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on to extend
Winnicott's account of how environmental failure can lead to an inner splitting of mind and body, so as to cover the idea of the false body – falsified sense of one's own body. Orbach saw the female false body in particular as built upon identifications with others, at the cost of an inner sense of authenticity and reliability. Breaking up a monolithic but false body-sense in the process of therapy could allow for the emergence of a range of authentic (even if often painful) body feelings in the patient.
1941:
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22:
434:" to denote a sense of self based on spontaneous authentic experience and a feeling of being alive, having a real self with little to no contradiction. "False self", by contrast, denotes a sense of self created as a defensive facade, which in extreme cases can leave an individual lacking spontaneity and feeling dead and empty behind an inconsistent and incompetent appearance of being real, such as in
498:, had also explored the concept of the narcissist's masquerade, which is essentially a superficial assent concealing a subtle hidden struggle for control. Freud's own late theory of the ego as the product of identifications came close to viewing it only as a false self; while Winnicott's true/false distinction has also been compared to
576:
narcissist the feeling self must be hidden and denied. Since the superficial self represents submission and conformity, the inner or true self is rebellious and angry. This underlying rebellion and anger can never be fully suppressed since it is an expression of the life force in that person. But because of the
478:
The danger was particularly acute where the baby had to provide attunement for the mother/parents, rather than vice versa, building up a sort of dissociated recognition of the object on an impersonal, not personal and spontaneous basis. But while such a pathological false self stifled the spontaneous
723:
Daniel Stern considered
Winnicott's sense of "going on being" as constitutive of the core, pre-verbal self. He also explored how language could be used to reinforce a false sense of self, leaving the true self linguistically opaque and disavowed. He ended, however, by proposing a three-fold division
690:
Susie Orbach saw the false self as an overdevelopment (under parental pressure) of certain aspects of the self at the expense of other aspects – of the full potential of the self – producing thereby an abiding distrust of what emerges spontaneously from the individual himself or herself. Orbach went
640:
As part of what has been described as a personal mission to raise the profile of the condition, psychology professor (and self-confessed narcissist) Sam Vaknin has highlighted the role of the false self in narcissism. The false self replaces the narcissist's true self and is intended to shield him
470:
in place, the infant's spontaneity was in danger of being encroached on by the need for compliance with the parents' wishes/expectations. The result could be the creation of what
Winnicott called the "false self", where "other people's expectations can become of overriding importance, overlaying or
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of personal action, contrasting an autonomous and a discordant source of action – the latter drawn from the internalisation of external influences and pressures. Thus for example parental dreams of self-glorification by way of their child's achievements can be internalised as an alien discordant
560:
Kohut extended
Winnicott's work in his investigation of narcissism, seeing narcissists as evolving a defensive armor around their damaged inner selves. He considered it less pathological to identify with the damaged remnants of the self, than to achieve coherence through identification with an
575:
Alexander Lowen identified narcissists as having a true and a false, or superficial, self. The false self rests on the surface, as the self presented to the world. It stands in contrast to the true self, which resides behind the facade or image. This true self is the feeling self, but for the
602:
crucially involve the conflict between a person's two selves: the false self, which the very young child constructs to please the mother, and the true self. The psychotherapy of personality disorders is an attempt to put people back in touch with their real selves.
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formed true self, waiting behind the false self facade; and that as a result freeing the true self is not as simple as the
Winnicottian image of the butterfly emerging from its cocoon. If a true self can be developed, however, she considered that the empty
446:
In his work, Winnicott saw the "true self" as stemming from self-perception in early infancy, such as awareness of tangible aspects of being alive, like blood pumping through veins and lungs inflating and deflating with breathing—what
Winnicott called
534:, based her idea of "true self" and "false self" through the view of self-improvement, interpreting it as real self and ideal self, with the real self being what one currently is and the ideal self being what one could become. (See also
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gestures of the true self in favour of a lifeless imitation, Winnicott nevertheless considered it of vital importance in preventing something worse: the annihilating experience of the exploitation of the hidden true self itself.
