Troy - Knowledge

1777: 1293:. The earliest gray ware at Troy was made in Aegean shapes, though by 1700 BC it had been replaced by Anatolian shapes. Foreign pottery found at the site includes Minoan, Mycenaean, Cypriot, and Levantine items. Local potters also made their own imitations of foreign styles, including Gray Ware and Tan Ware pots made in Mycenaean-style shapes, particularly after 1500 BC. Although the city appears to have been within the Hittite sphere of influence, no Hittite artifacts have been found in Troy VI. Also notably absent are sculptures and wall paintings, otherwise common features of Bronze Age cities. Troy VI is also notable for its architectural innovations as well as its cultural developments, which included the first evidence of horses at the site. 1811:, managed the site 1932–38. Wilhelm Dörpfeld collaborated with Blegen. These archaeologists, though following Schliemann's lead, added a professional approach not available to Schliemann. He showed that there were at least nine cities. In his research, Blegen came to a conclusion that Troy's nine levels could be further divided into forty-six sublevels, which he published in his main report. A post hoc Correspondence Analysis of Blegen's pottery sequence showed a 100-year gap between Troy III and Troy IV. Combined with a similar analysis of the pottery sequences of Korfmann and Schliemann this suggests that for a time in the late Early Bronze Age occupation contracted to the western end of the citadel mound. 1579: 1096: 1591: 1405: 1606: 2616: 1489: 1214: 1108: 201: 173: 145: 138: 2479: 1369: 1697: 1393: 194: 166: 1429: 913: 1796:

triggered by the need to close a hole in the initial excavators' chronology known as "Calvert's Thousand Year Gap". During his excavation, Dörpfeld came across a section of the Troy VI wall which was weaker than the rest. Since the mythic city had likewise had a weak section of its walls, Dörpfeld became convinced that this layer corresponded to Homeric Troy. Schliemann himself privately agreed that Troy VI was more likely to be the Homeric city, but he never published anything stating so.

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vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 6–34, 1935; Blegen, Carl W., "Excavations at Troy, 1935", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 550–87, 1935; Blegen, Carl W., "Excavations at Troy, 1936", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 17–51, 1937; Blegen, Carl W., "Excavations at Troy, 1937", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 553–97, 1937; Blegen, Carl W., "Excavations at Troy, 1938", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 204–28, 1939

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of Troy did not begin until later.) Both the Troy VI walls and the Troy VIIa Terrace House were reused for worship and communal feasting, as evidenced by animal bones, pottery assemblages, and traces of burned incense. Strikingly, the Terrace House was not renovated when it was adopted as a cult center and thus must have been used in a ruined state, potentially suggesting that the occupants of Troy VIIb3 were deliberately re-engaging with their past.

8949: 1763: 8959: 10055: 9250: 2640: 2632: 2651:(Turkish Troya Müzesi) was opened at Tevfikiye village 800 metres (870 yd) east of the excavation. A design contest for the architecture had been won by Yalin Mimarlik in 2011. The cube-shaped building with extensive underground galleries holds more than 40,000 portable artifacts, 2000 of which are on display. Artifacts were moved here from a few other former museums in the region. The range is the entire prehistoric Troad. 2290: 2019: 2350:, in 85 BC following an eleven-day siege. Later that year when Sulla had defeated Fimbria, he bestowed benefactions on Ilion for its loyalty which helped rebuilding the city. Ilion reciprocated this act of generosity by instituting a new civic calendar which took 85 BC as its first year. However, the city remained in financial distress for several decades despite its favoured status with Rome. In the 80s BC, Roman 1127: 2604: 1072: 1381: 41: 1084: 1417: 1564:, the city had numerous temples, a theater, among other public buildings, and was once again expanding to the south of the citadel. Troy VIII was destroyed in 85 BC, and subsequently rebuilt as Troy IX. A series of earthquakes devastated the city around 500 AD, though finds from the Late Byzantine era attest to continued habitation at a small scale. 703:, Troy I representing the oldest layer and Troy IX representing the most recent. Sublayers are distinguished with lowercase letters (e.g. VIIa and VIIb) and further subdivisions with numbers (e.g. VIIb1 and VIIb2). An additional major layer known as Troy 0 predates the layers which were initially given Roman numeral designations. 1939:"). Subsequent research on Hittite geography has made these identifications more secure, though not all scholars regard them as firmly established. Texts concerning Wilusa are of particular relevance to later legends since they suggest that Wilusa was within the sphere of influence of Mycenaean Greece, which the Hittites referred to as 1560:, the city's defenses once again included the reused citadel wall of Troy VI. Later on, the walls became tourist attractions and sites of worship. Other remains of the Bronze Age city were destroyed by the Greeks' building projects, notably the peak of the citadel where the Troy VI palace is likely to have stood. By the 1460:

towers and mudbrick breastworks. Numerous small houses were added inside the citadel, filling in formerly open areas. New houses were also built in the lower city, whose area appears to have been greater in Troy VIIa than in Troy VI. In many of these houses, archaeologists found enormous storage jars called

2508:, there were 6 of such gates – the Antenorean, the Dardanian, the Ilian, the Scaean, the Thymbraean, and the Trojan. The city's streets are broad and well-planned. At the top of the hill is the Temple of Athena as well as King Priam's palace, an enormous structure with numerous rooms around an inner courtyard. 924:. However, it stood out from its neighbours in particular for its massive limestone fortifications which were regularly renovated and strengthened. Defensive architecture would continue to be a distinctive characteristic in later periods, reflecting perennial security concerns at the vulnerable coastal site. 1277:

large population rather than a mere aristocratic residence. However, only 2–3% of the lower city had been excavated as of 2013, and few architectural features are likely to exist. Almost 2m of the surface has eroded, likely removing much of the evidence that hadn't already decomposed, been built over, or

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Blegen, Carl W., "Excavations at Troy 1932", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 431–51, 1932; Blegen, Carl W., "Excavations at Troy 1933", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 223–48, 1934; Blegen, Carl W., "Excavations at Troy 1934", American Journal of Archaeology,

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One of the major discoveries of these excavations was the Troy VI–VII lower city. This lower town had a wide anti-chariot defensive ditch backed by a wooden palisade. Added to the citadel this lower town would have brought Troy up to an area of around 200,000 square meters. This discovery led to

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The lower city was only discovered in the late 1980s, earlier excavators having assumed that Troy VI occupied only the hill of Hisarlık. Its discovery led to a dramatic reassessment of Troy VI, showing that it was over 16 times larger than had been assumed, and thus a major city with a

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them. These settlements appear to have been smaller and poorer than previous ones, though this interpretation could be merely the result of gaps in the surviving evidence. The settlements included a dense residential neighborhood in the citadel. Walls from Troy II may have been reused as part of

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Troy II was destroyed twice. After the first destruction, the citadel was rebuilt with a dense cluster of small houses on an irregular plan. The final destruction took place around 2300 BC. While some scholars have linked this destruction to a broader crisis that affected other Near Eastern

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overseeing Post-Bronze Age (Greek, Roman, Byzantine) excavation along the coast of the Aegean Sea at the Bay of Troy. Possible evidence of a battle was found in the form of bronze arrowheads and fire-damaged human remains buried in layers dated to the early 12th century BC. The question of Troy VI's

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shows that Troy still had a pottery industry, possibly associated with a wine or oil industry. The style of these pots shows stylistic similarities to other North Aegean sites, suggesting cultural contact. (Because other artifacts do not show these links, archaeologists believe that Greek settlement

1509:-speaking population. However, the find is puzzling since palace bureaucracies had largely disappeared by this era. Proposed explanations include the possibility that it belonged to an itinerant freelance scribe and alternatively that it dates from an earlier era than its find context would suggest. 1188:

Troy VI and VII were given separate labels by early excavators, but current research has shown that the first several sublayers of Troy VII were in fact continuations of the earlier city. Although some scholars have proposed revising the nomenclature to reflect this consensus, the original

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The citadel was protected by massive stone walls and towers topped with mudbrick superstructures. It was accessed through two ramps, one of which is well preserved and attracts attention from modern day tourists. Because the city was not large enough to require two gates for practical purposes, some

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1: Gate 2: City Wall 3: Megarons 4: FN Gate 5: FO Gate 6: FM Gate and Ramp 7: FJ Gate 8: City Wall 9: Megarons 10: City Wall 11: VI. S Gate 12: VI. H Tower 13: VI. R Gate 14: VI. G Tower 15: Well-Cistern 16: VI. T Dardanos Gate 17: VI. I Tower 18: VI. U Gate 19: VI. A House 20: VI. M Palace-Storage

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to the east side of Hisarlık. In its square is a large wooden horse monument, with a ladder and internal chambers for use of the public. Bordering the square is the gate to the site. The public passes through turnstiles. Admission is usually not free. Within the site, the visitors tour the features

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began working the site alongside Schliemann and later inherited excavation at the site and published his own independent work. His chief contributions were to the study of Troy VI and VII, which Schliemann had overlooked due to his focus on Troy II. Dörpfeld's interest in these layers was

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layout, among which one room is notably larger than the others. Although the city plan is not entirely clear from its limited remains, the houses appear to have been oriented in parallel to the southern walls. Artifacts from this era include dark colored handmade pottery, objects made of copper, as

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the city was easily sacked. Ilion enjoyed a close relationship with Antiochus for the rest of his reign: for example, in 274 Antiochus granted land to his friend Aristodikides of Assos which for tax purposes was to be attached to the territory of Ilion, and c. 275–269 Ilion passed a decree in

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era. No new builds were constructed, so its existence is known primarily from artifacts found in the West Sanctuary and terraces on south side of mound. These areas were excavated in the 1990s, surprising the archaeologists who had assumed that the site was abandoned until the Archaic Era. Locally

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After the destruction of Troy VIIa around 1180 BC, the city was rebuilt as Troy VIIb. Older structures were again reused, including Troy VI's citadel walls. Its first phase, Troy VIIb1, appears to be largely a continuation of Troy VIIa. Residents continued using wheel-made

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Troy VI existed from around 1750 BC to 1300 BC. Its citadel was divided into a series of rising terraces, of which only the outermost is reasonably well-preserved. On this terrace, archaeologists have found the remains of freestanding multistory houses where Trojan elites would have

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Troy II is notable for having been misidentified as Homeric Troy, during initial excavations, because of its massive architecture, treasure hoards, and catastrophic destruction. In particular Schliemann saw Homer's description of Troy's Scaean Gate reflected in Troy II's imposing western

1984:, a Western Anatolian warlord who toppled other pro-Hittite rulers while acting on behalf the Ahhiyawa. However, Piyamaradu is never explicitly identified as the culprit and certain features of the text suggest that he was not. The final reference to Wilusa in the historical record appears in the 1459:

Troy VIIa was the final layer of the Late Bronze Age city. It was built soon after the destruction of Troy VI, seemingly by its previous inhabitants. The builders reused many of the earlier city's surviving structures, notably its citadel wall, which they renovated with additional stone

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The lower town was built to the south of the citadel, covering an area of roughly 30 hectares. Remains of a dense neighborhood have been found just outside the citadel walls, and traces of Bronze Age occupation have been found further away. These include huts, stone paving, threshing floors,

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The Turkish government created the Historical National Park at Troy on September 30, 1996. It contains 136 square kilometres (53 sq mi) to include Troy and its vicinity, centered on Troy. The purpose of the park is to protect the historical sites and monuments within it, as well as the

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In popular writing, these anecdotes have been interpreted as evidence for a historical kernel in myths of the Trojan War. However, scholars have not found historical evidence for any particular event from the legends, and the Hittite documents do not suggest that Wilusa-Troy was ever attacked by

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Since 2014 excavations have been conducted by a Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University team led by Rüstem Aslan. The excavators claim to have found a "Level 0" at Troy near the entrance of Troy-II with the new level pushing the city's history back 600 years. Since 2016 the University of Amsterdam has

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Troy VI's walls were overlooked by several rectangular watchtowers, which would also have provided a clear view of Trojan plain and the sea beyond it. The citadel was accessed by five gates, which led into paved and drained cobblestone streets. Some of these gates featured enormous pillars which

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Troy II was built around 2550 BC. Although there is no evidence of a cultural break after the previous settlement, the new city had a very different character. It was twice the size of the preceding city, featuring a lower town as well as an expanded citadel divided into two precincts.

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crossed the Hellespont and came to the city, where he visited the temple of Athena Ilias, made sacrifices at the tombs of the Homeric heroes, and made the city free and exempt from taxes. According to the so-called 'Last Plans' of Alexander which became known after his death in June 323, he had

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was still in possession of wooden investiture tablets. The archive would likely have been housed in the citadel's innermost precinct, whose remains were pushed over the northern side of the hill during 3rd century construction. Despite attempts to sift through the rubble, no documents have been

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portrays Troy as the capital of a rich and powerful kingdom. In the poem, the city appears to be a major regional power capable of summoning numerous allies to defend it. The city itself is described as sitting on a steep hill, protected by enormous sloping stone walls, rectangular towers, and

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The citadel was enclosed by a massive wall whose limestone base is visible to modern day visitors. These walls were periodically renovated, expanding from an initial width of 1.2 to 5 metres (3.9 to 16.4 ft) around 1400 BC. During the Bronze Age they would have been overlaid with wood and

2271:, the new king. In 280 or soon after Ilion passed a long decree lavishly honouring Antiochus in order to cement their relationship with him. During this period Ilion still lacked proper city walls except for the crumbling Troy VI fortifications around the citadel, and in 278 during the 1720:

to the Roman period. Schliemann was planning for another excavation season in 1891 when he died in December 1890. He proposed that the second layer, Troy II, corresponded to the city of legend, though later research has shown that it predated the Mycenaean era by several hundred years.

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man of English descent who owned a farm nearby. Calvert made extensive surveys of the site and correctly identified it with classical-era Ilion. This identification convinced Heinrich Schliemann that Homeric Troy should be sought beneath the classical-era remains and led to their subsequent

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The material culture of Troy VI appears to belong to a distinct Northwest Anatolian cultural group, with influences from the Aegean and the Balkans. The primary local pottery styles were wheel-made Tan Ware and Anatolian Gray Ware. Both styles were offshoots of an earlier

2089:. Athenian influence in the Hellespont waned following the oligarchic coup of 411, and in that year the Spartan general Mindaros emulated Xerxes by likewise sacrificing to Athena Ilias. From c. 410–399, Ilion was within the sphere of influence of the local dynasts at 1464:

buried in the ground. Troy VIIa seems to have been built by survivors of Troy VI's destruction, as evidenced by continuity in material culture. However, the character of the city appears to have changed, the citadel growing crowded and foreign imports declining.

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Grey Ware pottery alongside a new handmade style sometimes known as "barbarian ware". Imported Mycenaean-style pottery attests to some continuing foreign trade. However, the city's population appears to have dropped, and rebuilding seems to be confined to the citadel.

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shells associated with the manufacture of purple dye. The extent of the lower town is evidenced by a defensive ditch cut 1-2 into the bedrock. A wall or palisade may have stood several meters behind the ditch, as in the outer defenses of other cities such as

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cautions that our current understanding of Wilusa's history does not provide evidence for there having been an actual Trojan War since "the less material one has, the more easily it can be manipulated to fit whatever conclusion one wishes to come up with".

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seal giving the name of a woman on one side and the name of a man who worked as a scribe on the other. The seal is important since it is the only example of preclassical writing found at the site, and provides potential evidence that Troy VIIb1 had a

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Birytis and Gentinos are not securely located, but recent excavations at Sigeion appear to independently confirm Strabo's account by indicating an abandonment date soon after c. 300. This may have been punishment for Sigeion resisting Lysimachus in

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Troy III. By the period of Troy V, the city had once again expanded outside the citadel to the west. Troy IV sees the introduction of domed ovens. In Troy V, artifacts include Anatolian-style "red-cross bowls" as well as imported

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and L. Julius Caesar was once again required to arbitrate, this time reforming the festival so that it would be less of a financial burden. In 74 BC the Ilians once again demonstrated their loyalty to Rome by siding with the Roman general

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on dirt roads or for access to more precipitous features on railed boardwalks. There are many overlooks with multilingual boards explaining the feature. Most are outdoors, but a permanent canopy covers the site of an early megaron and wall.

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In 2013, an international team made up of cross-disciplinary experts led by William Aylward, an archaeologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, was to carry out new excavations. This activity was to be conducted under the auspices of

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mudbrick superstructures, reaching a height over 9 metres (30 ft). The walls were built in a "sawtooth" style made of 7–10 metres (23–33 ft) segments which joined at shallow angles. This characteristic is common in the walls of

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lived. These houses lacked ground-floor windows, and their stone exterior walls mirrored the architecture of the citadel fortifications. However, they otherwise display an eclectic mix of architectural styles, some following the classic

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financed new building projects at Ilion, for example a new theatre c. 306 and the expansion of the sanctuary and temple of Athena Ilias in the 3rd century, in order to make the city a suitable venue for such a large festival.

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in 428–427. Athens liberated the so-called Actaean cities (called 'Actaean' cities because they were located on the ἀκτή (aktē) or promontory of the mainland north of Lesbos.) including Ilion and enrolled these communities in the

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visited Calvert, and secured permission to excavate Hisarlık. At this point in time, the mound was about 200 meters long and somewhat less than 150 meters wide. It rose 31.2 meters above the plain and 38.5 meters above sea level.

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was to organize the annual Panathenaia festival which was held at the sanctuary of Athena Ilias. The festival brought huge numbers of pilgrims to Ilion for the duration of the festival as well as creating an enormous market (the

525:. Subsequent excavations by others have added to the modern understanding of the site, though the exact relationship between myth and reality remains unclear and there is no definitive evidence for a Greek attack on the city. 1960:. Circumstantial evidence raises the possibility that the rebellion was supported by the Ahhiyawa. By the late 1300s BC, Wilusa had become politically aligned with the Hittites. Texts from this period mention two kings named 520:

starting in 1871. Under the ruins of the classical city, they found the remains of numerous earlier settlements. Several of these layers resemble literary depictions of Troy, leading some scholars to conclude that there is a

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and was to use the new technique of "molecular archaeology". A few days before the Wisconsin team was to leave, the Turkish government cancelled about 100 excavation permits throughout Turkey, including Wisconsin's.

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Pernicka, Ernst, Magda Pieniążek, Peter Pavúk, and Diane Thumm-Doğrayan, "Troia 1987–2012: Grabungen und Forschungen III. Troia VI bis Troia VII: Ausgehende mittlere und späte Bronzezeit", Bonn, Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH,

1185:'s description of mythic Troy, and several of its sublayers (VIh and VIIa) show potential signs of violent destruction. Thus, these sublayers are among the candidates for a potential historical setting of those myths. 947:, which had been part of an earlier network that had cultural and economic ties to the eastern Aegean and southeastern Europe. Troy itself appears to have maintained these connections, showing similarities to sites in 5755: 2189:

and soon after succeeded in securing a guarantee from Antigonus that he would respect their autonomy and freedom (he had not respected the autonomy of the cities which were synoikized to create Antigoneia). The

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and thus are known entirely from their archaeological remains. However, written records about the city appear starting with the Late Bronze Age Troy VI and continuing into the Greek and Roman era Troy VIII-IX.

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Knoepfler, D. (2010). "Les agonothètes de la Confédération d'Athéna Ilias: une interpretation nouvelle des données épigraphiques et ses conséquences pour la chronologie des émissions monétaires du Koinon".

