42:
3443:
that the "crucial question" is where the real power lay. In his view, this can only be shown by the political narrative of events. Bushkovitch placed the balance of power between the tsar, the individual boyars, and the tsar's favorites at the center of political decision-making. In so doing, Bushkovitch found that on the one hand, the tsar's relative power fluctuated per monarch, and on the other hand, that the nobility was all but unified; the balance of power changed with each tsar as well as the rise of boyars and in the case of Peter I even shifted multiple times.
1807:
3427:
elites and the bureaucracy as its pillars. For example, Sergey M. Troitskii claimed that the
Russian monarchs held sway of the nobility which was reduced to state service. According to Troitskii, absolutism in Russia was the same as everywhere else. This led to a difficult position within Marxism because absolutism revolves around institutions and laws, which were fundamentally less important than the socioeconomic base of society. This raises the question of how absolutism could be the same when socioeconomic circumstances in Russia were not the same as elsewhere.
912:
3041:
1746:
3435:
not a unified and powerful whole (commanded by the economically dominant class), they likewise tackled common (Marxist) conceptions of
Russian autocracy. While like Troitskii, they studied the nobility and bureaucracy (in a later period), Zaionchkovskii and Zakharova painted a different picture of the tsar's position. Coinciding with Western scholars like Robert Crummey, they lay bare the interdependence of monarch and nobility in the practice of rule.
3439:
in by any form of constitution, but he emphasizes, for example, the limitations of
Christian morality and court customs. The so-called "American school" of the 1980s and 1990s argued for the important role of elite networks and their power in court. Edward Keenan went even further in his well-known piece on Muscovite political culture, claiming that the tsar was merely a puppet in the hands of boyars who wielded the actual power behind the scenes.
924:
3573:: Today, the autocrat is usually seen as synonymous with despot, tyrant, and/or dictator, though each of these terms originally had a separate and distinct meaning. Overall, out of the available terms, "tsarist autocracy" is the one that seems most correct for the entire period discussed, but it is worth keeping in mind that there are no
3434:
Similarly struggling with
Marxist conceptions, Soviet historian Petr A. Zaionchkovskii and his student Larisa G. Zakharova focused on the importance of the political convictions of Russian officials and bureaucrats to explain nineteenth-century political decision-making. By showing that the state was
3372:
is described as "the most consistent" defender of the position that the uniqueness of
Russian political heritage is inseparable from its ethnic identity. In White's opinion, autocracy is the defining factor in the history of Russian politics. He wrote that Russian political culture is "rooted in the
3290:
authority, stood at the center of the tsarist autocracy, with full power over the state and its people. The autocrat delegated power to persons and institutions acting on his orders, and within the limits of his laws, for the common good of all Russia. The tsar was metaphorically a father and all of
3438:
Outside Russia and the Soviet Union, Hans-Joachim Torke among others tried to counter the notion of an all-powerful autocratic state by pointing at the mutual dependency of service elites and the state (coining the term "state-conditioned society"). Torke acknowledges that the tsars were not reined
3426:
Regarding the substance of the autocracy model, its equation with despotism and its supposed origins in Mongol rule, as well as its supposed rise in medieval
Muscovy, have been heavily debated. For one, Marxist Soviet scholars were concerned with prerevolutionary absolutism and identified the boyar
3422:
Historians of different backgrounds have criticized the concept of tsarist autocracy in its various forms. Their complaints range from the different names of the model being too vague, to its chronological implications (it is impossible to consider Russia in different centuries the same) as well as
3442:
For others, like David Ransel and Paul
Bushkovitch, it goes too far to portray relations between tsar and nobility like Keenan does, because it does not appreciate their complexity. Bushkovitch argues that the theoretic lack of limitations on the power of the tsar is irrelevant and instead claims
3430:
In order to reconcile the non-socioeconomic nature of absolutism with
Marxist theory, Soviet scholar Alexander N. Chistozvonov proposed to group the Russian monarchy with the Prussian and Austrian ones, forming a distinct mix of Western European absolutism and "oriental despotism". In the eyes of
3446:
Charles J. Halperin cautioned against views that too easily claim tsar and state dominance in politics or society. While acknowledging the institutional differences between
Muscovy and Western European monarchies, Halperin nevertheless stresses that these differences should not be considered
3239:, legally affirming the rights and privileges they had acquired in preceding years, and the Charter of the Towns, establishing municipal self-government. This placated the powerful classes of society but left real power in the hands of the state bureaucracy. Building on this,
3385:
is another influential historian among non-specialists who holds the position about the distinctness of
Russian history and political system, describing the absolutism of the Muscovite political system as "patrimonial", and saw the stability of the
3409:
influences during its history, and biographies of Russian leaders often stressed their possible Asiatic ancestries. In the tradition of the racist ideology of the Nazis, they maintained that Asiatic influences rendered the Russians, along with the
3153:
Imperial autocracy, Russian autocracy, Muscovite autocracy, tsarist absolutism, imperial absolutism, Russian absolutism, Muscovite absolutism, Muscovite despotism, Russian despotism, tsarist despotism or imperial despotism.
