:
9123:
9116:
9110:
9104:
9098:
9085:
9079:
9066:
9060:
9053:
9047:
9034:
9028:
9027:
8995:
8989:
8988:
8986:
8984:
8960:
8954:
8947:
8936:
8923:
8917:
8903:
8897:
8880:
8874:
8868:
8862:
8856:
8850:
8844:
8838:
8832:
8826:
8820:
8811:
8805:
8799:
8793:
8787:
8781:
8775:
8768:
8762:
8756:
8750:
8734:
8725:
8724:
8704:
8698:
8692:
8686:
8685:
8667:
8661:
8655:
8646:
8640:
8634:
8628:
8619:
8618:
8616:
8614:
8602:
8596:
8595:
8593:
8591:
8568:
8562:
8556:
8550:
8549:
8547:
8545:
8530:
8524:
8523:
8517:
8509:
8507:
8505:
8493:
8487:
8486:
8484:
8482:
8470:
8464:
8458:
8452:
8451:
8445:
8437:
8429:
8423:
8417:
8408:
8402:
8393:
8387:
8381:
8375:
8366:
8360:
8349:
8348:
8346:
8344:
8325:
8319:
8318:
8316:
8314:
8308:www.revolucia.ru
8300:
8291:
8281:
8275:
8274:
8272:
8270:
8264:www.marxists.org
8256:
8250:
8249:, pp. 1053.
8244:
8238:
8237:
8217:
8211:
8197:
8191:
8181:
8175:
8133:
8127:
8126:
8106:
8100:
8099:
8076:
8070:
8069:
8056:
8050:
8049:
8044:
8042:
8016:
8000:
7985:
7979:
7975:
7969:
7960:
7954:
7945:
7939:
7931:
7925:
7921:
7915:
7902:
7896:
7889:
7883:
7865:
7861:
7860:
7859:
7853:
7848:
7844:
7834:
7832:
7831:
7826:
7825:
7822:
7821:
7818:
7815:
7812:
7809:
7806:
7803:
7800:
7791:
7785:
7783:
7778:
7774:
7764:
7762:
7761:
7755:
7749:
7746:
7731:, 2017 TV series
7630:Petrograd Soviet
7411:
7402:
7352:
7164:Georgy Plekhanov
7147:Communist League
7135:Friedrich Engels
7074:collectivisation
7050:Soviet democracy
7039:Dnieprostroi dam
6964:. More broadly,
6926:decentralisation
6872:economic matters
6846:orthodox Marxism
6830:Trotsky reading
6822:Soviet democracy
6786:Project Cybersyn
6645:Stalinist terror
6607:military history
6588:de-Stalinization
6540:Dmitry Manuilsky
6474:, psychoanalyst
6452:Jean-Paul Sartre
6437:Anti-Nazi League
6327:de-Stalinization
6316:Houghton Library
6294:
6293:
6292:Красногварде́йск
6280:
6271:Leningrad Oblast
6237:Petrograd Soviet
6074:
5996:
5987:
5960:W. Bruce Lincoln
5929:and philosopher
5907:Artemic Khalatov
5815:
5757:Battle of Warsaw
5716:planning process
5704:Second World War
5698:associated with
5643:
5593:Alexander Parvus
5486:Nikolai Bukharin
5378:Laura Engelstein
5254:Pavel Sudoplatov
5233:27 February 1940
5199:communist future
5106:
5099:
5092:
5076:
5075:
5064:
5063:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5028:Socialist Worker
5007:Orthodox Marxism
5002:Marxism–Leninism
4562:
4552:
4542:
4534:
4524:
4514:
4504:
4494:
4484:
4474:
4224:World revolution
4184:State capitalism
4179:Soviet democracy
4091:
4068:
4067:
4059:
4056:Dewey Commission
3895:
3798:Nasjonal Samling
3716:Édouard Daladier
3685:Kingdom of Italy
3457:established the
3383:Since Lenin Died
3270:, Leon Trotsky,
2975:standing ovation
2942:
2939:
2887:heir presumptive
2733:Battle of Warsaw
2687:Nikolay Yudenich
2676:Battle of Warsaw
2600:Latvian Riflemen
2575:near Kazan, 1918
2519:In dealing with
2265:Nikolai Krylenko
2070:Nikolai Bukharin
1869:Grigory Zinoviev
1858:Petrograd Soviet
1788:Tsar Nicholas II
1764:Russian language
1587:Trotsky reading
1535:Alexander Parvus
1488:Russian Gazette,
1406:Saint Petersburg
1380:Alexander Parvus
1362:supporters, the
1310:(1906–1938) and
1256:Georgi Plekhanov
1053:Raymond Molinier
916:internationalist
772:Petrograd Soviet
754:against Lenin's
630:1917: Chairman,
624:1905: Chairman,
550:
549:
528:
482:
480:
462:
460:
456:
353:
342:, Russian Empire
332:
330:
314:Personal details
304:Grigory Zinoviev
300:
288:
279:
262:Georgy Chicherin
258:
246:
229:
208:
196:
166:
143:
134:
122:
121:
115:
112:
106:
70:
69:
62:
21:
23745:
23744:
23740:
23739:
23738:
23736:
23735:
23734:
23415:Left Opposition
23390:Jewish atheists
23290:
23289:
23288:
23276:
23264:
23254:
23252:
23242:
23240:
23230:
23228:
23218:
23216:
23206:
23204:
23194:
23192:
23182:
23180:
23168:
23160:
23158:
23153:
23152:
23147:
23138:Mikhail Kalinin
23116:
23080:
23074:
23044:
23039:
23035:Mikhail Kalinin
23013:
22977:
22971:
22941:
22936:
22927:Mikhail Kalinin
22910:
22874:
22868:
22838:
22833:
22824:Mikhail Kalinin
22807:
22761:
22755:
22725:
22720:
22716:Jānis Rudzutaks
22706:Mikhail Kalinin
22689:
22643:
22637:
22607:
22602:
22588:Jānis Rudzutaks
22578:Mikhail Kalinin
22561:
22515:
22509:
22479:
22474:
22460:Anastas Mikoyan
22445:Andrey Andreyev
22440:Nikolai Uglanov
22435:Jānis Rudzutaks
22408:
22404:Jānis Rudzutaks
22374:Mikhail Kalinin
22347:
22341:
22311:
22306:
22273:
22242:Dmitri Shepilov
22206:
22197:
22174:
22090:Viktor Kochubey
22045:Andrey Osterman
22026:
22002:Vasily Golitsyn
21977:Pyotr Tretyakov
21962:Ivan Viskovatyi
21948:
21939:
21909:
21904:
21899:
21891:
21883:
21875:
21867:
21859:
21851:
21843:
21833:
21825:
21820:
21812:
21802:
21796:
21784:
21783:Minister of War
21778:
21773:
21765:
21757:
21747:
21741:
21729:
21727:
21721:
21716:
21708:
21700:
21690:
21682:
21677:
21669:
21661:
21651:
21643:
21639:
21634:
21629:
21621:
21613:
21605:
21597:
21587:
21584:
21577:
21568:
21538:
21533:
21468:
21464:Peter Kropotkin
21410:
21372:
21339:
21315:Semyon Budyonny
21271:
21228:
21200:
21175:
21113:
21102:Tsentralna Rada
21009:
20884:
20865:Kornilov affair
20836:
20827:
20792:
20784:
20779:
20774:Zinaida Volkova
20726:
20674:Trotsky's train
20657:
20466:
20461:
20427:
20425:Thomas E. Dewey
20418:
20410:
20400:
20391:
20383:
20381:Newton D. Baker
20373:
20364:
20356:
20341:
20332:
20324:
20314:
20305:
20297:
20295:
20275:
20225:
20151:
20147:
20142:
20136:
20117:
20086:
20063:
20044:
20025:
20004:
19985:
19964:
19945:
19926:
19870:
19862:. London: Pan.
19851:
19832:
19813:
19792:
19765:
19744:
19723:
19704:
19685:
19631:
19620:
19599:
19571:
19570:
19557:
19536:
19515:
19496:
19477:
19456:
19437:
19390:
19369:
19348:
19329:
19310:
19276:
19255:
19236:
19217:
19196:
19175:
19156:
19135:
19097:
19053:
19034:
19013:
18992:
18968:
18966:
18959:
18948:
18929:
18891:
18883:. Verso Books.
18872:
18864:. Verso Books.
18853:
18845:. Verso Books.
18834:
18826:. Verso Books.
18771:
18752:
18731:
18710:
18660:
18605:
18573:
18523:
18504:
18475:
18464:Kronstadt, 1921
18451:
18434:
18428:
18418:
18402:
18397:
18387:
18385:
18376:
18375:
18371:
18361:
18359:
18351:
18350:
18346:
18339:
18323:
18319:
18312:
18296:
18292:
18285:
18269:
18265:
18258:
18242:
18238:
18228:
18226:
18218:
18217:
18213:
18206:
18190:
18183:
18176:
18160:
18156:
18149:
18135:
18131:
18125:Deutscher 2015a
18123:
18119:
18112:
18096:
18092:
18049:
18045:
18038:
18022:
18018:
17989:
17985:
17975:Ian D. Thatcher
17972:
17968:
17961:
17947:
17946:
17942:
17935:
17909:
17905:
17893:Wayback Machine
17883:
17879:
17828:
17824:
17817:
17803:
17799:
17792:
17778:
17774:
17767:
17751:
17747:
17737:
17735:
17720:
17719:
17715:
17707:
17703:
17676:
17672:
17659:
17655:
17642:
17638:
17631:
17617:
17613:
17600:
17596:
17583:
17579:
17572:
17556:
17552:
17539:
17538:
17534:
17526:
17522:
17515:
17501:
17497:
17490:
17474:
17470:
17457:
17456:
17452:
17445:
17429:
17425:
17421:, pp. 592.
17419:Deutscher 2015a
17417:
17413:
17409:, pp. 646.
17407:Deutscher 2015a
17405:
17401:
17394:
17378:
17374:
17368:Rubenstein 2011
17366:
17362:
17356:Deutscher 2015a
17354:
17350:
17343:
17327:
17323:
17319:, pp. 587.
17317:Deutscher 2015a
17315:
17311:
17304:
17288:
17281:
17273:
17269:
17262:
17246:
17242:
17235:
17219:
17215:
17202:
17201:
17197:
17190:
17174:
17170:
17163:
17147:
17143:
17135:
17131:
17116:
17112:
17083:
17079:
17064:10.2307/3000510
17044:
17040:
17033:
17016:
17012:
17005:
16989:
16985:
16978:
16962:
16958:
16951:
16935:
16931:
16924:
16908:
16904:
16897:
16883:
16879:
16873:Deutscher 2003b
16859:, p. 110;
16851:, p. 199;
16847:
16843:
16836:
16820:
16816:
16773:
16769:
16762:
16748:
16744:
16737:
16721:
16717:
16709:
16705:
16699:Volkogonov 1996
16697:
16693:
16686:
16672:
16668:
16661:
16645:
16641:
16634:
16618:
16614:
16607:
16591:
16587:
16581:Deutscher 2015a
16571:, p. 101;
16563:
16559:
16552:
16536:
16532:
16525:
16509:
16505:
16498:
16484:
16480:
16473:
16457:
16453:
16446:
16430:
16426:
16419:
16405:
16401:
16394:
16378:
16371:
16364:
16348:
16344:
16337:
16321:
16317:
16311:Patenaude 2010b
16307:Deutscher 2015a
16293:, p. 272;
16291:Volkogonov 1996
16289:
16285:
16278:
16262:
16255:
16240:
16236:
16229:
16213:
16209:
16202:
16186:
16182:
16175:
16159:
16155:
16148:
16132:
16128:
16121:
16105:
16101:
16094:
16078:
16074:
16067:
16051:
16047:
16040:
16024:
16020:
16013:
15997:
15993:
15986:
15970:
15966:
15959:
15943:
15939:
15924:
15920:
15913:
15899:
15895:
15888:
15872:
15868:
15864:, pp. 127.
15860:
15856:
15848:
15844:
15837:
15817:
15813:
15806:
15790:
15786:
15780:Wayback Machine
15771:
15767:
15759:
15755:
15751:, July 3, 1967.
15740:
15736:
15726:
15724:
15713:
15709:
15699:
15697:
15690:
15686:
15685:
15681:
15671:
15669:
15668:on 4 March 2016
15662:
15658:
15657:
15653:
15646:
15630:
15626:
15619:
15603:
15599:
15592:
15576:
15572:
15566:Kosheleva 1995b
15564:
15560:
15553:
15537:
15533:
15526:
15510:
15506:
15499:
15483:
15479:
15471:
15467:
15460:
15444:
15440:
15419:(29): 136–146.
15409:
15405:
15398:
15382:
15378:
15371:
15355:
15351:
15344:
15328:
15324:
15317:
15303:
15299:
15292:
15276:
15272:
15265:
15251:
15247:
15240:
15224:
15220:
15212:
15208:
15201:
15187:
15183:
15176:
15160:
15156:
15152:, pp. 605.
15150:Deutscher 2015a
15148:
15144:
15137:
15121:
15117:
15104:
15100:
15093:
15077:
15073:
15066:
15050:
15046:
15039:
15023:
15019:
15012:
14996:
14992:
14985:
14969:
14965:
14958:
14942:
14938:
14930:
14926:
14919:
14903:
14899:
14892:
14878:
14874:
14867:
14853:
14849:
14842:
14826:
14822:
14815:
14801:
14797:
14790:
14774:
14770:
14762:
14758:
14751:
14735:
14731:
14718:
14714:
14707:
14691:
14687:
14680:
14666:
14662:
14655:
14639:
14635:
14627:
14623:
14615:
14611:
14604:
14588:
14581:
14569:
14565:
14558:
14542:
14535:
14528:
14514:
14510:
14503:
14487:
14483:
14476:
14462:
14455:
14449:Volkogonov 1996
14447:
14443:
14437:Rubenstein 2011
14435:
14431:
14423:
14419:
14413:Deutscher 2015a
14411:
14407:
14400:
14384:
14380:
14373:
14357:
14353:
14346:
14330:
14326:
14319:
14305:
14301:
14294:
14278:
14274:
14266:
14259:
14252:
14238:
14234:
14227:
14211:
14207:
14200:
14184:
14180:
14173:
14157:
14153:
14146:
14130:
14126:
14119:
14103:
14099:
14092:
14076:
14072:
14065:
14049:
14045:
14037:
14033:
14026:
14010:
14006:
13987:
13983:
13975:
13971:
13964:
13948:
13944:
13936:
13929:
13922:
13906:
13902:
13894:
13890:
13882:
13878:
13871:
13855:
13851:
13844:
13828:
13824:
13816:
13809:
13802:
13786:
13782:
13776:Volkogonov 1996
13774:
13770:
13762:
13758:
13750:
13746:
13739:
13725:
13721:
13706:
13702:
13695:
13679:
13675:
13668:
13652:
13648:
13641:
13625:
13621:
13608:
13604:
13597:
13581:
13577:
13569:
13565:
13559:Deutscher 2003a
13557:
13553:
13545:
13541:
13534:
13520:
13516:
13509:
13493:
13489:
13446:
13442:
13435:
13409:
13405:
13398:
13382:
13378:
13365:
13361:
13354:
13338:
13334:
13327:
13312:
13308:
13302:Deutscher 2015a
13300:
13296:
13289:
13273:
13269:
13261:
13257:
13250:
13234:
13230:
13226:, p. xxxi.