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contradicting the original sense of self, the one connected to the very roots of one's being". The danger he saw was that "through this false self, the infant builds up a false set of relationships, and by means of
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For Vaknin, the false self is by far more important to the narcissist than his dilapidated, dysfunctional true self; and he does not subscribe to the view that the true self can be resuscitated through therapy.
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distinguished between original self and pseudo self—the inauthenticality of the latter being a way to escape the loneliness of freedom; while much earlier existentialists such as
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and
Winnicott's false self; but, while noting similarities, consider that only the most rigidly defensive persona approximates to the pathological status of the false self.
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element in the individual's abandoning the autonomous self in favour of a false self or narcissistic mask – something he considered
Winnicott to have overlooked.
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has been interpreted in terms of the true self's struggle to break through the false self, and the social overlay that makes the false self socially acceptable.
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had claimed that "to will to be that self which one truly is, is indeed the opposite of despair"—the despair of choosing "to be another than himself".
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The second half of the twentieth century saw
Winnicott's ideas extended and applied in a variety of contexts, both in psychoanalysis and beyond.
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sense, and if responded to kindly and with affirmation by the parents, become the basis for the continuing development of the true self.
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even attains a show of being real", while, in fact, merely concealing a barren emptiness behind an independent-seeming façade.
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494:, had previously described "as if" personalities, pseudo-relationships substituting for real ones. Winnicott's analyst,
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by self-imputing omnipotence. The narcissist pretends that his false self is real and demands that others affirm this
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451:. Out of this, an infant begins to guarantee that these elements are constant, and regards its life as an essential
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of self-formation, not something simply waiting to be uncovered: "we have to create ourselves as a work of art".
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grounds that the self was a construct – something one had to evolve through a process of subjectification, an
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explores the spiritual dimensions of the concept of True self and False self in his book
Immortal Diamond.
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The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Environment: Studies in the Theory of Emotional Development
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797:'s poetry has been interpreted in terms of the conflict of the true self and the false self.
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criticised Winnicott for failing to integrate his false self insight with the theory of
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Symington developed Winnicott's contrast between true and false self to cover the
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Winnicott, Donald (1960). "Ego distortion in terms of true and false self".
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2010:
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580:, it cannot be expressed directly. Instead it shows up in the narcissist's
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455:. After birth, the baby's spontaneous, nonverbal gestures derive from that
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Susie Orbach, 'Working with the False Body', in A. Erskine/D. Judd eds.,
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J. H. Padel, "Freudianism: Later Developments", in Richard Gregory ed.,
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of the false self could give way to a new sense of autonomous vitality.
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distinction, while having reservations about its theoretical status.
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external personality at the cost of one's own autonomous creativity.
21:
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The Language of Winnicott: A Dictionary of Winnicott's Use of Words
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1918:
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Jungians have explored the overlap between Jung's concept of the
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977:. New York City: International Universities Press, Inc: 140–57.
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Alice Miller cautiously warns that a child/patient may not have
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took issue more broadly with the concept of a true self on the
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118:
Psychological concepts often used in connection with narcissism
649:, meanwhile keeping his real imperfect true self under wraps.
1953:
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1298:"Dr. James Masterson, expert on personality disorders; at 84"
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However, when what Winnicott was careful to describe as
1637:
Chapters in a Mythology: The Poetry of Sylvia Plath
1136:
The Poetics of Psychoanalysis: In the Wake of Klein
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
622:source of action. Symington stressed however the
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1190:(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul 2001) p. 175
1969:
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1582:Psychotherapy of the Quiet Borderline Patient
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363:
1368:The Dual Role of the Narcissist's False Self
1619:
724:of social, private, and of disavowed self.
1976:
1962:
1714:
1700:
712:
370:
356:
1406:Psychoanalysis: The Impossible Profession
1258:Psychoanalysis: The Impossible Profession
972:
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1469:Susie Orbach, in Lawrence Spurling ed.,
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1031:
426:conceptualized by English psychoanalyst
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1016:
750:. Similarly, continental analysts like
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598:James F. Masterson argued that all the
2956:
1091:
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1012:
1010:
754:have made use of true/false self as a
584:. And it can become a perverse force.