2405:) visited Ilion and stayed in the house of a leading citizen, Melanippides son of Euthydikos. As a result of his visit, he also financed the restoration and rebuilding of the sanctuary of Athena Ilias, the 9372: 4282: 2643:

Troy Museum aboveground. Most of the entire field in which it sits roofs the underground galleries, work, and storage spaces. These are accessed via ramps not shown. There are also outdoor display spaces.

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sacrificed 1,000 cattle at the sanctuary of Athena Ilias while marching towards Greece. Following the Persian defeat in 480–479, Ilion and its territory became part of the continental possessions of

9493: 9402: 469:. The place was first settled around 3600 BC and grew into a small fortified city around 3000 BC. During its four thousand years of existence, Troy was repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt. As a result, the 1759:. Even in his own time Schliemann's legacy was controversial because of his excavation methods which included removing features he considered insignificant without first studying and documenting them. 1516:. These practices, which existed alongside older local traditions, have been argued to reflect immigrant populations arriving from southwest Europe. These newcomers may have shared an origin with the 9445: 1210:. Archaeologists believe there may have been a royal palace on the highest terrace, but most Bronze Age remains from the top of the hill were cleared away by classical era building projects. 920:

Troy I was founded around 3000 BC on what was then the eastern shore of a shallow lagoon. It was significantly smaller than later settlements at the site, with a citadel covering less than 1

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Korfmann, Manfred, "Troia, an Ancient Anatolian Palatial and Trading Center: Archaeological Evidence for the Period of Troia VI/VII", The Classical World, vol. 91, no. 5, pp. 369–85, 1998

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citadels, though at Troy it is also found in other buildings, suggesting that it may have been decorative. The walls also have a notable slope, similar to those at other sites including

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Tolman, Herbert Cushing, and Gilbert Campbell Scoggin, "Mycenaean Troy: Based on Dörpfeld's Excavations in the Sixth of the Nine Buried Cities at Hissarlik", American Book Company, 1903

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was the first to identify with confidence the position of the city as it is now known. The first excavations at the site were trenches by British civil engineer John Brunton in 1855.

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often used to write Luwian. However, available evidence is not sufficient to establish that Luwian was actually spoken by the city's population, and a number of alternatives, such as

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Weninger, Bernhard, "Stratified 14C dates and ceramic chronologies: case studies for the Early Bronze Age at Troy (Turkey) and Ezero (Bulgaria)", Radiocarbon 37.2, pp. 443-456, 1995

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continued to function until at least the 1st century AD and primarily consisted of cities from the Troad, although for a time in the second half of the 3rd century it also included

1578: 5845: 2132:, a Euboean mercenary leader who occasionally worked for the Athenians. In 359, he was expelled by the Athenian Menelaos son of Arrabaios, whom the Ilians honoured with a grant of 1346:

Troy VI was destroyed around 1300 BC, corresponding with the sublayer known as Troy VIh. Damage in the Troy VIh layer includes extensive collapsed masonry and

4016: 2222:, on which no city ever had more than one representative. This system of equal (rather than proportional) representation ensured that no one city could politically dominate the 16290: 1017:

appears at the site for the first time, along with caches of treasures that attest to Trojan participation in networks of aristocratic competition. These items were made from

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city consisting of a steep fortified citadel and a sprawling lower town below it. It was a thriving coastal city with a considerable population, equal in size to second-tier

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expelled the Greek garrison at Ilion who were controlling the city on behalf of the Lampsacene dynasts during a campaign which rolled back Persian influence throughout the

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in the nearby Thracian Chersonese Ilion passed a decree in honour of him, indicating the city's new loyalties. In September Seleucus was assassinated at Lysimachia by

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Troy VIIb was destroyed by fire around 950 BC. However, some houses in the citadel were left intact and the site continued to be occupied, if only sparsely.

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Luce, J.. "FOUR. TROY, HOMER, AND THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS". Celebrating Homer's Landscapes: Troy and Ithaca Revisited, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2022, pp. 81–110

8995: 4342: 3642: 10092: 9334: 5890: 5769: 4222: 9680: 5740: 1716:". In 1871–1873 and 1878–1879, 1882 and 1890 (the later two joined by Wilhelm Dörpfeld), he discovered the ruins of a series of ancient cities dating from the 1968:

who maintained peaceful relations with the Hittites even as other states in the area did not. Wilusan soldiers may have served in the Hittite army during the

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As with Calvert and others, in April 1870 Schliemann began by excavating a trench across the mound of Hisarlık to the depth of the settlements, today called "

16250: 2247:, who during this time helped Ilion synoikize several nearby communities, thus expanding the city's population and territory. Lysimachus was defeated at the 16295: 9513: 5657: 1354:. Alternative hypotheses include an internal uprising as well as a foreign attack, though the city was not burned and no victims were found in the debris. 1368: 16255: 5837: 1181:

has been argued to have given it the function of regional capital, its status protected by treaties. Aspects of its architecture are consistent with the

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which was likely used for public events. One of these buildings, Megaron IIA, is the biggest known building of its kind in the Aegean-Anatolian region.

9300: 5876: 2311: 2304: 2040: 2033: 621:) which is generally identified with the site of Hisarlık. In Greek myth, these names were held to originate from the names of the kingdom's founders, 5839: 477:, each corresponding to a city built on the ruins of the previous. Archaeologists refer to these layers using Roman numerals. Among the early layers, 3025:

Since neither inscriptions confirming the Iliad nor definite proof for a violent destruction by invaders from Greece have been discovered at Troy...

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design, others even having irregular floorplans. Some of these houses show potential Aegean influence, one in particular resembling the megaron at

1142:'s careless excavation practices. In order to fully excavate the citadel of Troy II, he destroyed most remains from this period without first 345: 5765: 4394: 3755: 1107: 1095: 1045:, leading some scholars to speculate that they may have been made by itinerant jewelers who worked routes covering much of the Ancient Near East. 6086: 4316: 3247: 5836: 5381: 4737: 3900: 4202:

Jablonka, Peter, and C. Brian Rose, "Late Bronze Age Troy: A Response to Frank Kolb", American Journal of Archaeology 108.4, pp. 615-630, 2004

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river, where they beached their ships. The city itself stood on a hill across the plain of Scamander, where much of the fighting takes place.

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likewise bestowed benefactions on the city, recalling the city's loyalty during the Mithridatic Wars, the city's connection with his cousin

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for restitution; while in 80 BC, the city suffered an attack by pirates. In 77 BC the costs of running the annual festival of the

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Troy VIIb2 is marked by dramatic cultural changes including walls made of upright stones and a handmade knobbed pottery style known as

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a major reinterpretation of the site, which had previously been regarded as a small aristocratic residence rather than a major settlement.

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believed to have been spoken in the general area. Potential evidence comes from a biconvex seal inscribed with the name of a person using

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Yılmaz, Derya, "Some Thoughts on the Troy Type Owl-Headed Idols of Western Anatolia", Praehistorische Zeitschrift 91.2, pp. 369-378, 2016

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From 2006 until 2012, these excavations continued under the direction of Korfmann's colleague Ernst Pernicka, with a new digging permit.

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archaeologists have speculated that one of the gates was intended for ceremonial processions. The lower city was protected by a wooden

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E. Pernicka, Ch. B. Rose, P. Jablonka (eds), "Troia 1987–2012: Grabungen und Forschungen I", Studia Troica Monographien 5, Bonn, 2014

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Beckman, Gary; Bryce, Trevor; Cline, Eric (2012). "Epilogue: Mycenaean-Hittite Interconnections in the Late Bronze Age Revisited".

3700: 2409:(council house) and the theatre. Soon after work on the theatre was completed in 12–11 BC, Melanippides dedicated a statue of 5881: 3277: 16300: 16235: 8981: 5857: 5856: 5293: 4023:

Sugaya, Chikako, "The stone axes of Troy", Pp. 65-69 in Αρχαιολογία και Ερρίκος Σλήμαν. Archaeology and Heinrich Schliemann, 2012

2347: 5872: 5822: 5764: 5763: 5759: 5708: 5694: 5689: 5681: 5680: 2825:"Assemble all the united bands of Troy; / In just array let every leader call / The foreign troops: this day demands them all." 2460:

From the 4th century AD until the Byzantine era, perhaps as late as the 10th century, Ilion was the seat of a Christian bishop.

1138:

Troy continued to be occupied between 2300 BC and 1750 BC. However, little is known about these several layers due to

10078: 9422: 9293: 9004: 3503: 509: 350: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5852: 5747: 5741: 5736: 5474: 4155:

Easton, Donald, and Bernhard Weninger, "A Possible New Bronze Age Period at Troy", Anatolian Studies, vol. 68, pp. 33–73, 2018

2746:

House 21: Pillar House 22: VI. F House with columns 23: VI. C House 24: VI. E House 25: VII. Storage 26: Temple of Athena 27:

1230:. However, the walls differ from contemporary Aegean and Anatolian sites both in their lack of figural sculpture and in their 897:

Troy 0 is a pre-Bronze Age layer known from limited finds of pottery shards and wooden beams. It is tentatively dated to

16280: 10101: 9666: 9579: 5862: 5821: 5762: 5195: 4122: 4093: 4062: 3962: 3943: 3924: 3887: 3856: 3831: 3812: 3624: 3549: 3530: 3466: 3345: 3092: 2919: 2868: 5880: 5861: 3655: 1404: 9689: 7074: 5938: 5855: 5854: 5842: 5711: 1972:. A bit later, Wilusa seems to have experienced the political turmoil suffered by many of its neighbors. References in the 9455: 9085: 5756: 5754: 5693: 5531: 2141:

planned to rebuild the temple of Athena Ilias on a scale that would have surpassed every other temple in the known world.

1860: 501:

cities which in their days served as tourist attractions and religious centers because of their link to mythic tradition.

251: 16260: 6079: 5886: 5643: 4788:

Hertel, D. (2004). "Zum Heiligtum der Athena Ilias von Troia IX und zur frühhellenistischen Stadtanlage von Ilion".

4076: 3785: 3677: 2383: 2355: 1836:

status in the Bronze-Age world was the subject of a sometimes acerbic debate between Korfmann and the Tübingen historian

58: 5853: 4338: 3639: 3155:

This "Archeological plan of the Hisarlik citadel" was created by user Bibi Saint-Pol and contributed to Commons in 2007.

1751:. Almost all the precious metal objects that went to Berlin were confiscated by the Soviet Union in 1945 and are now in 1590: 9574: 7696: 7386: 7079: 7013: 5677: 4483: 4458: 4430: 4184:

Kolb, Frank, "Troy VI: A trading center and commercial city?", American Journal of Archaeology 108.4, pp. 577-613, 2004

3417: 9589: 5706: 5695: 16315: 16285: 9286: 7084: 7059: 5748: 4220: 3445: 2814:

A minority of scholars instead attempt to date this inscription to the reign of Antiochus III (222–187 BC).

2587:, for example, visited the site in 334 BC and there made sacrifices at tombs associated with the Homeric heroes 2329: 2094: 2058: 939:

Troy I was founded as part of a consolidation of settlement in the area. Its founders came from nearby towns such as

688:

The archaeological site of Troy consists of the hill of Hisarlık and the fields below it to the south. The hill is a

9392: 9367: 5885: 5869: 5824: 5823: 5682: 3118: 3011:

Jablonka, Peter (2011). "Troy in regional and international context". In Steadman, Sharon; McMahon, Gregory (eds.).

1605: 16245: 10827: 9309: 8893: 7642: 7069: 7064: 4259: 4044:

Troja und Ilion: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen in den vorhistorischen und historischen Schichten von Ilion, 1870-1894

522: 17: 5825: 5733: 1980:

suggest that a Wilusan king either rebelled or was deposed. This turmoil may have been related to the exploits of

1652:, a ruined Hellenistic town approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Hisarlık. In the late 18th century, 9647: 9470: 7536: 7396: 7391: 6668: 5792: 5688: 2666: 137: 9407: 9397: 5717: 1053:

gate. However, later excavations demonstrated that the site was a thousand years too old to have coexisted with

14190: 9989: 8920: 7561: 6975: 6072: 5888: 5849: 5743: 5727: 3987:

Schliemann, Henry, "Recent Discoveries at Troy", The North American Review, vol. 135, no. 311, pp. 339–62, 1882

2272: 1440: 1143: 193: 165: 54: 9594: 9440: 5883: 5712: 5701: 5684: 1660:, a mound approximately 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of the currently accepted location. Published in his 12899: 11222: 8915: 8472: 7965: 7481: 7401: 7099: 6809: 5887: 5884: 5844: 5716: 5686: 2696: 2661: 2093:(Zenis, his wife Mania, and the usurper Meidias) who administered the region on behalf of the Persian satrap 1847:

A number of radiocarbon dates, from charcoal samples, were obtained from various phases of the Troy I level.

436: 379: 5739: 2276:

honour of Metrodoros of Amphipolis who had successfully treated the king for a wound he received in battle.

16049: 14675: 12130: 10009: 9624: 9566: 9321: 9195: 9173: 8888: 7417: 6871: 5874: 5870: 5757: 2676: 5718: 5692: 1173:

settlements. It had a distinct Northwest Anatolian culture and extensive foreign contacts, including with

16039: 14883: 9503: 9377: 7943: 7551: 7427: 7089: 7043: 6998: 6774: 6463: 5737: 5734: 3684:. Troy and the Trojan War: A symposium held at Bryn Mawr College. Bryn Mawr Commentaries. Bryn Mawr, PA: 1748: 9546: 9412: 8482: 5879: 5865: 5758: 5713: 5697: 5685: 5679: 5441: 4137: 13485: 13257: 12453: 9541: 9465: 9149: 8604: 8477: 7610: 7605: 7581: 7491: 7008: 6106: 5905: 5785: 5719: 4390: 4032:

Akimova, Ludmila, and Vladimir Tolstikov, "The Troy treasures in Russia", ANTIQUITY 69, pp. 11-14, 1995

3747: 693: 474: 9609: 5838: 5833: 5831: 5751: 5744: 5725: 4312: 3239: 13945: 13875: 9703: 9599: 9387: 8962: 8905: 7861: 7664: 7649: 7571: 7506: 6826: 6721: 6195: 6129: 5878: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5691: 5466: 3870:

Including an examination of the opinions of Demetrius, Chevalier, Dr. Clarke, and Major Rennell.

1653: 7473: 7453: 6651: 6309: 5720: 4166:

Hertel, Dieter, and Frank Kolb, "Troy in clearer perspective", Anatolian studies 53, pp. 71-88, 2003

3909:

Pavel, Cătălin, "Recording the Excavations in Troy, 1855–2010", Studia Troica, 19, pp. 255-283, 2011

2185:

of Athena Ilias was founded from the remaining cities in the Troad and along the Asian coast of the

2124:, was erected in front of the temple of Athena Ilias. In 360–359 the city was briefly controlled by 1820: 1246:

serve no structural purpose and have been interpreted as religious symbols. The halls were built in

944: 16320: 15939: 15604: 12658: 11397: 11167: 10392: 9382: 7659: 7622: 7556: 7222: 7109: 5931: 5841: 5834: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5470: 5342: 5322: 2572: 2473: 2354:

illegally levied taxes on the sacred estates of Athena Ilias, and the city was required to call on

1824: 1808: 1469: 1007:

unlike any other known in that era. It was a complex structure nearly 3 meters wide, with interior

9460: 5699: 5698: 5690: 5246:

Easton, D.F.; Hawkins, J.D.; Sherratt, A.G.; Sherratt, E.S. (2002). "Troy in Recent Perspective".

4193: 4175: 1657: 1317: 1071: 16305: 15944: 15148: 15063: 13214: 12733: 12405: 12390: 11995: 11837: 10357: 10242: 9531: 9480: 9158: 9109: 9072: 8942: 8066: 7866: 7851: 7654: 7637: 7617: 7586: 7486: 7422: 7038: 7023: 6993: 6954: 6831: 6683: 6185: 5723: 5211: 4267: 2763:

The periodization of the Western Anatolian Bronze Age differs from divisions used in other areas.

2435: 2300: 2144: 2117: 2029: 1380: 9095: 5847: 5830: 5731: 2624: 16179: 15659: 14978: 13915: 13385: 12989: 12335: 11817: 10327: 9344: 8900: 7903: 7674: 7632: 7566: 7531: 6983: 6967: 6663: 6604: 6453: 6448: 5882: 5715: 5704: 5409:

Fantasies of Troy: Classical tales and the social imaginary in Medieval and early modern Europe

3737:

J. D. Hawkins/D. F. Easton, "A Hieroglyphic Seal from Troy", Studia Troica 6, pp. 111–118, 1996

2860: 2854: 1973: 1713: 1253: 1131: 1083: 427: 370: 9604: 9203: 5722: 5187: 3409: 3020: 1428: 1273:. However, material evidence for such a wall is limited to postholes and cuts in the bedrock. 16310: 16069: 15719: 15163: 15128: 15078: 14798: 13920: 12568: 11322: 11217: 11057: 10372: 10004: 9430: 8952: 8181: 8171: 8161: 8146: 7836: 7576: 7546: 7501: 7496: 7127: 7094: 6896: 6801: 6787: 6443: 6314: 6278: 5750: 5738: 4868: 4662: 4605: 4533: 4504: 3709: 3113: 2121: 988: 31: 16119: 5179: 2375:

rewarded the city's loyalty by becoming the benefactor of Ilion and patron of Athena Ilias.

1324:

suggest that literacy existed at Troy and that the city may have had a written archive. The

225: 15769: 15198: 15123: 15058: 14933: 14783: 14560: 14195: 14185: 13765: 13690: 13480: 13470: 13420: 13380: 12793: 12783: 12768: 12698: 12295: 12285: 12220: 12055: 11955: 11582: 11447: 11332: 10342: 10297: 8424: 8418: 8404: 7888: 7846: 7818: 7703: 7516: 6746: 6542: 5828: 5591: 5567: 2248: 1160: 1041:. Some of these items are strikingly similar to those found at sites such as Poliochni and 123: 12418: 9614: 5424: 5178:

Cenker, Işil Cerem; Thys-Şenocak, Lucienne (2008). Shopes, Linda; Hamilton, Paula (eds.).

2612:

environment of the region. In 1998 the park was accepted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

916:

Troy I's fortifications were the most elaborate in northwestern Anatolia at the time.

8: 16184: 16149: 16064: 16059: 16029: 15929: 15864: 15614: 15554: 15103: 14993: 14778: 14630: 14445: 14345: 14100: 13880: 13700: 13315: 13300: 13054: 12869: 12345: 12245: 12230: 12150: 12145: 12045: 11652: 11647: 11382: 11162: 10637: 10632: 10207: 10122: 10034: 9925: 8555: 8525: 7913: 7808: 7803: 7240: 6555: 6468: 6438: 6392: 6155: 6012: 5988: 5924: 5835: 5666: 2938: 2671: 2615: 2584: 2260: 2137: 2113: 1768: 1740: 1729: 1721:

Significant finds included many "owl-headed idols" and stone axes from the lower levels.

1705: 1501: 513: 505: 470: 311: 12160: 9144: 1789: 1584:

Troy VIII Temple of Athena, built over the ruins of the Bronze Age palatial complex

1049:

sites, there is no definitive evidence for the city having been destroyed by an attack.

