33:
58:
464:, swim in the direction of their flagellum, due to tip-to-base symmetrical flagellar beats, that are interrupted by base-to-tip highly asymmetric beats. Switching between both beating modes facilitates parasite reorientation, allowing many movements and trajectories. Epimastigote motility is characterized by alternation of quasi-rectilinear and restricted and complex paths.
267:
infected food disinfection in the case of human infection). The trypomastigotes are in the feces and are capable of swimming into the host's cells using flagella, a characteristic swimming tail dominant in the
Euglenoid class of protists. The trypomastigotes enter the host through the bite wound or by crossing mucous membranes. The host cells contain macromolecules such as
406:
abnormalities. It is true that all inflammatory and non-inflammatory heart disease may display forms of parasympathetic denervation; this denervation presents in a descriptive fashion in Chagasâ disease. It has also been indicated that the loss of parasympathetic innervations can lead to sudden death
208:
in accord with a mechanism of infection. The triatomine likes the nests of vertebrate animals for shelter, where it bites and sucks blood for food. Individual triatomines infected with protozoa from other contact with animals transmit trypanosomes when the triatomine deposits its faeces on the host's
1688:
Reis-Cunha, JoĂŁo LuĂs; Baptista, Rodrigo P.; Rodrigues-Luiz, Gabriela F.; Coqueiro-dos-Santos, Anderson; Valdivia, Hugo O.; de
Almeida, Laila Viana; Cardoso, Mariana Santos; DâĂvila, Daniella Alchaar; Dias, Fernando Hugo Cunha; Fujiwara, Ricardo Toshio; GalvĂŁo, LĂșcia M. C.; Chiari, Egler; Cerqueira,
583:
The incubation period is five to fourteen days after a host comes in contact with feces. Chagas disease undergoes two phases, which are the acute and the chronic phase. The acute phase can last from two weeks to two months but can go unnoticed because symptoms are minor and short-lived. Symptoms of
304:
The acute form of trypanosomiasis is usually unnoticed, although it may manifest itself as a localized swelling at the site of entry. In this form appears elevated parasitism, myocarditis, and changes in the myocardial gene expression. The chronic form may develop 30 to 40 years after infection and
279:
that cover their surface. These macromolecules are essential for adhesion between parasite and host and for the process of host invasion by the parasite. The trypomastigotes must cross a network of proteins that line the exterior of the host cells in order to make contact and invade the host cells.
266:
propagation stages. As a result, Trumper and Gorla 1991 find transmission success centers around the triatomine's defecation behaviors. Alternatively, in nature and in most recent cases of epidemiological outbreaks, infection occurs through the oral ingestion of parasites (mainly through a lack of
1368:
Huang, Huan; Petkova, Stefka B.; Cohen, Alex W.; Bouzahzah, Boumediene; Chan, John; Zhou, Jian-nian; Factor, Stephen M.; Weiss, Louis M.; Krishnamachary, Mohan; Mukherjee, Shankar; Wittner, Murray; Kitsis, Richard N.; Pestell, Richard G.; Lisanti, Michael P.; Albanese, Chris; Tanowitz, Herbert B.
340:
Researchers of Chagasâ disease have demonstrated several processes that occur with all cardiomyopathies. The first event is an inflammatory response. Following inflammation, cellular damage occurs. Finally, in the body's attempt to recover from the cellular damage, fibrosis begins in the cardiac
435:
thickening, meaning that the growth occurs at the border of the epicardium and not the center of mass. Unlike milk spots and chagasic rosary, inflammatory cells and vasculature are present in villous plaque. Since villous plaque contains inflammatory cells it is reasonable to suspect that these
1214:
Ferreira, Ludmila
Rodrigues Pinto; Ferreira, Frederico Moraes; Laugier, Laurie; Cabantous, Sandrine; Navarro, Isabela Cunha; da Silva CĂąndido, Darlan; Rigaud, Vagner Carvalho; Real, Juliana Monte; Pereira, Glaucia Vilar; Pereira, Isabela Resende; Ruivo, Leonardo; Pandey, Ramendra Pati; Savoia,
590:
No vaccines are available. The most used method for epidemiological management and disease prevention resides within vector control, mainly by the use of insecticides and taking preventative measures such as applying bug repellent on the skin, wearing protective clothing, and staying in higher
472:
The invasion efficiency is positively correlated with the average parasite mean speed, and negatively correlated with the mean square displacement (MSD). Therefore, the motility modifications undergone by the parasites in the presence of mammalian cells may be functionally related to the cell
344:
Another cardiomyopathy found in nearly all cases of chronic Chagasâ disease is thromboembolic syndrome. Thromboembolism describes thrombosis, the formation of a clot, and its main complication is embolism, the carrying of a clot to a distal section of a vessel and causing blockage there. This
300:
in tissues. As the infection progresses, the number of infected cells increases, as well as the number of amastigotes per infected cell (APC). If the average of APC is one or close to one, the infection has just begun. A higher APC means that amastigotes have started to replicate.