13224:Volkogonov 1996
13222:
13218:
13211:
13195:
13191:
13183:
13174:
13166:
13162:
13154:
13150:
13143:
13127:
13123:
13116:
13100:
13096:
13089:
13073:
13069:
13063:Volkogonov 1996
13061:
13057:
13050:
13036:
13032:
13025:
13009:
13005:
12997:
12982:
12975:
12959:
12955:
12948:
12934:
12930:
12922:
12918:
12909:
12905:
12895:
12893:
12884:
12883:
12879:
12867:Wayback Machine
12855:
12851:
12841:Wayback Machine
12831:
12827:
12821:Volkogonov 1996
12819:
12812:
12804:
12797:
12789:
12785:
12778:
12764:
12760:
12750:
12748:
12728:
12724:
12715:
12711:
12701:
12699:
12694:. 8 June 1940.
12686:
12685:
12681:
12675:Wayback Machine
12666:
12662:
12654:
12650:
12640:
12638:
12633:. 25 May 1940.
12623:
12622:
12618:
12611:
12595:
12591:
12585:Wayback Machine
12576:
12569:
12552:
12548:
12542:Deutscher 2003c
12540:
12536:
12532:, 15 July 1933.
12527:
12523:
12513:
12511:
12502:
12501:
12497:
12487:Wayback Machine
12478:Full text of ~
12477:
12473:
12469:, p. viii.
12465:
12461:
12453:
12449:
12436:
12432:
12428:, 15 June 1931.
12422:Wayback Machine
12412:
12408:
12398:
12396:
12383:
12382:
12378:
12369:
12365:
12358:
12342:
12338:
12322:
12315:
12299:
12295:
12285:
12283:
12268:
12264:
12254:
12252:
12239:
12238:
12234:
12224:
12222:
12213:
12212:
12208:
12198:
12196:
12183:
12182:
12178:
12168:
12166:
12153:
12152:
12145:
12137:
12118:
12111:Oddvar Høidal,
12110:
12106:
12097:
12093:
12083:
12081:
12073:
12072:
12068:
12053:
12039:
12035:
12022:
12021:
12017:
12004:
12003:
11999:
11986:
11985:
11981:
11972:
11971:
11967:
11959:
11955:
11944:
11940:
11930:
11928:
11888:(Summer 1977).
11883:
11879:
11869:
11867:
11857:
11853:
11842:
11841:
11837:
11827:
11825:
11812:
11811:
11800:
11790:
11788:
11773:
11769:
11763:Wayback Machine
11752:
11748:
11740:
11736:
11728:
11724:
11704:
11697:
11691:Rubenstein 2013
11689:
11685:
11675:
11673:
11660:
11659:
11655:
11650:
11646:
11636:
11634:
11632:
11616:
11612:
11602:
11600:
11598:
11582:
11578:
11568:
11566:
11564:
11548:
11544:
11535:
11531:
11522:
11518:
11509:
11505:
11495:
11493:
11488:
11487:
11483:
11473:
11471:
11462:
11461:
11457:
11448:
11444:
11431:
11427:
11418:Trotsky, Leon.
11416:
11412:
11403:
11399:
11390:
11386:
11377:
11373:
11364:
11360:
11355:Wayback Machine
11343:
11339:
11332:
11318:
11314:
11307:
11291:
11287:
11278:Wayback Machine
11271:Left Opposition
11269:
11265:
11256:
11252:
11247:Wayback Machine
11231:
11227:
11218:
11214:
11207:
11193:
11189:
11173:
11172:
11165:
11163:
11156:"Archived copy"
11154:
11153:
11149:
11144:Wayback Machine
11132:
11128:
11123:Wayback Machine
11111:
11107:
11101:Wayback Machine
11089:
11085:
11079:Rubenstein 2011
11077:
11068:
11061:
11045:
11041:
11033:
11029:
11022:
11006:
10999:
10995:, Document 109.
10991:
10987:
10983:, Document 106.
10979:
10975:
10967:
10963:
10955:
10951:
10943:
10939:
10932:
10915:
10908:
10898:
10896:
10892:
10885:
10879:
10875:
10862:
10858:
10854:by Leon Trotsky
10852:Wayback Machine
10843:
10839:
10831:
10827:
10821:Wayback Machine
10808:
10804:
10796:
10792:
10786:Wayback Machine
10774:
10770:
10760:
10758:
10747:
10746:
10742:
10736:Wayback Machine
10724:
10720:
10714:Wayback Machine
10704:
10700:
10695:Wayback Machine
10683:
10676:
10666:
10664:
10651:
10650:
10646:
10607:
10603:
10596:
10580:
10576:
10566:
10564:
10549:
10545:
10536:
10532:
10526:Volkogonov 1996
10524:
10517:
10506:
10502:
10495:
10479:
10475:
10456:
10452:
10448:
10438:
10436:
10414:
10410:
10400:
10398:
10388:
10377:
10370:
10356:
10352:
10339:
10328:
10321:
10305:
10298:
10291:
10275:
10271:
10264:
10248:
10244:
10236:
10232:
10224:
10220:
10214:Wayback Machine
10202:
10198:
10163:
10159:
10152:
10138:
10134:
10117:
10110:
10103:
10089:
10085:
10081:, pp. 389.
10079:Deutscher 2015a
10077:
10073:
10063:
10061:
10049:
10045:
10035:
10033:
10024:
10020:
10010:
10008:
9999:
9995:
9984:
9980:
9970:
9968:
9937:
9933:
9923:
9921:
9905:
9901:
9891:
9889:
9881:Current History
9874:
9873:
9869:
9863:Wayback Machine
9852:
9848:
9842:Wayback Machine
9830:
9826:
9817:Wayback Machine
9808:
9801:
9794:
9778:
9774:
9764:
9762:
9754:
9753:
9746:
9731:
9730:
9726:
9714:
9708:
9704:
9691:
9687:
9674:
9670:
9657:
9653:
9638:
9634:
9628:Wayback Machine
9619:
9612:
9604:
9600:
9590:
9588:
9580:
9579:
9575:
9569:Wayback Machine
9558:
9547:
9542:Wayback Machine
9530:
9523:
9517:Rubenstein 2011
9515:
9511:
9505:Wayback Machine
9495:
9491:
9484:
9470:
9466:
9456:
9454:
9443:"Marxists.org,
9441:
9440:
9436:
9426:
9424:
9422:
9406:
9402:
9387:
9383:
9375:
9371:
9366:Wayback Machine
9355:Chapter XVI of
9354:
9350:
9339:"Towards Unity"
9335:
9331:
9325:Deutscher 2003a
9323:
9316:
9310:Deutscher 2003a
9308:
9301:
9295:Wayback Machine
9283:
9279:
9274:Wayback Machine
9262:
9258:
9250:
9246:
9241:Wayback Machine
9229:
9225:
9217:
9213:
9207:Deutscher 2003a
9205:
9198:
9192:Deutscher 2003a
9190:
9186:
9180:Deutscher 2003a
9178:
9174:
9166:
9162:
9151:
9147:
9141:Deutscher 2003a
9139:
9135:
9130:
9126:
9118:Gapon, Georgy.
9117:
9113:
9105:
9101:
9095:Wayback Machine
9086:
9082:
9076:Wayback Machine
9067:
9063:
9054:
9050:
9044:Wayback Machine
9035:
9031:
8996:
8992:
8982:
8980:
8961:
8957:
8948:
8939:
8934:Wayback Machine
8924:
8920:
8914:Wayback Machine
8904:
8900:
8891:Wayback Machine
8881:
8877:
8871:Deutscher 2003a
8869:
8865:
8859:Deutscher 2003a
8857:
8853:
8847:Deutscher 2003a
8845:
8841:
8833:
8829:
8821:
8814:
8808:Deutscher 2003a
8806:
8802:
8794:
8790:
8784:Deutscher 2003a
8782:
8778:
8769:
8765:
8757:
8753:
8747:Wayback Machine
8735:
8728:
8721:
8705:
8701:
8693:
8689:
8682:
8668:
8664:
8658:Deutscher 2003a
8656:
8649:
8643:Deutscher 2003a
8641:
8637:
8631:Deutscher 2003a
8629:
8622:
8612:
8610:
8605:Trotsky, Leon.
8603:
8599:
8589:
8587:
8585:
8569:
8565:
8557:
8553:
8543:
8541:
8532:
8531:
8527:
8511:
8510:
8503:
8501:
8494:
8490:
8480:
8478:
8473:Trotsky, Leon.
8471:
8467:
8459:
8455:
8439:
8438:
8430:
8426:
8418:
8411:
8403:
8396:
8388:
8384:
8376:
8369:
8365:, pp. 6–7.
8363:Deutscher 2003a
8361:
8352:
8342:
8340:
8327:
8326:
8322:
8312:
8310:
8302:
8301:
8294:
8286:, p. 296;
8282:
8278:
8268:
8266:
8258:
8257:
8253:
8247:Deutscher 2015a
8245:
8241:
8234:
8218:
8214:
8208:Kosheleva 1995b
8206:, p. 129;
8202:, p. 163;
8198:
8194:
8182:
8178:
8172:D'Agostino 2011
8166:, p. 336;
8158:, p. 242;
8156:Volkogonov 1996
8154:, p. 469;
8146:, p. 166;
8140:Deutscher 2003b
8134:
8130:
8123:
8107:
8103:
8096:
8077:
8073:
8058:
8057:
8053:
8040:
8038:
8036:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8004:
8003:
7986:
7982:
7976:
7972:
7961:
7957:
7946:
7942:
7932:
7928:
7922:
7918:
7903:
7899:
7890:
7886:
7855:
7854:
7846:
7827:; Russian:
7797:
7793:
7792:
7788:
7776:
7756:
7752:
7747:
7743:
7738:
7675:
7671:World socialism
7660:Trotsky's train
7650:Scissors Crisis
7605:Left Opposition
7565:
7456:
7428:
7427:
7426:
7425:
7414:
7413:
7412:
7404:
7403:
7354:
7346:
7326:
7306:
7300:
7279:Italian fascism
7252:social fascists
7222:
7214:Main articles:
7212:
7196:war with Poland
7139:1848 Revolution
7092:
7086:
7062:planned economy
7032:electrification
7009:progressive tax
6958:Georgy Pyatakov
6939:in 1920 to the
6910:
6904:Left Opposition
6900:Planned economy
6894:Main articles:
6892:
6884:totalitarianism
6824:
6812:Main articles:
6810:
6751:five-year plans
6746:planned economy
6504:
6439:(1977–81), the
6435:(1966–71), the
6287:Krasnogvardeysk
6247:
6233:Soviet Red Army
6231:Main articles:
6229:
6128:deputy chairman
6109:Georgian affair
6076:
6072:
6063:
6009:
6008:
6007:
6006:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5989:
5988:
5948:Isaac Deutscher
5895:
5889:
5879:or the loss of
5856:world socialism
5817:
5809:
5781:deputy chairman
5777:Martin McCauley
5645:
5641:
5631:cultural policy
5621:
5609:Main articles:
5607:
5374:planned economy
5370:Isaac Deutscher
5350:
5327:Leonid Brezhnev
5242:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5215:
5186:
5166:Martin Dies Jr.
5146:
5120:
5110:
5070:
5058:
5048:
5046:
5039:
5038:
4950:
4942:
4941:
4907:
4842:
4834:
4833:
4768:
4681:
4673:
4672:
4601:Left Opposition
4574:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4550:
4540:
4532:
4522:
4512:
4502:
4492:
4482:
4472:
4463:
4455:
4454:
4315:Isaac Deutscher
4310:James P. Cannon
4305:Alex Callinicos
4270:
4262:
4261:
4237:
4229:
4228:
4219:World communism
4204:Union democracy
4189:Substitutionism
4099:
4066:
4060:
4053:
4029:
3907:Lázaro Cárdenas
3885:
3859:
3802:Vidkun Quisling
3755:
3712:
3620:
3615:
3536:
3511:
3499:Chiang Kai-shek
3472:Communist Party
3422:
3343:
3272:Mikhail Kalinin
3228:
3216:Maria Koszutska
3200:Boris Souvarine
3106:Left Opposition
3014:
3012:Left Opposition
3008:
2940:
2909:and responded:
2864:
2817:
2777:
2771:
2747:
2741:
2699:
2634:
2604:Jukums Vācietis
2517:
2494:unsuccessfully
2482:Nizhny Novgorod
2443:. In his book,
2425:Reign of Terror
2393:
2381:General Krasnov
2296:
2291:
2285:
2241:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2177:
2174:Scheidemannites
2171:
2168:
2166:
2156:
2083:forces of Gen.
2066:Left Communists
2034:
2028:
2012:secret treaties
1976:
1971:
1706:
1694:Austria-Hungary
1677:Kievskaya Mysl,
1603:Matvey Skobelev
1527:
1410:Julian Calendar
1402:
1340:Second Congress
1328:
1277:Trotsky in 1902
1251:
1173:
1167:
1141:Baltic Shipyard
1105:(revolutionary
1081:
1076:
1013:. The American
960:
924:totalitarianism
823:Left Opposition
815:Deputy Chairman
678:1905 Revolution
655:
621:
620:
615:
614:
568:
567:
558:
557:
556:
555:
554:
551:
544:
541:
516:
487:
484:
481: 1903)
476:
472:
464:
461: 1902)
452:
448:
445:
429:
405:Political party
400:
355:
351:
338:
328:
326:
325:
324:
298:
286:
280:
275:
256:
244:
230:
225:
206:
194:
189:
167:
162:
146:
145:Trotsky in 1929
132:
127:
116:
110:
107:
88:
71:
67:
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
23743:
23733:
23732:
23727:
23722:
23717:
23712:
23707:
23702:
23697:
23692:
23687:
23682:
23677:
23672:
23667:
23662:
23657:
23652:
23650:Russian exiles
23647:
23642:
23637:
23632:
23627:
23622:
23617:
23612:
23607:
23602:
23597:
23592:
23587:
23582:
23577:
23572:
23567:
23562:
23557:
23552:
23547:
23542:
23540:Old Bolsheviks
23537:
23532:
23527:
23522:
23517:
23512:
23507:
23502:
23497:
23492:
23487:
23482:
23477:
23472:
23467:
23462:
23457:
23452:
23447:
23442:
23437:
23432:
23427:
23422:
23417:
23412:
23407:
23402:
23397:
23392:
23387:
23382:
23377:
23372:
23367:
23362:
23357:
23352:
23347:
23342:
23337:
23332:
23327:
23322:
23317:
23312:
23307:
23302:
23287:
23286:
23274:
23262:
23250:
23238:
23226:
23214:
23202:
23190:
23178:
23155:
23154:
23149:
23148:
23146:
23145:
23140:
23135:
23130:
23124:
23122:
23118:
23117:
23115:
23114:
23109:
23104:
23102:Vladimir Lenin
23099:
23094:
23088:
23086:
23082:
23081:
23073:
23072:
23065:
23058:
23050:
23041:
23040:
23038:
23037:
23032:
23027:
23021:
23019:
23015:
23014:
23012:
23011:
23006:
23001:
22999:Vladimir Lenin
22996:
22991:
22985:
22983:
22979:
22978:
22970:
22969:
22962:
22955:
22947:
22938:
22937:
22935:
22934:
22929:
22924:
22918:
22916:
22912:
22911:
22909:
22908:
22903:
22898:
22896:Vladimir Lenin
22893:
22888:
22882:
22880:
22876:
22875:
22867:
22866:
22859:
22852:
22844:
22835:
22834:
22832:
22831:
22826:
22821:
22815:
22813:
22809:
22808:
22806:
22805:
22800:
22798:Mikhail Tomsky
22795:
22790:
22785:
22783:Vladimir Lenin
22780:
22775:
22769:
22767:
22763:
22762:
22754:
22753:
22746:
22739:
22731:
22722:
22721:
22719:
22718:
22713:
22708:
22703:
22697:
22695:
22691:
22690:
22688:
22687:
22682:
22680:Mikhail Tomsky
22677:
22672:
22667:
22665:Vladimir Lenin
22662:
22657:
22651:
22649:
22645:
22644:
22636:
22635:
22628:
22621:
22613:
22604:
22603:
22601:
22600:
22598:Mikhail Frunze
22595:
22590:
22585:
22580:
22575:
22569:
22567:
22563:
22562:
22560:
22559:
22554:
22552:Mikhail Tomsky
22549:
22544:
22539:
22534:
22529:
22523:
22521:
22517:
22516:
22508:
22507:
22500:
22493:
22485:
22476:
22475:
22473:
22472:
22467:
22462:
22457:
22452:
22447:
22442:
22437:
22432:
22427:
22422:
22416:
22414:
22410:
22409:
22407:
22406:
22401:
22396:
22394:Mikhail Tomsky
22391:
22386:
22381:
22376:
22371:
22366:
22361:
22355:
22353:
22349:
22348:
22340:
22339:
22332:
22325:
22317:
22308:
22307:
22305:
22304:
22299:
22294:
22289:
22287:Andrei Kozyrev
22283:
22281:
22275:
22274:
22272:
22271:
22266:
22259:
22254:
22249:
22247:Andrei Gromyko
22244:
22239:
22234:
22229:
22227:Maxim Litvinov
22224:
22219:
22213:
22211:
22199:
22198:
22196:
22195:
22190:
22188:Pavel Milyukov
22184:
22182:
22176:
22175:
22173:
22172:
22167:
22165:Boris Shturmer
22162:
22160:Sergey Sazonov
22157:
22152:
22147:
22142:
22137:
22132:
22127:
22122:
22117:
22112:
22107:
22102:
22097:
22092:
22087:
22082:
22077:
22072:
22067:
22062:
22057:
22052:
22047:
22042:
22036:
22034:
22032:Russian Empire
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22022:Peter Shafirov
22019:
22017:Fyodor Golovin
22014:
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20197:Robert Service
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20145:External links
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18669:Russian Review
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17077:
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16902:
16895:
16877:
16875:, p. 468.