16214: 16099: 16074: 15694: 15534: 15428: 15358: 14768: 14425: 14390: 14050: 13770: 13750: 13640: 13450: 13440: 13335: 13310: 12964: 12833: 12210: 12015: 11407: 11147: 11132: 10957: 10797: 10457: 10262: 8772: 8669: 8575: 8219: 8136: 8024: 7526: 7350: 6866: 6846: 6703: 6574: 6458: 6253: 6180: 6052: 6028: 5745: 5375: 5271: 5263: 4731: 4624: 3596: 3588: 3269: 3190: 3182: 2623:

Public access to the ancient site is along the road from the vicinity of the museum in

2520: 2252: 2072: 1645: 1313: 1305: 960: 869: 689: 626: 12894: 12578: 9080: 4339:"Discovery takes Troy's history back 600 years - Hurriyet Daily News - August 23 2019" 2259:, and in August or September 281 when Seleucus passed through the Troad on his way to 16034: 15924: 15789: 15669: 15564: 15459: 15433: 15363: 15333: 14868: 14843: 14803: 14773: 14758: 14723: 14580: 14280: 14200: 14075: 13885: 13710: 13670: 13635: 13625: 13605: 13550: 13365: 13340: 13320: 13064: 13039: 12959: 12854: 12758: 12738: 12703: 12365: 12290: 12080: 12040: 11985: 11612: 11577: 11327: 11297: 11077: 10802: 10622: 10267: 10257: 10039: 9984: 8948: 8847: 8434: 7983: 7831: 7783: 7627: 7596: 7541: 7458: 7335: 7207: 7028: 6861: 6814: 6754: 6628: 6610: 6586: 6568: 6523: 6478: 6473: 6124: 5809: 5587: 5563: 5539: 5498: 5275: 5191: 5180: 4479: 4454: 4426: 3852: 3685: 3600: 3580: 3441: 3413: 3341: 3194: 3088: 2915: 2864: 2565: 2268: 2081: 1977: 1684: 1477: 1309: 1014: 821: 710:

by comparing artifacts found in them to those found at other sites. However, precise

696:

containing the remains left behind by more than three millennia of human occupation.

16159: 5777: 5522: 3495: 2619:

Wooden Trojan Horse monument in the plaza before the modern gate to the ancient city

2478: 1488: 1416: 1213: 16194: 16144: 15559: 15449: 15438: 15408: 15283: 15223: 15088: 14948: 14465: 14435: 14135: 13985: 13960: 13825: 13785: 13775: 13745: 13720: 13610: 13590: 13585: 13350: 13237: 13199: 13009: 12613: 12518: 12140: 11970: 11945: 11935: 11910: 11887: 11767: 11512: 11507: 11392: 11362: 11307: 11192: 11177: 11017: 10877: 10812: 10807: 10702: 10572: 10547: 10367: 10317: 10272: 10247: 9359: 9049: 8777: 8309: 8274: 8091: 7948: 7826: 7713: 7708: 7033: 6988: 6819: 6726: 6342: 6175: 6160: 6150: 5301: 5255: 4863: 4657: 4600: 4528: 3572: 3405: 3174: 3108: 3016: 2850: 2575:

and the identity of Homeric Troy with a site in Anatolia on a peninsula called the

2516: 2469: 2455: 2443: 2264: 2214:

on which each city was represented by two delegates. The day-to-day running of the

2148: 2116:

in 387–386. In this period of renewed Persian control c. 387–367, a statue of

1969: 1908: 1828: 1668: 1649: 1597: 1561: 1223: 1174: 865: 753: 715: 653: 622: 447: 398: 48: 15454: 15844: 15824: 15779: 15774: 15699: 15674: 15569: 15504: 15443: 15413: 15343: 15228: 15153: 15118: 15013: 14893: 14888: 14873: 14823: 14708: 14703: 14693: 14555: 14530: 14515: 14340: 14080: 13980: 13895: 13795: 13755: 13705: 13645: 13595: 13580: 13410: 13139: 12889: 12884: 12718: 12593: 12513: 12463: 12375: 11867: 11632: 11572: 11537: 11492: 11457: 11367: 11272: 11082: 10982: 10562: 10322: 10277: 9895: 9825: 9806: 9266: 8973: 8792: 8550: 8338: 8151: 7893: 7759: 7691: 7018: 6616: 6598: 6592: 6506: 6483: 6357: 6268: 6228: 6165: 4558: 4226: 4199: 4181: 4020: 3906: 3846: 3673: 3659: 3652: 3646: 2686: 2439: 2371:

against Mithridates VI. Following the final defeat of Mithridates in 63–62,

2136:—this is recorded in the earliest civic decree to survive from Ilion. In May 334 1985: 1549: 1506: 1334: 1301: 1297: 1286: 1203: 1166: 1054: 968: 927:

Residents lived in attached houses made of stone and mudbrick. Some houses had a

852: 825: 711: 707: 534: 482: 16114: 10070: 9212: 8817: 8530: 5482: 5337:

Heath, Sebastian; Mannsperger, Dietrich; Rose, C. Brian; Wallrodt, John (2013).

5134: 2530:, there are references to Troy in the other major work attributed to Homer, the 2362:

of Athena Ilias became too pressing for both Ilion and the other members of the

16079: 15899: 15889: 15854: 15714: 15629: 15218: 15158: 15138: 15053: 14355: 14350: 14330: 14290: 14245: 14210: 14160: 14045: 14005: 13890: 13865: 13790: 13685: 13655: 13540: 13455: 13435: 13430: 13390: 13330: 13287: 13159: 12235: 12070: 12025: 11925: 11812: 11772: 11697: 11677: 11637: 11557: 11552: 11107: 11072: 11067: 11062: 10992: 10937: 10767: 10742: 10667: 10472: 10452: 10302: 10177: 10157: 9994: 9791: 9658: 9523: 9207: 9132: 8674: 8614: 8609: 8565: 8346: 8294: 8284: 8264: 8254: 7998: 7993: 7988: 6841: 6640: 6634: 6622: 6422: 6397: 6170: 6095: 5543: 5120: 2580: 2505: 2493: 2432: 2428: 2172: 2108:. Ilion remained outside the control of the Persian satrapal administration at 1957: 1920: 1868:

conducted a project to examine the 150-year history of excavation at the site.

1752: 1733: 1696: 1557: 1528: 1266: 1239: 633: 568: 494: 490: 390: 16089: 15574: 15263: 3777: 16240: 16229: 15909: 15804: 15423: 15418: 15373: 15323: 15208: 14998: 14968: 14903: 14450: 14085: 13910: 13870: 13575: 13490: 13475: 13375: 13355: 12713: 12413: 12265: 12115: 11960: 11877: 11777: 11687: 11627: 11587: 11302: 11202: 11157: 11092: 10927: 10832: 10792: 10777: 10627: 10592: 10362: 10307: 10217: 10162: 10127: 10109: 10059: 9957: 9349: 9254: 9012: 8910: 8827: 8802: 8492: 8414: 8096: 8039: 7938: 7928: 7898: 7880: 7754: 6906: 6688: 6580: 6536: 6498: 6337: 6258: 4446: 3584: 2421: 2379: 2086: 1952:

records around 1400 BC, when it was one of the twenty-two states of the

1832: 1744: 1680: 1022: 700: 517: 266: 253: 5609: 5475:"Troia and the Troad – Archaeology of a Region: The new excavations at Troy" 4518:

Thucydides, book IV, section 52, Loeb Classic Library, Vol 2, p. 300, note 1

2750:

28: Outer Court Wall 29: Inner Court Wall 30: Holy Place 31: Water Work 32:

1724: 15914: 15869: 15819: 15609: 15544: 15238: 15073: 14973: 14753: 14600: 14480: 14310: 14175: 13990: 13800: 13660: 13500: 13164: 13069: 12748: 12668: 12603: 12543: 12538: 12280: 11975: 11895: 11822: 11807: 11707: 11592: 11337: 11282: 10817: 9642: 9488: 9278: 9217: 8727: 8679: 8545: 8399: 8269: 7908: 7744: 7250: 7212: 6911: 5995: 5513: 3080: 2751: 2691: 2607:

The west side of Troy Ridge. The road from Tevfikiye enters from the right.

2557: 2541: 2406: 2001: 1989: 1641: 1632: 1553: 1374:

Troy VI East Gate and Troy VI houses on the terrace immediately above.

912: 882: 498: 13222: 12994: 12433: 5318: 1780:

Hisarlık, pictured in 1880. The notch at the top is "Schliemann's Trench".

1500:

One of the most striking finds from Troy VIIb1 is a bronze biconvex

1468:

The city was destroyed around 1180 BC, roughly contemporary with the

15969: 15799: 15724: 15644: 15634: 15494: 15248: 14983: 14938: 14788: 14485: 14120: 13975: 13950: 13325: 13194: 13074: 13029: 12773: 12573: 12508: 12488: 12260: 12155: 11930: 11862: 11722: 11522: 11377: 11312: 11187: 11027: 10872: 10602: 10477: 10407: 10252: 10147: 10029: 9941: 9776: 9733: 9632: 9339: 9020: 8747: 8639: 8619: 8447: 7955: 7933: 7923: 7918: 7841: 7798: 7345: 7255: 7245: 7132: 7122: 6886: 6263: 6238: 5071: 4944: 4912: 4810: 4642: 4548: 3209:"Ancient city of Troy likely founded 600 years earlier than thought" 2648: 2186: 1912: 1804: 1762: 1290: 1178: 1038: 16019: 14943: 8452: 5626:

The Many Myths of the Man Who 'Discovered' – and Nearly Destroyed – Troy

3563:

Knight, W.F.J. (1934). "The pillars at the south gate of Troy VI".

2218:, especially in relation to its finances, was left to a college of five 1524:. This layer was destroyed around 1050 BC after an apparent earthquake. 680: 16189: 16104: 16084: 15989: 15949: 15894: 15809: 15749: 15679: 15499: 15484: 15479: 15469: 15328: 15203: 15033: 14923: 14605: 14550: 14500: 14495: 14430: 14405: 14395: 14385: 14375: 14370: 14320: 14300: 14265: 14220: 14170: 14150: 14110: 13970: 13845: 13835: 13650: 13555: 13535: 13415: 13247: 13232: 13059: 12929: 12823: 12778: 12688: 12623: 12493: 12300: 12200: 12175: 11752: 11712: 11642: 11617: 11532: 11207: 11112: 10972: 10932: 10897: 10822: 10607: 10527: 9933: 9880: 9820: 9815: 9751: 9718: 9099: 9062: 9030: 8684: 8654: 8649: 8634: 8520: 8487: 8156: 8126: 7793: 7521: 7355: 7197: 7192: 7182: 7167: 7152: 7142: 7117: 6493: 6248: 6203: 6007: 5947: 5267: 3186: 2747: 2256: 2244: 2243:

In the period 302–281, Ilion and the Troad were part of the kingdom of

2125: 2101: 1981: 1837: 1717: 1612: 1351: 1347: 1270: 1139: 971:, it did not yet have the close ties with central Anatolia seen later. 15348: 12838: 9761: 5635: 4139:

Troy: Excavations conducted by the University of Cincinnati, 1932–1938

3592: 299: 16164: 16129: 16024: 15974: 15954: 15934: 15919: 15904: 15759: 15754: 15729: 15709: 15599: 15549: 15519: 15398: 15303: 15278: 15258: 15243: 15183: 15168: 15083: 14963: 14828: 14808: 14748: 14728: 14688: 14683: 14575: 14520: 14475: 14400: 14380: 14325: 14315: 14270: 14235: 14215: 14205: 14180: 14155: 14140: 14130: 14115: 14040: 14035: 14025: 13965: 13905: 13900: 13815: 13805: 13760: 13630: 13620: 13565: 13530: 13465: 13169: 13144: 13119: 13044: 12949: 12879: 12859: 12849: 12678: 12673: 12643: 12618: 12608: 12588: 12563: 12483: 12458: 12438: 12428: 12355: 12330: 12310: 11905: 11847: 11797: 11792: 11762: 11757: 11717: 11702: 11657: 11517: 11442: 11292: 11262: 11212: 11117: 11032: 10862: 10782: 10762: 10652: 10587: 10517: 10427: 10287: 10237: 10152: 10014: 9034: 8659: 8585: 8570: 8540: 8535: 8467: 8391: 8376: 8361: 8304: 8204: 7856: 7788: 7360: 7340: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7265: 7260: 7230: 7177: 7137: 6916: 6782: 6736: 6716: 6347: 6218: 5983: 5584:"Lesson 27: Troy VII and the historicity of the Trojan War" 5338: 5053: 4957: 4499: 2592: 2564:, Priam's youngest daughter, is the subject of a later Greek epic by 2537: 2496: 2203: 2199: 2168: 2164: 2152: 2109: 2090: 1965: 1517: 1329: 1026: 996: 984: 952: 749: 508:

is open to the public as a tourist destination, and was added to the

338: 9556: 5259: 3178: 3165:

Yakar, Jak (1979). "Troy and Anatolia early Bronze Age chronology".

2289: 2018: 1739:

Some of the most notable artifacts found by Schliemann are known as

111: 93: 16169: 16154: 16009: 15999: 15979: 15964: 15794: 15744: 15739: 15684: 15649: 15584: 15539: 15318: 15308: 15293: 15268: 15098: 15093: 15023: 14953: 14918: 14908: 14898: 14858: 14853: 14848: 14818: 14743: 14733: 14698: 14660: 14645: 14639: 14615: 14585: 14570: 14545: 14525: 14490: 14455: 14415: 14365: 14285: 14225: 14145: 14125: 14095: 14090: 14020: 14015: 13940: 13925: 13860: 13850: 13735: 13730: 13695: 13680: 13615: 13570: 13545: 13520: 13495: 13370: 13305: 13242: 13184: 13104: 13079: 13014: 12984: 12979: 12944: 12934: 12919: 12904: 12864: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12788: 12683: 12648: 12638: 12633: 12553: 12528: 12523: 12503: 12478: 12325: 12315: 12270: 12255: 12125: 12095: 12090: 12060: 12000: 11980: 11900: 11872: 11842: 11832: 11787: 11662: 11602: 11562: 11462: 11437: 11417: 11387: 11342: 11087: 11042: 11022: 10977: 10962: 10947: 10942: 10857: 10852: 10837: 10772: 10757: 10747: 10737: 10727: 10717: 10697: 10647: 10642: 10582: 10577: 10567: 10552: 10537: 10532: 10507: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10447: 10432: 10417: 10397: 10337: 10312: 10292: 10282: 10212: 10187: 10172: 10142: 10132: 10117: 9999: 9840: 9766: 9743: 9738: 9728: 9153: 9039: 8709: 8699: 8689: 8664: 8442: 8409: 8371: 8314: 8229: 8214: 8071: 8061: 7978: 7973: 7370: 7365: 7325: 7320: 7295: 7275: 7202: 7157: 7147: 7003: 6901: 6836: 6764: 6372: 6047: 5964: 5012: 4613: 3576: 2799: 2639: 2631: 2588: 2561: 2424: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2368: 2235:) which attracted traders from across the region. In addition, the 2077: 1961: 1949: 1941: 1894: 1664:, it was the most commonly proposed location for almost a century. 1217:

Artist's representation of House VI M, part of the palatial complex

1170: 1008: 1004: 948: 832: 588: 587:. These names seem to date back to the Bronze Age, as suggested by 14650: 8462: 5465:

Institut für Ur, Frühgeschichte und Archäologie des Mittelalters,

5411:. Toronto, Canada: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies. 2504:

massive gates whose wooden doors can be bolted shut. According to

2386:, and the family's claim that they were ultimately descended from 1992:

expresses his intention to reinstall a deposed Wilusan king named

1640:

Early modern travellers in the 16th and 17th centuries, including

16199: 16174: 16139: 16134: 16094: 16014: 15849: 15834: 15689: 15664: 15654: 15624: 15619: 15589: 15579: 15524: 15464: 15403: 15393: 15388: 15353: 15313: 15298: 15273: 15253: 15233: 15143: 15068: 15048: 15043: 15018: 14958: 14928: 14913: 14878: 14793: 14763: 14713: 14620: 14540: 14510: 14505: 14470: 14440: 14420: 14305: 14255: 14165: 14105: 14070: 14055: 14010: 14000: 13935: 13855: 13840: 13820: 13740: 13725: 13715: 13600: 13560: 13525: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13460: 13400: 13295: 13272: 13267: 13154: 13134: 13124: 13109: 13089: 12974: 12924: 12844: 12798: 12763: 12728: 12723: 12693: 12628: 12598: 12583: 12548: 12473: 12448: 12423: 12395: 12385: 12380: 12370: 12350: 12340: 12250: 12205: 12190: 12135: 12120: 12105: 12085: 12075: 12065: 12035: 12030: 12020: 12005: 11990: 11950: 11827: 11782: 11747: 11737: 11732: 11682: 11607: 11597: 11502: 11497: 11482: 11467: 11452: 11412: 11402: 11357: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11227: 11172: 11152: 11122: 11097: 11052: 11047: 11002: 10967: 10912: 10867: 10787: 10732: 10722: 10707: 10687: 10677: 10662: 10512: 10502: 10422: 10412: 10387: 10377: 10332: 10227: 10202: 10197: 10167: 10137: 10024: 10019: 9963: 9945: 9890: 9885: 9854: 9830: 9811: 9786: 9781: 9771: 9755: 9723: 9181: 9090: 9057: 9025: 8852: 8842: 8787: 8782: 8767: 8757: 8742: 8737: 8624: 8512: 8502: 8381: 8356: 8351: 8324: 8319: 8299: 8289: 8279: 8244: 8234: 8224: 8176: 8166: 8141: 8106: 8101: 8076: 7729: 7511: 7172: 7162: 6921: 6891: 6881: 6876: 6856: 6851: 6731: 6678: 6387: 6377: 6367: 6362: 6352: 6064: 6035: 6000: 5449: 4283:"UW-Madison archaeology trip to Troy postponed until next summer" 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2795: 2788:" adds to this circle the cities of antiquity already destroyed". 2681: 2603: 2532: 2395: 2394:

and therefore shared kinship with the Ilians. In 20 BC, the

2176: 2156: 2133: 1877: 1819:

From 1988 to 2005, excavations were conducted by a team from the

1533: 1521: 1321: 1248: 1231: 1227: 1207: 1199: 1126: 992: 940: 928: 921: 579: 478: 9953: 8797: 8111: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 481:

is notable for its wealth and imposing architecture. During the

16124: 16109: 16004: 15994: 15884: 15879: 15859: 15839: 15829: 15814: 15764: 15594: 15529: 15509: 15474: 15368: 15288: 15193: 15188: 15113: 15108: 15028: 15008: 15003: 14988: 14838: 14833: 14738: 14718: 14665: 14655: 14625: 14610: 14595: 14535: 14460: 14360: 14335: 14275: 14260: 14250: 14240: 13930: 13830: 13810: 13780: 13675: 13425: 13405: 13395: 13277: 13252: 13204: 13189: 13149: 13129: 13114: 13099: 13084: 13049: 13034: 13024: 13019: 12999: 12969: 12954: 12939: 12914: 12909: 12874: 12828: 12818: 12753: 12743: 12708: 12558: 12533: 12498: 12468: 12320: 12305: 12240: 12215: 12185: 12165: 12110: 12100: 12050: 12010: 11965: 11940: 11920: 11915: 11857: 11852: 11727: 11672: 11667: 11622: 11567: 11547: 11542: 11527: 11477: 11472: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11352: 11347: 11317: 11267: 11197: 11182: 11127: 11102: 11037: 11012: 11007: 10997: 10987: 10952: 10922: 10917: 10902: 10692: 10682: 10657: 10612: 10597: 10557: 10542: 10522: 10482: 10442: 10437: 10402: 10382: 10352: 10232: 10192: 10182: 9968: 9949: 9937: 9920: 9900: 9870: 9845: 9713: 9708: 9313: 9185: 8822: 8752: 8732: 8694: 8560: 8366: 8259: 8196: 8186: 8131: 7749: 7734: 7330: 7315: 7290: 7285: 7270: 6931: 6926: 6693: 6673: 6417: 6407: 6402: 6273: 6233: 6223: 6208: 6019: 5959: 4939: 4907: 4805: 4637: 3137: 3132: 2791:συνῴκισέ τε εἰς αὐτὴν τὰς κύκλῳ πόλεις ἀρχαίας ἤδη κεκακωμένας. 2782: 2552: 2547: 2546:). The Homeric legend of Troy was elaborated by the Roman poet 2499:

which tells the story of the final year of the Trojan War. The

2420:(from Greek Ilion) was founded on the site in the reign of the 2391: 2372: 2195: 2181: 2160: 1953: 1890: 1756: 1461: 1278: 1235: 1148: 1011:

and columns and beams secured in notches cut into the bedrock.