1860:
Berry, Alexander S. F.; Salazar-SĂĄnchez, Renzo; Castillo-Neyra, Ricardo; Borrini-MayorĂ, Katty; Chipana-Ramos, Claudia; Vargas-Maquera, Melina; Ancca-Juarez, Jenny; NĂĄquira-Velarde, CĂ©sar; Levy, Michael Z.; Brisson, Dustin; Bartholomeu, Daniella
Castanheira (20 May 2019).
569:. This is a contagious disease and can be transmitted through a number of ways: congenital transmission, blood transfusion, organ transplantation, consumption of uncooked food that has been contaminated with feces from infected bugs, and accidental laboratory exposure.
410:
Another conduction abnormality presented with chronic Chagasâ disease is a change in ventricular repolarization, which is represented on an electrocardiogram as the T-wave. This change in repolarization inhibits the heart from relaxing and properly entering
385:
that cyclin D1 was upregulated from day 1 to day 60 post-infection. It was also indicated through immunohistochemical analysis that the areas that produced the most cyclin D1 were the vasculature and interstitial regions of the heart.
345:
occurrence contributes to the death of a patient by four means: arrhythmias, stasis secondary to cardiac dilation, mural endocarditis, and cardiac fibrosis. These thrombi also affect other organs such as the brain, spleen and kidney.
1741:
447:
Parasites increase their mean speed; they explore smaller areas at short time scales and show a preference to be located nearby cellsâ periphery. The extent of these changes depends on the cell type. Therefore,
1646:
Monteiro, Fernando Araujo; Weirauch, Christiane; Felix, MĂĄrcio; Lazoski, Cristiano; Abad-Franch, Fernando (2018). "Evolution, Systematics, and
Biogeography of the Triatominae, Vectors of Chagas Disease".
381:âinfected mice when compared to the control. Elevated levels of NF-ÎșB have also been found in myocardial tissue, with the highest concentrations being found in the vasculature. It was indicated through
398:. At the base of these conduction abnormalities is a depopulation of parasympathetic neuronal endings on the heart. Without proper parasympathetic innervations, one could expect to find not only
565:
Chagas' disease's geographical occurrence happens worldwide but high-risk individuals include those who don't have access to proper housing. Its reservoir is in wild animals but its vector is a
484:
trypomastigotes are capable of sensing mammalian cells to a different degree, depending on the cell type, and can modify their motility patterns to increase their invasion efficiency.
184:
characteristically bore tissue in another organism and feed on blood (primarily) and also lymph. This behaviour causes disease or the likelihood of disease that varies with the organism:
619:
exhibit clonal population structures. It appears that frequent sexual reproduction events occur primarily between close relatives resulting in an apparent clonal population structure.
925:
258:
stage, making it possible to reproduce. After reproducing through binary fission, the epimastigotes move onto the rectal cell wall, where they become infectious. Infectious
562:. Triatomine species in the southern U.S. have taken human blood meals, but because triatomines do not favor typical U.S. housing, risk to the U.S. population is very low.
244:
life cycle starts in an animal reservoir, usually mammals, wild or domestic, including humans. A triatomine bug serves as the vector. While taking a blood meal, it ingests
558:
transmission has been documented in the
Southwestern U.S., and warming trends may allow vector species to move north. U.S. domestic and wild animals are reservoirs for
584:
the acute phase include swelling, fever, fatigue, and diarrhea. The chronic phase causes digestive problems, constipation, heart failure, and pain in the abdomen.
444:
When mammalian cells are present, trypomastigotes move in a sub diffusive fashion in short periods of time, but under control conditions their motion is diffusive.
476:
Moreover, different parasite strains infect different tissues with a variable invasion efficiency, due to the high genetic and phenotypic variability found among
373:
was found to be activated. Although there was no increase in any isoform of ERK, there was an increased concentration of phosphorylated ERK in mice infected with
357:
infection revealed that the chronic state is associated with the persistent elevation of phosphorylated (activated) extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (
1597:
Stevens, Lori; Dorn, Patricia L.; Hobson, Julia; de la Rua, Nicholas M.; Lucero, David E.; Klotz, John H.; Schmidt, Justin O.; Klotz, Stephen A. (2012).
1418:
Baroldi, Giorgio; Oliveira, Samuel J.M; Silver, Malcolm D (1997). "Sudden and unexpected death in clinically 'silent' Chagas' disease. A hypothesis".
587:
Diagnostic methods include microscopic examination, serology, or the isolation of the parasite by inoculating blood into a guinea pig, mouse, or rat.