16867:, p. 61;
16865:McDermott 2006
16855:, p. 23;
16841:
16834:
16814:
16787:(3): 900–902.
16767:
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15804:
15784:
15782:НИЦ «Мемориал»
15765:
15753:
15734:
15721:El País México
15707:
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14872:
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14840:
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14768:
14766:, p. 191.
14756:
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14609:
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14579:
14563:
14556:
14533:
14526:
14508:
14501:
14481:
14474:
14453:
14451:, p. 284.
14441:
14439:, p. 126.
14429:
14427:, p. 794.
14417:
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14097:
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14063:
14043:
14041:, p. 118.
14031:
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13888:
13876:
13869:
13849:
13842:
13822:
13807:
13800:
13780:
13778:, p. xxx.
13768:
13756:
13754:, p. 200.
13744:
13737:
13719:
13700:
13693:
13673:
13666:
13646:
13639:
13619:
13602:
13595:
13575:
13573:, p. 327.
13563:
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13551:
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13172:
13160:
13158:, p. 156.
13148:
13141:
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13114:
13094:
13087:
13067:
13065:, p. 185.
13055:
13049:978-0765623867
13048:
13030:
13023:
13003:
12980:
12973:
12953:
12946:
12928:
12926:, p. 129.
12916:
12903:
12890:Oncubanews.com
12877:
12849:
12825:
12823:, p. 466.
12810:
12795:
12793:, p. 418.
12783:
12776:
12758:
12722:
12709:
12679:
12660:
12658:, p. 485.
12648:
12616:
12609:
12589:
12567:
12563:978-0060820688
12546:
12544:, p. 482.
12534:
12528:Leon Trotsky.
12521:
12504:"Marxists.org"
12495:
12471:
12459:
12447:
12430:
12406:
12376:
12363:
12356:
12336:
12333:978-0060820688
12313:
12310:978-0060085896
12293:
12262:
12232:
12206:
12176:
12143:
12116:
12104:
12091:
12066:
12051:
12033:
12015:
11997:
11979:
11965:
11963:, p. 191.
11953:
11938:
11886:Kassow, Samuel
11877:
11865:trotskyana.net
11851:
11835:
11798:
11767:
11746:
11734:
11732:, p. 169.
11722:
11719:978-0275966058
11695:
11683:
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11630:
11610:
11596:
11576:
11562:
11542:
11529:
11516:
11503:
11481:
11455:
11442:
11425:
11420:"Lenin (1925)"
11410:
11404:Leon Trotsky,
11397:
11395:, pp. 199–258.
11384:
11371:
11358:
11337:
11330:
11312:
11305:
11285:
11263:
11261:, pp. 63–144.
11250:
11225:
11212:
11205:
11187:
11147:
11126:
11105:
11083:
11081:, p. 127.
11066:
11059:
11039:
11037:, p. 149.
11027:
11020:
10997:
10985:
10973:
10961:
10959:, p. 211.
10949:
10947:, p. 210.
10937:
10930:
10906:
10873:
10856:
10837:
10825:
10802:
10790:
10768:
10740:
10729:(Chapter XXXV)
10718:
10698:
10674:
10644:
10601:
10594:
10574:
10543:
10537:Lih, Lars T.,
10530:
10528:, p. 180.
10515:
10500:
10493:
10473:
10446:
10408:
10375:
10368:
10350:
10342:The Red Terror
10326:
10319:
10296:
10289:
10269:
10262:
10242:
10240:, p. 263.
10230:
10228:, p. 130.
10218:
10196:
10177:(2): 124–151.
10171:Soviet Studies
10157:
10150:
10132:
10108:
10101:
10083:
10071:
10043:
10018:
9993:
9978:
9931:
9899:
9867:
9846:
9824:
9799:
9792:
9772:
9756:"Leon Trotsky"
9744:
9724:
9702:
9685:
9668:
9651:
9640:J. V. Stalin.
9632:
9610:
9598:
9573:
9545:
9531:Chapter 22 of
9521:
9509:
9489:
9482:
9464:
9434:
9420:
9400:
9381:
9369:
9348:
9329:
9327:, p. 192.
9314:
9312:, p. 191.
9299:
9277:
9256:
9244:
9223:
9221:, p. 218.
9211:
9209:, p. 131.
9196:
9184:
9182:, p. 126.
9172:
9160:
9145:
9143:, p. 117.
9133:
9124:
9111:
9099:
9080:
9061:
9048:
9029:
8990:
8955:
8937:
8918:
8898:
8884:"Leon Trotsky"
8875:
8863:
8851:
8839:
8827:
8812:
8800:
8798:, p. 645.
8788:
8776:
8763:
8751:
8726:
8719:
8699:
8687:
8680:
8662:
8647:
8635:
8620:
8597:
8583:
8563:
8551:
8525:
8488:
8465:
8463:, p. 145.
8453:
8424:
8409:
8394:
8382:
8367:
8350:
8320:
8292:
8290:, p. 149.
8276:
8251:
8239:
8232:
8212:
8192:
8190:, p. 165.
8186:, p. 53;
8176:
8162:, p. 67;
8142:, p. 63;
8138:, p. 59;
8128:
8121:
8101:
8094:
8071:
8051:
8034:
8010:
8008:
8005:
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8001:
7980:
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7955:
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7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7560:
7559:
7540:
7531:1980s UK band
7529:
7514:
7511:Richard Burton
7505:, directed by
7497:
7470:
7455:
7452:
7436:Terry Eagleton
7416:
7415:
7406:
7405:
7397:
7396:
7395:
7394:
7393:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7302:Main article:
7299:
7296:
7260:Hillel Ticktin
7211:
7208:
7088:Main article:
7085:
7082:
7005:scissor crisis
6974:heavy industry
6891:
6888:
6880:Soviet parties
6842:vanguard party
6809:
6806:
6723:Shakhty trials
6651:system to the
6536:Moisei Uritsky
6503:
6500:
6492:Martin Tranmæl
6478:, philosopher
6466:, philosopher
6460:Rosa Luxemburg
6423:movement in a
6413:Western Europe
6395:anti-Communism
6365:Harold Shukman
6331:Old Bolsheviks
6297:Red Guard City
6228:
6225:
6139:Slavic studies
6064:
6062:
6059:
6051:Boris Bazhanov
6046:The New Course
6027:Soviet writer
6001:
6000:
5991:
5990:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5891:Main article:
5888:
5885:
5802:
5627:foreign policy
5622:
5606:
5603:
5494:Natalia Sedova
5482:intelligentsia
5473:Trotsky was a
5445:, the rise of
5425:Robert Service
5349:
5346:
5323:Order of Lenin
5292:, who used an
5290:Ramón Mercader
5258:Nahum Eitingon
5241:
5238:
5185:
5182:
5145:
5142:
5116:Main article:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5068:
5056:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4957:
4951:
4949:Related topics
4948:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4843:
4841:Internationals
4840:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
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4779:
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4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4699:Lutte Ouvrière
4696:
4691:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4675:
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4412:
4407:
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4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4375:Pierre Lambert
4372:
4367:
4365:C. L. R. James
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4295:Daniel Bensaïd
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4238:
4235:
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4231:
4230:
4227:
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4216:
4214:Vanguard party
4211:
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4201:
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4186:
4181:
4176:
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4156:
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4109:Anti-Stalinism
4106:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4084:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4065:
4062:
4051:
4028:
4025:
3858:
3855:
3771:Konrad Knudsen
3754:
3751:
3736:Albert Sarraut
3711:
3708:
3666:define fascism
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3535:
3532:
3510:
3507:
3421:
3418:
3342:
3339:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3276:Mikhail Frunze
3241:Mikhail Frunze
3227:
3224:
3098:The New Course
3044:Workers' Group
3040:Workers' Truth
3010:Main article:
3007:
3004:
2995:power struggle
2894:Mikhail Tomsky
2863:
2860:
2831:on 14 May 1923
2816:
2813:
2790:in March 1921.
2786:troops attack
2773:Main article:
2770:
2767:
2755:Vladimir Lenin
2743:Main article:
2740:
2737:
2713:Trotsky on an
2698:
2695:
2633:
2630:
2615:Yakov Sverdlov
2534:barrier troops
2516:
2513:
2499:Vladimir Lenin
2487:On August 30,
2478:sent telegrams
2441:Finnish Whites
2413:Moisei Uritsky
2403:Arising after
2392:
2389:
2295:
2292:
2287:Main article:
2284:
2281:
2240:
2237:
2091:forces in the
2048:(c. 1917–1918)
2030:Main article:
2027:
2024:
2016:Triple Entente
1988:Tauride Palace
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1923:under General
1917:counter-attack
1907:was organized.
1819:Pavel Milyukov
1730:Kievskaya Mysl
1705:
1702:
1682:Kievskaya Mysl
1578:psychoanalysis
1526:
1523:
1401:
1398:
1327:
1324:
1304:Natalia Sedova
1250:
1247:
1169:Main article:
1166:
1163:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1023:Walter Laqueur
1004:Robert Service
977:Russian Empire
959:
956:
926:, and for his
894:Ramón Mercader
730:Russian Empire
694:Vladimir Lenin
692:. Trotsky and
661:
660:
657:
656:
654:
653:
647:
644:
634:
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474:
470:Natalia Sedova
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360:
354:(aged 60)
350:21 August 1940
348:
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316:
315:
311:
310:
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294:
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247:
241:
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239:Vladimir Lenin
237:
233:
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222:
221:
215:
214:
212:Mikhail Frunze
209:
203:
202:
197:
191:
190:
188:
187:
182:
180:Vladimir Lenin
176:
174:
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169:
159:
158:
152:
151:
148:
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135:
129:
128:
125:
118:
117:
111:September 2024
97:it, or adding
74:
72:
65:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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23297:
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23285:
23280:
23275:
23273:
23268:
23263:
23261:
23251:
23249:
23239:
23237:
23227:
23225:
23215:
23213:
23203:
23201:
23191:
23189:
23179:
23177:
23172:
23167:
23166:
23163:
23144:
23143:Elena Stasova
23141:
23139:
23136:
23134:
23131:
23129:
23126:
23125:
23123:
23119:
23113:
23110:
23108:
23107:Joseph Stalin
23105:
23103:
23100:
23098:
23095:
23093:
23090:
23089:
23087:
23083:
23078:
23071:
23066:
23064:
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23036:
23033:
23031:
23028:
23026:
23023:
23022:
23020:
23016:
23010:
23007:
23005:
23004:Joseph Stalin
23002:
23000:
22997:
22995:
22992:
22990:
22987:
22986:
22984:
22980:
22975:
22968:
22963:
22961:
22956:
22954:
22949:
22948:
22945:
22933:
22930:
22928:
22925:
22923:
22920:
22919:
22917:
22913:
22907:
22904:
22902:
22901:Joseph Stalin
22899:
22897:
22894:
22892:
22889:
22887:
22884:
22883:
22881:
22877:
22872:
22865:
22860:
22858:
22853:
22851:
22846:
22845:
22842:
22830:
22827:
22825:
22822:
22820:
22817:
22816:
22814:
22810:
22804:
22801:
22799:
22796:
22794:
22793:Joseph Stalin
22791:
22789:
22786:
22784:
22781:
22779:
22776:
22774:
22771:
22770:
22768:
22764:
22759:
22752:
22747:
22745:
22740:
22738:
22733:
22732:
22729:
22717:
22714:
22712:
22709:
22707:
22704:
22702:
22699:
22698:
22696:
22692:
22686:
22683:
22681:
22678:
22676:
22675:Joseph Stalin
22673:
22671:
22668:
22666:
22663:
22661:
22658:
22656:
22653:
22652:
22650:
22646:
22641:
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22627:
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22611:
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22579:
22576:
22574:
22571:
22570:
22568:
22564:
22558:
22555:
22553:
22550:
22548:
22547:Joseph Stalin
22545:
22543:
22540:
22538:
22535:
22533:
22530:
22528:
22525:
22524:
22522:
22518:
22513:
22506:
22501:
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22492:
22487:
22486:
22483:
22471:
22468:
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22463:
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22436:
22433:
22431:
22428:
22426:
22423:
22421:
22418:
22417:
22415:
22411:
22405:
22402:
22400:
22397:
22395:
22392:
22390:
22389:Joseph Stalin
22387:
22385:
22382:
22380:
22377:
22375:
22372:
22370:
22367:
22365:
22362:
22360:
22357:
22356:
22354:
22350:
22345:
22338:
22333:
22331:
22326:
22324:
22319:
22318:
22315:
22303:
22302:Sergey Lavrov
22300:
22298:
22295:
22293:
22290:
22288:
22285:
22284:
22282:
22280:
22276:
22270:
22267:
22265:
22264:
22260:
22258:
22255:
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22250:
22248:
22245:
22243:
22240:
22238:
22235:
22233:
22230:
22228:
22225:
22223:
22220:
22218:
22215:
22214:
22212:
22210:
22204:
22203:Soviet Russia
22200:
22194:
22191:
22189:
22186:
22185:
22183:
22181:
22177:
22171:
22168:
22166:
22163:
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22128:
22126:
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22118:
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22111:
22108:
22106:
22103:
22101:
22098:
22096:
22093:
22091:
22088:
22086:
22083:
22081:
22078:
22076:
22073:
22071:
22070:Ivan Osterman
22068:
22066:
22063:
22061:
22058:
22056:
22053:
22051:
22048:
22046:
22043:
22041:
22038:
22037:
22035:
22033:
22029:
22023:
22020:
22018:
22015:
22013:
22012:Lev Naryshkin
22010:
22008:
22005:
22003:
22000:
21998:
21997:Larion Ivanov
21995:
21993:
21990:
21988:
21985:
21983:
21980:
21978:
21975:
21973:
21972:Ivan Gramotin
21970:
21968:
21965:
21963:
21960:
21959:
21957:
21955:
21951:
21947:
21943:
21936:
21931:
21929:
21924:
21922:
21917:
21916:
21913:
21898:
21895:
21890:
21887:
21882:
21879:
21874:
21871:
21866:
21863:
21858:
21855:
21850:
21849:Georgy Zhukov
21847:
21842:
21839:
21838:
21836:
21832:
21828:
21819:
21816:
21811:
21810:Ivan Yumashev
21808:
21807:
21805:
21799:
21793:
21790:
21789:
21787:
21781:
21772:
21769:
21764:
21761:
21756:
21755:Joseph Stalin
21753:
21752:
21750:
21744:
21738:
21737:Joseph Stalin
21735:
21734:
21732:
21724:
21715:
21712:
21707:
21704:
21699:
21698:Pyotr Smirnov
21696:
21695:
21693:
21689:
21685:
21676:
21675:Joseph Stalin
21673:
21668:
21665:
21660:
21657:
21656:
21654:
21650:
21646:
21628:
21625:
21620:
21617:
21612:
21609:
21604:
21601:
21596:
21593:
21592:
21590:
21586:
21580:
21576:
21572:
21565:
21560:
21558:
21553:
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21542:
21530:
21527:
21525:
21522:
21520:
21517:
21515:
21512:
21510:
21507:
21505:
21502:
21500:
21497:
21495:
21492:
21490:
21487:
21485:
21482:
21481:
21479:
21477:International
21475:
21465:
21462:
21460:
21457:
21455:
21454:Viktor Bilash
21452:
21450:
21447:
21445:
21442:
21440:
21437:
21435:
21432:
21430:
21427:
21425:
21424:Nestor Makhno
21422:
21421:
21419:
21417:
21413:
21407:
21404:
21402:
21399:
21397:
21396:Mark Natanson
21394:
21392:
21389:
21387:
21386:Yakov Blumkin
21384:
21383:
21381:
21379:
21375:
21369:
21366:
21364:
21361:
21359:
21356:
21354:
21351:
21350:
21348:
21346:
21342:
21336:
21333:
21331:
21328:
21326:
21323:
21321:
21318:
21316:
21313:
21311:
21310:Joseph Stalin
21308:
21306:
21303:
21301:
21298:
21296:
21293:
21291:
21288:
21286:
21283:
21282:
21280:
21278:
21274:
21268:
21267:Lavr Kornilov
21265:
21263:
21260:
21258:
21257:Pyotr Krasnov
21255:
21253:
21252:Anton Denikin
21250:
21248:
21245:
21243:
21242:Pyotr Wrangel
21240:
21239:
21237:
21235:
21231:
21225:
21222:
21220:
21217:
21215:
21212:
21211:
21209:
21207:
21203:
21197:
21194:
21193:
21191:
21189:
21185:
21182:
21178:
21172:
21169:
21167:
21164:
21160:
21157:
21156:
21155:
21152:
21148:
21145:
21143:
21140:
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21138:
21135:
21133:
21130:
21128:
21125:
21124:
21122:
21120:
21116:
21108:
21105:
21104:
21103:
21100:
21098:
21095:
21093:
21090:
21088:
21085:
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21080:
21078:
21075:
21071:
21068:
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21056:
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21038:
21036:
21033:
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21028:
21026:
21023:
21022:
21020:
21016:
21004:
21001:
20999:
20996:
20994:
20991:
20990:
20988:
20986:
20983:
20981:
20978:
20976:
20973:
20971:
20968:
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20956:
20953:
20951:
20948:
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20929:
20926:
20925:
20924:
20921:
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20914:
20912:
20909:
20907:
20904:
20903:
20902:
20899:
20897:
20894:
20893:
20891:
20887:
20881:
20880:Junker mutiny
20878:
20876:
20873:
20871:
20868:
20866:
20863:
20861:
20858:
20856:
20853:
20852:
20850:
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20824:
20819:
20817:
20812:
20810:
20805:
20804:
20801:
20795:
20788:
20775:
20772:
20769:
20766:
20764:(second wife)
20763:
20760:
20757:
20754:
20751:
20748:
20745:
20744:Olga Kameneva
20742:
20739:
20736:
20735:
20733:
20729:
20722:
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20714:
20712:
20709:
20707:
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20609:
20606:
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20593:
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20573:
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20561:
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20553:
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20537:
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20529:
20526:
20525:
20521:
20518:
20517:
20513:
20510:
20509:
20505:
20502:
20501:
20497:
20494:
20493:
20489:
20486:
20485:
20481:
20479:
20476:
20475:
20473:
20469:
20465:
20458:
20453:
20451:
20446:
20444:
20439:
20438:
20435:
20426:
20417:
20416:
20409:
20403:
20399:
20390:
20389:
20382:
20376:
20372:
20363:
20362:
20355:
20349:
20344:
20340:
20331:
20330:
20323:
20317:
20313:
20304:
20303:
20294:
20288:
20283:
20272:
20268:
20265:
20263:
20259:
20256:
20253:
20249:
20246:
20244:
20240:
20237:
20234:
20230:
20227:
20226:
20217:
20214:
20212:
20208:
20204:
20201:
20198:
20194:
20190:
20189:
20185:
20183:
20182:Claude Lefort
20179:
20178:
20174:
20172:
20169:
20167:
20163:
20160:
20158:
20154:
20149:
20148:
20137:
20131:
20127:
20122:
20118:
20116:0-8128-2774-0
20112:
20108:
20104:
20100:
20096:
20091:
20087:
20081:
20077:
20073:
20068:
20064:
20058:
20054:
20049:
20045:
20039:
20035:
20030:
20026:
20020:
20016:
20015:
20009:
20005:
20003:0-415-23251-1
19999:
19996:. Routledge.
19995:
19990:
19986:
19980:
19977:. Routledge.
19976:
19975:
19969:
19965:
19959:
19955:
19950:
19946:
19940:
19937:. Routledge.
19936:
19931:
19927:
19921:
19917:
19912:
19908:
19904:
19899:
19894:
19890:
19886:
19882:
19877:
19871:
19865:
19861:
19856:
19855:
19852:
19846:
19842:
19837:
19833:
19831:0-674-01697-1
19827:
19823:
19818:
19814:
19808:
19804:
19799:
19793:
19787:
19783:
19778:
19777:
19774:
19770:
19766:
19760:
19756:
19755:
19749:
19745:
19739:
19735:
19734:
19728:
19724:
19722:0-929087-77-1
19718:
19714:
19709:
19705:
19699:
19695:
19690:
19686:
19680:
19676:
19675:
19669:
19665:
19661:
19657:
19653:
19649:
19645:
19642:(2): 77–117.
19641:
19637:
19630:
19625:
19621:
19615:
19611:
19610:
19604:
19600:
19598:0-300-06919-7
19594:
19590:
19585:
19581:
19575:
19567:
19562:
19558:
19552:
19548:
19547:
19541:
19537:
19531:
19527:
19526:
19520:
19516:
19510:
19506:
19501:
19497:
19491:
19487:
19482:
19478:
19472:
19468:
19467:
19461:
19457:
19451:
19447:
19442:
19438:
19432:
19428:
19424:
19420:
19419:Medvedev, Roy
19416:
19412:
19408:
19404:
19400:
19395:
19391:
19385:
19381:
19380:
19374:
19370:
19364:
19361:. Routledge.
19360:
19359:
19353:
19349:
19343:
19339:
19334:
19330:
19324:
19320:
19315:
19311:
19305:
19301:
19300:
19294:
19291:/Signet Book.
19290:
19286:
19281:
19277:
19271:
19267:
19266:
19260:
19256:
19250:
19246:
19241:
19237:
19231:
19227:
19222:
19218:
19212:
19208:
19207:
19201:
19197:
19191:
19187:
19186:
19180:
19176:
19170:
19166:
19161:
19157:
19151:
19147:
19146:
19140:
19136:
19130:
19126:
19125:
19119:
19115:
19111:
19107:
19102:
19098:
19092:
19088:
19084:
19080:
19076:
19072:
19067:
19063:
19058:
19054:
19052:0-932323-17-0
19048:
19044:
19039:
19035:
19029:
19025:
19024:
19018:
19014:
19008:
19004:
19003:
18997:
18993:
18987:
18983:
18982:
18976:
18965:
18958:
18953:
18949:
18943:
18939:
18934:
18930:
18924:
18920:
18919:
18913:
18909:
18905:
18901:
18896:
18892:
18886:
18882:
18877:
18873:
18867:
18863:
18858:
18854:
18848:
18844:
18839:
18835:
18829:
18825:
18821:
18817:
18813:
18809:
18805:
18801:
18797:
18793:
18789:
18785:
18781:
18776:
18772:
18770:0-8133-1223-X
18766:
18762:
18757:
18753:
18747:
18743:
18742:
18736:
18732:
18726:
18722:
18721:
18715:
18711:
18705:
18701:
18700:
18694:
18690:
18686:
18682:
18678:
18675:(1): 84–102.
18674:
18670:
18665:
18661:
18659:0-19-507132-8
18655:
18651:
18646:
18642:
18637:
18633:
18628:
18624:
18619:
18615:
18610:
18606:
18600:
18596:
18595:
18589:
18585:
18584:
18578:
18574:
18568:
18564:
18563:
18557:
18553:
18549:
18545:
18541:
18537:
18533:
18528:
18524:
18518:
18514:
18509:
18505:
18499:
18496:. Routledge.
18495:
18494:
18488:
18484:
18480:
18476:
18474:0-691-08721-0
18470:
18466:
18465:
18460:
18456:
18452:
18446:
18442:
18437:
18436:
18433:
18419:
18413:
18409:
18404:
18403:
18384:. 27 May 2010
18383:
18379:
18373:
18358:
18354:
18348:
18340:
18334:
18330:
18329:
18321:
18313:
18307:
18303:
18302:
18294:
18286:
18280:
18276:
18275:
18267:
18259:
18253:
18249:
18248:
18240:
18225:
18221:
18220:"The Trotsky"
18215:
18207:
18201:
18197:
18196:
18188:
18186:
18177:
18171:
18167:
18166:
18158:
18150:
18144:
18140:
18133:
18126:
18121:
18113:
18107:
18103:
18102:
18094:
18086:
18082:
18078:
18074:
18070:
18066:
18062:
18058:
18054:
18047:
18039:
18033:
18029:
18028:
18020:
18011:
18006:
18002:
17998:
17994:
17987:
17980:
17976:
17970:
17962:
17956:
17952:
17951:
17944:
17936:
17934:9780470659632
17930:
17926:
17922:
17918:
17914:
17907:
17900:
17899:
17894:
17890:
17887:
17881:
17873:
17869:
17865:
17861:
17857:
17853:
17849:
17845:
17841:
17837:
17833:
17826:
17818:
17812:
17808:
17801:
17793:
17787:
17783:
17776:
17768:
17762:
17758:
17757:
17749:
17733:
17729:
17728:
17723:
17717:
17711:, p. 59.
17710:
17705:
17697:
17693:
17689:
17685:
17681:
17680:"The Old Man"
17674:
17666:
17665:
17657:
17649:
17648:
17640:
17632:
17626:
17622:
17615:
17607:
17606:
17598:
17590:
17589:
17581:
17573:
17567:
17563:
17562:
17554:
17546:
17542:
17536:
17530:, p. 62.
17529:
17524:
17516:
17510:
17506:
17499:
17491:
17485:
17481:
17480:
17472:
17464:
17460:
17454:
17446:
17440:
17436:
17435:
17427:
17420:
17415:
17408:
17403:
17395:
17389:
17385:
17384:
17376:
17369:
17364:
17357:
17352:
17344:
17338:
17334:
17333:
17325:
17318:
17313:
17305:
17299:
17295:
17294:
17286:
17284:
17276:
17271:
17263:
17257:
17253:
17252:
17244:
17236:
17230:
17226:
17225:
17217:
17209:
17205:
17199:
17191:
17185:
17181:
17180:
17172:
17164:
17158:
17154:
17153:
17145:
17139:, p. 84.
17138:
17133:
17125:
17121:
17114:
17105:
17100:
17096:
17092:
17088:
17081:
17073:
17069:
17065:
17061:
17057:
17053:
17052:Slavic Review
17049:
17042:
17034:
17028:
17024:
17023:
17014:
17006:
17000:
16996:
16995:
16987:
16979:
16973:
16969:
16968:
16960:
16952:
16946:
16942:
16941:
16933:
16925:
16919:
16915:
16914:
16906:
16898:
16892:
16888:
16881:
16874:
16871:, p. 8;
16870:
16866:
16862:
16858:
16854:
16853:Phillips 2000
16850:
16845:
16837:
16831:
16827:
16826:
16818:
16810:
16806:
16802:
16798:
16794:
16790:
16786:
16782:
16778:
16771:
16763:
16757:
16753:
16746:
16738:
16732:
16728:
16727:
16719:
16713:, pp. 3.
16712:
16707:
16700:
16695:
16687:
16681:
16677:
16670:
16662:
16656:
16652:
16651:
16643:
16635:
16629:
16625:
16624:
16616:
16608:
16602:
16598:
16597:
16589:
16582:
16578:
16574:
16573:Rogovin 2021b
16570:
16569:Barnett 2013b
16566:
16565:Daniels 2008b
16561:
16553:
16547:
16543:
16542:
16534:
16526:
16520:
16516:
16515:
16507:
16499:
16493:
16489:
16482:
16474:
16468:
16465:. Routledge.
16464:
16463:
16455:
16447:
16441:
16437:
16436:
16428:
16420:
16414:
16410:
16403:
16395:
16389:
16385:
16384:
16376:
16374:
16365:
16359:
16355:
16354:
16346:
16338:
16332:
16328:
16327:
16319:
16313:, pp. 2.
16312:
16308:
16304:
16300:
16299:Thatcher 2003
16296:
16292:
16287:
16279:
16273:
16269:
16268:
16260:
16258:
16249:
16245:
16238:
16230:
16224:
16220:
16219:
16211:
16203:
16197:
16193:
16192:
16184:
16176:
16170:
16166:
16165:
16157:
16149:
16143:
16139:
16138:
16130:
16122:
16116:
16112:
16111:
16103:
16095:
16089:
16085:
16084:
16076:
16068:
16062:
16058:
16057:
16049:
16041:
16035:
16031:
16030:
16022:
16014:
16008:
16004:
16003:
15995:
15987:
15981:
15977:
15976:
15968:
15960:
15954:
15950:
15949:
15941:
15933:
15929:
15922:
15914:
15908:
15904:
15897:
15889:
15883:
15879:
15878:
15870:
15863:
15858:
15851:
15846:
15838:
15832:
15828:
15824:
15823:
15815:
15807:
15801:
15797:
15796:
15788:
15781:
15777:
15774:
15769:
15762:
15757:
15750:
15749:
15744:
15738:
15722:
15718:
15711:
15695:
15691:
15683:
15667:
15663:
15655:
15647:
15641:
15637:
15636:
15628:
15620:
15614:
15610:
15609:
15601:
15593:
15587:
15583:
15582:
15574:
15567:
15562:
15554:
15548:
15544:
15543:
15535:
15527:
15521:
15517:
15516:
15508:
15500:
15494:
15490:
15489:
15481:
15475:, p. 51.
15474:
15473:Mccauley 2014
15469:
15461:
15455:
15451:
15450:
15442:
15434:
15430:
15426:
15422:
15418:
15414:
15407:
15399:
15393:
15389:
15388:
15380:
15372:
15366:
15362:
15361:
15353:
15345:
15339:
15335:
15334:
15326:
15318:
15312:
15308:
15301:
15293:
15287:
15283:
15282:
15274:
15266:
15260:
15256:
15249:
15241:
15235:
15231:
15230:
15222:
15216:, p. 52.