964: 956: 594: 486: 466: 229: 5819: 5676: 4623: 4391:"Archaeology of archaeology at Troy - University of Amsterdam" 2080:

and remained under Mytilenaean control until the unsuccessful

1911:

records. These correspondences were first proposed in 1924 by

1113:

Troy II fortifications with modern reconstructed mudbrick

714:

are not always possible due to limitations in the accuracy of

16209: 16204: 15984: 15784: 15734: 15704: 15639: 15489: 15383: 15378: 15338: 15173: 15133: 14863: 14813: 14590: 14565: 14410: 14065: 14060: 14030: 13995: 13955: 13445: 13360: 13262: 13179: 13174: 13094: 13004: 12663: 12653: 12443: 12275: 12225: 12195: 12180: 12170: 11802: 11692: 11487: 11372: 11287: 11232: 11142: 11137: 10907: 10892: 10882: 10847: 10842: 10752: 10712: 10672: 10617: 10467: 10462: 10347: 10222: 9929: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9875: 9835: 9801: 9796: 9747: 9140: 9122: 8832: 8807: 8704: 8644: 8629: 8497: 8457: 8209: 8121: 8116: 8086: 8081: 8056: 7739: 7280: 7235: 7187: 6759: 6711: 6412: 6382: 6329: 6304: 6243: 6213: 6040: 6024: 5976: 5971: 5916: 5245: 5115: 5042: 3819: 2967: 2576: 2488: 2387: 2343: 2147:

took control of the Troad in 311 and created the new city of

2129: 2105: 2008: 1993: 1339: 1261: 1260:

pithoi, and waste left behind by Bronze Age industry such as

1034: 1030: 1018: 933: 573: 562: 552: 542: 239: 77: 5336: 1234:. While Troy VI's walls were made entirely of close-fitting 15959: 15874: 15514: 15213: 15178: 15038: 14295: 14230: 13665: 13345: 12360: 11742: 11277: 10887: 8837: 8812: 8762: 8249: 8239: 5610:"Hellenistic inscriptions of Ilion, in English translation" 4952: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4260:"UW-Madison archaeologists to mount new expedition to Troy" 1899:

Troy VI–VII is believed to be the city referred to as

591:

records which refer to a city in northwest Anatolia called

441: 384: 13227: 9117: 4726:. Monnaies antiques en Troade. Paris, FR. pp. 18–46. 3875: 3800: 3653:

Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean

2859:. Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishing Limited. p. 1679:

The next excavation at Hisarlık was conducted in 1865 by

1151:

objects. They would trade with other cities around them.

951:

and southeastern Europe, as well as Aegean sites such as

5439: 4409: 2536:, as well as in other ancient Greek literature (such as 2482:

An 18th-century depiction of the legendary sack of Troy.

1480:

shows evidence of enemy attack, including scorch marks.

1332:

to read its text publicly three times a year, while the

967:. Despite some connections to Anatolian sites including 4313:"In Search of Troy - Smithsonian Magazine - March 2022" 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 2845: 2843: 2841: 1520:

who initiated similar cultural shifts at sites such as

1042: 699:

The primary divisions among layers are designated with

465:) was an ancient city located in present-day Hisarlık, 5319:"Greek, Roman, and Byzantine pottery at Ilion (Troia)" 3400:

Jablonka, Peter (2012). "Troy". In Cline, Eric (ed.).

3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 1398:

East Gate cul de sac (Troy IX walls on the right)

16291:

Populated places established in the 3rd millennium BC

5807: 5481:. Institut für Ur – u. Frühgeschichte. Archived from 5186:. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. p. 3848:

A Dissertation On the Topography of the Plain of Troy

1238:, contemporary sites typically used ashlars around a 1101:

Troy II walls with modern reconstructed mudbrick

608: 592: 460: 417: 411: 91: 5391:

Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus

5365: 5317:

Heath, Sebastian; Tekkök, Billur, eds. (2007–2009).

4769:

Rose, C.B. (2003). "The temple of Athena at Ilion".