262:
are called metacyclic trypomastigotes. When the triatomine bug subsequently takes a blood meal from a host, it defecates—its waste containing
1691:"Whole genome sequencing of Trypanosoma cruzi field isolates reveals extensive genomic variability and complex aneuploidy patterns within TcII DTU"
1217:"Integration of miRNA and gene expression profiles suggest a role for miRNAs in the pathobiological processes of acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection"
919:
SantâAnna, MaurĂcio
Roberto Viana; Soares, Adriana Coelho; Araujo, Ricardo Nascimento; Gontijo, Nelder Figueiredo; Pereira, Marcos HorĂĄcio (2017).
2357:
1284:
in Los
Angeles and Miami blood donors: Impact of evolving donor demographics on seroprevalence and implications for transfusion transmission".
2370:
974:
Pereira, Karen
Signori; Schmidt, FlĂĄvio Luis; Guaraldo, Ana M.A.; Franco, Regina M.B.; Dias, Viviane L.; Passos, Luiz A.C. (February 2009).
1969:
1457:[Serial electrophysiological studies of the heart's excito-conductor system in patients with chronic chagasic cardiopathy].
2331:
358:
1664:
1062:
879:
806:
1455:"Estudos eletrofisiológicos seriados do sistema éxcito-condutor do coração de pacientes com cardiopatia chagåsica crÎnica"
2426:
2146:
591:
quality hotels when traveling. Investing in quality housing would be ideal to decrease risk of contracting this disease.
841:
1151:"Motility patterns of Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes correlate with the efficiency of parasite invasion in vitro"
648:
Chagas, C. (1909). "Neue
Trypanosomen: VorlÀufige mitteilung" [New trypanosome. Preliminary communication].
2383:
452:
trypomastigotes can sense mammalian cells and modify their motility patterns to prepare themselves for infection.
2375:
1962:
1932:
906:
833:
1742:"Ten years (2004â2014) of Chagas disease surveillance and vector control in Ecuador: Successes and challenges"
2416:
1555:
423:. This sign is usually observed in chronic Chagasâ disease and is considered a minor electromyocardiopathy.
2411:
1149:
Arias-del-Angel, Jorge A.; Santana-Solano, JesĂșs; SantillĂĄn, MoisĂ©s; Manning-Cela, Rebeca G. (2020-09-28).
1544:
Lieb, Julian (2004). "The immunostimulating and antimicrobial properties of lithium and antidepressants".
248:. In the triatomine bug (the principal species of which in terms of parasite transmission to humans being
2436:
2295:
2286:
2095:
362:
495:
does not produce prostaglandins itself. Instead Pinge-Filho et al. 1999 finds that the parasite induces
57:
1955:
534:
1041:
2388:
1280:
Leiby, David A.; Herron Jr, Ross M.; Read, Elizabeth J.; Lenes, Bruce A.; Stumpf, Robert J. (2002). "
628:
318:
2421:
921:"Triatomines (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) blood intake: Physical constraints and biological adaptations"
668:
2431:
2089:
2081:
2026:
1006:
975:
222:
1947:
731:"The discovery of Trypanosoma cruzi and Chagas disease (1908-1909): tropical medicine in Brazil"
2362:
2248:
2115:
859:
500:
1916:
1740:
Quinde-CalderĂłn, Leonardo; Rios-Quituizaca, Paulina; Solorzano, Luis; Dumonteil, Eric (2016).
1037:
2205:
2070:
1327:
Marin-Neto, Jose Antonio; Cunha-Neto, Edécio; MacIel, Benedito C.; SimÔes, Marcus V. (2007).
604:
205:
142:
43:
in human blood Giemsa stain. They are typically seen as a C-shape and have a more pronounced
550:
415:. Changes in the ventricular repolarization in Chagasâ disease are likely due to myocardial
377:. It was found that within seven days the concentration of AP-1 was significantly higher in
2219:
1546:
1228:
1162:
1813:"Evidence and importance of genetic exchange among field populations of Trypanosoma cruzi"
8:
2300:
2108:
2104:
2066:
1985:
612:
1232:
1166:
1007:"Vector Consumption and Contact Process Saturation in Sylvatic Transmission of T. cruzi"
2074:
2020:
1889:
1862:
1837:
1812:
1772:
1717:
1690:
1623:
1598:
1498:[Epicardial lesions in Chagas' heart disease reflect an inflammatory process].
1309:
1257:
1216:
1191:
1150:
1119:
1090:
893:
871:
820:
798:
250:
213:
is further facilitated by the scratching of the bite area by the human or animal host.