15215:
15214:Mccauley 2014
15210:
15202:
15196:
15192:
15185:
15177:
15171:
15167:
15166:
15158:
15151:
15146:
15138:
15132:
15128:
15127:
15119:
15111:
15110:
15102:
15094:
15088:
15084:
15083:
15075:
15067:
15061:
15057:
15056:
15048:
15040:
15034:
15030:
15029:
15021:
15013:
15007:
15003:
15002:
14994:
14986:
14980:
14976:
14975:
14967:
14959:
14953:
14949:
14948:
14940:
14934:, p. 80.
14933:
14928:
14920:
14914:
14910:
14909:
14901:
14893:
14887:
14883:
14876:
14868:
14862:
14858:
14851:
14843:
14837:
14833:
14832:
14824:
14816:
14810:
14806:
14799:
14791:
14785:
14781:
14780:
14772:
14765:
14760:
14752:
14746:
14742:
14741:
14733:
14725:
14724:
14716:
14708:
14702:
14698:
14697:
14689:
14681:
14675:
14671:
14664:
14656:
14650:
14646:
14645:
14637:
14630:
14625:
14618:
14613:
14605:
14599:
14595:
14594:
14586:
14584:
14576:
14572:
14567:
14559:
14553:
14549:
14548:
14540:
14538:
14529:
14523:
14519:
14512:
14504:
14498:
14494:
14493:
14485:
14477:
14471:
14467:
14460:
14458:
14450:
14445:
14438:
14433:
14426:
14421:
14414:
14409:
14401:
14395:
14391:
14390:
14382:
14374:
14368:
14364:
14363:
14355:
14347:
14341:
14337:
14336:
14328:
14320:
14314:
14310:
14303:
14295:
14289:
14285:
14284:
14276:
14270:, p. 59.
14269:
14268:Mccauley 2014
14264:
14262:
14253:
14247:
14243:
14236:
14228:
14222:
14218:
14217:
14209:
14201:
14195:
14191:
14190:
14182:
14174:
14168:
14164:
14163:
14155:
14147:
14141:
14137:
14136:
14128:
14120:
14114:
14110:
14109:
14101:
14093:
14087:
14083:
14082:
14074:
14066:
14060:
14056:
14055:
14047:
14040:
14035:
14027:
14021:
14017:
14016:
14008:
14000:
13996:
13992:
13991:"The Old Man"
13985:
13978:
13973:
13965:
13959:
13955:
13954:
13946:
13939:
13934:
13932:
13923:
13917:
13913:
13912:
13904:
13898:, p. 94.
13897:
13892:
13885:
13880:
13872:
13866:
13862:
13861:
13853:
13845:
13839:
13835:
13834:
13826:
13820:, p. 22.
13819:
13814:
13812:
13803:
13797:
13793:
13792:
13784:
13777:
13772:
13765:
13760:
13753:
13748:
13740:
13734:
13730:
13723:
13715:
13711:
13704:
13696:
13690:
13686:
13685:
13677:
13669:
13663:
13659:
13658:
13650:
13642:
13636:
13632:
13631:
13623:
13615:
13614:
13606:
13598:
13592:
13588:
13587:
13579:
13572:
13567:
13560:
13555:
13548:
13543:
13535:
13529:
13525:
13518:
13510:
13504:
13500:
13499:
13491:
13483:
13479:
13475:
13471:
13467:
13463:
13459:
13455:
13451:
13444:
13436:
13434:9780203983171
13430:
13426:
13422:
13418:
13414:
13407:
13399:
13393:
13389:
13388:
13380:
13372:
13371:
13363:
13355:
13349:
13345:
13344:
13336:
13328:
13322:
13318:
13310:
13303:
13298:
13290:
13284:
13280:
13279:
13271:
13264:
13259:
13251:
13245:
13241:
13240:
13232:
13225:
13220:
13212:
13206:
13202:
13201:
13193:
13186:
13181:
13179:
13177:
13169:
13164:
13157:
13152:
13144:
13138:
13134:
13133:
13125:
13117:
13111:
13107:
13106:
13098:
13090:
13084:
13080:
13079:
13071:
13064:
13059:
13051:
13045:
13041:
13034:
13026:
13020:
13016:
13015:
13007:
13000:
12995:
12993:
12991:
12989:
12987:
12985:
12976:
12970:
12966:
12965:
12957:
12949:
12943:
12939:
12932:
12925:
12920:
12913:
12907:
12892:. 27 May 2019
12891:
12887:
12881:
12874:
12873:
12868:
12864:
12861:
12858:
12853:
12846:
12842:
12838:
12835:
12832:Walsh, Lynn,
12829:
12822:
12817:
12815:
12807:
12802:
12800:
12792:
12791:Conquest 1992
12787:
12779:
12777:0-313-20972-3
12773:
12769:
12762:
12747:
12743:
12739:
12738:
12733:
12726:
12719:
12718:History Today
12713:
12697:
12693:
12689:
12683:
12676:
12672:
12669:
12664:
12657:
12652:
12636:
12632:
12631:
12626:
12620:
12612:
12606:
12602:
12601:
12593:
12586:
12582:
12579:
12574:
12572:
12565:, pp. 171–73.
12564:
12560:
12556:
12550:
12543:
12538:
12531:
12525:
12509:
12505:
12499:
12492:
12488:
12484:
12481:
12475:
12468:
12463:
12456:
12451:
12444:
12440:
12434:
12427:
12423:
12419:
12416:
12413:Chen, Duxiu.
12410:
12394:
12390:
12386:
12380:
12373:
12367:
12359:
12357:9783822859834
12353:
12349:
12348:
12340:
12334:
12330:
12326:
12320:
12318:
12311:
12307:
12303:
12297:
12281:
12277:
12273:
12266:
12250:
12246:
12242:
12236:
12220:
12216:
12210:
12194:
12190:
12186:
12180:
12164:
12160:
12156:
12150:
12148:
12141:
12135:
12133:
12131:
12129:
12127:
12125:
12123:
12121:
12114:
12108:
12101:
12095:
12080:
12076:
12070:
12062:
12058:
12054:
12048:
12044:
12037:
12029:
12025:
12019:
12011:
12007:
12001:
11993:
11989:
11983:
11976:1 March 1932.
11975:
11969:
11962:
11957:
11949:
11942:
11927:
11923:
11919:
11915:
11911:
11907:
11903:
11899:
11895:
11893:
11887:
11881:
11866:
11862:
11855:
11847:
11846:
11839:
11823:
11819:
11815:
11809:
11807:
11805:
11803:
11786:
11782:
11778:
11771:
11765:
11764:
11760:
11757:
11750:
11744:, p. 22.
11743:
11738:
11731:
11730:Medvedev 1976
11726:
11720:
11716:
11712:
11708:
11705:Tova Yedlin,
11702:
11700:
11692:
11687:
11671:
11667:
11663:
11657:
11648:
11633:
11627:
11623:
11622:
11614:
11599:
11593:
11589:
11588:
11580:
11565:
11559:
11555:
11554:
11546:
11539:
11533:
11526:
11520:
11513:
11507:
11491:
11485:
11469:
11465:
11459:
11452:
11446:
11438:
11437:
11429:
11421:
11414:
11407:
11401:
11394:
11388:
11381:
11375:
11369:, pp. 161–62.
11368:
11362:
11356:
11352:
11349:
11348:
11341:
11333:
11327:
11323:
11316:
11308:
11302:
11298:
11297:
11289:
11283:
11279:
11275:
11272:
11267:
11260:
11254:
11248:
11244:
11241:
11240:
11235:
11229:
11222:
11216:
11208:
11202:
11198:
11191:
11183:
11177:
11161:
11157:
11151:
11145:
11141:
11138:
11137:
11130:
11124:
11120:
11117:
11116:
11109:
11102:
11098:
11095:
11094:
11087:
11080:
11075:
11073:
11071:
11062:
11056:
11052:
11051:
11043:
11036:
11031:
11023:
11017:
11013:
11012:
11004:
11002:
10994:
10989:
10982:
10977:
10970:
10965:
10958:
10953:
10946:
10941:
10933:
10927:
10923:
10922:
10913:
10911:
10891:
10884:
10877:
10869:
10868:
10860:
10853:
10849:
10846:
10841:
10835:
10829:
10822:
10818:
10815:
10811:
10806:
10799:
10794:
10787:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10772:
10756:
10755:
10750:
10744:
10737:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10722:
10715:
10711:
10708:
10702:
10696:
10692:
10689:
10688:
10681:
10679:
10662:
10658:
10654:
10648:
10640:
10636:
10632:
10628:
10624:
10620:
10616:
10612:
10605:
10597:
10591:
10587:
10586:
10578:
10562:
10558:
10554:
10547:
10540:
10534:
10527:
10522:
10520:
10512:. p. 83.
10511:
10504:
10496:
10490:
10486:
10485:
10477:
10470:
10469:5-87849-164-8
10466:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10434:
10430:
10426:
10422:
10421:Goldman, Emma
10418:
10412:
10397:
10393:
10386:
10384:
10382:
10380:
10371:
10365:
10361:
10354:
10347:
10343:
10337:
10335:
10333:
10331:
10322:
10316:
10312:
10311:
10303:
10301:
10292:
10286:
10282:
10281:
10273:
10265:
10259:
10255:
10254:
10246:
10239:
10234:
10227:
10222:
10215:
10211:
10208:
10207:
10200:
10192:
10188:
10184:
10180:
10176:
10172:
10168:
10161:
10153:
10147:
10143:
10136:
10128:
10127:
10122:
10115:
10113:
10104:
10098:
10094:
10087:
10080:
10075:
10060:
10059:
10054:
10047:
10031:
10030:
10022:
10006:
10005:
9997:
9989:
9982:
9967:
9966:
9961:
9954:
9950:
9946:
9942:
9935:
9919:
9915:
9914:
9909:
9903:
9887:
9883:
9882:
9877:
9871:
9864:
9860:
9857:
9856:
9850:
9843:
9839:
9836:
9835:
9828:
9822:
9818:
9814:
9811:
9806:
9804:
9795:
9789:
9785:
9784:
9776:
9761:
9757:
9751:
9749:
9740:
9739:
9734:
9728:
9720:
9713:
9706:
9698:
9697:
9689:
9681:
9680:
9672:
9664:
9663:
9655:
9647:
9643:
9636:
9629:
9625:
9622:
9617:
9615:
9608:, p. xxi
9607:
9602:
9587:
9583:
9577:
9570:
9566:
9563:
9562:
9556:
9554:
9552:
9550:
9543:
9539:
9536:
9535:
9528:
9526:
9519:, p. 75.
9518:
9513:
9506:
9502:
9499:
9493:
9485:
9479:
9475:
9468:
9452:
9448:
9446:
9438:
9423:
9417:
9413:
9412:
9404:
9396:
9392:
9385:
9379:, p. 62.
9378:
9373:
9367:
9363:
9360:
9359:
9352:
9344:
9340:
9333:
9326:
9321:
9319:
9311:
9306:
9304:
9296:
9292:
9289:
9288:
9281:
9275:
9271:
9268:
9267:
9260:
9253:
9248:
9242:
9238:
9235:
9234:
9227:
9220:
9215:
9208:
9203:
9201:
9193:
9188:
9181:
9176:
9169:
9164:
9156:
9149:
9142:
9137:
9128:
9121:
9115:
9109:, p. 73.
9108:
9103:
9096:
9092:
9089:
9084:
9077:
9073:
9070:
9065:
9058:
9055:Goryachkina,
9052:
9045:
9041:
9038:
9033:
9025:
9021:
9017:
9013:
9009:
9005:
9001:
8994:
8978:
8974:
8970:
8969:History Today
8966:
8959:
8952:
8946:
8944:
8942:
8935:
8931:
8928:
8922:
8915:
8911:
8908:
8902:
8896:
8892:
8888:
8885:
8879:
8872:
8867:
8861:, p. 55.
8860:
8855:
8849:, p. 67.
8848:
8843:
8836:
8835:Schapiro 1970
8831:
8825:, p. 22.
8824:
8819:
8817:
8810:, p. 42.
8809:
8804:
8797:
8796:Schapiro 1970
8792:
8786:, p. 40.
8785:
8780:
8773:
8767:
8760:
8755:
8748:
8744:
8741:
8740:
8733:
8731:
8722:
8716:
8712:
8711:
8703:
8697:, p. 19.
8696:
8691:
8683:
8677:
8673:
8666:
8660:, p. 39.
8659:
8654:
8652:
8645:, p. 36.
8644:
8639:
8632:
8627:
8625:
8608:
8601:
8586:
8580:
8576:
8575:
8567:
8560:
8555:
8539:
8535:
8529:
8521:
8515:
8499:
8492:
8476:
8469:
8462:
8457:
8449:
8443:
8435:
8428:
8421:
8416:
8414:
8406:
8401:
8399:
8392:, p. 11.
8391:
8386:
8380:, p. 69.
8379:
8374:
8372:
8364:
8359:
8357:
8355:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8324:
8309:
8305:
8299:
8297:
8289:
8285:
8284:Knei-Paz 1979
8280:
8265:
8261:
8255:
8248:
8243:
8235:
8229:
8225:
8224:
8216:
8209:
8205:
8201:
8200:Bullock 1991b
8196:
8189:
8185:
8180:
8174:, p. 67.