3663:, Peeters Publishers & Booksellers. pp. 269–279. 2838: 5171: 3354: 583:suggests that the latter was originally pronounced 9003: 5393:(in Latin). Vol. I. Paris, FR. coll. 775–778. 5214:. Ministry of Culture and Tourism. 3 August 2019. 5177: 5108: 5106: 4421:Beckman, Gary; Bryce, Trevor; Cline, Eric (2012). 1350:in the southeast of the citadel, indicative of an 10100: 5520: 5511: 4473: 4420: 2000:Greeks-Ahhiyawa themselves. Noted Hittiteologist 1884: 1320:, have been proposed. Hittite documents found at 16227: 9688: 5407:Shepard, Alan; Powell, Stephen D., eds. (2004). 5316: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3465:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSchliemann1881 ( 1915:on the basis of linguistic similarities, since " 27:Ancient Homeric-era city in northwest Asia Minor 6300: 5103: 2255:, thus handing the Seleucid kingdom control of 2009:Classical and Hellenistic Troy (Troy VIII) 5158: 4453:. Princeton University Press. pp. 33–35. 3974: 3972: 3950: 3942:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRobinson1994 ( 3623:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKorfmann2003 ( 3548:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKorfmann2013 ( 2914:. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. p. 311. 13646:Chelae on the European coast of the Bosphorus 10086: 9674: 9294: 9234:Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia 8989: 6080: 5932: 5793: 5651: 5406: 5291: 3886:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchliemann1881 ( 3830:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchliemann1881 ( 3811:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchliemann1881 ( 3607: 3440:. New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 21. 3404:. Oxford University Press. pp. 849–861. 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3237: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 1956:which unsuccessfully attempted to oppose the 1189:terms are typically used to avoid confusion. 974:Troy I was destroyed by fire around 2550 BC. 666: 658: 614: 600: 83: 16251:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey 9308: 5503:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4862: 4656: 4599: 4527: 3838: 3640:Aegeans and Anatolians: A Trojan Perspective 3529:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLatacz2004 ( 3431: 3429: 3402:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3107: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 2905: 2903: 991:in Trojan society. At the center were large 5399: 4557: 4121:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAllen1995 ( 4092:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAllen1995 ( 4061:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAllen1995 ( 3969: 3961:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAllen1995 ( 3650:." In: Laffineur, Robert; Greco, Emanuele. 2427:. It flourished until the establishment of 2413:in the theatre to record this benefaction. 646: 638: 16256:Archaeological sites in the Marmara Region 13641:Chelae on the Asian coast of the Bosphorus 10093: 10079: 9681: 9667: 9301: 9287: 8996: 8982: 6966: 6087: 6073: 5939: 5925: 5800: 5786: 5658: 5644: 5448:. University of Cincinnati. Archived from 5380:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4736:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3923:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWood1985 ( 3881: 3825: 3806: 3698: 3692: 3479: 3460: 2856:Troy: From Homer's Iliad to Hollywood epic 2823:"And Troy prevails by armies not her own". 2571:The Greeks and Romans took for a fact the 2486:The main literary work set at Troy is the 1656:identified a location near the village of 936:with a relief depicting an armed warrior. 16296:Tourist attractions in Çanakkale Province 5358: 4701: 4563:Περὶ τοῦ πῶς χρὴ πολιορκουμένους ἀντέχειν 3426: 3292: 3079: 3030: 2900: 2895:... mentioned in the Hittite sources 2556:. The fall of Troy with the story of the 2330:Learn how and when to remove this message 2071:According to Herodotus, the Persian king 2059:Learn how and when to remove this message 1134:". Layers are marked with Roman numerals. 5300:. University of Tübingen. Archived from 4451:1177 BC: The Year Civilization Collapsed 4041: 3937: 3844: 3618: 3543: 3399: 3015:. Oxford University Press. p. 725. 3010: 2958: 2849: 2638: 2630: 2614: 2602: 2519:set up their camp near the mouth of the 2477: 1775: 1761: 1723: 1695: 1631: 1487: 1212: 1125: 911: 679: 512:list in 1998. The site was excavated by 473:that has been left is divided into nine 5665: 5388: 5368:Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae 5165:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography 5070: 4847: 4839: 4547: 4280: 3702:Sociolinguistics of the Luvian language 3672: 3666: 3410:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0063 3338:The Archaeology of Greek and Roman Troy 3021:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0032 3013:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia 2933: 2931: 2279: 1446:Non-structural pillar at the South Gate 1177:, and its position at the mouth of the 493:. The final layers (Troy VIII-IX) were 59:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 16228: 9159:Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex 8020: 5529: 5521:Miszczak, Izabela (13 December 2019). 5212:"The Historical National Park of Troy" 4787: 4721: 4630:Historia Philippicae (et Totius Mundi) 4257: 4135: 3562: 3524: 2963:. Oxford University Press. p. 77. 2954: 2952: 2937: 2909: 2449: 2310:Please improve this section by adding 2039:Please improve this section by adding 1919:" is a plausible correspondent of the 1853: 1691: 1648:, had mistakenly identified Troy with 1548:Troy VIII was founded during the 675: 523:kernel of truth underlying the legends 10074: 9662: 9282: 8977: 8877: 8019: 7448: 6952: 6299: 6119: 6068: 5920: 5781: 5639: 5427:. Archaeological Institute of America 5052: 4498: 4445: 4319:from the original on 26 February 2023 4116: 4087: 4056: 3956: 3506:from the original on 28 February 2023 3280:from the original on 28 February 2023 3250:from the original on 26 February 2023 3219:from the original on 16 December 2019 3164: 2912:Historical dictionary of the Hittites 2403:Gaius Octavian Julius Caesar Augustus 1622: 9335:Dilek Peninsula-Büyük Menderes Delta 8488:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus 6120: 5132: 5011: 4929:33 (Aristodikides), 34 (Metrodoros). 4824: 4768: 4612: 3918: 3435: 3335: 2928: 2736:... mentioned in the Hittite sources 2283: 2012: 1474:destruction of the Mycenaean palaces 16070:Antioch in Mesopotamia (Constantia) 14191:Neapolis on the Thracian Chersonese 5512:Miszczak, Izabela (23 March 2016). 4293:from the original on 24 August 2017 3719:from the original on 11 August 2021 2949: 1814: 1784: 1627: 537:, the city was referred to as both 300:https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/849/ 24: 7449: 6094: 5233: 5218:from the original on 9 August 2020 4938: 4906: 4804: 4636: 4625:Marcus Junianus Justinus Frontinus 4591: 4397:from the original on 18 March 2023 4371:from the original on 26 March 2023 4345:from the original on 15 March 2023 3788:from the original on 15 March 2023 3758:from the original on 26 March 2023 3131: 2959:Said, Suzanne; Webb, Ruth (2011). 2910:Burney, Charles (2004). "Wilusa". 2887:) is most probably identical with 2728:) is most probably identical with 2635:Troy Museum subterranean interior. 2431:, which became a bishopric in the 1871: 1766:Artifacts which Schliemann dubbed 25: 16332: 16266:Former populated places in Turkey 9086:Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital 5440:Troia Projekt and CERHAS (2013). 5417: 5370:(in Latin). Leipzig. p. 445. 5284: 5041: 5030:Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum 4258:Devitt, Terry (15 October 2012). 3748:"The Odeion And The Bouleuterion" 3680:. In Mellink, Machteld J. (ed.). 2853:(2007). Winkler, Martin M (ed.). 2598: 2463: 2442:), but declined gradually in the 1861:Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University 1827:under the direction of Professor 1667:In 1822, the Scottish journalist 286:Historical National Park of Troia 61: instead of cuneiform script. 10053: 9261: 9260: 9248: 8957: 8947: 8938: 8937: 5901: 5900: 5204: 5182:Oral History and Public Memories 5152: 5126: 5091: 5064: 5035: 4951: 4688:Regarding Myrlea and Calchedon: 3085:The Trojans and their Neighbours 2943:Etymological Dictionary of Greek 2817: 2781:In a description of the region, 2288: 2017: 1747:. Many of these ended up in the 1674: 1604: 1589: 1577: 1439: 1427: 1415: 1403: 1391: 1379: 1367: 1106: 1094: 1082: 1070: 199: 192: 171: 164: 143: 136: 110: 39: 16271:Geography of Çanakkale Province 9514:Sarıkamış-Allahuekber Mountains 8958: 5023: 5005: 4993: 4977: 4965: 4932: 4920: 4900: 4888: 4876: 4856: 4833: 4818: 4798: 4744: 4715: 4695: 4682: 4670: 4650: 4585: 4573: 4541: 4521: 4512: 4492: 4467: 4439: 4383: 4357: 4331: 4305: 4274: 4251: 4241: 4232: 4214: 4205: 4187: 4169: 4158: 4149: 4129: 4110: 4100: 4081: 4070: 4050: 4035: 4026: 4008: 3999: 3990: 3981: 3931: 3912: 3894: 3770: 3740: 3731: 3631: 3565:The Journal of Hellenic Studies 3556: 3537: 3518: 3488: 3473: 3454: 3262: 3231: 3201: 3158: 3149: 2808: 2775: 2766: 2757: 2739: 2667:Cities of the ancient Near East 1728:Golden bottle and goblets from 1543: 1527:Troy VIIb3 dates from the 1410:Wall segment near the East Gate 1338:mentions that the deposed King 1298:language spoken in Troy VI 1077:Southwest ramp of Troy II. 616: 602: 452: 403: 85: 16301:30th-century BC establishments 16236:World Heritage Sites in Turkey 12900:Metropolis in northern Phrygia 11223:Metropolis in southern Phrygia 9005:World Heritage Sites in Turkey 5946: 5560:"Lesson 23: Troy VI" 5536:Aegean Prehistoric Archaeology 5525:. Turkish Archaeological News. 5516:. Turkish Archaeological News. 4266:(Press release). Madison, WI: 3340:. Cambridge University Press. 3125: 3101: 2710: 1885:Troy VI–VII in Hittite records 1799: 1386:Tower at the East Gate Complex 1359:Troy VI–VII citadel walls 1154: 989:socio-political stratification 904:but little is known about it. 636:, the city was referred to as 13: 1: 16276:History of Çanakkale Province 10102:Ancient settlements in Turkey 6559: 6546: 6527: 6510: 5366:Pius Bonifacius Gams (1931). 5159:Smith, William, ed. (2020) . 4281:Simmons, Dan (22 July 2013). 4145:. Princeton University Press. 3678:"The language of the Trojans" 3480:Schliemann, Heinrich (1968). 2832: 2697:Trojan War in popular culture 2662:Ancient settlements in Turkey 2573:historicity of the Trojan War 2312:secondary or tertiary sources 2226:. The primary purpose of the 2041:secondary or tertiary sources 1300:is unknown. One candidate is 1165:Troy VI–VII was a major 1121: 898: 16281:Locations in Greek mythology 12131:Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia 9690:Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia 9625:Southeastern Anatolia Region 9567:Mediterranean Region, Turkey 7687:Funeral and burial practices 6872:Military of Mycenaean Greece 5632:, Meilan Solly, May 17, 2022 3336:Rose, Charles Brian (2013). 3238:Joshua Hammer (March 2022). 3215:. Istanbul. 9 January 2019. 2703: 2677:The Golden Bough (mythology) 2346:'s rival, the Roman general 2206:. The governing body of the 2100:In 399, the Spartan general 1988:, in which the Hittite king 1704:In 1868, German businessman 1483: 1454: 1279:reused in later construction 1089:Side view of southwest ramp. 983:These precincts, divided by 609: 593: 461: 442: 418: 412: 385: 200: 172: 144: 92: 7: 16040:Zephyrium on the Calycadnus 14884:Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing 11398:Panormus near Halicarnassus 2654: 1749:Istanbul Archaeology Museum 932:well as a monumental stone 706:The layers have been given 656:, it is generally known as 10: 16337: 16261:Destroyed populated places 13386:Apollonia on the Rhyndacus 9638:Hakkari Cilo-Sat Mountains 9537:İğneada Floodplain Forests 7611:Greek Revival architecture 6953: 5530:Rutter, Jeremy B. (2013). 5469:; Department of Classics, 5339:"Coins from Ilion (Troia)" 5238: 5167:. Perseus Digital Library. 4569:] (in Greek). 24.3–14. 4042:Dörpfeld, Wilhelm (1902). 3845:MacLaren, Charles (1822). 2467: 2453: 2390:through the Trojan prince 2342:The city was destroyed by 1931:" likewise for the Greek " 1888: 1192: 1158: 977: 615: 601: 563: 553: 543: 451: 431: 402: 374: 312:UNESCO World Heritage Site 84: 78: 29: 16048: 15940:Tetrapyrgia in Cappadocia 14674: 14186:Neapolis on the Bosphorus 13286: 13213: 12404: 11886: 10393:Bargasa in northern Caria 10108: 10048: 9977: 9863: 9696: 9623: 9565: 9522: 9479: 9421: 9358: 9320: 9242: 9226: 9194: 9172: 9131: 9108: 9071: 9048: 9011: 8933: 8884: 8878: 8873: 8718: 8595: 8584: 8511: 8433: 8390: 8337: 8195: 8047: 8038: 8034: 8015: 7964: 7879: 7817: 7779: 7772: 7722: 7682: 7673: 7595: 7472: 7468: 7444: 7410: 7379: 7221: 7108: 7052: 7019:Attalid kings of Pergamon 6974: 6965: 6961: 6948: 6827:Antigonid Macedonian army 6800: 6773: 6745: 6702: 6659: 6650: 6492: 6431: 6328: 6324: 6295: 6194: 6143: 6139: 6115: 6102: 5954: 5896: 5816: 5673: 4850:Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 4842:Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 3699:Yakubovich, Ilya (2008). 3438:Greek Art and Archaeology 3436:Neer, Richard T. (2012). 2280:Roman Troy (Troy IX) 2179:. In c. 311–306 the 1745:the legendary Trojan king 1654:Jean Baptiste LeChevalier 907: 892: 360: 356: 344: 334: 326: 318: 309: 305: 295: 290: 282: 245: 235: 220: 130: 103: 75: 16316:Late Bronze Age collapse 16286:National parks of Turkey 15945:Tetrapyrgia in Pamphylia 15149:Hadrianopolis in Pisidia 12734:Hadrianopolis in Phrygia 12391:Zephyrium in Paphlagonia 11168:Magnesia on the Maeander 5471:University of Cincinnati 5400:Mythology and literature 5389:Lequien, Michel (1740). 5343:University of Cincinnati 5323:University of Cincinnati 4136:Blegen, Carl W. (1950). 3645:27 February 2023 at the 3270:"The Fortification Wall" 3087:. Taylor & Francis. 2794:These probably included 2474:Historicity of the Iliad 2267:, making his successor, 2251:in February 281 by 1948:Wilusa first appears in 1825:University of Cincinnati 1809:University of Cincinnati 1470:Late Bronze Age collapse 489:and was a vassal of the 351:Europe and North America 16246:Ancient Greek geography 16075:Apamea on the Euphrates 15660:Philadelphia in Cilicia 15064:Dalisandus in Pamphylia 13636:Chelae on the Black Sea 11838:Tripolis on the Meander 10323:Astyra near Adramyttium 10243:Antioch on the Maeander 9481:Eastern Anatolia Region 9423:Central Anatolia Region 5341:. Classics Department. 5321:. Classics Department. 5082:] (in Greek). 54.7. 4287:Wisconsin State Journal 4268:University of Wisconsin 3682:Troy and the Trojan War 2568:("Quintus of Smyrna"). 2145:Antigonus Monophthalmus 528: 16180:Seleucia at the Zeugma 14799:Aphrodisias of Cilicia 14784:Antioch on the Pyramis 14764:Antioch on the Orontes 13341:Aianteion in the Troad 12331:Sebastopolis in Pontus 9585:Mount Güllük-Termessos 9436:Derebucak Çamlık Caves 7053:Artists & scholars 6968:List of ancient Greeks 6605:Second Athenian League 6454:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 6279:Ancient Greek colonies 5359:Ecclesiastical history 5292:Troia Project (2004). 4829:. Oxford. p. 364. 4567:How to Survive a Siege 3637:Pavúk, Peter. (2005) " 2644: 2636: 2620: 2608: 2483: 2299:relies excessively on 2028:relies excessively on 1974:Manapa-Tarhunta letter 1876:Troy I–V predate 1821:University of Tübingen 1781: 1773: 1736: 1701: 1637: 1493: 1472:but subsequent to the 1254:Mycenaean architecture 1218: 1135: 917: 685: 684:Schematic of the site. 667: 659: 647: 639: 394: 47:This article contains 16065:Antioch in the Taurus 15770:Seleucia in Pamphylia 15059:Dalisandus in Isauria 14779:Antioch on the Cragus 13766:Dascylium in Bithynia 12296:Pteria in Paphlagonia 11583:Sebastopolis in Caria 11448:Philadelphia in Lydia 11393:Panormus near Miletus 11058:Laodicea on the Lycus 10373:Aureliopolis in Lydia 9431:Anti-Taurus Mountains 9196:Southeastern Anatolia 8172:Sybaris on the Traeis 6897:Sacred Band of Thebes 6637:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD) 6151:Cycladic civilization 5098:Inschriften von Ilion 5086:Inschriften von Ilion 5000:Inschriften von Ilion 4972:Inschriften von Ilion 4927:Inschriften von Ilion 4895:Inschriften von Ilion 4883:Inschriften von Ilion 4869:Bibliotheca historica 4848:Schäfer, Th. (2012). 4840:Schäfer, Th. (2009). 4792:(in German): 177–205. 4757:Inschriften von Ilion 4690:Inschriften von Ilion 4677:Inschriften von Ilion 4663:Bibliotheca historica 4606:Bibliotheca historica 4580:Inschriften von Ilion 4534:Bibliotheca historica 4225:18 March 2023 at the 4198:18 March 2023 at the 4180:18 March 2023 at the 4019:29 March 2023 at the 3905:16 March 2023 at the 3710:University of Chicago 3658:18 March 2023 at the 3114:Bibliotheca historica 2961:Homer and the Odyssey 2945:. Brill. p. 588. 2642: 2634: 2618: 2606: 2560:and the sacrifice of 2481: 2468:Further information: 2122:Hellespontine Phrygia 1889:Further information: 1779: 1765: 1727: 1699: 1635: 1552:and lasted until the 1491: 1310:Anatolian hieroglyphs 1289:tradition related to 1216: 1129: 915: 683: 510:UNESCO World Heritage 267:39.95750°N 26.23889°E 32:Troy (disambiguation) 16150:Nicopolis in Cilicia 16030:Zenopolis in Isauria 15124:Eudocias (Pamphylia) 14994:Comana in Cappadocia 14631:Tricomia in Bithynia 13916:Helenopolis/Drepanum 12699:Eudocia (Cappadocia) 12026:Comana in the Pontus 11653:Stratonicea in Caria 11648:Stratonicea in Lydia 11333:Nysa on the Maeander 10638:Dios Hieron in Lydia 10633:Dios Hieron in Ionia 10343:Atarneus sub Pitanem 10328:Astyra near Pergamon 9096:Göreme National Park 7697:mythological figures 7418:Ancient Greek tribes 6543:Peloponnesian League 5630:Smithsonian Magazine 5467:Universität Tübingen 4984:Inchriften von Ilion 3712:. section 3.6. 3482:Troy and its Remains 3244:Smithsonian Magazine 2851:Korfmann, Manfred O. 2249:Battle of Corupedium 1954:Assuwa Confederation 1161:Late Bronze Age Troy 851:Late Bronze Age and 152:Shown within Marmara 124:Late Bronze Age Troy 30:For other uses, see 15535:Neapolis in Pisidia 15359:Limnae in Pamphylia 15019:Corycus (Kızkalesi) 13881:Hadriani ad Olympum 13816:Drizipara/Drusipara 13771:Dekaton in Bithynia 13336:Aianteion in Thrace 11218:Metropolis in Lydia 11163:Magnesia ad Sipylum 9494:Battle of Manzikert 9403:Mount Kop Defensive 9373:Boğazköy-Alacahöyük 9204:Diyarbakır Fortress 7809:Tunnel of Eupalinos 7804:Theatre of Dionysus 7428:Ancient Macedonians 7044:Tyrants of Syracuse 6556:Amphictyonic League 6156:Minoan civilization 6013:Arctinus of Miletus 5989:Arctinus of Miletus 5667:History of Anatolia 4825:Cook, J.M. (1973). 4722:Robert, L. (1966). 4393:. 7 December 2020. 4046:. Beck & Barth. 3828:, pp. 184–191. 3240:"In Search of Troy" 3213:Daily Sabah History 2672:Dardanians (Trojan) 2585:Alexander the Great 2450:Christian bishopric 2380:Gaius Julius Caesar 2138:Alexander the Great 2114:Peace of Antalcidas 1854:Recent developments 1807:, professor at the 1714:Schliemann's Trench 1706:Heinrich Schliemann 1700:Heinrich Schliemann 1692:Heinrich Schliemann 1662:Voyage de la Troade 1502:hieroglyphic Luwian 1492:Anatolian Grey Ware 1132:Schliemann's Trench 995:buildings around a 902: 3600–3500 BC 728: 676:Archaeological site 514:Heinrich Schliemann 506:archaeological site 330:1998 (22nd session) 263: / 155:Show map of Marmara 72: 16120:Hallan Çemi Tepesi 16035:Zenopolis in Lycia 14804:Apollonia in Lycia 14769:Antioch of Pisidia 14724:Anabura in Pisidia 14581:Tarsus in Bithynia 14076:Limnae in Bithynia 12016:Colonia in Armenia 11578:Sebaste in Phrygia 10803:Heraclea in Aeolis 10798:Heraclea at Latmus 10263:Apollonia Salbaces 10258:Apollonia in Mysia 9330:Commander-in-Chief 8483:Menestheus's Limin 8137:Pandosia (Lucania) 8025:Greek colonisation 7387:Athenian statesmen 7148:Diogenes of Sinope 7009:Kings of Macedonia 6999:Kings of Commagene 6867:Macedonian phalanx 6847:Hellenistic armies 6595:(c. 424–c. 395 BC) 6459:Indo-Greek Kingdom 6181:Hellenistic Greece 6053:Eugammon of Cyrene 6029:Eumelus of Corinth 5546:on 12 January 2014 4476:The Ahhiyawa Texts 4423:The Ahhiyawa Texts 4367:. 26 August 2022. 4341:. 23 August 2019. 3978:Schuchhardt (1889) 3463:, pp. 75, 277 2754:33: Odeon 34: Bath 2645: 2637: 2621: 2609: 2484: 2416:A new city called 2253:Seleucus I Nikator 1782: 1774: 1737: 1702: 1646:Pietro Della Valle 1638: 1623:Excavation history 1532:made neck-handled 1494: 1306:Anatolian language 1252:style, resembling 1219: 1136: 1021:imported from the 1015:Wheel-made pottery 987:, suggest growing 918: 727: 686: 571:evidence from the 485:, Troy was called 471:archeological site 335:Reference no. 272:39.95750; 26.23889 226:Çanakkale Province 211:Show map of Greece 183:Show map of Turkey 68: 16223: 16222: 15925:Telmessos (Caria) 15364:Limnae in Pisidia 15224:Isinda in Pisidia 14774:Antiochia Lamotis 13826:Elaea in Bithynia 13776:Dekaton in Thrace 12855:Laodicea Combusta 12739:Heraclea Cybistra 12704:Eudocia (Phrygia) 12291:Prusias ad Hypium 11513:Polichne in Ionia 11508:Polichna in Ionia 11078:Larissa Phrikonis 10808:Heraclea in Lydia 10248:Apamea in Phrygia 10068: 10067: 10060:Turkey portal 9656: 9655: 9648:Tek Tek Mountains 9615:Yumurtalık Lagoon 9590:Karatepe-Aslantaş 9499:Mount Kop Defense 9471:Yozgat Pine Grove 9451:Battle of Sakarya 9446:Independence Path 9276: 9275: 9255:Turkey portal 8971: 8970: 8929: 8928: 8869: 8868: 8865: 8864: 8861: 8860: 8435:Iberian Peninsula 8367:Lipara/Meligounis 8333: 8332: 8011: 8010: 8007: 8006: 7984:Cypriot syllabary 7875: 7874: 7784:Athenian Treasury 7768: 7767: 7440: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7029:Ptolemaic dynasty 6989:Archons of Athens 6944: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6815:Athenian military 6796: 6795: 6629:League of Corinth 6611:Thessalian League 6587:Chalcidian League 6569:Acarnanian League 6479:Ptolemaic Kingdom 6291: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6062: 6061: 5914: 5913: 5810:Ancient Near East 5775: 5774: 5588:Dartmouth College 5570:on 17 August 2016 5564:Dartmouth College 5540:Dartmouth College 5442:"Welcome to Troy" 5425:"Uncovering Troy" 5304:on 30 August 2013 5294:"Reconstructions" 5248:Anatolian Studies 5197:978-1-59213-141-9 5133:Phrygius, Dares. 