52:
1828:
1431:
1395:
1370:
1345:
1328:
1054:
2140:
1978:
1894:
1842:
1764:
1722:
1670:
1660:
1628:
1579:
1571:
1517:
1476:
1435:
1400:
1350:
1301:
1297:
1262:
1244:
1196:
1178:
1124:
1068:
1058:
956:
948:
902:
885:
875:
837:
829:
812:
802:
760:
752:
530:
526:
508:
189:
32:
1776:
1512:
1495:
1471:
1454:
1386:
1313:
897:
824:
747:
730:
292:
Trypanosomiasis in humans progresses with the development of the trypanosome into a
2062:
1884:
1874:
1832:
1824:
1756:
1712:
1702:
1687:
1652:
1618:
1610:
1563:
1507:
1466:
1427:
1390:
1382:
1371:"Activation of Transcription Factors AP-1 and NF- B in Murine Chagasic Myocarditis"
1340:
1293:
1252:
1236:
1186:
1170:
1114:
1106:
1050:
1018:
987:
943:
938:
920:
867:
794:
742:
1496:"LesÔes epicårdicas na cardiopatia chagåsica são reflexo de processo inflamatório"
1148:
200:-like disease in cattle. Parasites need a host body and the haematophagous insect
2225:
2180:
2011:
2002:
1879:
1089:
Ley, Victoria; Andrews, Norma W.; Robbins, Edith S.; Nussenzweig, Victor (1988).
407:
due to a severe cardiac failure that occurs during the acute stage of infection.
314:
284:
of the cell also bind to the surface of the parasite and initiate host invasion.
109:
99:
1859:
1739:
1656:
2211:
2196:
2131:
2040:
1567:
1240:
1174:
991:
790:
512:
293:
272:
204:(descriptions "assassin bug", "cone-nose bug", and "kissing bug") is the major
185:
89:
1707:
1022:
2405:
2271:
2052:
1993:
1925:
DPDxâLaboratory Identification of Parasitic Diseases of Public Health Concern
1599:"Vector Blood Meals and Chagas Disease Transmission Potential, United States"
1575:
1248:
1182:
952:
889:
756:
525:. Doyle & Weinbach 1989 find imipramine and various of its derivatives â
158:
856:
American trypanosomiasis Chagas disease : one hundred years of research
816:
1898:
1846:
1768:
1726:
1674:
1632:
1614:
1583:
1521:
1480:
1404:
1354:
1305:
1266:
1200:
1072:
960:
764:
522:
420:
399:
382:
329:
281:
255:
229:
2310:
1439:
1128:
1110:
2344:
2280:
566:
541:. They find 2-Nitrodesmethylimipramine is the most effective among them.
276:
201:
197:
181:
119:
44:
321:). Affected people may die from heart failure and severe heart lesions.
2336:
2185:
2171:
518:
432:
325:
310:
297:
79:
2349:
1760:
2318:
2162:
1453:
Valente, Ney; Pimenta, JoĂŁo; Paola, Angelo Amato Vincenzo de (2006).
783:
436:
lesions are more recently formed than milk spots or chagasic rosary.
370:
177:
69:
2242:
1049:. International Review of Cytology. Vol. 244. pp. 227â85.
694:
Chagas, C. (1909). "Nova especie morbida do homem, produzida por um
2323:
2265:
1982:
1559:
934:
863:
416:
412:
403:
174:
366:
1977:
608:
332:, but no effective therapy for chronic cases is currently known.
268:
1326:
1213:
778:
Krinsky, William L. (2002). Mullen, Gary; Durden, Lance (eds.).
599:
Genetic exchange has been identified among field populations of
1927:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 29 November 2013.
1863:"Sexual reproduction in a natural Trypanosoma cruzi population"
1689:
Gustavo Coutinho; Bartholomeu, Daniella C. (13 November 2018).
786:
210:
702:): nota prévia" [New morbid species of man, produced by a
496:
306:
193:
1645:
1088:
973:
918:
1215:
Marilda; Kalil, Jorge; Lannes-Vieira, Joseli (2017-12-21).
1596:
1494:
Benvenuti, Luiz Alberto; Gutierrez, Paulo Sampaio (2007).
1367:
209:
skin surface and then bites. Penetration of the infected
729:
Kropf, Simone Petraglia; SĂĄ, Magali Romero (July 2009).
1790:
1279:
847:
1417:
353:
Subcellular findings in murine studies with induced
1452:
1493:
912:
394:Conduction abnormalities are also associated with
369:. Also, the mitotic regulator for G1 progression,
348:
854:Telleria, Jenny; Tibayrenc, Michel, eds. (2017).
853:
2403:
671:[New species of human trypanosomiasis]
2001:
1810:
1329:"Pathogenesis of Chronic Chagas Heart Disease"
1095:sustain an infective cycle in mammalian cells"
460:Epimastigotes, which are the culture forms of
1963:
677:Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique
431:Villous plaque is characterized by exophytic
1804:
1793:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1749:Tropical Medicine & International Health
1639:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1005:Kribs-Zaleta, Christopher (September 2006).