8173:
8169:
8165:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8136:Mccauley 2014
8132:
8124:
8118:
8114:
8113:
8105:
8097:
8091:
8087:
8081:
8075:
8067:
8066:
8061:
8055:
8048:
8037:
8035:9781931859103
8031:
8027:
8026:
8021:
8015:
8011:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7984:
7974:
7967:
7959:
7952:
7951:
7944:
7936:
7930:
7920:
7913:
7908:
7901:
7894:
7893:Elena Stasova
7888:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7862:; Ukrainian:
7858:
7852:
7843:
7837:
7824:
7790:
7782:
7773:
7767:
7757:Russian:
7754:
7745:
7741:
7730:
7729:
7725:
7722:
7721:
7717:
7714:
7713:
7709:
7706:
7705:
7701:
7699:
7695:
7694:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7682:
7681:
7677:
7676:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7567:
7557:
7556:
7551:
7550:
7545:
7541:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7512:
7509:and starring
7508:
7504:
7503:
7498:
7495:
7494:
7489:
7488:
7483:
7482:George Orwell
7479:
7475:
7471:
7468:
7464:
7463:
7458:
7457:
7451:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7437:
7433:
7423:
7422:Yury Annenkov
7419:
7410:
7401:
7392:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7381:
7375:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7360:
7353:
7350:
7343:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7321:
7319:
7318:world economy
7315:
7310:
7305:
7295:
7293:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7280:
7275:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7253:
7248:
7246:
7237:
7236:
7234:
7226:
7221:
7217:
7207:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7190:
7186:
7181:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7170:
7165:
7159:
7157:
7150:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7123:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7081:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7065:
7063:
7057:
7055:
7051:
7046:
7044:
7040:
7037:
7036:hydroelectric
7033:
7028:
7026:
7020:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7006:
6998:
6994:
6989:
6985:
6983:
6979:
6978:foreign trade
6975:
6969:
6967:
6966:intellectuals
6963:
6959:
6955:
6949:
6947:
6942:
6938:
6933:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6914:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6887:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6860:
6858:
6853:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6835:
6834:
6828:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6805:
6803:
6802:
6797:
6796:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6782:Stafford Beer
6780:
6779:cybernetician
6776:
6772:
6766:
6764:
6760:
6759:industrialist
6756:
6755:modernization
6752:
6747:
6743:
6738:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6679:
6675:
6673:
6669:
6667:
6662:
6661:authoritarian
6656:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6619:
6614:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6591:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6568:anti-Leninist
6564:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6518:
6517:revolutionary
6508:
6499:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6484:Edmund Wilson
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6448:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6428:
6426:
6420:
6418:
6417:Latin America
6414:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6396:
6392:
6391:neo-Stalinist
6388:
6383:
6382:Stalinist-run
6377:
6372:
6370:
6369:Western world
6366:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6350:Joseph Stalin
6347:
6342:
6340:
6335:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6323:rehabilitated
6319:
6317:
6313:
6308:
6305:
6300:
6298:
6288:
6284:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6224:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6188:
6180:
6179:Soviet Russia
6176:
6172:
6168:
6163:
6159:
6157:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6134:
6129:
6125:
6124:Richard Pipes
6121:
6117:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6105:foreign trade
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6075:
6069:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6047:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6025:
6023:
6022:non-Bolshevik
6018:
6014:
6005:
5995:
5986:
5977:
5975:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5939:
5937:
5932:
5928:
5927:Paul Le Blanc
5920:
5915:
5908:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5884:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5861:
5860:Vadim Rogovin
5857:
5853:
5849:
5843:
5841:
5836:
5832:
5831:intellectuals
5827:
5822:
5821:Orlando Figes
5816:
5813:
5806:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5765:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5737:
5732:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5602:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5554:
5553:Olga Kameneva
5550:
5545:
5542:
5532:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5476:
5468:
5463:
5459:
5457:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5429:
5426:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5402:
5398:
5393:
5390:
5389:Ernest Mandel
5385:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5354:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5309:
5306:
5305:parietal bone
5302:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5263:Special Tasks
5259:
5255:
5246:
5240:Assassination
5236:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5213:
5209:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5181:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5155:
5150:
5141:
5139:
5133:
5128:
5126:
5119:
5107:
5102:
5100:
5095:
5093:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5055:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4838:
4837:
4830:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4677:
4676:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4636:Moscow trials
4634:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4539:
4536:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4430:Max Shachtman
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4400:George Novack
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4390:Nahuel Moreno
4388:
4386:
4385:Ernest Mandel
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4355:Joseph Hansen
4353:
4351:
4350:Duncan Hallas
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4057:
4050:
4045:
4043:
4042:Yuri Pyatakov
4039:
4035:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3997:Farrell Dobbs
3994:
3993:Joseph Hansen
3990:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3964:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3880:
3875:
3868:
3863:
3853:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3814:
3813:Moscow trials
3810:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3759:
3750:
3748:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3707:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3610:
3608:
3607:Olga Kameneva
3604:
3600:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3540:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3515:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3415:in March 1926
3414:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3369:
3364:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3338:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3264:Andrei Bubnov
3261:
3256:
3251:
3249:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3165:ambassadorial
3162:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3071:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3026:Yury Annenkov
3023:
3018:
3013:
3003:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2868:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2836:
2830:
2826:
2823:Trotsky, the
2821:
2812:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2759:10th Congress
2756:
2751:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2704:War Communism
2694:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:Orlando Figes
2618:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2571:Trotsky with
2569:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2538:Eastern front
2535:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2470:secret police
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:V. Volodarsky
2414:
2410:
2406:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2250:
2245:
2236:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2205:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2062:Brest-Litovsk
2057:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2026:Brest-Litovsk
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1946:), property (
1945:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:Pyotr Krasnov
1922:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1884:Joseph Stalin
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:British naval
1796:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1533:Trotsky with
1531:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1453:Leonid Krasin
1450:
1446:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1430:Bloody Sunday
1426:
1425:Winter Palace
1422:
1417:
1415:
1414:Putilov Works
1411:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:Julius Martov
1257:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1099:. At first a
1098:
1094:
1085:
1071:
1069:
1068:Russification
1065:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:, a standard
1028:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
964:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
895:
891:
887:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
868:
863:
859:
855:
852:, supporting
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
835:Joseph Stalin
832:
831:Lenin's death
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
748:Julius Martov
745:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
701:
700:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
658:
652:
648:
645:
643:
639:
635:
633:
629:
627:
623:
622:
610:
606:
603:
599:
596:
592:
589:
585:
581:
578:
574:
570:
569:
561:
553:Recorded 1920
540:
531:
527:
523:
519:
513:
510:
508:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
494:
490:
471:
466:
444:
439:
438:
436:
432:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
409:
407:
403:
396:
393:
390:
387:
386:
384:
380:
377:
374:
372:Resting place
370:
367:Assassination
366:
362:
358:
349:
345:
341:
336:
321:
317:
312:
308:
305:
302:
296:
293:
290:
284:
278:
273:
270:
266:
263:
260:
254:
251:
248:
242:
238:
234:
228:
223:
220:
216:
213:
210:
204:
201:
198:
192:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
175:
171:
165:
160:
157:
153:
149:
142:
137:
130:
123:
114:
104:
100:
96:
92:
86:
82:
80:
75:This article
73:
64:
63:
60:
56:
52:
49: and the
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
23530:Mezhraiontsy
23300:Leon Trotsky
23236:Soviet Union
23112:Leon Trotsky
23111:
23085:Full members
23009:Leon Trotsky
23008:
22982:Full members
22906:Leon Trotsky
22905:
22879:Full members
22803:Leon Trotsky
22802:
22788:Alexei Rykov
22766:Full members
22685:Leon Trotsky
22684:
22670:Alexei Rykov
22648:Full members
22557:Leon Trotsky
22556:
22542:Alexei Rykov
22520:Full members
22455:Sergei Kirov
22399:Leon Trotsky
22398:
22384:Alexei Rykov
22352:Full members
22263:Boris Pankin
22261:
22217:Leon Trotsky
22216:
22209:Soviet Union
22130:Nikolay Girs
21982:Almaz Ivanov
21946:Soviet Union
21889:Dmitry Yazov
21728:Armed Forces
21611:Leon Trotsky
21610:
21575:Soviet Union
21449:Fedir Shchus
21391:Boris Kamkov
21335:Alexei Rykov
21300:Leon Trotsky
21299:
21087:Green armies
21077:Black Guards
20770:(first wife)
20756:Sergei Sedov
20693:
20649:
20641:
20633:
20626:
20618:
20610:
20602:
20594:
20586:
20578:
20570:
20562:
20554:
20546:
20538:
20530:
20522:
20514:
20506:
20498:
20490:
20482:
20464:Leon Trotsky
20463:
20413:
20386:
20365:18 May 1925
20359:
20327:
20300:
20229:Leon Trotsky
20187:
20176:
20166:Havana Times
20165:
20125:
20106:
20094:
20071:
20053:Leon Trotsky
20052:
20033:
20013:
19993:
19973:
19953:
19934:
19915:
19888:
19885:Neurosurgery
19884:
19859:
19840:
19821:
19802:
19781:
19753:
19732:
19712:
19693:
19677:. Springer.
19673:
19639:
19635:
19608:
19588:
19565:
19545:
19524:
19504:
19485:
19465:
19445:
19422:
19402:
19398:
19378:
19357:
19337:
19318:
19298:
19287:. New York:
19284:
19264:
19245:Leon Trotsky
19244:
19225:
19205:
19184:
19164:
19144:
19123:
19105:
19082:
19070:
19061:
19042:
19022:
19001:
18980:
18967:. Retrieved
18937:
18917:
18899:
18880:
18861:
18842:
18823:
18787:
18783:
18760:
18740:
18719:
18698:
18672:
18668:
18649:
18640:
18631:
18622:
18613:
18593:
18582:
18561:
18535:
18531:
18512:
18492:
18462:
18459:Avrich, Paul
18440:
18426:Bibliography
18407:
18386:. Retrieved
18381:
18372:
18360:. Retrieved
18356:
18347:
18327:
18320:
18301:Joseph Losey
18300:
18293:
18273:
18266:
18246:
18239:
18227:. Retrieved
18214:
18194:
18164:
18157:
18138:
18132:
18120:
18100:
18093:
18060:
18056:
18046:
18026:
18019:
18000:
17996:
17986:
17978:
17969:
17949:
17943:
17916:
17906:
17896:
17880:
17839:
17835:
17825:
17806:
17800:
17781:
17775:
17755:
17748:
17736:. Retrieved
17725:
17716:
17704:
17687:
17683:
17673:
17663:
17656:
17646:
17639:
17620:
17614:
17604:
17597:
17587:
17580:
17560:
17553:
17544:
17535:
17523:
17504:
17498:
17478:
17471:
17462:
17453:
17433:
17426:
17414:
17402:
17382:
17375:
17363:
17351:
17331:
17324:
17312:
17292:
17270:
17250:
17243:
17223:
17216:
17207:
17198:
17178:
17171:
17151:
17144:
17132:
17123:
17113:
17094:
17090:
17080:
17055:
17051:
17041:
17021:
17013:
16993:
16986:
16966:
16959:
16939:
16932:
16912:
16905:
16886:
16880:
16844:
16824:
16817:
16784:
16780:
16770:
16751:
16745:
16725:
16718:
16711:Service 2009
16706:
16694:
16675:
16669:
16649:
16642:
16622:
16615:
16595:
16588:
16560:
16540:
16533:
16513:
16506:
16487:
16481:
16461:
16454:
16434:
16427:
16408:
16402:
16382:
16352:
16345:
16325:
16318:
16286:
16267:Leon Trotsky
16266:
16247:
16237:
16217:
16210:
16190:
16183:
16163:
16156:
16136:
16129:
16109:
16102:
16082:
16075:
16055:
16048:
16028:
16021:
16001:
15994:
15974:
15967:
15947:
15940:
15931:
15921:
15902:
15896:
15876:
15869:
15857:
15845:
15821:
15814:
15795:Leon Trotsky
15794:
15787:
15768:
15756:
15746:
15737:
15725:. Retrieved
15720:
15710:
15698:. Retrieved
15694:the original
15682:
15670:. Retrieved
15666:the original
15654:
15634:
15627:
15607:
15600:
15580:
15573:
15561:
15541:
15534:
15514:
15507:
15487:
15480:
15468:
15448:
15441:
15416:
15406:
15386:
15379:
15359:
15352:
15332:
15325:
15306:
15300:
15280:
15273:
15254:
15248:
15228:
15221:
15209:
15190:
15184:
15164:
15157:
15145:
15125:
15118:
15108:
15101:
15081:
15074:
15054:
15047:
15027:
15020:
15000:
14993:
14973:
14966:
14946:
14939:
14927:
14907:
14900:
14881:
14875:
14856:
14850:
14830:
14823:
14804:
14798:
14778:
14771:
14764:Service 2010
14759:
14739:
14732:
14722:
14715:
14695:
14688:
14669:
14663:
14644:Leon Trotsky
14643:
14636:
14624:
14612:
14592:
14566:
14546:
14517:
14511:
14491:
14484:
14465:
14444:
14432:
14420:
14408:
14388:
14381:
14361:
14354:
14334:
14327:
14308:
14302:
14282:
14275:
14241:
14235:
14215:
14208:
14188:
14181:
14161:
14154:
14134:
14127:
14107:
14100:
14080:
14073:
14053:
14046:
14034:
14014:
14007:
13998:
13994:
13984:
13979:, p. 3.
13977:Service 2010
13972:
13952:
13945:
13938:Daniels 1993
13910:
13903:
13896:Service 2010
13891:
13886:, p. 6.
13879:
13859:
13852:
13832:
13825:
13790:
13783:
13771:
13764:Service 2009
13759:
13752:Service 2009
13747:
13728:
13722:
13713:
13703:
13683:
13676:
13656:
13649:
13629:
13622:
13612:
13605:
13585:
13578:
13571:Service 2009
13566:
13554:
13542:
13523:
13517:
13497:
13490:
13457:
13453:
13443:
13416:
13406:
13386:
13379:
13369:
13362:
13342:
13335:
13316:
13309:
13297:
13277:
13270:
13263:Service 2009
13258:
13238:
13231:
13219:
13199:
13192:
13163:
13151:
13131:
13124:
13104:
13097:
13077:
13070:
13058:
13039:
13033:
13013:
13006:
12999:Service 2009
12964:Leon Trotsky
12963:
12956:
12937:
12931:
12919:
12911:
12906:
12894:. Retrieved
12889:
12880:
12870:
12856:
12852:
12844:
12828:
12786:
12767:
12761:
12749:. Retrieved
12737:The Guardian
12735:
12725:
12717:
12712:
12700:. Retrieved
12692:Marxists.org
12691:
12682:
12663:
12656:Service 2010
12651:
12639:. Retrieved
12628:
12619:
12599:
12592:
12554:
12549:
12537:
12529:
12524:
12512:. Retrieved
12498:
12474:
12462:
12454:
12450:
12442:
12438:
12433:
12426:The Militant
12425:
12409:
12397:. Retrieved
12388:
12379:
12371:
12366:
12346:
12339:
12324:
12301:
12296:
12284:. Retrieved
12275:
12265:
12253:. Retrieved
12245:Marxists.org
12244:
12235:
12223:. Retrieved
12219:the original
12209:
12197:. Retrieved
12189:Marxists.org
12188:
12179:
12167:. Retrieved
12159:Marxists.org
12158:
12139:
12112:
12107:
12099:
12094:
12082:. Retrieved
12079:Marxists.org
12078:
12069:
12042:
12036:
12028:Marxists.org
12027:
12018:
12009:
12000:
11991:
11982:
11968:
11956:
11941:
11929:. Retrieved
11901:
11897:
11891:
11880:
11868:. Retrieved
11864:
11854:
11844:
11838:
11826:. Retrieved
11818:Marxists.org
11817:
11789:. Retrieved
11780:
11770:
11754:
11749:
11737:
11725:
11706:
11686:
11674:. Retrieved
11670:the original
11665:
11656:
11647:
11635:. Retrieved
11620:
11613:
11601:. Retrieved
11586:
11579:
11567:. Retrieved
11552:
11545:
11537:
11532:
11524:
11519:
11511:
11506:
11494:. Retrieved
11484:
11472:. Retrieved
11468:the original
11458:
11450:
11445:
11435:
11428:
11413:
11405:
11400:
11392:
11387:
11379:
11374:
11366:
11361:
11346:
11340:
11321:
11315:
11295:
11288:
11282:Marxists.org
11266:
11258:
11253:
11238:
11233:
11228:
11220:
11215:
11196:
11190:
11164:. Retrieved
11160:the original
11150:
11135:
11129:
11114:
11108:
11092:
11086:
11049:
11042:
11030:
11010:
10988:
10976:
10964:
10952:
10940:
10920:
10897:. Retrieved
10876:
10866:
10859:
10840:
10828:
10805:
10793:
10776:
10771:
10759:. Retrieved
10752:
10743:
10726:
10721:
10701:
10686:
10665:. Retrieved
10656:
10647:
10614:
10604:
10584:
10577:
10565:. Retrieved
10557:marxists.org
10556:
10546:
10538:
10533:
10509:
10503:
10483:
10476:
10454:Alter Litvin
10449:
10437:. Retrieved
10432:
10428:
10411:
10399:. Retrieved
10395:
10359:
10353:
10345:
10309:
10279:
10272:
10252:
10245:
10238:Service 2010
10233:
10221:
10205:
10199:
10174:
10170:
10160:
10141:
10135:
10125:
10092:
10086:
10074:
10062:. Retrieved
10056:
10051:Trotsky, L.