4705:Studi Ellenistici 4618:Life of Alexander 3858:978-1-146-73161-4 3686:Bryn Mawr College 3347:978-0-521-76207-6 3167:Anatolian Studies 3094:978-0-415-34959-8 2921:978-0-8108-4936-5 2870:978-1-4051-3183-4 2566:Quintus Smyrnaeus 2340: 2339: 2332: 2269:Antiochus I Soter 2202:from the eastern 2155:of the cities of 2082:Mytilenean revolt 2069: 2068: 2061: 1978:Tawagalawa letter 1831:, with Professor 1685:Turkish Levantine 1569:Troy VIII–IX 1478:destruction layer 1422:Side view of wall 888: 887: 822:Middle Bronze Age 810:Early Bronze Age 799:Early Bronze Age 788:Early Bronze Age 777:Early Bronze Age 766:Early Bronze Age 459: 440: 410: 383: 364: 363: 55:rendering support 16:(Redirected from 16328: 15675:Phoenix in Lycia 15414:Malus in Pisidia 15089:Elaiussa Sebaste 14081:Limnae in Thrace 13746:Daphne Mainomene 13611:Cenon Gallicanon 13351:Alexandria Troas 13215:Eastern Anatolia 12890:Malus in Phrygia 12885:Malus in Galatia 12406:Central Anatolia 12196:Laodicea Pontica 12161:Hüseyindede Tepe 12141:Heraclea Pontica 11768:Thebe Hypoplakia 11458:Phoenix in Caria 11178:Maionia in Lydia 10813:Heraclea Salbace 10368:Aurelia Neapolis 10273:Apollonos Hieron 10095: 10088: 10081: 10072: 10071: 10058: 10057: 10056: 9683: 9676: 9669: 9660: 9659: 9580:Beydağları Coast 9393:Kaçkar Mountains 9368:Altındere Valley 9360:Black Sea Region 9303: 9296: 9289: 9280: 9279: 9264: 9263: 9253: 9252: 9251: 9227:Multiple regions 9123:Arslantepe Mound 9073:Central Anatolia 8998: 8991: 8984: 8975: 8974: 8961: 8960: 8951: 8941: 8940: 8875: 8874: 8593: 8592: 8092:Heraclea Lucania 8045: 8044: 8036: 8035: 8017: 8016: 7777: 7776: 7709:Twelve Olympians 7680: 7679: 7470: 7469: 7446: 7445: 7034:Seleucid dynasty 7014:Kings of Paionia 6963: 6962: 6950: 6949: 6820:Scythian archers 6727:Graphe paranomon 6657: 6656: 6564: 6561: 6551: 6548: 6532: 6529: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6326: 6325: 6297: 6296: 6176:Classical Greece 6161:Mycenaean Greece 6141: 6140: 6117: 6116: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6066: 6065: 5941: 5934: 5927: 5918: 5917: 5904: 5903: 5808:Timeline of the 5802: 5795: 5788: 5779: 5778: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5637: 5636: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5590:. Archived from 5579: 5577: 5575: 5566:. Archived from 5555: 5553: 5551: 5542:. Archived from 5526: 5517: 5508: 5502: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5412: 5394: 5385: 5379: 5371: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5279: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5185: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5119:. Translated by 5113:"Book II". 5110: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5050: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4990:), 73 (pirates). 4981: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4949: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4864:Diodorus Siculus 4860: 4854: 4853: 4852:. 33.2: 248–249. 4845: 4844:. 32.2: 410–412; 4837: 4831: 4830: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4802: 4796: 4793: 4778: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4735: 4727: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4699: 4693: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4658:Diodorus Siculus 4654: 4648: 4647: 4634: 4621: 4610: 4601:Diodorus Siculus 4597: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4555: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4529:Diodorus Siculus 4525: 4519: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4418: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4255: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4236: 4230: 4218: 4212: 4209: 4203: 4191: 4185: 4173: 4167: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4114: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4085: 4079: 4074: 4068: 4066: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4012: 4006: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3988: 3985: 3979: 3976: 3967: 3966: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3921:, pp. 42–44 3916: 3910: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3851:. Bibliobazaar. 3842: 3836: 3835: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3782:Troy Excavations 3774: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3752:Troy Excavations 3744: 3738: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3718: 3707: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3670: 3664: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3621:, pp. 29–30 3616: 3605: 3604: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3500:Troy Excavations 3492: 3486: 3485: 3484:. Benjamin Blom. 3477: 3471: 3470: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3433: 3424: 3423: 3397: 3352: 3351: 3333: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3274:Troy Excavations 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3109:Diodorus Siculus 3105: 3099: 3098: 3077: 3028: 3027: 3008: 2965: 2964: 2956: 2947: 2946: 2935: 2926: 2925: 2907: 2898: 2897: 2847: 2826: 2821: 2815: 2812: 2806: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2755: 2743: 2737: 2714: 2470:Homeric Question 2456:Diocese of Ilion 2356:L. Julius Caesar 2335: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2315: 2292: 2284: 2265:Ptolemy Keraunos 2149:Antigoneia Troas 2120:, the satrap of 2064: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2044: 2021: 2013: 1970:Battle of Kadesh 1829:Manfred Korfmann 1815:Manfred Korfmann 1794: 1790:Wilhelm Dörpfeld 1785:Wilhelm Dörpfeld 1769:Priam's Treasure 1741:Priam's Treasure 1730:Priam's Treasure 1669:Charles Maclaren 1658:Pınarbaşı, Ezine 1650:Alexandria Troas 1636:Alexandria Troas 1628:Early modern era 1608: 1593: 1581: 1443: 1431: 1419: 1407: 1395: 1383: 1371: 1326:Alaksandu Treaty 1318:Lemnian-Etruscan 1175:Mycenaean Greece 1110: 1098: 1086: 1074: 1055:Mycenaean Greeks 903: 900: 840:Late Bronze Age 754:Early Bronze Age 729: 726: 670: 662: 650: 642: 620: 619: 618: 612: 606: 605: 604: 598: 566: 565: 556: 555: 546: 545: 464: 458:romanized: 457: 455: 454: 445: 435: 433: 421: 415: 409:romanized: 408: 406: 405: 388: 378: 376: 278: 277: 275: 274: 273: 268: 264: 261: 260: 259: 256: 212: 203: 202: 196: 184: 175: 174: 168: 156: 147: 146: 140: 114: 97: 89: 88: 87: 81: 80: 73: 67: 49:cuneiform script 43: 42: 21: 18:Troy (mythology) 16336: 16335: 16331: 16330: 16329: 16327: 16326: 16325: 16321:Former kingdoms 16226: 16225: 16224: 16219: 16051: 16044: 15780:Seleucia Sidera 15775:Seleucia Pieria 15219:Isinda in Lycia 15119:Eudocia (Lycia) 15014:Corycium Antrum 14670: 14531:Serrion Teichos 14291:Pegae in Thrace 14046:Larisa in Troad 13486:Basilica Therma 13456:Astyra in Troad 13282: 13258:Justinianopolis 13209: 12784:Kaman-Kalehöyük 12464:Aquae Saravenae 12400: 11882: 11573:Satala in Lydia 11073:Larisa in Lydia 11068:Larisa in Ionia 11063:Larisa in Caria 10983:Kleros Politike 10913:Isinda in Ionia 10104: 10099: 10069: 10064: 10054: 10052: 10044: 9973: 9859: 9692: 9687: 9657: 9652: 9619: 9575:Altınbeşik Cave 9561: 9518: 9475: 9417: 9354: 9316: 9307: 9277: 9272: 9249: 9247: 9238: 9222: 9190: 9168: 9127: 9104: 9067: 9044: 9007: 9002: 8972: 8967: 8925: 8880: 8857: 8720: 8714: 8597: 8588: 8580: 8551:Melaina Korkyra 8507: 8429: 8386: 8339:Aeolian Islands 8329: 8191: 8049: 8030: 8029: 8003: 7960: 7871: 7813: 7764: 7718: 7669: 7591: 7582:Wedding customs 7464: 7463: 7432: 7423:Thracian Greeks 7406: 7397:Olympic victors 7375: 7217: 7104: 7048: 7039:Kings of Sparta 7024:Kings of Pontus 6994:Kings of Athens 6970: 6957: 6936: 6832:Army of Macedon 6792: 6769: 6741: 6698: 6646: 6619:(370–c. 230 BC) 6617:Arcadian League 6601:(c. 400–188 BC) 6599:Aetolian League 6593:Boeotian League 6575:Hellenic League 6562: 6549: 6539:(c. 650–404 BC) 6530: 6524:Italiote League 6517: 6513: 6507:Doric Hexapolis 6497: 6488: 6484:Seleucid Empire 6427: 6320: 6319: 6283: 6190: 6166:Greek Dark Ages 6135: 6134: 6111: 6098: 6093: 6063: 6058: 5950: 5945: 5915: 5910: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5812: 5806: 5776: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5669: 5664: 5615: 5613: 5608: 5597: 5595: 5594:on 7 April 2014 5582: 5573: 5571: 5558: 5549: 5547: 5496: 5495: 5488: 5486: 5455: 5453: 5430: 5428: 5423: 5420: 5415: 5402: 5397: 5373: 5372: 5361: 5356: 5347: 5345: 5327: 5325: 5307: 5305: 5287: 5282: 5260:10.2307/3643078 5241: 5236: 5234:Further reading 5231: 5221: 5219: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5198: 5176: 5172: 5157: 5153: 5143: 5141: 5131: 5127: 5112: 5111: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5076:Ῥωμαϊκὴ Ἱστορία 5069: 5065: 5051: 5040: 5036: 5028: 5024: 5010: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4982: 4978: 4970: 4966: 4950: 4937: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4861: 4857: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4823: 4819: 4803: 4799: 4749: 4745: 4729: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4700: 4696: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4655: 4651: 4635: 4622: 4611: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4559:Aeneas Tacticus 4556: 4546: 4542: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4444: 4440: 4433: 4419: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4389: 4388: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4363: 4362: 4358: 4348: 4346: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4322: 4320: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4296: 4294: 4279: 4275: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4227:Wayback Machine 4219: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4200:Wayback Machine 4192: 4188: 4182:Wayback Machine 4174: 4170: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4142: 4134: 4130: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4101: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4071: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4040: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4021:Wayback Machine 4013: 4009: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3970: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3907:Wayback Machine 3899: 3895: 3885: 3882:Schliemann 1881 3880: 3876: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3826:Schliemann 1881 3824: 3820: 3810: 3807:Schliemann 1881 3805: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3761: 3759: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3671: 3667: 3660:Wayback Machine 3647:Wayback Machine 3636: 3632: 3622: 3617: 3608: 3561: 3557: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3478: 3474: 3464: 3461:Schliemann 1881 3459: 3455: 3448: 3434: 3427: 3420: 3398: 3355: 3348: 3334: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3179:10.2307/3642730 3163: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3130: 3126: 3106: 3102: 3095: 3078: 3031: 3009: 2968: 2957: 2950: 2936: 2929: 2922: 2908: 2901: 2871: 2848: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2744: 2740: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2687:Seha River Land 2657: 2601: 2476: 2466: 2458: 2452: 2440:Diocese of Asia 2378:In 48 BC, 2336: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2309: 2305:primary sources 2293: 2282: 2273:Gallic invasion 2065: 2054: 2048: 2045: 2038: 2034:primary sources 2022: 2011: 1986:Milawata letter 1897: 1887: 1874: 1872:Historical Troy 1856: 1817: 1802: 1792: 1787: 1694: 1677: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1609: 1600: 1594: 1585: 1582: 1571: 1570: 1550:Greek Dark Ages 1546: 1486: 1457: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1435: 1432: 1423: 1420: 1411: 1408: 1399: 1396: 1387: 1384: 1375: 1372: 1361: 1360: 1335:Milawata letter 1287:Middle Helladic 1195: 1167:Late Bronze Age 1163: 1157: 1124: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1102: 1099: 1090: 1087: 1078: 1075: 1064: 1063: 980: 910: 901: 895: 826:Late Bronze Age 719: 678: 535:Classical Greek 531: 483:Late Bronze Age 314: 271: 269: 265: 262: 257: 254: 252: 250: 249: 216: 215: 214: 213: 210: 209: 206: 205: 204: 187: 186: 185: 182: 181: 178: 177: 176: 159: 158: 157: 154: 153: 150: 149: 148: 126: 120: 119: 118: 117: 116: 115: 99: 82: 64: 63: 62: 53:Without proper 44: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16334: 16324: 16323: 16318: 16313: 16308: 16306:Ezine District 16303: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16268: 16263: 16258: 16253: 16248: 16243: 16238: 16221: 16220: 16218: 16217: 16212: 16207: 16202: 16197: 16192: 16187: 16182: 16177: 16172: 16167: 16162: 16157: 16152: 16147: 16142: 16137: 16132: 16127: 16122: 16117: 16112: 16107: 16102: 16097: 16092: 16087: 16082: 16080:Carcathiocerta 16077: 16072: 16067: 16062: 16056: 16054: 16046: 16045: 16043: 16042: 16037: 16032: 16027: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16007: 16002: 15997: 15992: 15987: 15982: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15952: 15947: 15942: 15937: 15932: 15927: 15922: 15917: 15912: 15907: 15902: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15882: 15877: 15872: 15867: 15862: 15857: 15852: 15847: 15842: 15837: 15832: 15827: 15822: 15817: 15812: 15807: 15802: 15797: 15792: 15787: 15782: 15777: 15772: 15767: 15762: 15757: 15752: 15747: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15715:Pseudokorasion 15712: 15707: 15702: 15697: 15692: 15687: 15682: 15677: 15672: 15667: 15662: 15657: 15652: 15647: 15642: 15637: 15632: 15627: 15622: 15617: 15612: 15607: 15602: 15597: 15592: 15587: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15487: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15467: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15447: 15441: 15436: 15431: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15396: 15391: 15386: 15381: 15376: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15356: 15351: 15346: 15341: 15336: 15331: 15326: 15321: 15316: 15311: 15306: 15301: 15296: 15291: 15286: 15281: 15276: 15271: 15266: 15261: 15256: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15236: 15231: 15226: 15221: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15201: 15196: 15191: 15186: 15181: 15176: 15171: 15166: 15161: 15156: 15151: 15146: 15141: 15136: 15131: 15126: 15121: 15116: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15001: 14996: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14976: 14971: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14941: 14936: 14931: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14911: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14861: 14856: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14680: 14678: 14672: 14671: 14669: 14668: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14633: 14628: 14623: 14618: 14613: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14503: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14383: 14378: 14373: 14368: 14363: 14358: 14356:Pitheci Portus 14353: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14333: 14331:Phidalia Petra 14328: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14286:Pegae in Mysia 14283: 14278: 14273: 14268: 14263: 14258: 14253: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14213: 14208: 14203: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14038: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13891:Hadrianotherae 13888: 13883: 13878: 13876:Germanicopolis 13873: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13828: 13823: 13818: 13813: 13808: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13783: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13513: 13508: 13503: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13436:Artaiouteichos 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13292: 13290: 13284: 13283: 13281: 13280: 13275: 13273:Theodosiopolis 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13219: 13217: 13211: 13210: 13208: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13160:Thouththourbia 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12434:Anastasiopolis 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12410: 12408: 12402: 12401: 12399: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11892: 11890: 11884: 11883: 11881: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10993:Koddinou Petra 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10114: 10112: 10106: 10105: 10098: 10097: 10090: 10083: 10075: 10066: 10065: 10063: 10062: 10049: 10046: 10045: 10043: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9981: 9979: 9975: 9974: 9972: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9867: 9865: 9861: 9860: 9858: 9857: 9852: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9744:Hurrian States 9741: 9739:Hittite Empire 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9700: 9698: 9694: 9693: 9686: 9685: 9678: 9671: 9663: 9654: 9653: 9651: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9629: 9627: 9621: 9620: 9618: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9605:Köprülü Canyon 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9571: 9569: 9563: 9562: 9560: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9528: 9526: 9524:Marmara Region 9520: 9519: 9517: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9485: 9483: 9477: 9476: 9474: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9456:Mount Sarıçalı 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9427: 9425: 9419: 9418: 9416: 9415: 9410: 9408:Küre Mountains 9405: 9400: 9398:Karagöl-Sahara 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9364: 9362: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9326: 9324: 9318: 9317: 9310:National parks 9306: 9305: 9298: 9291: 9283: 9274: 9273: 9271: 9270: 9258: 9243: 9240: 9239: 9237: 9236: 9230: 9228: 9224: 9223: 9221: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9208:Hevsel Gardens 9200: 9198: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9188: 9178: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9150:Historic Areas 9147: 9137: 9135: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9125: 9120: 9114: 9112: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9102: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9077: 9075: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9065: 9060: 9054: 9052: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9042: 9037: 9028: 9023: 9017: 9015: 9009: 9008: 9001: 9000: 8993: 8986: 8978: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8965: 8955: 8945: 8934: 8931: 8930: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8897: 8896: 8885: 8882: 8881: 8871: 8870: 8867: 8866: 8863: 8862: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8724: 8722: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8601: 8599: 8590: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8517: 8515: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8439: 8437: 8431: 8430: 8428: 8427: 8422: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8396: 8394: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8343: 8341: 8335: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8285:Megara Hyblaea 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8265:Hybla Gereatis 8262: 8257: 8255:Heraclea Minoa 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8201: 8199: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8053: 8051: 8042: 8032: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8021: 8013: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8005: 8004: 8002: 8001: 7999:Attic numerals 7996: 7994:Greek numerals 7991: 7989:Greek alphabet 7986: 7981: 7976: 7970: 7968: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7958: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7885: 7883: 7877: 7876: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7823: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7780: 7774: 7770: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7726: 7724: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7689: 7683: 7677: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7646: 7645: 7643:Musical system 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7614: 7613: 7602: 7600: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7478: 7476: 7466: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7456: 7450: 7442: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7414: 7412: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7383: 7381: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7227: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7114: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7075:Mathematicians 7072: 7067: 7062: 7056: 7054: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6984:Kings of Argos 6980: 6978: 6972: 6971: 6959: 6958: 6946: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6842:Cretan archers 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6812: 6806: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6790: 6785: 6779: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6751: 6749: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6708: 6706: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6641:Achaean League 6638: 6635:Euboean League 6632: 6626: 6623:Epirote League 6620: 6614: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6584: 6578: 6572: 6571:(c. 500–31 BC) 6566: 6553: 6540: 6534: 6521: 6503: 6501: 6499:Confederations 6490: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6425: 6423:Lissus (Crete) 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6334: 6332: 6322: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6301: 6293: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6200: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6171:Archaic Greece 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6147: 6145: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6121: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6096:Ancient Greece 6092: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6069: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6044: 6032: 6016: 6004: 5992: 5980: 5968: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5944: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5921: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5818: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5805: 5804: 5797: 5790: 5782: 5773: 5772: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5663: 5662: 5655: 5648: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5622: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5580: 5527: 5518: 5509: 5485:on 19 May 2005 5462: 5452:on 14 May 2008 5437: 5419: 5418:External links 5416: 5414: 5413: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5386: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5334: 5314: 5288: 5286: 5285:Archaeological 5283: 5281: 5280: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5203: 5196: 5170: 5151: 5125: 5102: 5090: 5063: 5034: 5022: 5004: 4992: 4976: 4964: 4931: 4919: 4899: 4887: 4875: 4855: 4832: 4817: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4780: 4779: 4761: 4760: 4743: 4714: 4694: 4681: 4669: 4649: 4646:. 