1004:
572:Over 130 species can transmit this parasite
16:Species of parasitic euglenoids (protozoans)
771:
669:"Nouvelle espĂšce de trypanosomiase humaine"
1970:
1956:
1035:
31:
1888:
1878:
1836:
1716:
1706:
1622:
1528:
1511:
1470:
1394:
1344:
1256:
1190:
1118:
942:
746:
455:
335:
976:"Chagas' Disease as a Foodborne Illness"
777:
728:
575:Six taxonomic subunits are recognised.
389:
232:, who taught discoverer Carlos Chagas.
2404:
1084:
1082:
1036:Kohl, Linda; Bastin, Philippe (2005).
693:
666:
647:
487:
467:
2247:
2246:
1951:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
426:
1543:
735:HistĂłria, CiĂȘncias, SaĂșde-Manguinhos
650:Archiv fĂŒr Schiffs-und Tropenhygiene
603:. This process appears to involve
2147:Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
1500:Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia
1459:Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia
1420:International Journal of Cardiology
1079:
594:
228:is an honor to Brazilian scientist
13:
1651:. Vol. 99. pp. 265â344.
1135:
872:10.1016/B978-0-12-801029-7.00007-1
551:Chagas disease § Epidemiology
305:affect internal organs (e.g., the
287:
280:The molecules and proteins on the
14:
2448:
1909:
1829:10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.05.007
1346:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.624296
780:Medical and veterinary entomology
419:. This ischemia can also lead to
1867:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
1298:10.1046/j.1537-2995.2002.00077.x
1099:Journal of Experimental Medicine
799:10.1016/B978-012510451-7/50007-4
56:
1853:
1811:Messenger LA, Miles MA (2015).
1783:
1733:
1681:
1590:
1513:10.1590/S0066-782X2007000400022
1487:
1472:10.1590/S0066-782X2006000100004
1446:
1411:
1387:10.1128/IAI.71.5.2859-2867.2003
1361:
1320:
1273:
1207:
1038:"The Flagellum of Trypanosomes"
1029:
1011:Mathematical Population Studies
748:10.1590/S0104-59702009000500002
544:
349:Myocardial biochemical response
998:
967:
944:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.08.004
722:
687:
660:
641:
611:. Despite the capability for
1:
1556:British Infection Association
1432:10.1016/S0167-5273(96)02878-1
1055:10.1016/S0074-7696(05)44006-1
634:
324:Acute cases are treated with
254:) the parasite goes into the
235:
1880:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007392
1603:Emerging Infectious Diseases
926:Journal of Insect Physiology
216:
47:compared to other species.
7:
2096:Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
1917:"American Trypanosomiasis (
1657:10.1016/bs.apar.2017.12.002
1040:. In Jeon, Kwang W. (ed.).
622:
578:
439:
10:
2453:
2427:Protists described in 1909
1568:10.1016/j.jinf.2004.03.006
1241:10.1038/s41598-017-18080-9
1175:10.1038/s41598-020-72604-4
992:10.4315/0362-028X-72.2.441
980:Journal of Food Protection
548:
535:2-Nitrodesmethylimipramine
180:. Among the protozoa, the
2255:
2195:
2170:
2161:
2130:
2051:
2010:
1992:
1708:10.1186/s12864-018-5198-4
1023:10.1080/08898480600788576
793:. pp. 67â86/xvâ597.
629:List of parasites (human)
615:, natural populations of
319:peripheral nervous system
296:in the blood and into an
148:
141:
53:Scientific classification
51:
39:
30:
23:
1649:Advances in Parasitology
1043:A Survey of Cell Biology
275:, heparin sulphate, and
2082:Cutaneous leishmaniasis
2027:African trypanosomiasis
710:): previous note].
667:Chagas, Carlos (1909).
501:2-series prostaglandins
2116:Visceral leishmaniasis
1615:10.3201/eid1804.111396
1375:Infection and Immunity
860:Amsterdam, Netherlands
456:Parasite reorientation
336:Cardiac manifestations
2206:Trichomonas vaginalis
1941:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
1111:10.1084/jem.168.2.649
605:genetic recombination
2417:Parasites of mammals
2220:Dientamoeba fragilis
1547:Journal of Infection
503:themselves. These PG
390:Rhythm abnormalities
2412:Parasitic excavates
1233:2017NatSR...717990F
1167:2020NatSR..1015894A
613:sexual reproduction
537:â are trypanocidal
488:Virulence chemistry
468:Invasion efficiency
2437:Euglenozoa species
1221:Scientific Reports
1155:Scientific Reports
473:invasion process.