10046:
10034:. Retrieved
10028:
10021:
10009:. Retrieved
10003:
9996:
9987:
9981:
9969:. Retrieved
9963:
9952:
9944:
9934:
9922:. Retrieved
9912:
9902:
9890:. Retrieved
9885:
9879:
9870:
9854:
9849:
9833:
9827:
9821:Marxists.org
9782:
9775:
9763:. Retrieved
9759:
9736:
9727:
9718:
9705:
9695:
9688:
9678:
9671:
9661:
9654:
9645:
9635:
9601:
9589:. Retrieved
9585:
9576:
9560:
9533:
9512:
9492:
9473:
9467:
9455:. Retrieved
9444:
9437:
9425:. Retrieved
9410:
9403:
9394:
9389:L. Trotsky.
9384:
9377:Service 2010
9372:
9357:
9351:
9342:
9332:
9286:
9280:
9265:
9259:
9252:Trotsky 1971
9247:
9232:
9226:
9219:Trotsky 1971
9214:
9187:
9175:
9168:Trotsky 1971
9163:
9154:
9148:
9136:
9127:
9119:
9114:
9107:Trotsky 1971
9102:
9083:
9064:
9051:
9032:
9010:(3): 39–53.
9007:
9003:
8993:
8981:. Retrieved
8972:
8968:
8958:
8950:
8921:
8901:
8894:
8878:
8873:, p. 7.
8866:
8854:
8842:
8830:
8803:
8791:
8779:
8771:
8766:
8754:
8738:
8709:
8702:
8690:
8671:
8665:
8638:
8633:, Chapter 1.
8611:. Retrieved
8600:
8590:26 September
8588:. Retrieved
8573:
8566:
8558:
8554:
8542:. Retrieved
8528:
8502:. Retrieved
8491:
8479:. Retrieved
8468:
8456:
8433:
8427:
8420:Laqueur 1990
8390:Service 2010
8385:
8378:Parrish 1996
8341:. Retrieved
8332:
8323:
8311:. Retrieved
8307:
8279:
8267:. Retrieved
8263:
8254:
8242:
8222:
8215:
8195:
8179:
8148:Service 2010
8131:
8111:
8104:
8085:
8074:
8063:
8054:
8046:
8039:. Retrieved
8024:
8014:
7992:
7983:
7973:
7964:
7962:Radek wrote:
7958:
7949:
7943:
7929:
7919:
7911:
7900:
7887:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7789:
7753:
7744:
7726:
7718:
7710:
7702:
7691:
7683:
7553:
7547:
7537:record label
7533:The Redskins
7507:Joseph Losey
7500:
7491:
7485:
7467:Jay Baruchel
7460:
7440:
7429:
7385:Andre Breton
7378:
7376:
7357:
7355:
7348:
7345:
7329:
7311:
7307:
7289:
7283:
7276:
7249:
7245:united front
7241:
7230:
7229:
7216:United front
7182:
7167:
7161:
7155:
7152:
7119:
7103:
7100:Diego Rivera
7067:
7059:
7047:
7029:
7021:
7002:
6982:coefficients
6970:
6950:
6934:
6919:
6876:trade unions
6861:
6854:
6839:
6833:The Militant
6831:
6799:
6793:
6775:conservatism
6767:
6739:
6698:Pierre Broue
6695:
6664:
6657:
6615:
6592:
6565:
6513:
6488:Diego Rivera
6472:A.J.P Taylor
6470:, historian
6462:, economist
6449:
6429:
6421:
6410:
6387:Ian Thatcher
6379:
6374:
6362:
6354:Adolf Hitler
6343:
6336:
6320:
6309:
6301:
6296:
6286:
6260:
6210:
6191:
6184:
6137:
6113:
6077:
6071:
6066:
6044:
6040:
6032:
6026:
6010:
5965:Roy Medvedev
5940:
5931:Michael Lowy
5924:
5850:in 1923 and
5844:
5818:
5812:Nazi Germany
5808:
5804:
5766:
5762:anti-semitic
5741:
5708:technocratic
5684:World War II
5672:totalitarian
5669:
5646:
5640:
5624:
5596:
5588:
5585:statistician
5582:
5549:Sergei Sedov
5546:
5537:
5510:
5502:Tate Gallery
5478:intellectual
5472:
5447:Nazi Germany
5433:
5430:
5422:
5394:
5386:
5362:Michael Kort
5359:
5343:
5316:
5311:
5298:
5287:
5268:
5261:
5251:
5204:
5187:
5184:Final months
5173:World War II
5170:
5159:
5154:Harry DeBoer
5135:
5130:
5121:
5026:
5012:Shachtmanism
4959:
4909:
4908:
4844:
4770:
4769:
4683:
4555:
4545:
4527:
4517:
4507:
4497:
4487:
4477:
4467:
4445:Peter Taaffe
4435:Ivan Smirnov
4405:Michel Pablo
4380:Livio Maitan
4340:Pierre Frank
4280:Martin Abern
4275:Leon Trotsky
4274:
4209:United front
4104:Anti-fascism
4047:
4030:
4017:André Breton
4014:
3989:James Cannon
3986:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3954:Felix Morrow
3950:James Cannon
3937:
3934:Diego Rivera
3919:
3910:
3902:
3900:
3881:behind them.
3850:
3836:
3832:
3829:Olav Scheflo
3818:
3806:
3787:
3764:
3744:
3713:
3703:Pierre Broué
3690:Nazi Germany
3682:
3659:
3657:
3621:
3596:
3592:Sergey Kirov
3583:
3579:
3571:Pierre Frank
3555:
3549:
3543:
3524:Adolph Joffe
3520:
3495:
3447:
3431:
3423:
3401:
3389:
3387:
3382:
3381:in his book
3376:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3360:
3335:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3289:
3253:
3245:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3220:Adolf Warski
3185:
3157:Adolph Joffe
3150:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3127:
3101:
3097:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3068:
3060:
3058:
3053:
3037:
3029:
3024:portrait by
2992:
2986:
2978:
2972:
2967:
2964:
2952:
2945:
2919:
2917:
2912:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2880:
2873:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2838:
2834:
2809:Emma Goldman
2801:
2793:
2752:
2748:
2730:
2723:
2700:
2680:
2672:Tukhachevsky
2668:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2643:
2619:
2608:
2596:
2583:
2578:
2573:Demyan Bedny
2562:
2531:
2526:
2518:
2508:
2492:Fanny Kaplan
2486:
2456:
2452:White Terror
2444:
2402:
2377:
2370:
2361:
2351:mobilization
2348:
2334:
2329:
2273:conscription
2258:
2254:
2228:
2224:radiogram to
2211:
2207:
2185:
2179:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2132:
2127:
2105:
2087:in Belarus,
2074:
2058:
2051:
2040:Trotsky and
2005:
1964:
1960:
1950:), justice (
1937:
1910:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1866:
1851:
1835:Mezhraiontsy
1831:
1815:
1791:
1781:
1776:Der Forverts
1775:
1767:
1756:
1744:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1714:
1707:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1659:
1647:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1610:
1607:
1596:
1594:
1588:
1574:Adolph Joffe
1571:
1544:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1461:
1442:
1421:Georgi Gapon
1418:
1403:
1391:
1383:
1372:
1360:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1312:Sergei Sedov
1301:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1267:
1263:
1252:
1243:Great Purges
1231:tuberculosis
1227:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1202:
1182:
1152:
1146:
1126:
1100:
1090:
1057:
1046:
1034:
1026:
1010:
1001:
969:
928:intellectual
898:
883:
865:
847:
780:
741:
723:
697:
690:Soviet Union
674:Leon Trotsky
673:
665:
664:
418:Mezhraiontsy
352:(1940-08-21)
299:Succeeded by
276:
257:Succeeded by
249:
226:
207:Succeeded by
185:Alexei Rykov
163:
126:Leon Trotsky
108:
76:
59:
54:
46:
23730:Trotskyists
23310:1940 deaths
23305:1879 births
23092:Lev Kamenev
23079:(1919–1920)
22989:Lev Kamenev
22976:(1920–1921)
22891:Lev Kamenev
22873:(1921–1922)
22778:Lev Kamenev
22760:(1922–1923)
22660:Lev Kamenev
22642:(1923–1924)
22537:Lev Kamenev
22514:(1924–1926)
22470:Vlas Chubar
22425:Lev Kamenev
22346:(1926–1927)
22297:Igor Ivanov
21834:(1953–1992)
21803:(1950–1953)
21785:(1950–1953)
21748:(1946–1950)
21691:(1937–1946)
21652:(1934–1946)
21588:(1917–1934)
21459:Fanya Baron
21439:Lev Chernyi
21290:Lev Kamenev
21214:Georgy Lvov
21188:Monarchists
20738:Lev Kamenev
20646:(1931-1940)
20638:(1930-1940)
20623:(1938–1940)
20559:(1925-1940)
19805:. Methuen.
19525:Development
19488:. Praeger.
18538:(1): 1–31.
18229:30 December
17709:Mandel 1995
17528:Mandel 1995
15829:(Preface).
15700:27 February
15672:27 February
14617:Swain 2014b
14571:Swain 2014b
14039:Swain 2014a
13884:Renton 2004
13818:Mandel 1995
13547:Mandel 1995
13460:(1): 1–31.
13185:Mandel 1995
13168:Mandel 1995
13156:Mandel 1995
12441:, 1938, in
12276:Marxist.com
12061:j.ctt32bw0h
11781:Marxist.com
11512:Dragon Lady
11035:Mandel 1995
10957:Swain 2014a
10945:Swain 2014a
10457: [
9496:Gus Fagan.
8759:Renton 2004
8695:Renton 2004
8269:16 November
8188:Douds 2019b
8184:Getty 2013b
8164:Tucker 1973
8041:17 December
8020:Cliff, Tony
7723:, 2016 film
7715:, 2002 film
7707:, 1991 play
7688:, 1972 film
7590:French Turn
7522:Channel One
7513:as Trotsky.
7487:Animal Farm
7484:'s novels,
7462:The Trotsky
7256:Great Break
7178:Third World
7141:, in their
7127:proletarian
6710:caricatured
6687:Mexico City
6631:with other
6621:alternative
6476:Erich Fromm
6464:Paul Sweezy
6092:ban in 1921
6029:Maxim Gorky
5956:Ronald Suny
5952:Moshe Lewin
5903:Lev Kamenev
5789:triumvirate
5773:Peter Kenez
5734:Trotsky as
5692:David North
5688:Great Purge
5566:World War I
5523:during the
5423:Biographer
4918:(1974–2019)
4631:Great Purge
4621:French Turn
4440:Tạ Thu Thâu
4395:David North
4360:Gerry Healy
4320:Ross Dowson
4300:Hugo Blanco
4034:in absentia
3966:(1930) and
3930:Frida Kahlo
3911:The Hidalgo
3879:Frida Kahlo
3867:Mexico City
3728:Simone Weil
3575:Maxim Gorky
3455:Sun Yat-sen
3379:Max Eastman
3357:in May 1925
3353:attend the
3278:attend the
2941: 1924
2715:anti-Soviet
2540:during the
2339:Vladivostok
2304:antisemitic
2108:reparations
2103:were used.
2042:Lev Kamenev
1811:Nova Scotia
1735:Nashe Slovo
1686:Balkan Wars
1539:Leo Deutsch
1537:(left) and
1352:Jewish Bund
1194:Baikal Lake
1137:mathematics
1133:engineering
1041:, known as
1018:David North
997:Lev Kamenev
885:in absentia
795:World War I
426:(1918–1927)
414:(1898–1917)
394:(1932–1937)
382:Citizenship
357:Mexico City
287:Preceded by
245:Preceded by
195:Preceded by
133:Лев Троцкий
99:subheadings
51:family name
23535:Odesa Jews
23525:Mensheviks
23355:Axe murder
23294:Categories
23188:Philosophy
21416:Anarchists
21277:Bolsheviks
21147:Mensheviks
21142:Bolsheviks
21092:Red Guards
20935:Heimosodat
20848:Revolution
20776:(daughter)
20723:(assassin)
20716:Trotskyism
20532:New Course
20333:1918–1925
20306:1917–1918
20252:Faded Page
19427:Nottingham
19114:B0018ES7TI
18908:B0000CN8J6
18822:(2003a) .
18430:See also:
15862:North 2010
15850:North 2010
14932:Lewin 2005
14629:North 2010
14575:North 2010
14425:Figes 2017
12947:1572921242
12924:North 2010
12896:29 January
12740:. London.
12514:26 October
12467:North 2010
12399:6 November
12286:10 January
11961:Swain 2006
11791:10 January
11676:10 January
11166:24 October
10993:Pipes 1996
10981:Pipes 1996
10969:Pipes 1996
10810:Tony Cliff
10798:Pipes 1996
10567:6 November
8983:22 October
8925:Trotsky's
8823:Warth 1978
8544:24 October
8504:29 January
8461:North 2010
8405:North 2010
8313:17 October
8168:Figes 2017
8160:Lewin 2005
8152:Pipes 1993
8007:References
7905:expressed
7720:The Chosen
7600:Labor army
7544:David Ives
7347:—Trotsky,
7332:technology
6857:Mao Zedong
6814:Trotskyism
6771:centralism
6735:the purges
6653:conditions
6618:democratic
6563:in 1917".
6528:revolution
6486:, painter
6468:John Dewey
6363:Historian
6217:commission
6033:V.I. Lenin
5963:historian
5835:Paul Dukes
5819:Historian
5647:Historian
5635:repression
5490:literature
5414:Khrushchev
5410:Kaganovich
5395:Historian
5231:L. Trotsky
5223:oppression
4910:Historical
4771:Historical
4489:New Course
4450:Alan Woods
4410:J. Posadas
4335:Tony Cliff
4330:Chen Duxiu
4325:Hal Draper
4247:Third camp
4081:Trotskyism
4006:Chen Duxiu
3767:Trygve Lie
3463:Kuomintang
3284:Red Square
3282:parade in
3135:Since the
3124:Ilya Repin
2983:Karl Radek
2515:Desertions
2474:anarchists
2429:White Army
2421:Red Terror
2391:Red Terror
2344:White Army
2314:wearing a
2308:White Army
1464:Ivan Sytin
1368:Bolsheviks
1364:Mensheviks
1239:depression
1209:economists
1015:Trotskyist
981:Bereslavka
932:Red Terror
912:democratic
756:Bolsheviks
752:Mensheviks
719:Trotskyism
329:1879-11-07
95:condensing
47:Davidovich
43:patronymic
23272:Socialism
23260:Communism
21900:(1991–92)
21892:(1987–91)
21884:(1984–87)
21876:(1976–84)
21868:(1967–76)
21860:(1957–67)
21852:(1955–57)
21844:(1953–55)
21821:(1951–53)
21813:(1950–51)
21774:(1949–50)
21766:(1947–49)
21758:(1946–47)
21717:(1939–46)
21709:(1938–39)
21701:(1937–38)
21678:(1941–46)
21670:(1940–41)
21662:(1934–40)
21630:(1925–34)
21614:(1918–25)
21606:(1917–18)
21345:Right SRs
21070:elections
20889:Civil War
20860:July Days
20834:Civil War
20750:Lev Sedov
19773:758390021
19664:189785735
19574:cite book
19405:: 87–97.
18804:0039-3797
18085:207809829
18077:1573-0948
17872:140420352
17856:0022-0094
17696:0260-9592
16801:0002-8762
16303:Carr 1978
15425:0309-2984
12746:0261-3077
12702:4 January
12443:Free Rein
12255:6 January
12225:31 August
12169:8 January
11918:0039-3592
11828:8 January
11637:1 January
11603:1 January
11569:1 January
10899:14 August
10631:0031-2746
10346:ThoughtCo
10226:Kort 2015
9712:"My Life"
9606:Wade 2004
9457:31 August
9427:1 January
9024:0004-9522
8907:'My Life'
8442:cite book
8434:Моя жизнь
8144:Kort 2015
8060:"Trotsky"
7938:proposal.