536:Karen Horney § Theory of the self
1957:
1695:
1634:
1542:The Interpersonal World of the Infant
1527:The Interpersonal World of the Infant
1245:Humanizing Child Development Theories
1123:The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis
1076:
1061:
541:
1497:Shame and the Origins of Self-Esteem
1109:On Kissing, Tickling and Being Bored
968:
966:
964:
962:
776:
506:'s notion of the "compromised ego".
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
1295:
1286:. Simon & Schuster, 2004, 1984.
1284:Narcissism: Denial of the true self
1007:
466:—i.e., not necessarily perfect—was
13:
1898:Narcissistic Personality Inventory
1646:
1622:Literature and the Relational Self
807:I Never Promised You a Rose Garden
694:
441:
14:
2985:
1834:Narcissistic personality disorder
1674:
1378:Samuel Vaknin/Lidija Rangelovska
1355:All about Me: Loving a Narcissist
959:
2185:
1940:
1939:
1296:Fox, Margalit (April 20, 2010).
1175:The Oxford Companion to the Mind
1034:The Work & Play of Winnicott
20:
1628:
1613:
1608:Contemporary Critical Theorists
1600:
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31:needs additional citations for
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294:Personal identity (philosophy)
1:
2281:Industrial and organizational
1659:Jan Abram and Knud Hjulmand,
1620:A. Schapiro, Barbara (1995).
1393:The Drama of the Gifted Child
1304:– via The Boston Globe.
1019:The Poetics of Psychoanalysis
953:
738:
482:
2522:Human factors and ergonomics
1730:Similar personality concepts
1580:V. R. Sherwood/C. P. Cohen,
1273:(London 1984), pp. 142, 167.
606:
587:
7:
1907:Related psychology concepts
912:Religious views on the self
814:
719:Daniel Stern (psychologist)
663:Alice Miller (psychologist)
148:Self-knowledge (psychology)
10:
2990:
2969:Psychoanalytic terminology
1460:(Penguin 1999) pp. 48, 216
1419:The Drama of Being a Child
1331:(London 2000) pp. 112, 198
1096:. London. pp. 119–20.
837:Bad faith (existentialism)
716:
698:
683:
660:
633:
610:
591:
568:
553:
184:Self-categorization theory
55:"True self and false self"
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2845:
2552:
2462:
2374:
2211:Applied behavior analysis
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2183:
2019:
1991:
1937:
1906:
1856:Manipulation (psychology)
1826:
1785:
1729:
1606:Quoted in Jon Simons ed.
1318:(London 2003) pp. 36, 115
1220:Neurosis and Human Growth
1111:. London. pp. 30–31.
1094:Psychoanalysis and Gender
1092:Minsky, Rosalind (1996).
1077:Klein, Josephine (1994).
1062:Klein, Josephine (1994).
1049:Psychoanalysis and Gender
1047:Minsky, Rosalind (1996).
832:Authenticity (philosophy)
656:
629:
531:Neurosis and Human Growth
299:Identity (social science)
1569:Narcissism: A New Theory
1458:The Impossibility of Sex
1342:Narcissism: A New Theory
1327:Polly Young-Eisandrath,
1316:Narcissism: A New Theory
1032:Grolnick, Simon (1990).
564:
549:
502:'s "basic fault" and to
244:As applied to activities
236:True self and false self
2487:Behavioral neuroscience
2051:Behavioral neuroscience
1827:Pathological narcissism
1687:Unmasking the True Self
1685:The Wikiversity course
1486:(London 2009) pp. 67–72
1271:How Does Analysis Cure?
1107:Phillips, Adam (1994).
713:Stern's tripartite self
430:. Winnicott used "true
339:Respectability politics
2537:Psychology of religion
2477:Behavioral engineering
2414:Human subject research
2070:Cognitive neuroscience
2036:Affective neuroscience
1635:Kroll, Judith (1976).
1513:Jung's Self Psychology
1509:Polly Young-Eisendrath
1445:Winnicott on the Child
1243:Eugene M. DeRobertis,
1217:Horney, Karen (1950).