427:Epicardial lesions
251:Triatoma infestans
2399:
2398:
2301:Trypanosoma_cruzi
2287:Trypanosoma cruzi
2257:Trypanosoma cruzi
2249:Taxon identifiers
2240:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2157:
2156:
2141:Naegleria fowleri
2126:
2125:
1979:Parasitic disease
1935:Trypanosoma cruzi
1919:Trypanosoma cruzi
1761:10.1111/tmi.12620
1666:978-0-12-815192-1
1502:(in Portuguese).
1461:(in Portuguese).
1282:Trypanosoma cruzi
1093:Trypanosoma cruzi
1064:978-0-08-045779-6
881:978-0-12-801029-7
808:978-0-12-510451-7
708:Trypanozoma cruzi
700:Trypanozoma cruzi
609:meiotic mechanism
531:2-Nitroimipramine
527:3-Chlorimipramine
509:immunosuppressive
242:Trypanosoma cruzi
196:in horses, and a
170:Trypanosoma cruzi
166:
165:
152:Trypanosoma cruzi
41:Trypanosoma cruzi
25:Trypanosoma cruzi
2444:
2392:
2391:
2379:
2378:
2366:
2365:
2353:
2352:
2340:
2339:
2327:
2326:
2314:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2244:
2243:
2168:
2167:
2112:
2078:
2063:Leishmania major
2008:
2007:
1999:
1998:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1928:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1882:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1840:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1791:"CDC Works 24/7"
1787:
1781:
1780:
1746:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1720:
1710:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1541:
1526:
1525:
1515:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1398:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1260:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1146:
1133:
1132:
1122:
1091:"Amastigotes of
1086:
1077:
1076:
1048:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1002:
996:
995:
971:
965:
964:
946:
916:
910:
901:
851:
845:
828:
775:
769:
768:
750:
726:
720:
719:
691:
685:
684:
674:
664:
658:
657:
645:
595:Genetic exchange
173:is a species of
154:
110:Trypanosomatidae
61:
60:
35:
21:
20:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2422:Trypanosomatida
2402:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2387:
2382:
2374:
2369:
2361:
2356:
2348:
2343:
2335:
2330:
2322:
2317:
2309:
2307:
2299:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2251:
2241:
2232:
2226:Dientamoebiasis
2191:
2181:Giardia lamblia
2153:
2122:
2102:
2090:L. braziliensis
2060:
2047:
2012:Trypanosomiasis
2003:Trypanosomatida
1988:
1976:
1931:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1873:(5): e0007392.
1858:
1854:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1686:
1682:
1667:
1644:
1640:
1595:
1591:
1542:
1529:
1492:
1488:
1451:
1447:
1416:
1412:
1366:
1362:
1325:
1321:
1278:
1274:
1212:
1208:
1147:
1136:
1087:
1080:
1065:
1046:
1034:
1030:
1003:
999:
972:
968:
917:
913:
882:
852:
848:
809:
776:
772:
727:
723:
692:
688:
672:
665:
661:
646:
642:
637:
625:
597:
581:
553:
547:
506:
499:to overproduce
490:
470:
458:
442:
429:
392:
351:
338:
290:
288:Pathophysiology
238:
219:
162:
156:
150:
137:
100:Trypanosomatida
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2450:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2432:Chagas disease
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2380:
2367:
2354:
2341:
2328:
2315:
2305:
2292:
2277:
2261:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2212:Trichomoniasis
2201:
2199:
2197:Trichomonadida
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2176:
2174:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2136:
2134:
2132:Schizopyrenida
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2041:Chagas disease
2031:
2030:
2029:
2016:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1929:
1911:
1910:External links
1908:
1905:
1904:
1852:
1803:
1782:
1732:
1680:
1665:
1638:
1609:(4): 646â649.
1589:
1527:
1486:
1445:
1410:
1381:(5): 2859â67.
1360:
1339:(9): 1109â23.
1319:
1272:
1206:
1134:
1078:
1063:
1028:
1017:(3): 135â152.
997:
986:(2): 441â446.
966:
911:
880:
846:
807:
791:Academic Press
770:
721:
686:
659:
639:
638:
636:
633:
632:
631:
624:
621:
596:
593:
580:
577:
549:Main article:
546:
543:
513:immune evasion
511:and so aid in
504:
489:
486:
469:
466:
457:
454:
441:
438:
428:
425:
391:
388:
350:
347:
337:
334:
294:trypomastigote
289:
286:
273:thrombospondin
237:
234:
218:
215:
186:Chagas disease
164:
163:
157:
146:
145:
139:
138:
131:
129:
125:
124:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
49:
48:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2449:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2172:Diplomonadida
2169:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2071:L. aethiopica
2068:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2053:Leishmaniasis
2050:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1994:Discicristata
1991:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1792:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:(5): 549â55.
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:(2): 649â59.
1104:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
970:
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:
922:
915:
908:
904:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
850:
843:
842:9780080536071
839:
835:
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
785:
781:
774:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
725:
717:
714:(in French).