7836:romanized
7766:romanized
7524:in 2017,
7131:Karl Marx
7122:bourgeois
6991:Trotsky,
6941:Politburo
6763:modernist
6714:discredit
6649:one-party
6633:socialist
6629:presidium
6545:Petrograd
6520:liberator
6346:CLR James
6133:authority
5974:portraits
5944:E.H. Carr
5794:socialism
5744:Tsaritsyn
5721:voluntary
5665:alternate
5653:intellect
5551:, sister
5366:Politburo
5235:Coyoacán.
5034:Stalinism
4425:Lev Sedov
4345:Ted Grant
4285:Tariq Ali
3974:Stalinism
3841:Jonas Lie
3800:, led by
3775:Norderhov
3698:rightists
3582:, titled
3550:Projector
3167:posts in
3034:magazine.
2796:Kronstadt
2651:Politburo
2521:deserters
2503:Tsaritsyn
2373:defection
2365:the train
2324:Sovdepiya
2316:pentagram
2192:Centrists
2159:Lithuania
2135:Red Guard
2097:Ukrainian
2068:, led by
2000:Lashevich
1952:Steinberg
1839:Petrograd
1760:The Bronx
1521:Siberia.
1390:'s novel
1334:in 1898,
1308:Lev Sedov
1219:The Spark
1131:studying
1097:Black Sea
1093:Nikolayev
1039:Ukrainian
993:Bolshevik
920:socialism
880:Comintern
850:Stalinism
839:Politburo
521:Signature
392:Stateless
277:In office
227:In office
164:In office
103:talk page
91:splitting
89:Consider
55:Bronstein
23284:Religion
23176:Politics
21944:and the
21378:Left SRs
21159:Left SRs
21055:Red Army
21003:Siberian
20746:(sister)
20271:LibriVox
20254:(Canada)
20105:(1982).
19907:20644428
19696:. Haus.
19656:20099669
19421:(1976).
19081:(2013).
18812:20100543
18552:85504744
18461:(1970).
18362:29 April
17889:Archived
17732:Archived
17275:Ree 1998
17137:Cox 1992
16869:Lee 2005
16809:23308381
16577:Day 1990
15776:Archived
13482:85504744
13474:20099925
12863:Archived
12837:Archived
12696:Archived
12671:Archived
12635:Archived
12581:Archived
12508:Archived
12483:Archived
12418:Archived
12393:Archived
12280:Archived
12249:Archived
12193:Archived
12163:Archived
12084:4 August
11926:45367174
11822:Archived
11785:Archived
11759:Archived
11711:Westport
11496:21 April
11474:21 April
11351:Archived
11274:Archived
11243:Archived
11176:cite web
11140:Archived
11119:Archived
11097:Archived
10890:Archived
10848:Archived
10817:Archived
10782:Archived
10732:Archived
10710:Archived
10691:Archived
10667:22 April
10661:Archived
10561:Archived
10435:(391): 4
10401:24 March
10210:Archived
10064:10 April
10036:10 April
10011:10 April
9971:10 April
9943:(1938).
9924:10 April
9910:(1919).
9892:10 April
9859:Archived
9838:Archived
9813:Archived
9719:Marxists
9624:Archived
9565:Archived
9538:Archived
9501:Archived
9451:Archived
9362:Archived
9291:Archived
9270:Archived
9237:Archived
9091:Archived
9072:Archived
9040:Archived
8977:Archived
8930:Archived
8910:Archived
8887:Archived
8743:Archived
8538:Archived
8514:cite web
8337:Archived
8080:Red Army
7997:pickaxes
7989:ice pick
7978:Trotsky.
7933:Lenin's
7575:Entryism
7563:See also
7539:in 1982.
7474:Snowball
7443:his view
7432:Futurism
7368:Einstein
7336:artistic
7192:conquest
7189:military
7102:mural (
7052:for the
6997:Zinoviev
6729:and the
6672:leniency
6553:soldiers
6447:(2001).
6263:Gatchina
6255:Coyoacán
6199:Tsiurupa
6169:holding
6167:peasants
6165:Russian
6098:and the
5893:Leninism
5848:Bulgaria
5840:literate
5814:in 1932.
5702:and the
5598:New Life
5500:and the
5227:violence
4961:Chavismo
4370:Lal Khan
4257:Pabloism
4252:Posadism
4236:Branches
4154:Leninism
4149:Entryism
4098:Concepts
4073:a series
4071:Part of
4052:—
3922:Coyoacán
3779:Hønefoss
3740:Barbizon
3652:Büyükada
3632:Büyükada
3628:Istanbul
3192:Chairman
3163:holding
2914:that????
2804:Red Army
2784:Red Army
2554:1st Army
2335:en route
2202:TROTZKY.
2184:and the
2163:Courland
2079:against
2077:Red Army
1996:Zinoviev
1992:Sverdlov
1956:Proshian
1944:Kolegaev
1929:Gatchina
1921:Cossacks
1898:(1949).
1769:Novy Mir
1384:Iudushka
1110:populist
1102:narodnik
948:cultural
944:economic
940:military
918:form of
843:Alma Ata
829:. After
803:Red Army
766:of 1917
715:Leninist
699:de facto
642:Novgorod
492:Children
359:, Mexico
79:too long
23224:Ukraine
23200:History
23162:Portals
21595:Council
21573:of the
21180:Figures
21119:Parties
20662:Related
20564:My Life
20260:at the
20231:at the
20209:of the
20205:in the
20157:YouTube
19994:Trotsky
19974:Trotsky
19935:Trotsky
19694:Trotsky
19566:Trotsky
18969:19 July
17605:My Life
17072:3000510
16726:Trotsky
16541:Trotsky
16383:Trotsky
15727:18 June
15433:4288968
12872:The Age
12641:23 July
12199:8 March
12100:Trotsky
12012:. 1932.
11406:My Life
11093:My Life
10777:My Life
10727:My Life
10707:memoirs
10687:My Life
10429:Freedom
10206:My Life
10126:My Life
10121:"XXXVI"
9534:My Life
9358:My Life
9287:My Life
9233:My Life
8739:My Life
8613:7 April
8343:26 June
7993:picolet
7880:Trotzky
7876:Trockij
7872:Trotski
7728:Trotsky
7526:Netflix
7518:Trotsky
7233:Fascism
7200:Entente
7143:Address
6993:Kamenev
6922:Gosplan
6576:museums
6561:oratory
6557:sailors
6549:workers
6526:of the
6275:Russian
6212:My Life
6171:banners
6096:Orgburo
6084:Gosplan
5970:rallies
5919:Kamenev
5865:Germany
5785:Orgburo
5750:in the
5506:science
5475:Marxist
5469:in 1932
5418:Zhdanov
5406:Molotov
5294:ice axe
5212:atheist
4955:Campism
4845:Current
4684:Current
4680:Parties
4573:History
3999:of the
3915:Tampico
3777:, near
3678:fascist
3588:Gestapo
3563:Yakutia
3545:My Life
3482:Kalinin
3368:My Life
3246:At the
3202:of the
3194:of the
3042:" and "
3020:A 1922
2968:troika.
2898:troika.
2853:action.
2691:Estonia
2626:amnesty
2544:, when
2411:leader
2170:people.
2044:at the
1948:Karelin
1551:Berezov
1547:Obdorsk
1516:people.
1457:Finland
1451:member
1198:Zinaida
1190:Ust-Kut
1186:Siberia
1149:Kherson
1114:Marxism
1095:on the
1048:My Life
1043:Surzhyk
1031:Russian
1008:Yiddish
985:Poltava
738:Siberia
711:Marxist
499:Zinaida
483:
475:
463:
451:
447:
434:Spouses
340:Yanovka
236:Premier
173:Premier
77:may be
18:Trotski
23248:Mexico
23212:Russia
21730:(1946)
21622:(1925)
21598:(1917)
21127:Kadets
21018:Groups
20993:Allied
20841:Events
20731:Family
20654:(1942)
20615:(1938)
20607:(1938)
20599:(1937)
20591:(1937)
20583:(1932)
20575:(1930)
20567:(1930)
20551:(1925)
20543:(1925)
20535:(1924)
20527:(1924)
20519:(1920)
20511:(1919)
20503:(1908)
20495:(1906)
20487:(1904)
20132:
20113:
20082:
20059:
20040:
20021:
20000:
19981:
19960:
19941:
19922:
19905:
19866:
19847:
19828:
19809:
19788:
19771:
19761:
19740:
19719:
19700:
19681:
19662:
19654:
19616:
19595:
19553:
19532:
19511:
19492:
19473:
19452:
19433:
19386:
19365:
19344:
19325:
19306:
19272:
19251:
19232:
19213:
19192:
19171:
19152:
19131:
19112:
19093:
19049:
19030:
19009:
18988:
18944:
18925:
18906:
18887:
18868:
18849:
18830:
18810:
18802:
18767:
18748:
18727:
18706:
18689:131248
18687:
18656:
18601:
18569:
18550:
18519:
18500:
18481:
18471:
18447:
18414:
18388:1 June
18335:
18308:
18281:
18254:
18202:
18172:
18145:
18108:
18083:
18075:
18034:
17957:
17931:
17901:, 117.
17870:
17864:260195
17862:
17854:
17813:
17788:
17763:
17738:3 June
17694:
17627:
17568:
17511:
17486:
17441:
17390:
17339:
17300:
17258:
17231:
17186:
17159:
17070:
17029:
17001:
16974:
16947:
16920:
16893:
16832:
16807:
16799:
16758:
16733:
16682:
16657:
16630:
16603:
16548:
16521:
16494:
16469:
16442:
16415:
16390:
16360:
16333:
16274:
16225:
16198:
16171:
16144:
16117:
16090:
16063:
16036:
16009:
15982:
15955:
15934:(160).
15909:
15884:
15833:
15802:
15642:
15615:
15588:
15549:
15522:
15495:
15456:
15431:
15423:
15394:
15367:
15340:
15313:
15288:
15261:
15236:
15197:
15172:
15133:
15089:
15062:
15035:
15008:
14981:
14954:
14947:Stalin
14915:
14888:
14863:
14838:
14811:
14786:
14747:
14703:
14676:
14651:
14600:
14554:
14524:
14499:
14472:
14396:
14369:
14342:
14315:
14290:
14248:
14223:
14196:
14169:
14142:
14115:
14088:
14061:
14022:
13960:
13918:
13867:
13840:
13798:
13735:
13691:
13664:
13637:
13593:
13530:
13505:
13480:
13472:
13431:
13394:
13350:
13323:
13285:
13246:
13207:
13139:
13112:
13085:
13046:
13021:
12971:
12944:
12774:
12751:25 May
12744:
12607:
12561:
12354:
12331:
12308:
12059:
12049:
11931:29 May
11924:
11916:
11870:29 May
11717:
11628:
11594:
11560:
11328:
11303:
11203:
11136:Stalin
11115:Stalin
11057:
11018:
10928:
10761:24 May
10659:. UK.
10639:650938
10637:
10629:
10592:
10491:
10467:
10366:
10317:
10287:
10260:
10191:149174
10189:
10148:
10099:
9790:
9765:26 May
9591:26 May
9480:
9418:
9022:
8975:(11).
8717:
8678:
8581:
8481:20 May
8230:
8119:
8092:
8032:
7950:Stalin
7935:letter
7424:, 1921
7418:Cubist
7351:, 1924
7340:nature
7114:Engels
7017:NEPmen
7013:kulaks
6937:N.E.P.
6930:oblast
6906:, and
6820:, and
6691:Mexico
6611:genius
6584:heresy
6496:Lu Xun
6243:, and
6227:Legacy
5869:France
5714:" the
5682:after
5617:, and
5558:Soviet
5541:Pravda
5498:Louvre
5273:agent
4997:Maoism
4653:May 68
4561:(2017)
4551:(1984)
4541:(1946)
4533:(1938)
4523:(1936)
4513:(1930)
4503:(1924)
4493:(1924)
4483:(1924)
4473:(1920)
4269:People
3995:, and
3857:Mexico
3753:Norway
3710:France
3618:Turkey
3580:Pravda
3486:Stalin
3435:Stalin
3390:troika
3308:troika
3301:troika
3293:troika
3274:, and
3237:troika
3233:troika
3181:Berlin
3169:London
3146:troika
3141:Pravda
3137:troika
3102:Pravda
3091:troika
3086:troika
3082:Pravda
3077:troika
3022:cubist
2987:Pravda
2979:troika
2906:troika
2882:troika
2419:, the
2200:Yours,
2081:Polish
1998:, and
1888:Pravda
1698:émigré
1662:Prague
1635:Pravda
1628:Pravda
1623:Pravda
1611:Pravda
1598:Pravda
1589:Pravda
1559:Vienna
1497:Soviet
1484:Parvus
1288:Iskra,
1235:Berlin
1060:Odessa
726:Jewish
512:Sergei
420:(1917)
41:, the
21132:Nabat
20758:(son)
20752:(son)
20471:Works
20223:Works
19660:S2CID
19652:JSTOR
19632:(PDF)
18960:(PDF)
18808:JSTOR
18685:JSTOR
18548:S2CID
18483:67322
18081:S2CID
17868:S2CID
17860:JSTOR
17690:(8).
17068:JSTOR
16805:JSTOR
15429:JSTOR
13478:S2CID
13470:JSTOR
12057:JSTOR
11922:JSTOR
11436:Lenin
10893:(PDF)
10886:(PDF)
10635:JSTOR
10461:]
10439:9 May
10187:JSTOR
10029:Lenin
10004:Lenin
9855:Lenin
9834:Lenin
9715:(PDF)
8333:ФОКУС
7736:Notes
7712:Frida
6580:films
6572:books
6279:Троцк
6269:(now
6147:Rykov
6143:RSFSR
5936:Iskra
5881:trade
5873:Spain
5852:China
5798:power
5752:Volga
5748:barge
5591:with
5337:boss
3845:Hurum
3821:Hurum
3724:Royan
3720:Paris
3694:Japan
3177:Tokyo
3173:Paris
2580:this:
2558:Cheka
2466:Cheka
2409:Cheka
2312:Satan
2306:1919
2089:White
1896:Works
1348:Iskra
1344:Iskra
1336:Iskra
1283:Iskra
1264:Iskra
1223:Iskra
1214:Iskra
1027:Lyova
1011:Leiba
979:(now
743:Iskra
477:(
473:
453:(
449:
22207:the
20832:and
20500:1905
20195:and
20130:ISBN
20111:ISBN
20080:ISBN
20057:ISBN
20038:ISBN
20019:ISBN
19998:ISBN
19979:ISBN
19958:ISBN
19939:ISBN
19920:ISBN
19903:PMID
19864:ISBN
19845:ISBN
19826:ISBN
19807:ISBN
19786:ISBN
19769:OCLC
19759:ISBN
19738:ISBN
19717:ISBN
19698:ISBN
19679:ISBN
19614:ISBN
19593:ISBN
19580:link
19551:ISBN
19530:ISBN
19509:ISBN
19490:ISBN
19471:ISBN
19450:ISBN
19431:ISBN
19384:ISBN
19363:ISBN
19342:ISBN
19323:ISBN
19304:ISBN
19270:ISBN
19249:ISBN
19230:ISBN
19211:ISBN
19190:ISBN
19169:ISBN
19150:ISBN
19129:ISBN
19110:ASIN
19091:ISBN
19047:ISBN
19028:ISBN
19007:ISBN
18986:ISBN
18971:2007
18942:ISBN
18923:ISBN
18904:ASIN
18885:ISBN
18866:ISBN
18847:ISBN
18828:ISBN
18800:ISSN
18765:ISBN
18746:ISBN
18725:ISBN
18704:ISBN
18654:ISBN
18599:ISBN
18567:ISBN
18517:ISBN
18498:ISBN
18479:OCLC
18469:ISBN
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