13.1.26, 32. 4584: 4572: 4540: 4520: 4511: 4491: 4485:978-1589832688 4484: 4466: 4460:978-0691168388 4459: 4438: 4432:978-1589832688 4431: 4408: 4382: 4356: 4330: 4304: 4273: 4250: 4240: 4231: 4213: 4204: 4186: 4168: 4157: 4148: 4128: 4109: 4099: 4080: 4069: 4049: 4034: 4025: 4007: 3998: 3989: 3980: 3968: 3949: 3930: 3911: 3893: 3884:, p. 189. 3874: 3857: 3837: 3818: 3809:, p. 184. 3799: 3769: 3739: 3730: 3708:(PhD thesis). 3691: 3665: 3630: 3606: 3577:10.2307/626868 3555: 3536: 3517: 3496:"Citadel Wall" 3487: 3472: 3453: 3446: 3425: 3419:978-0199873609 3418: 3353: 3346: 3291: 3261: 3230: 3200: 3157: 3148: 3124: 3100: 3093: 3029: 2966: 2948: 2939:Beekes, R.S.P. 2927: 2920: 2899: 2869: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2816: 2807: 2802:, and Sigeion. 2793: 2792: 2789: 2774: 2765: 2756: 2738: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2600: 2599:Current status 2597: 2581:Biga Peninsula 2506:Dares Phrygius 2465: 2464:Troy in legend 2462: 2454:Main article: 2451: 2448: 2433:Roman province 2429:Constantinople 2338: 2337: 2296: 2294: 2287: 2281: 2278: 2067: 2066: 2025: 2023: 2016: 2010: 2007: 1958:Hittite Empire 1913:E. Forrer 1886: 1883: 1873: 1870: 1855: 1852: 1840:in 2001–2002. 1816: 1813: 1801: 1798: 1786: 1783: 1753:Pushkin Museum 1734:Pushkin Museum 1693: 1690: 1676: 1673: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1610: 1603: 1601: 1595: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1558:Archaic period 1545: 1542: 1529:Protogeometric 1485: 1482: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1328:required King 1194: 1191: 1159:Main article: 1156: 1153: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1037:imported from 1029:imported from 979: 976: 909: 906: 894: 891: 890: 889: 886: 885: 880: 877: 873: 872: 863: 860: 856: 855: 849: 846: 842: 841: 838: 835: 829: 828: 819: 816: 812: 811: 808: 805: 801: 800: 797: 794: 790: 789: 786: 783: 779: 778: 775: 772: 768: 767: 764: 761: 757: 756: 747: 744: 740: 739: 736: 733: 717: 712:absolute dates 708:relative dates 701:Roman numerals 692:, composed of 677: 674: 530: 527: 491:Hittite Empire 362: 361: 358: 357: 354: 353: 348: 342: 341: 336: 332: 331: 328: 324: 323: 320: 316: 315: 310: 307: 306: 303: 302: 297: 293: 292: 288: 287: 284: 280: 279: 247: 243: 242: 237: 233: 232: 222: 218: 217: 207: 198: 197: 191: 190: 189: 188: 179: 170: 169: 163: 162: 161: 160: 151: 142: 141: 135: 134: 133: 132: 131: 128: 127: 121: 109: 108: 107: 106: 105: 104: 101: 100: 76: 57:, you may see 45: 38: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16333: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16314: 16312: 16309: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16262: 16259: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16233: 16231: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16208: 16206: 16203: 16201: 16198: 16196: 16193: 16191: 16188: 16186: 16183: 16181: 16178: 16176: 16173: 16171: 16168: 16166: 16163: 16161: 16158: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16143: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16126: 16123: 16121: 16118: 16116: 16113: 16111: 16108: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16076: 16073: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16058: 16057: 16055: 16053: 16047: 16041: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15951: 15948: 15946: 15943: 15941: 15938: 15936: 15933: 15931: 15928: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15913: 15911: 15910:Tell Judaidah 15908: 15906: 15903: 15901: 15898: 15896: 15893: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15878: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15868: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15853: 15851: 15848: 15846: 15843: 15841: 15838: 15836: 15833: 15831: 15828: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15808: 15806: 15803: 15801: 15798: 15796: 15793: 15791: 15788: 15786: 15783: 15781: 15778: 15776: 15773: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15706: 15703: 15701: 15698: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15688: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15643: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15628: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15424:Mamure Castle 15422: 15420: 15419:Mampsoukrenai 15417: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15342: 15340: 15337: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15320: 15317: 15315: 15312: 15310: 15307: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15280: 15277: 15275: 15272: 15270: 15267: 15265: 15262: 15260: 15257: 15255: 15252: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15237: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15209:Isaura Palaea 15207: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15192: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15162: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14681: 14679: 14677: 14676:Mediterranean 14673: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14641: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14451:Pyrrhias Cyon 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13789: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13576:Caenophrurium 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13491:Basilinopolis 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13476:Baradendromia 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13376:Apamea Myrlea 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13356:Alopeconnesus 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13293: 13291: 13289: 13285: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13220: 13218: 13216: 13212: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12714:Faustinopolis 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12414:Abouadeineita 12412: 12411: 12409: 12407: 12403: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12116:Garzoubanthon 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11893: 11891: 11889: 11885: 11879: 11878:Zingotos Kome 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11808:Tlos in Caria 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11593:Side in Caria 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11203:Meiros Megale 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11158:Maeandropolis 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10958:Kaymakçı Tepe 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10833:Hierocaesarea 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10778:Halicarnassus 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10628:Dionysiopolis 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10128:Achaion Limen 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10115: 10113: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10096: 10091: 10089: 10084: 10082: 10077: 10076: 10073: 10061: 10051: 10050: 10047: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9995:Armenia Minor 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9982: 9980: 9978:Classical Age 9976: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9959: 9955: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9868: 9866: 9862: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9757: 9753: 9749: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9714:Assuwa League 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9701: 9699: 9695: 9691: 9684: 9679: 9677: 9672: 9670: 9665: 9664: 9661: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9630: 9628: 9626: 9622: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9568: 9564: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9521: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9504:Munzur Valley 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9486: 9484: 9482: 9478: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9441:Lake Beyşehir 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9428: 9426: 9424: 9420: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9378:Hatila Valley 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9365: 9363: 9361: 9357: 9351: 9350:Mount Sipylus 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9327: 9325: 9323: 9322:Aegean Region 9319: 9315: 9311: 9304: 9299: 9297: 9292: 9290: 9285: 9284: 9281: 9269: 9268: 9259: 9257: 9256: 9245: 9244: 9241: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9229: 9225: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9205: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9193: 9187: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9177: 9175: 9174:Mediterranean 9171: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9130: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9110:East Anatolia 9107: 9101: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9078: 9076: 9074: 9070: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9047: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9014: 9010: 9006: 8999: 8994: 8992: 8987: 8985: 8980: 8979: 8976: 8964: 8956: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8944: 8936: 8935: 8932: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8895: 8892: 8891: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8883: 8876: 8872: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8723: 8717: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8594: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8514: 8510: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8463:Hemeroscopion 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8440: 8438: 8436: 8432: 8426: 8423: 8420: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8393: 8389: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8340: 8336: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8198: 8194: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8040:Magna Graecia 8037: 8033: 8026: 8023: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7971: 7969: 7967: 7963: 7957: 7954: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7914:Arcadocypriot 7912: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7878: 7868: 7867:Zeus, Olympia 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7852:Hera, Olympia 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7816: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7781: 7778: 7775: 7771: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7755:Mount Olympus 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7723:Sacred places 7721: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7612: 7609: 7608: 7607: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7594: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7547:Olympic Games 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7537:Homosexuality 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7409: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7378: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7220: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7051: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6951: 6947: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6907:Seleucid army 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6799: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6701: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6642: 6639: 6636: 6633: 6630: 6627: 6624: 6621: 6618: 6615: 6612: 6609: 6606: 6603: 6600: 6597: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6581:Delian League 6579: 6576: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6557: 6554: 6544: 6541: 6538: 6537:Ionian League 6535: 6525: 6522: 6518: 560 BC 6508: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6495: 6491: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6430: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6259:Magna Graecia 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6090: 6085: 6083: 6078: 6076: 6071: 6070: 6067: 6054: 6050: 6049: 6045: 6042: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6009: 6005: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5978: 5974: 5973: 5969: 5966: 5962: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5937: 5935: 5930: 5928: 5923: 5922: 5919: 5907: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5815: 5811: 5803: 5798: 5796: 5791: 5789: 5784: 5783: 5780: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5656: 5654: 5649: 5647: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5612:. attalus.org 5611: 5607: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5556: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5523:"Troy Museum" 5519: 5515: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5484: 5480: 5479:Project Troia 5476: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5426: 5422: 5421: 5410: 5405: 5404: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5369: 5364: 5363: 5344: 5340: 5335: 5324: 5320: 5315: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5290: 5289: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5243: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5199: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5183: 5174: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5140: 5139:www.theoi.com 5136: 5129: 5122: 5118: 5117: 5109: 5107: 5099: 5094: 5087: 5081: 5080:Roman History 5077: 5073: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5031: 5026: 5019:. 10.3, 12.2. 5018: 5014: 5008: 5001: 4996: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4973: 4968: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4935: 4928: 4923: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4903: 4896: 4891: 4884: 4879: 4871: 4870: 4865: 4859: 4851: 4843: 4836: 4828: 4821: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4801: 4791: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4776: 4772: 4771:Studia Troica 4767: 4766: 4764: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4747: 4739: 4733: 4725: 4718: 4710: 4707:(in French). 4706: 4698: 4691: 4685: 4678: 4673: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4653: 4645: 4644: 4639: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4595: 4588: 4581: 4576: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4554:. 23.154–157; 4553: 4550: 4544: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4524: 4515: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4495: 4487: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4462: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4434: 4428: 4424: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4370: 4366: 4360: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4264:news.wisc.edu 4261: 4254: 4244: 4235: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4217: 4208: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4179: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4161: 4152: 4141: 4140: 4132: 4124: 4119:, p. 259 4118: 4113: 4103: 4095: 4090:, p. 143 4089: 4084: 4077: 4073: 4064: 4059:, p. 142 4058: 4053: 4045: 4038: 4029: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4002: 3993: 3984: 3975: 3973: 3964: 3959:, p. 380 3958: 3953: 3945: 3940:, p. 153 3939: 3938:Robinson 1994 3934: 3926: 3920: 3915: 3908: 3904: 3901: 3897: 3889: 3883: 3878: 3871: 3860: 3854: 3850: 3849: 3841: 3833: 3827: 3822: 3814: 3808: 3803: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3734: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3703: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3649: 3648: 3644: 3641: 3634: 3626: 3620: 3619:Korfmann 2003 3615: 3613: 3611: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3559: 3551: 3545: 3544:Korfmann 2013 3540: 3532: 3526: 3521: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3483: 3476: 3468: 3462: 3457: 3449: 3447:9780500288771 3443: 3439: 3432: 3430: 3421: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3349: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3139: 3134: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3115: 3110: 3104: 3096: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2962: 2955: 2953: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2932: 2923: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2904: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2852: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2837: 2820: 2811: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2785:reports that 2784: 2778: 2769: 2760: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2709: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2652: 2650: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2461: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2444:Byzantine era 2441: 2437: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2423: 2422:Roman emperor 2419: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2334: 2331: 2323: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2297:This section 2295: 2291: 2286: 2285: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2087:Delian League 2083: 2079: 2074: 2063: 2060: 2052: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2026:This section 2024: 2020: 2015: 2014: 2006: 2003: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1892: 1882: 1879: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1797: 1791: 1778: 1771: 1770: 1764: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1707: 1698: 1689: 1688:partnership. 1686: 1682: 1681:Frank Calvert 1675:Frank Calvert 1672: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1634: 1614: 1611:Troy IX 1607: 1602: 1599: 1596:Troy IX 1592: 1587: 1580: 1575: 1574: 1565: 1563: 1562:classical era 1559: 1555: 1551: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1514:Buckelkeramik 1510: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1490: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1463: 1442: 1437: 1430: 1425: 1418: 1413: 1406: 1401: 1394: 1389: 1382: 1377: 1370: 1365: 1364: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1282: 1280: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1190: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1162: 1152: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1133: 1128: 1109: 1104: 1097: 1092: 1085: 1080: 1073: 1068: 1067: 1058: 1056: 1050: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1023:Baltic region 1020: 1016: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1000: 998: 994: 993:megaron-style 990: 986: 975: 972: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 937: 935: 930: 925: 923: 914: 905: 884: 881: 879:85 BC–500 AD 878: 875: 874: 871: 867: 864: 861: 858: 857: 854: 850: 847: 844: 843: 839: 837:1300–1180 BC 836: 834: 831: 830: 827: 823: 820: 818:1750–1300 BC 817: 814: 813: 809: 807:2000–1750 BC 806: 803: 802: 798: 796:2200–2000 BC 795: 792: 791: 787: 785:2300–2200 BC 784: 781: 780: 776: 774:2500–2300 BC 773: 770: 769: 765: 763:3000–2550 BC 762: 759: 758: 755: 751: 748: 746:3600–3000 BC 745: 742: 741: 737: 734: 731: 730: 725: 724: 723: 721: 713: 709: 704: 702: 697: 695: 691: 682: 673: 671: 669: 663: 661: 655: 651: 649: 643: 641: 635: 630: 628: 624: 611: 597: 596: 590: 586: 582: 581: 576: 575: 570: 560: 550: 540: 536: 526: 524: 519: 518:Frank Calvert 515: 511: 507: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 463: 449: 444: 438: 429: 428:Ancient Greek 425: 420: 414: 400: 396: 392: 387: 381: 372: 371:Ancient Greek 368: 359: 355: 352: 349: 347: 346:UNESCO Region 343: 340: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 308: 304: 301: 298: 294: 289: 285: 281: 276: 248: 244: 241: 238: 234: 231: 227: 223: 219: 208:Troy (Greece) 195: 180:Troy (Turkey) 167: 139: 129: 125: 113: 102: 96: 95: 74: 71: 66: 60: 56: 52: 50: 33: 19: 16311:Razed cities 16115:Göbekli Tepe 16050:Southeastern 15915:Tell Tayinat 15610:Panemotichus 15239:Juliosebaste 14979:Claudiopolis 14974:Cibyra Mikra 14754:Ano Kotradis 14635: 14601:Tesderamoska 14481:Rouphinianai 14311:Pericharaxis 14176:Nausimachion 13991:Katapaspanas 13801:Didymateiche 13501:Bathys Limen 13471:Aureliopolis 13165:Tiberiopolis 13070:Sadagolthina 12749:Hieropotamon 12669:Dometiopolis 12604:Comitanassus 12544:Binbirkilise 12539:Bathys Rhyax 12454:Antoniopolis 12419:Alişar Hüyük 12281:Pompeiopolis 11976:Callistratia 11896:Abonoteichos 11823:Trapezopolis 11818:Traianopolis 10818:Hermocapelia 10358:Augustopolis 10298:Arcadiopolis 9926:Neo-Hittites 9849: 9643:Mount Nemrut 9633:Botan Valley 9551: 9489:Mount Ararat 9466:Sultan Reedy 9265: 9246: 9218:Mount Nemrut 9213:Göbekli Tepe 9163: 8758:Dionysopolis 8728:Abonoteichos 8680:Pantikapaion 8270:Hybla Heraea 7606:Architecture 7562:Prostitution 7251:Aristophanes 7110:Philosophers 7080:Philosophers 6912:Spartan army 6643:(280–146 BC) 6631:(338–322 BC) 6625:(370–168 BC) 6613:(374–196 BC) 6607:(378–355 BC) 6589:(430–348 BC) 6583:(478–404 BC) 6577:(499–449 BC) 6264:Peloponnesus 6186:Roman Greece 6046: 6034: 6018: 6006: 5996:Little Iliad 5994: 5982: 5970: 5958: 5629: 5614:. Retrieved 5596:. Retrieved 5592:the original 5572:. Retrieved 5568:the original 5548:. Retrieved 5544:the original 5535: 5487:. Retrieved 5483:the original 5478: 5454:. Retrieved 5450:the original 5445: 5429:. Retrieved 5408: 5390: 5367: 5346:. Retrieved 5326:. Retrieved 5306:. Retrieved 5302:the original 5297: 5251: 5247: 5220:. Retrieved 5206: 5181: 5173: 5164: 5154: 5142:. Retrieved 5138: 5128: 5114: 5097: 5093: 5085: 5079: 5075: 5066: 5058:Divus Julius 5057: 5049:. 