713:
712:Brazil-Medico
709:
705:
701:
697:
690:
683:(6): 304â307.
682:
679:(in French).
678:
670:
663:
655:
652:(in German).
651:
644:
640:
630:
627:
626:
620:
618:
614:
610:
607:as well as a
606:
602:
592:
588:
585:
576:
573:
570:
568:
563:
561:
557:
552:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
514:
510:
502:
498:
494:
485:
483:
479:
474:
465:
463:
453:
451:
445:
437:
434:
424:
422:
418:
414:
408:
405:
401:
397:
387:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
346:
342:
333:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
302:
299:
295:
285:
283:
278:
274:
270:
265:
261:
257:
253:
252:
247:
243:
233:
231:
227:
224:
223:specific name
214:
212:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
176:
172:
171:
160:
155:
153:
147:
144:
143:Binomial name
140:
136:
135:
134:T. cruzi
130:
127:
126:
123:
122:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
91:
90:Kinetoplastea
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
71:
68:
65:
64:
59:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2256:
2218:
2204:
2179:
2139:
2103:
2088:
2061:
2034:
2033:
2019:
1940:
1934:
1924:
1918:
1870:
1866:
1855:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1795:. Retrieved
1785:
1755:(1): 84â92.
1752:
1748:
1735:
1698:
1695:BMC Genomics
1694:
1683:
1648:
1641:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1551:
1545:
1506:(4): 496â8.
1503:
1499:
1489:
1465:(1): 19â25.
1462:
1458:
1448:
1426:(3): 263â8.
1423:
1419:
1413:
1378:
1374:
1363:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1227:(1): 17990.
1224:
1220:
1209:
1161:(1): 15894.
1158:
1154:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1042:
1031:
1014:
1010:
1000:
983:
979:
969:
930:
924:
914:
855:
849:
779:
773:
738:
734:
724:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
689:
680:
676:
662:
653:
649:
643:
616:
600:
598:
589:
586:
582:
574:
571:
564:
559:
555:
554:
545:Epidemiology
538:
523:trypanocidal
517:
492:
491:
481:
477:
475:
471:
461:
459:
449:
446:
443:
430:
421:fibrillation
409:
400:chronotropic
395:
393:
383:Western blot
378:
374:
354:
352:
343:
339:
330:benznidazole
323:
303:
291:
282:cytoskeleton
263:
259:
256:epimastigote
249:
245:
241:
239:
230:Oswaldo Cruz
225:
220:
182:trypanosomes
169:
168:
167:
151:
149:
133:
132:
120:
40:
24:
18:
2345:iNaturalist
2281:Wikispecies
2105:L. donovani
2067:L. mexicana
1333:Circulation
1286:Transfusion
704:Trypanozoma
696:Trypanozoma
567:kissing bug
519:Imipramines
277:fibronectin
198:brucellosis
188:in humans,
121:Trypanosoma
45:kinetoplast
2406:Categories
2186:Giardiasis
2075:L. tropica
1981:caused by
1797:2016-04-16
1701:(1): 816.
1562:): 88â93.
907:0128010290
834:0125104510
718:(16): 161.
656:: 120â122.
635:References
433:epicardial
326:nifurtimox
317:, and the
311:oesophagus
298:amastigote
236:Life cycle
202:triatomine
178:euglenoids
80:Euglenozoa
2163:Trichozoa
2021:T. brucei
1823:: 150â5.
1817:Acta Trop
1576:0163-4453
1249:2045-2322
1183:2045-2322
953:0022-1910
937:: 20â26.
890:971022099
784:Amsterdam
757:0104-5970
741:: 13â34.
480:strains.
404:inotropic
402:but also
371:cyclin D1
217:Etymology
175:parasitic
128:Species:
70:Eukaryota
2363:11748483
2308:BioLib:
2266:Wikidata
2109:infantum
2035:T. cruzi
1986:protozoa
1983:Excavata
1899:31107905
1847:26188331
1777:25754153
1769:26458237
1727:30424726
1675:29530308
1633:22469536
1584:15236914
1560:Elsevier
1522:17546284
1481:16491205
1405:12704159
1369:(2003).
1355:17339569
1314:11997057
1306:12084162
1267:29269773
1201:32985548
1073:16157182
961:27521585
935:Elsevier
898:82080107
864:Elsevier
825:82769743
817:50752006
765:20027916
623:See also
617:T. cruzi
601:T. cruzi
579:Clinical
560:T. cruzi
556:T. cruzi
539:in vitro
493:T. cruzi
482:T. cruzi
478:T. cruzi
462:T. cruzi
450:T. cruzi
440:Motility
417:ischemia
413:diastole
396:T. cruzi
379:T. cruzi
375:T. cruzi
355:T. cruzi
341:tissue.