1081:. London. p. 365.
1066:. London. p. 241.
1051:. London. p. 118.
1036:. Aronson. p. 44.
1021:. Oxford. p. 160.
1017:Jacobus, Mary (2005).
752:Jean-Bertrand Pontalis
422:) are a psychological
319:Social identity threat
314:In-group and out-group
309:Social identity theory
200:Self-perception theory
2913:Wiktionary definition
2449:Self-report inventory
2444:Quantitative research
1793:Collective narcissism
1772:Narcissus (mythology)
1164:(Harvard 1988) p. 136
877:Impression management
600:personality disorders
464:good enough parenting
2439:Qualitative research
2394:Behavior epigenetics
1851:Malignant narcissism
1668:The Imaginative Body
1511:/James Albert Hall,
1408:(London 1988) p. 135
1344:(London 2003) p. 104
1260:(London 1988) p. 136
1205:On Becoming a Person
1186:Erich Fromm (1942),
1177:(Oxford 1987) p. 273
1151:(London 1997) p. 128
1125:(London 1946) p. 445
1004:(London 2009) p. 128
947:Vertiginous question
680:Orbach: false bodies
528:, in her 1950 book,
179:Neural basis of self
40:improve this article
2964:Conceptions of self
2918:Wiktionary category
2482:Behavioral genetics
2454:Statistical surveys
2311:Occupational health
2046:Behavioral genetics
1777:Superiority complex
1654:Playing and Reality
1595:The Foucault Reader
1571:(London 2003) p. 97
1567:Neville Symington,
1434:(London 2009) p. 67
1380:Malignant Self-Love
1340:Neville Symington,
1314:Neville Symington,
1188:The Fear of Freedom
1149:Ecrits: A Selection
1138:(Oxford 2005) p. 37
1079:Our Need for Others
1064:Our Need for Others
902:Psyche (psychology)
643:narcissistic injury
515:The Fear of Freedom
512:, in his 1941 book
304:Collective identity
2890:Schools of thought
2793:Richard E. Nisbett
2673:Donald T. Campbell
2351:Sport and exercise
1752:Healthy narcissism
1639:. pp. 182–84.
1593:Paul Rabinov ed.,
1357:(London 2007) p. 7
1282:Lowen, Alexander.
917:Self-actualization
907:Psychology of self
887:Open individualism
594:James F. Masterson
542:Later developments
344:Political identity
215:Self-consciousness
2951:
2950:
2928:Wikimedia Commons
2855:Counseling topics
2818:Ronald C. Kessler
2808:Shelley E. Taylor
2733:Lawrence Kohlberg
2708:Stanley Schachter
2507:Consumer behavior
2389:Archival research
2157:Psycholinguistics
2041:Affective science
1951:
1950:
1681:Self (True/False)
1652:D. W. Winnicott,
1471:Winnicott Studies
1443:D. W. Winnicott,
1382:(2003) pp. 187–88
937:Superficial charm
867:Honne and tatemae
847:Crystallized self
788:Wuthering Heights
777:Literary examples
767:anti-essentialist
744:Neville Symington
613:Neville Symington
520:Søren Kierkegaard
490:, a colleague of
380:
379:
335:Identity politics
116:
115:
108:
90:
2981:
2885:Research methods
2828:Richard Davidson
2823:Joseph E. LeDoux
2698:George A. Miller
2688:David McClelland
2683:Herbert A. Simon
2583:Edward Thorndike
2404:Content analysis
2189:
2162:Psychophysiology
1978:
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1803:In the workplace
1762:Machiavellianism
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1554:Michael Jacobs,
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1530:(1985) pp. 7, 93
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1499:(1996) pp. 59–60
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1329:Women and Desire
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922:Self-concealment
827:Anima and animus
802:Joanne Greenberg
761:The philosopher
504:Ronald Fairbairn
428:Donald Winnicott
416:superficial self
372:
365:
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278:Self-concealment
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2880:Psychotherapies
2841:
2798:Martin Seligman
2763:Daniel Kahneman
2703:Richard Lazarus
2653:Raymond Cattell
2557:
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2142:Neuropsychology
2022:
2015:
1987:
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1952:
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1767:Messiah complex
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1647:Further reading
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1556:D. W. Winnicott
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1624:. p. 52.