9.964–999. 5046: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5016: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4971: 4967: 4956: 4943: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4911: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4867: 4858: 4849: 4841: 4835: 4826: 4820: 4809: 4800: 4789: 4781: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4746: 4723: 4717: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4689: 4684: 4676: 4672: 4661: 4652: 4641: 4629: 4617: 4604: 4593: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4566: 4562: 4552: 4543: 4532: 4523: 4514: 4503: 4494: 4475: 4469: 4450: 4441: 4422: 4399:. Retrieved 4385: 4373:. Retrieved 4359: 4347:. Retrieved 4333: 4321:. Retrieved 4307: 4295:. Retrieved 4286: 4276: 4263: 4253: 4243: 4234: 4216: 4207: 4189: 4171: 4160: 4151: 4138: 4131: 4112: 4102: 4083: 4072: 4052: 4043: 4037: 4028: 4010: 4001: 3992: 3983: 3952: 3933: 3914: 3896: 3877: 3869: 3862:. Retrieved 3847: 3840: 3821: 3802: 3790:. Retrieved 3781: 3772: 3760:. Retrieved 3751: 3742: 3733: 3723:19 September 3721:. Retrieved 3701: 3694: 3681: 3668: 3651: 3638: 3633: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3546:, p. 60 3539: 3527:, p. 48 3520: 3508:. Retrieved 3499: 3490: 3481: 3475: 3456: 3437: 3401: 3337: 3282:. Retrieved 3273: 3264: 3252:. Retrieved 3243: 3233: 3221:. Retrieved 3212: 3203: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3151: 3136: 3127: 3112: 3103: 3084: 3024: 3012: 2960: 2942: 2911: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2874: 2855: 2819: 2810: 2777: 2768: 2759: 2752:Bouleuterion 2741: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2692:Stratigraphy 2647:In 2018 the 2646: 2622: 2610: 2570: 2558:Trojan Horse 2551: 2542: 2531: 2527: 2526:Besides the 2525: 2512: 2510: 2500: 2487: 2485: 2459: 2436:Hellespontus 2417: 2415: 2407:bouleuterion 2377: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2341: 2326: 2317: 2298: 2242: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2191: 2180: 2151:which was a 2143: 2118:Ariobarzanes 2099: 2070: 2055: 2046: 2027: 2002:Trevor Bryce 1998: 1990:Tudhaliya IV 1947: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1916: 1904: 1900: 1898: 1875: 1866: 1857: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1818: 1803: 1788: 1767: 1738: 1711: 1703: 1678: 1666: 1661: 1642:Pierre Belon 1639: 1547: 1544:Troy VIII–IX 1539: 1526: 1513: 1511: 1499: 1495: 1467: 1458: 1345: 1333: 1325: 1295: 1283: 1275: 1258: 1247: 1244: 1220: 1196: 1187: 1182: 1164: 1137: 1062:Troy II 1051: 1047: 1013: 1001: 981: 973: 938: 926: 919: 896: 848:1180–950 BC 705: 698: 687: 665: 657: 645: 637: 631: 625:and his son 617:𒆳𒌷𒋫𒊒𒄿𒊭 584: 578: 572: 558: 548: 538: 532: 503: 423: 404:𒆳𒌷𒋫𒊒𒄿𒊭 366: 365: 283:Part of 69: 65: 46: 16145:Nevalı Çori 15970:Tragalassus 15800:Serraepolis 15725:Rhodiapolis 15645:Perminounda 15635:Pednelissus 15605:Palaeopolis 15495:Moron Hydor 15264:Karakabaklı 15249:Kalelibelen 15129:Flaviopolis 15079:Diocaesarea 14984:Colybrassus 14939:Carmylessus 14789:Antiphellus 14486:Salmydessus 14426:Proconnesus 14196:Neonteichos 14121:Miletopolis 13976:Kalos Agros 13951:Ilieon Kome 13661:Chrysopolis 13421:Argyropolis 13381:Aphrodisias 13326:Aegospotami 13238:Cafer Höyük 13195:Verinopolis 13075:Salamboreia 13030:Pillitokome 12774:Isauropolis 12659:Diocaesarea 12574:Carus Vicus 12509:Aspenzinsos 12489:Ariaramneia 12261:Philocaleia 12221:Naustathmus 12156:Hieron Oros 11931:Anticinolis 11911:Alaca Höyük 11723:Temenothyra 11523:Pordoselene 11383:Palaeopolis 11378:Palaemyndus 11313:Neonteichos 11188:Marathesium 10873:Hypokremnos 10603:Dareioukome 10478:Carmylessus 10408:Beycesultan 10253:Aphrodisias 10148:Adramyttium 10030:Paphlagonia 9734:Hayasa-Azzi 9600:Lake Kovada 9388:Mount Ilgaz 9340:Mount Honaz 9145:Cumalıkızık 9021:Aphrodisias 8906:Place names 8818:Salmydessus 8640:Kalos Limen 8620:Chersonesus 8610:Borysthenes 8315:Tauromenion 8127:Metapontion 7889:Proto-Greek 7842:Erechtheion 7837:Athena Nike 7799:Philippeion 7628:Mathematics 7599:and science 7482:Agriculture 7346:Stesichorus 7256:Bacchylides 7246:Archilochus 7133:Antisthenes 7123:Anaximander 7095:Seven Sages 7085:Playwrights 7065:Geographers 7060:Astronomers 6887:Pezhetairos 6514: 1100 6494:Federations 6393:Megalopolis 6330:City states 6305:City states 5616:3 September 5072:Dio Cassius 4945:Geographica 4913:Geographica 4872:. 20.107.4. 4811:Geographica 4751:Re. theatre 4643:Geographica 4609:. 17.17–18. 4549:Demosthenes 4447:Cline, Eric 4323:26 February 3864:28 December 3674:Watkins, C. 3525:Latacz 2004 3510:27 February 3284:27 February 3254:26 February 2649:Troy Museum 2494:Archaic-era 2220:agonothetai 2187:Dardanelles 2095:Pharnabazus 1805:Carl Blegen 1800:Carl Blegen 1793:(1893–1894) 1291:Minyan Ware 1240:rubble core 1179:Dardanelles 1155:Troy VI–VII 1144:documenting 1039:Afghanistan 870:Hellenistic 270: / 246:Coordinates 16230:Categories 16190:Sultantepe 16085:Carchemish 15990:Tyberissus 15950:Titiopolis 15895:Tardequeia 15810:Sibidounda 15750:Sagalassos 15680:Pisarissos 15500:Moumoustra 15485:Mopsuestia 15480:Mopsucrene 15470:Mezgitkale 15329:Kynosarion 15204:Isaura Nea 15199:Irenopolis 15164:Hierapolis 15034:Cretopolis 15009:Coracesium 14924:Callimache 14606:Tetrakomia 14551:Smintheion 14501:Scamandrus 14496:Scamandria 14431:Proochthoi 14406:Pratomysia 14396:Potamonion 14386:Polymedium 14376:Poleatikon 14371:Poemanenum 14346:Phosphorus 14321:Petrozetoi 14301:Pentephyle 14266:Pantichium 14221:Ophryneion 14171:Nausikleia 14151:Moukaporis 14111:Mantineion 14101:Lysimachia 13971:Kale Peuke 13921:Heracleium 13846:Ergasteria 13836:Elekosmioi 13651:Choiragria 13556:Burtudizon 13536:Blachernae 13416:Argyronion 13316:Ad Statuas 13311:Achilleion 13248:Citharizum 13233:Arsamosata 13060:Purushanda 12930:Moutalaske 12824:Kodylessos 12779:Juliopolis 12769:Irenopolis 12689:Ergobrotis 12624:Coropassus 12579:Çatalhöyük 12494:Ariarathia 12376:Yazılıkaya 12346:Themiscyra 12301:Salatiwara 12276:Polemonium 12201:Libiopolis 12176:Ischopolis 12151:Hermonassa 12146:Heracleium 11753:Teuthrania 11713:Teichiussa 11643:Stectorium 11618:Skolopoeis 11533:Prymnessus 11408:Parthenium 11208:Melampagos 11148:Lysimachia 11113:Leucophrys 10973:Klazomenai 10933:Kalabantia 10898:Ioniapolis 10828:Hieropolis 10823:Hierapolis 10608:Dideiphyta 10528:Chrysaoris 10458:Callipolis 10005:Cappadocia 9985:Antigonids 9934:Carchemish 9881:Cimmerians 9821:Purushanda 9816:Sagalassos 9752:Kizzuwatna 9719:Carchemish 9697:Bronze Age 9547:Kuşcenneti 9509:Nene Hatun 9413:Yedigöller 9383:Lake Abant 9100:Cappadocia 9081:Çatalhöyük 9063:Safranbolu 9031:Hierapolis 8808:Polemonion 8685:Phanagoria 8655:Kimmerikon 8650:Kerkinitis 8635:Hermonassa 8625:Dioscurias 8521:Aspalathos 8468:Kalathousa 8443:Akra Leuke 8372:Phoenicusa 8157:Scylletium 8142:Poseidonia 8062:Brentesion 7949:Pamphylian 7944:Macedonian 7862:Samothrace 7847:Hephaestus 7794:Long Walls 7773:Structures 7714:Underworld 7660:Technology 7623:Literature 7557:Philosophy 7522:Euergetism 7411:By culture 7356:Thucydides 7198:Pythagoras 7193:Protagoras 7183:Parmenides 7168:Heraclitus 7153:Empedocles 7143:Democritus 7128:Anaximenes 7118:Anaxagoras 7070:Historians 6563: 595 6550: 550 6531: 800 6516: – c. 6444:Cappadocia 6249:Ionian Sea 6239:Hellespont 6204:Aegean Sea 6008:Iliupersis 5948:Epic Cycle 5431:24 January 5254:: 75–109. 5222:1 February 5144:13 January 4948:. 13.1.27. 4916:. 13.1.27. 4814:. 13.1.26. 4790:Arch. Anz. 4782:See contra 4763:Re. temple 4596:. 1.11–12. 4537:. 17.17.6. 4117:Allen 1995 4088:Allen 1995 4057:Allen 1995 3957:Allen 1995 3778:"The Bath" 3571:(2): 210. 3223:23 January 2833:References 2748:Propylaeum 2301:references 2261:Lysimachia 2257:Asia Minor 2245:Lysimachus 2126:Charidemus 2112:until the 2102:Dercylidas 2030:references 1982:Piyamaradu 1935:" (later " 1838:Frank Kolb 1833:Brian Rose 1718:Bronze Age 1613:Roman bath 1434:South Gate 1352:earthquake 1348:subsidence 1271:Carchemish 1140:Schliemann 1122:Troy III–V 1009:buttresses 985:colonnades 969:Bademağacı 862:950–85 BC 327:Designated 291:Site notes 258:26°14′20″E 255:39°57′27″N 224:Hisarlık, 16160:Sakçagözü 16130:Khashshum 16025:Yumuktepe 15975:Trebendae 15955:Tityassus 15935:Termessos 15920:Telmessos 15905:Teimiussa 15865:Sozopolis 15760:Saraganda 15755:Sandalium 15730:Rhoscopus 15720:Ptolemais 15710:Prostanna 15670:Phoenicus 15615:Panhormus 15600:Padyandus 15550:Octapolis 15520:Myriandus 15460:Melanippe 15399:Magastara 15304:Kitanaura 15279:Kastellon 15259:Kanytelis 15244:Kalanthia 15184:Idebessos 15169:Hippucome 15139:Gözlükule 15104:Epiphania 15084:Domuztepe 14964:Charadrus 14949:Castabala 14829:Arnabanda 14809:Arabissus 14759:Antigonia 14749:Anemurium 14729:Anazarbus 14689:Acarassus 14684:Acalissus 14576:Tarpodizo 14561:Strobilos 14521:Selymbria 14476:Rhoiteion 14401:Praenetus 14381:Polychron 14326:Pharmakia 14316:Perinthus 14271:Parabolos 14236:Ostreodes 14216:Ontoraita 14206:Nicomedia 14181:Neandreia 14156:Myrileion 14141:Morzapena 14131:Mochadion 14116:Marpessos 14051:Lasthenes 14041:Lampsacus 14036:Lamponeia 14026:Kyparodes 13966:Kalasyrta 13906:Harpagion 13901:Hamaxitus 13886:Hadriania 13806:Diolkides 13761:Dascylium 13631:Charmidea 13621:Chalcedon 13606:Cenchreae 13566:Byzantium 13531:Bithynium 13466:Aureliane 13321:Adrasteia 13223:Altıntepe 13170:Trocmades 13145:Takourtha 13120:Sidamaria 13045:Pontanena 12995:Pedachtoë 12990:Parnassus 12950:Nazianzus 12880:Malandasa 12860:Laroumada 12850:Lamatorma 12679:Ecdaumava 12674:Dorylaeum 12644:Dadastana 12619:Corniaspa 12609:Congustus 12589:Ciscissus 12564:Camuliana 12484:Ardistama 12459:Anzoulada 12439:Andabalis 12429:Anadynata 12356:Timolaeum 12311:Sandaraca 12251:Pharnacia 12231:Nicopolis 11906:Aiginetes 11888:Black Sea 11848:Tyanollos 11798:Thyssanus 11793:Thymbrara 11763:Theangela 11758:Thasthara 11718:Telandrus 11703:Tateikome 11658:Strobilos 11518:Polybotus 11443:Perperene 11328:Nymphaeum 11298:Naulochus 11293:Naulochon 11263:Myloukome 11213:Meloukome 11118:Limantepe 11033:Labraunda 10863:Hyllarima 10783:Halisarna 10763:Gerriadai 10653:Doroukome 10588:Cyllandus 10518:Chalcetor 10428:Boukolion 10288:Aragokome 10268:Apollonis 10238:Antandrus 10153:Agatheira 10123:Abrostola 10015:Commagene 9610:Saklıkent 9532:Lake Gala 9050:Black Sea 9035:Pamukkale 8894:in Epirus 8843:Trapezous 8788:Mesambria 8773:Eupatoria 8743:Apollonia 8738:Anchialos 8700:Theodosia 8670:Nymphaion 8660:Myrmekion 8630:Gorgippia 8586:Black Sea 8571:Tragurion 8556:Nymphaion 8541:Epidauros 8536:Epidamnos 8526:Apollonia 8503:Zacynthos 8425:Ptolemais 8419:Apollonia 8392:Cyrenaica 8382:Therassía 8377:Strongyle 8357:Ereikousa 8280:Leontinoi 8220:Apollonia 8097:Hipponion 7894:Mycenaean 7857:Parthenon 7789:Lion Gate 7692:Mythology 7655:Sculpture 7618:Astronomy 7552:Pederasty 7527:Festivals 7512:Education 7392:Lawgivers 7361:Timocreon 7341:Sophocles 7336:Simonides 7311:Philocles 7306:Panyassis 7301:Mimnermus 7266:Herodotus 7261:Euripides 7231:Aeschylus 7178:Leucippus 7138:Aristotle 6917:Strategos 6783:Synedrion 6737:Ostracism 6717:Areopagus 6669:Free city 6464:Macedonia 6348:Byzantion 6254:Macedonia 6219:Cyrenaica 6196:Geography 6130:Geography 5984:Aethiopis 5598:10 August 5574:10 August 5550:10 August 5532:"Welcome" 5376:cite book 5348:10 August 5328:10 August 5276:162226134 5054:Suetonius 5047:Pharsalia 4988:publicani 4958:Periochae 4827:The Troad 4732:cite book 4724:Panegyris 4666:. 18.4.5. 4633:. 9.5.12. 4505:Histories 4500:Herodotus 4478:. Brill. 4425:. Brill. 3919:Wood 1985 3676:(1986) . 3601:162416526 3585:0075-4269 3195:162340023 3143:6.637-678 3081:Bryce, T. 2704:Footnotes 2625:Tevfikiye 2593:Patroclus 2538:Aeschylus 2521:Scamander 2497:epic poem 2352:publicani 2320:June 2024 2233:panegyris 2216:synedrion 2212:synedrion 2204:Propontis 2200:Chalcedon 2169:Hamaxitos 2165:Neandreia 2153:synoikism 2110:Dascylium 2091:Lampsacus 2049:June 2024 1966:Alaksandu 1554:Roman era 1518:Phrygians 1484:Troy VIIb 1455:Troy VIIa 1330:Alaksandu 1224:Mycenaean 1027:carnelian 997:courtyard 953:Poliochni 866:Classical 859:Troy VIII 845:Troy VIIb 833:Troy VIIa 750:Neolithic 437:romanized 380:romanized 122:Walls of 16170:Samosata 16052:Anatolia 16020:Yanıkhan 16010:Typallia 16000:Tymandus 15980:Trebenna 15965:Toriaeum 15890:Tapureli 15795:Seroiata 15745:Sabandus 15740:Rygmanoi 15695:Platanus 15685:Pisurgia 15650:Phaselis 15585:Orokenda 15540:Nephelis 15450:Mastaura 15439:Marciana 15349:Lebessus 15319:Korasion 15309:Kodroula 15294:Kiphisos 15269:Karatepe 15099:Emirzeli 15094:Elbessos 15024:Corydala 14954:Ceretapa 14934:Carallia 14919:Cadyanda 14909:Cabassus 14899:Bindaios 14859:Aspendos 14854:Arycanda 14849:Artanada 14819:Ariassus 14744:Andriaca 14734:Anchiale 14661:Utsurgae 14651:Tzurulum 14646:Tyrodiza 14640:Hisarlik 14616:Tragasai 14586:Tattaios 14571:Syllanta 14546:Sirkanos 14526:Semystra 14491:Sangarus 14456:Pytheion 14446:Psyllium 14366:Ploketta 14281:Paulines 14226:Orestias 14146:Mossynea 14126:Mocasura 14091:Lupadium 14021:Koubaita 14016:Kosilaos 13941:Iasonion 13926:Hermaion 13911:Hebdomon 13861:Gentinos 13851:Eribolum 13756:Dardanus 13736:Dacibyza 13731:Dadokome 13711:Crithote 13701:Crenides 13696:Cremaste 13681:Cocylium 13616:Chalcaea 13571:Byzapena 13546:Boradion 13521:Bisanthe 13496:Bathonea 13371:Anaplous 13306:Achaiion 13243:Camachus 13185:Tyriaeum 13105:Senzousa 13080:Salarama 13015:Pessinus 12985:Papirion 12980:Orcistus 12945:Nakoleia 12935:Musbanda 12920:Mokissos 12905:Midaeium 12865:Lauzadus 12841:(Kanesh) 12814:Kindyria 12809:Kilistra 12804:Kerkenes 12789:Kanotala 12684:Ecobriga 12649:Dasmenda 12639:Cyzistra 12634:Cybistra 12554:Borissos 12529:Balgatia 12524:Balbissa 12504:Artiknos 12479:Archalla 12366:Tripolis 12336:Stephane 12326:Saurania 12316:Sapinuwa 12271:Pimolisa 12256:Phazemon 12126:Gozalena 12096:Euchaita 12091:Erythini 12061:Cyptasia 12046:Crenides 12001:Chadisia 11981:Carambis 11921:Amastris 11901:Aegialus 11873:Zemmeana 11843:Troketta 11833:Triopium 11788:Thyatira 11663:Syangela 11603:Silandus 11563:Saouenda 11438:Pergamon 11418:Passanda 11388:Panasion 11363:Orthoisa 11343:Oenoanda 11308:Neapolis 11193:Mastaura 11088:Lasnedda 11043:Lalandos 11023:Kymnissa 10978:Kleimaka 10963:Kilaraza 10948:Kaualena 10943:Kasossos 10878:Hyrcanis 10858:Hygassos 10853:Hydissus 10838:Homadena 10773:Gryneium 10758:Gergitha 10748:Gambrium 10738:Euthenae 10728:Eumeneia 10718:Eukarpia 10703:Erythras 10698:Erythrae 10648:Docimium 10643:Dioskome 10583:Cybeleia 10578:Coryphas 10568:Colossae 10563:Colophon 10553:Clannuda 10548:Cisthene 10538:Cidramus 10533:Chytrium 10508:Celaenae 10498:Casystes 10493:Castabus 10488:Caryanda 10448:Bybassus 10433:Boutheia 10418:Blaundus 10398:Bargylia 10338:Atarneus 10318:Astragon 10313:Aspaneus 10293:Araukome 10283:Appolena 10213:Amynanda 10188:Allianoi 10173:Alabanda 10143:Acrassus 10133:Acharaca 10118:Abbassus 10035:Pergamon 10000:Bithynia 9864:Iron Age 9704:Ahhiyawa 9595:Kızıldağ 9345:Marmaris 9267:Category 9154:Istanbul 9040:Pergamon 8943:Category 8921:Theatres 8848:Tripolis 8783:Kerasous 8778:Heraclea 8710:Tyritake 8665:Nikonion 8576:Thronion 8498:Salauris 8453:Emporion 8410:Berenice 8400:Balagrae 8352:Euonymos 8325:Tyndaris 8310:Syracuse 8305:Selinous 8275:Kamarina 8230:Casmenae 8215:Akrillai 8132:Neápolis 8067:Caulonia 8048:Mainland 7979:Linear B 7974:Linear A 7904:Dialects 7881:Language 7675:Religion 7633:Medicine 7567:Religion 7532:Folklore 7517:Emporium 7492:Clothing 7487:Calendar 7371:Xenophon 7366:Tyrtaeus 7351:Theognis 7326:Polybius 7321:Plutarch 7296:Menander 7276:Hipponax 7203:Socrates 7158:Epicurus 7004:Diadochi 6902:Sciritae 6862:Hetairoi 6837:Ballista 6802:Military 6765:Gerousia 6755:Ekklesia 6722:Ecclesia 6704:Athenian 6652:Politics 6565:–279 BC) 6552:–366 BC) 6533:–389 BC) 6469:Pergamon 6439:Bithynia 6432:Kingdoms 6373:Pergamon 6315:Military 6310:Politics 6107:Timeline 6048:Telegony 5965:Stasinus 5906:Category 5499:cite web 5489:8 August 5473:(2010). 5456:8 August 5308:8 August 5298:Troia VR 5216:Archived 5121:Pope, A. 5032:46.1565. 5017:Lucullus 5013:Plutarch 4777:: 27–88. 4711:: 33–62. 4614:Plutarch 4594:Anabasis 4592:Arrian. 4449:(2014). 4401:18 March 4395:Archived 4375:16 March 4369:Archived 4349:15 March 4343:Archived 4317:Archived 4291:Archived 4223:Archived 4196:Archived 4178:Archived 4017:Archived 3903:Archived 3792:15 March 3786:Archived 3784:. 2023. 3762:15 March 3756:Archived 3754:. 2023. 3714:Archived 3656:Archived 3643:Archived 3504:Archived 3502:. 2023. 3278:Archived 3276:. 2023. 3248:Archived 3217:Archived 3083:(2005). 2941:(2009). 2800:Gentinos 2655:See also 2589:Achilles 2562:Polyxena 2543:Oresteia 2517:Achaeans 2425:Augustus 2411:Augustus 2399:Augustus 2369:Lucullus 2210:was the 2078:Mytilene 1962:Kukkunni 1942:Ahhiyawa 1895:Ahhiyawa 1823:and the 1743:, after 1534:amphoras 1005:palisade 949:Thessaly 945:Gülpınar 853:Dark Age 782:Troy III 603:𒌷𒃾𒇻𒊭 577:and the 569:Metrical 453:𒌷𒃾𒇻𒊭 322:Cultural 221:Location 86:𒌷𒃾𒇻𒊭 16200:Tushhan 16175:Sareisa 16155:Nisibis 16140:Matiate 16135:Kussara 16105:Doliche 16095:Dabanas 16015:Xanthos 15930:Tenedos 15850:Siricae 15835:Sillyon 15825:Siderus 15790:Selinus 15700:Podalia 15690:Placoma 15665:Philaea 15655:Phellus 15625:Parlais 15620:Pargais 15590:Otanada 15580:Onobara 15570:Olympus 15525:Nagidos 15465:Meriana 15446:(Mnara) 15444:Marmara 15434:Mandane 15404:Magydus 15394:Magarsa 15389:Lysinia 15354:Legeita 15334:Laertes 15314:Kolbasa 15299:Kirkota 15274:Karkabo 15254:Kandyba 15234:Istlada 15159:Hamaxia 15144:Hacilar 15069:Damasei 15054:Daedala 15049:Cyrrhus 15044:Cyaneae 14959:Cestrus 14929:Calynda 14914:Cadrema 14889:Balbura 14879:Aunesis 14869:Augusta 14844:Arsinoe 14794:Aperlae 14714:Alalakh 14699:Adrasus 14621:Thynias 14541:Sigeion 14511:Scylace 14506:Scepsis 14471:Rhesion 14466:Rhegion 14441:Psarela 14421:Prindea 14416:Priapus 14391:Potamoi 14306:Percote 14256:Palodes 14166:Nassete 14106:Madytus 14071:Libyssa 14056:Leptoia 14011:Kolonai 14001:Kizoura 13961:Kalamos 13936:Hierion 13856:Gargara 13841:Embolos 13821:Eirakla 13786:Delphin 13751:Daphnus 13741:Damalis 13726:Cyzicus 13721:Cypsela 13716:Cypasis 13691:Colonae 13601:Cebrene 13591:Canopus 13561:Bythias 13526:Bitenas 13516:Birytis 13511:Bergule 13506:Beodizo 13461:Athyras 13451:Astacus 13441:Artanes 13411:Argyria 13401:Arbeila 13296:Abarnis 13288:Marmara 13268:Sugunia 13155:Thebasa 13135:Soandos 13125:Skandos 13110:Sereana 13090:Savatra 12975:Olosada 12925:Mourisa 12845:Lageina 12839:Kültepe 12799:Keissia 12794:Karbala 12764:Ilistra 12729:Gordium 12724:Gorbeus 12694:Euaissa 12629:Cotenna 12599:Claneus 12584:Cimiata 12569:Candara 12549:Blucium 12474:Arasaxa 12449:Anniaca 12424:Amblada 12396:Ziporea 12386:Zaliche 12381:Zagorus 12371:Virasia 12351:Thymena 12341:Syderos 12211:Metroon 12206:Lillium 12191:Kimista 12136:Hattusa 12121:Gaziura 12106:Gadilon 12086:Endeira 12076:Diacopa 12066:Cytorus 12036:Cordyle 12031:Coralla 12021:Colussa 12006:Cinolis 11996:Cerasus 11991:Carussa 11986:Carissa 11951:Berissa 11946:Athenae 11936:Argyria 11868:Uranium 11828:Trarium 11783:Thyaira 11748:Termera 11738:Tendeba 11733:Tempsis 11683:Synnada 11608:Sillyos 11598:Sidussa 11538:Pteleum 11503:Plarasa 11498:Pladasa 11483:Pisilis 11468:Phyteia 11463:Physcus 11453:Phocaea 11413:Passala 11403:Parsada 11368:Ortygia 11358:Oroanna 11258:Motella 11253:Mostene 11248:Mossyna 11243:Mokolda 11238:Mobolla 11228:Miletus 11173:Maiboza 11153:Madnasa 11123:Lobolda 11098:Lebedus 11083:Larymna 11053:Lankena 11048:Lamyana 11018:Kyllene 11003:Korakoe 10968:Kildara 10868:Hypaepa 10788:Harpasa 10733:Euromus 10723:Euhippe 10708:Etsyena 10688:Ephesus 10678:Embatum 10663:Eiokome 10623:Dioclea 10513:Ceramus 10503:Cedreae 10423:Bonitai 10413:Birgena 10388:Bargasa 10378:Aurokra 10333:Astyria 10228:Anineta 10203:Amorium 10198:Amnista 10168:Aizanoi 10138:Acmonia 10025:Osroene 10020:Galatia 10010:Cilicia 9990:Armenia 9964:Phrygia 9946:Kammanu 9942:Ḫilakku 9891:Diauehi 9886:Colchis 9855:Zalpuwa 9831:Shupria 9812:Pisidia 9787:Miletus 9772:Kussara 9762:Kalašma 9756:Mitanni 9724:Hapalla 9542:Kazdağı 9461:Soğuksu 9182:Xanthos 9133:Marmara 9091:Gordion 9058:Hattusa 9026:Ephesus 8963:Outline 8916:Temples 8853:Zaliche 8833:Thèrmae 8823:Sesamus 8793:Odessos 8768:Cytorus 8763:Cotyora 8513:Illyria 8478:Mainake 8473:Kypsela 8362:Hycesia 8320:Thermae 8300:Segesta 8290:Messana 8245:Helorus 8225:Calacte 8205:Akragas 8167:Sybaris 8152:Rhegion 8107:Krimisa 8057:Alision 7966:Writing 7939:Locrian 7929:Epirote 7899:Homeric 7832:Artemis 7819:Temples 7760:Olympia 7730:Eleusis 7665:Theatre 7650:Pottery 7577:Warfare 7572:Slavery 7507:Economy 7502:Cuisine 7497:Coinage 7474:Society 7459:Culture 7454:Society 7402:Tyrants 7241:Alcaeus 7223:Authors 7173:Hypatia 7163:Gorgias 7100:Writers 6922:Toxotai 6892:Sarissa 6882:Peltast 6877:Phalanx 6857:Hoplite 6852:Hippeis 6775:Macedon 6747:Spartan 6732:Heliaia 6679:Proxeny 6388:Larissa 6383:Kerkyra 6378:Eretria 6368:Miletus 6363:Ephesus 6358:Corinth 6353:Chalcis 6274:Taurica 6144:Periods 6125:History 6036:Odyssey 6001:Lesches 5268:3643078 5239:General 5161:"Ilium" 5060:. 79.3. 4974:10.2–3. 4508:. 7.43. 3187:3642730 2893:Truwisa 2796:Birytis 2734:Truwisa 2682:Luwians 2550:in his 2533:Odyssey 2511:In the 2438:(civil 2396:emperor 2348:Fimbria 2237:koinon 2177:Kolonai 2157:Skepsis 2134:proxeny 1950:Hittite 1927:" and " 1917:Taruisa 1909:Hittite 1905:Taruisa 1878:writing 1522:Gordion 1343:found. 1322:Hattusa 1249:megaron 1236:ashlars 1232:masonry 1228:Hattusa 1208:Argolid 1206:in the 1200:megaron 1193:Troy VI 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