264:T. cruzi
260:T. cruzi
246:T. cruzi
106:Family:
76:Phylum:
66:Domain:
2337:6533909
2272:Q150162
1943:. 5693.
1890:6544315
1838:4644990
1718:6234542
1624:3309679
1440:9076552
1258:5740174
1229:Bibcode
1192:7522242
1163:Bibcode
1129:3045248
1120:2189010
269:laminin
226:"cruzi"
190:dourine
116:Genus:
96:Order:
86:Class:
2389:634276
2350:342766
2324:TRYPCR
2311:144377
1897:
1887:
1845:
1835:
1775:
1767:
1725:
1715:
1673:
1663:
1631:
1621:
1582:
1574:
1520:
1479:
1438:
1403:
1396:153290
1393:
1353:
1312:
1304:
1265:
1255:
1247:
1199:
1189:
1181:
1127:
1117:
1071:
1061:
959:
951:
905:
896:
888:
878:
840:
832:
823:
815:
805:
787:Boston
763:
755:
533:, and
507:s are
365:, and
313:, the
309:, the
211:faeces
206:vector
161:, 1909
159:Chagas
2384:WoRMS
2358:IRMNG
1773:S2CID
1745:(PDF)
1554:(2).
1310:S2CID
1047:(PDF)
894:S2CID
821:S2CID
673:(PDF)
367:NF-ÎșB
315:colon
307:heart
194:surra
2376:5693
2371:NCBI
2332:GBIF
2319:EPPO
1895:PMID
1843:PMID
1765:PMID
1723:PMID
1671:PMID
1661:ISBN
1629:PMID
1580:PMID
1572:ISSN
1518:PMID
1477:PMID
1436:PMID
1401:PMID
1351:PMID
1302:PMID
1263:PMID
1245:ISSN
1197:PMID
1179:ISSN
1125:PMID
1069:PMID
1059:ISBN
957:PMID
949:ISSN
903:ISBN
886:OCLC
876:ISBN
838:ISBN
830:ISBN
813:OCLC
803:ISBN
761:PMID
753:ISSN
521:are
497:mice
363:AP-1
328:and
240:The
221:The
192:and
2296:AFD
1885:PMC
1875:doi
1833:PMC
1825:doi
1821:151
1757:doi
1713:PMC
1703:doi
1653:doi
1619:PMC
1611:doi
1564:doi
1508:doi
1467:doi
1428:doi
1391:PMC
1383:doi
1341:doi
1337:115
1294:doi
1253:PMC
1237:doi
1187:PMC
1171:doi
1115:PMC
1107:doi
1103:168
1051:doi
1019:doi
988:doi
939:doi
868:doi
795:doi
743:doi
361:),
359:ERK
2408::
2386::
2373::
2360::
2347::
2334::
2321::
2298::
2283::
2268::
2107:/
2073:/
2069:/
2065:/
1939:.
1923:.
1921:)"
1893:.
1883:.
1871:13
1869:.
1865:.
1841:.
1831:.
1819:.
1815:.
1771:.
1763:.
1753:21
1751:.
1747:.
1721:.
1711:.
1699:19
1697:.
1693:.
1669:.
1659:.
1627:.
1617:.
1607:18
1605:.
1601:.
1578:.
1570:.
1552:49
1550:.
1530:^
1516:.
1504:88
1475:.
1463:86
1434:.
1424:58
1422:.
1399:.
1389:.
1379:71
1377:.
1373:.
1349:.
1335:.
1331:.
1308:.
1300:.
1290:42
1288:.
1261:.
1251:.
1243:.
1235:.
1223:.
1219:.
1195:.
1185:.
1177:.
1169:.
1159:10
1157:.
1153:.
1137:^
1123:.
1113:.
1101:.
1097:.
1081:^
1067:.
1057:.
1015:13
1013:.
1009:.
984:72
982:.
978:.
955:.
947:.
933:.
931:97
929:.
923:.
892:.
884:.
874:.
866:.
862::
858:.
836:.
819:.
811:.
801:.
789::
782:.
759:.
751:.
739:16
737:.
733:.
716:23
675:.
654:13
529:,
515:.
271:,
2188:)
2184:(
1971:e
1964:t
1957:v
1937:"
1933:"
1901:.
1877::
1849:.
1827::
1800:.
1779:.
1759::
1729:.
1705::
1677:.
1655::
1635:.
1613::
1586:.
1566::
1558:(
1524:.
1510::
1483:.
1469::
1442:.
1430::
1407:.
1385::
1357:.
1343::
1316:.
1296::
1269:.
1239::
1231::
1225:7
1203:.
1173::
1165::
1131:.
1109::
1075:.
1053::
1025:.
1021::
994:.
990::
963:.
941::
909:.
900:.
870::
844:.
827:.
797::
767:.
745::
706:(
698:(
681:2
505:2
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