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51:Find sources:
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29:This article
27:
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18:
17:
2788:Larry Squire
2783:Bruce McEwen
2778:Amos Tversky
2748:Jerome Kagan
2738:Noam Chomsky
2678:Hans Eysenck
2648:Harry Harlow
2628:Erik Erikson
2527:Intelligence
2424:Neuroimaging
2167:Quantitative
2132:Mathematical
2127:Intelligence
2117:Experimental
2112:Evolutionary
2102:Differential
2011:Psychologist
1914:Compensation
1667:
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1594:
1589:
1584:(1994) p. 50
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1515:(1991) p. 29
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1447:(2002) p. 76
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1421:(2004) p. 45
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2833:Susan Fiske
2723:Roger Brown
2623:Carl Rogers
2608:Jean Piaget
2573:Ivan Pavlov
2429:Observation
2409:Experiments
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2251:Educational
2206:Anomalistic
2177:Theoretical
2152:Personality
2082:Comparative
2065:Cognitivism
2056:Behaviorism
1929:Grandiosity
1924:Entitlement
1798:Don Juanism
1747:God complex
1473:(1995) p. 6
1201:Carl Rogers
862:Higher self
674:grandiosity
624:intentional
556:Heinz Kohut
510:Erich Fromm
457:instinctual
420:pseudo self
231:Self-esteem
163:Self-schema
2974:Narcissism
2958:Categories
2923:Wikisource
2768:Paul Ekman
2603:Kurt Lewin
2497:Competence
2419:Interviews
2399:Case study
2276:Humanistic
2256:Ergonomics
2241:Counseling
2216:Assessment
2198:psychology
2147:Perception
2107:Ecological
2023:psychology
2001:Philosophy
1985:Psychology
1891:withdrawal
1846:Dark triad
1808:Leadership
1786:In society
1723:Narcissism
1302:Boston.com
1223:. Norton.
1199:Quoted in
954:References
771:aesthetics
748:ego and id
739:Criticisms
636:Sam Vaknin
582:acting out
483:Precursors
436:narcissism
404:false self
402:) and the
153:Self-image
140:Constructs
96:March 2023
66:newspapers
2943:Wikibooks
2933:Wikiquote
2803:Ed Diener
2588:Carl Jung
2492:Cognition
2321:Political
2231:Community
2061:Cognitive
1366:Vaknin S
1162:Winnicott
927:Self-love
872:Hypocrisy
857:Ego ideal
852:Ego death
822:Alter ego
701:Carl Jung
607:Symington
588:Masterson
408:fake self
388:real self
384:true self
192:Processes
2938:Wikinews
2895:Timeline
2517:Feelings
2512:Emotions
2472:Behavior
2463:Concepts
2341:Religion
2326:Positive
2316:Pastoral
2301:Military
2266:Forensic
2261:Feminist
2246:Critical
2236:Consumer
2226:Coaching
2221:Clinical
2196:Applied
2092:Cultural
2031:Abnormal
1945:Category
1871:neurosis
1737:Egomania
815:See also
756:clinical
327:Politics
171:Theories
134:The Self
126:a series
124:Part of
2870:Outline
2366:Traffic
2361:Systems
2296:Medical
2122:Gestalt
1996:History
1919:Empathy
1876:elation
1839:history
1818:Parents
1742:Egotism
897:Persona
707:persona
619:sources
453:reality
424:dualism
80:scholar
2900:Topics
2346:School
2271:Health
2172:Social
2075:Social
2021:Basic
2006:Portal
1886:supply
1866:injury
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1432:Bodies
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657:Miller
630:Vaknin
578:denial
286:Social
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2137:Moral
565:Lowen
550:Kohut
492:Freud
87:JSTOR
73:books
2532:Mind
1225:ISBN
979:ISBN
882:Mask
432:self
418:and
398:and
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