3200:("assembly of the land"). During Michael's reign, when the Romanov dynasty was still weak, such assemblies were summoned annually. The Romanov dynasty consolidated absolute power in Russia during the reign of
3302:
Furthermore, contrary to the movement for separation of church and state in West European monarchies, the Russian Empire combined monarchy with the supreme authority on religious issues (see
3431:
Chistozvonov, whatever absolutist or autocratic elements were indeed present in Russia, they were not unique and do not warrant Russia's exclusive categorization.
2292:
4708:
1774:
3137:
counterbalanced by legislative authority, as well as a more religious authority than Western monarchs. The institution originated during the time of
954:
4586:
3423:
to its content (the question how Russian or "tsarist" autocracy differs from "regular" autocracy or from European absolutism for that matter).
691:
613:
4572:
4230:
4179:
4131:
4701:
4388:
4155:
991:
1205:
5128:
4305:
2933:
1767:
4059:
3320:
The tsarist autocracy had many supporters within Russia. Major Russian advocates and theorists of the autocracy included writer
5133:
3931:
3368:. They see the traditions of autocracy and patrimonialism as dominating Russia's political culture for centuries; for example,
2899:
4656:
3818:
3569:, however, the very use of the word despotism has problems (see following note). Finally, care should be taken with the term
3471:
3447:
absolute. In his view, the practice of rule, a matter of human interactions, is more important than theory and abstractions.
2526:
2500:
862:
274:
4281:
5118:
4694:
4206:
4035:
4011:
3907:
3069:
947:
3654:
3784:
3638:
3590:
3369:
2485:
2085:
3317:. In Russia, the tsar owned a much higher proportion of the state (lands, enterprises, etc.) than did Western monarchs.
3169:
traditions and laid foundations for the tsarist autocracy which with some variations would govern Russia for centuries.
4627:
4357:
1760:
654:
2208:
4642:
4568:
4434:(Cambridge 1998) 91-95; M. Poe, 'The Consequences of the Military Revolution in Muscovy: A Comparative Perspective',
4402:
4371:
4340:
4301:
4277:
4250:
4226:
4202:
4175:
4151:
4127:
4103:
4079:
4055:
4031:
4007:
3978:
3954:
3927:
3903:
3876:
3849:
3814:
3373:
historical experience of centuries of absolutism". Those views had been challenged by other historians, for example,
857:
812:
3686:
3702:
3622:
3360:
Some historians see the traditions of tsarist autocracy as partially responsible for laying the groundwork for the
3256:
3244:
4083:
3670:
4798:
3768:
3752:
3606:
3502:
2940:
2531:
1645:
940:
23:
2327:
2655:
2248:
1452:
1407:
649:
3231:
Peter's reforms provoked a series of palace coups seeking to restore the power of the nobility. To end them,
3224:
had abolished in 1682 at the request of the highest boyars. Peter I also strengthened state control over the
3170:
1876:
1806:
1278:
664:
5077:
2367:
724:
3235:, whose reign (1762â1796) is often regarded as the high point of absolutism in Russia, in 1785 issued the
5092:
5072:
4776:
4594:
3341:
2717:
1472:
987:
884:
706:
588:
126:
3255:) and an independent judicial system, but Russia did not have a national-level representative assembly (
5123:
5067:
4902:
4680:
3271:
3142:
2889:
2712:
2521:
2401:
1293:
696:
603:
4583:
2070:
5138:
4761:
4686:
2894:
2749:
2495:
2155:
5036:
3344:. They all argued that a strong and prosperous Russia needed a strong tsar and that philosophies of
2100:
100:
5062:
4934:
4394:
4363:
3731:, have been criticized as misleading, since Muscovy, and Russia, never had characteristics of pure
3337:
3303:
3062:
2238:
2188:
1995:
1043:
659:
558:
352:
184:
164:
2337:
4946:
4879:
4803:
4788:
4771:
3225:
3095:
2611:
2218:
1886:
1701:
1268:
765:
493:
456:
446:
4107:
4985:
4820:
4609:
3248:
3134:
2982:
2729:
2490:
2297:
1953:
1716:
1283:
837:
817:
382:
31:
4810:
4793:
4344:
4320:
4254:
3982:
3958:
3880:
3853:
3723:
3546:
3240:
3236:
3178:
3118:
2815:
2759:
2391:
1834:
1711:
1574:
1171:
669:
548:
488:
466:
222:
2322:
2110:
852:
41:
4951:
3292:
2842:
2472:
2461:
2411:
2372:
2362:
872:
623:
543:
68:
2312:
2302:
2120:
8:
5087:
4997:
4815:
4725:
3232:
3055:
2987:
2445:
2432:
2419:
1943:
1635:
1544:
1501:
1288:
1053:
916:
879:
377:
357:
342:
232:
179:
174:
90:
80:
2145:
2095:
4668:
3466:
3461:
3329:
3321:
3138:
3007:
2884:
2825:
2754:
2552:
2539:
2513:
2170:
2015:
1881:
1273:
1058:
1033:
867:
793:
618:
503:
407:
307:
95:
267:
5113:
5052:
4739:
4652:
4638:
4564:
4398:
4367:
4336:
4297:
4273:
4246:
4222:
4198:
4171:
4147:
4123:
4099:
4075:
4051:
4027:
4003:
3974:
3950:
3923:
3899:
3872:
3845:
3810:
3550:
3481:
3349:
3193:
3122:
3114:
3012:
2997:
2916:
2606:
2477:
2424:
2352:
2332:
2317:
2307:
2140:
2125:
2075:
2055:
1923:
1871:
1866:
1844:
1839:
1791:
1706:
1427:
1258:
1210:
1038:
971:
889:
578:
568:
518:
312:
212:
194:
189:
4561:
Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304â1589
3390:
in the fact that Russians accepted the legitimacy of this patrimonial organization.
3216:
but theoretically open to all classes of the society, in place of the nobility-only
4832:
4717:
4503:
Crummey, âRussian Absolutismâ, 466; R.O. Crummey, 'Hans-Joachim Torke, 1938-2000',
4432:
Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influence on the Steppe Frontier, 1304-1589
3402:
3374:
3333:
3205:
3189:
3185:
3086:
3024:
2923:
2872:
2357:
2272:
1968:
1938:
1891:
1539:
1462:
1432:
1306:
1048:
1028:
772:
593:
427:
397:
392:
372:
332:
118:
105:
847:
842:
4857:
4842:
4756:
4721:
4624:"Russian despotism": the origins and dissemination of an early modern commonplace
4619:
4590:
3361:
3264:
3201:
3045:
2616:
2544:
2508:
2440:
2347:
2342:
2287:
2160:
2135:
2080:
1750:
1723:
1579:
1569:
1366:
1263:
779:
538:
387:
347:
317:
3173:
in Russia gradually developed during the 17th and 18th centuries, replacing the
4990:
4359:
Dominance by design: technological imperatives and America's civilizing mission
3891:
3325:
3314:
3213:
3126:
2854:
2776:
2282:
2040:
1963:
1918:
1728:
1659:
1564:
1397:
1311:
822:
598:
583:
573:
563:
533:
417:
402:
367:
362:
337:
289:
279:
255:
4674:
5107:
4975:
4867:
3382:
3345:
3307:
3217:
3209:
2972:
2867:
2847:
2837:
2650:
2175:
2165:
2105:
2065:
2060:
1901:
1615:
1510:
1412:
1402:
1243:
928:
832:
827:
729:
674:
644:
608:
553:
523:
513:
422:
412:
217:
169:
3208:
and strengthened the central power of the tsar, establishing a bureaucratic
4884:
4852:
4766:
3896:
A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya
3476:
3387:
3378:
3365:
3260:
3197:
2832:
2707:
2672:
2456:
2277:
2150:
2115:
1973:
1664:
1591:
1585:
1559:
1554:
1530:
1520:
1457:
1346:
1166:
1090:
528:
508:
498:
322:
260:
227:
4438:
38 4 (1996) 603-604; R.O. Crummey, 'Russian Absolutism and the Nobility',
2766:
5019:
5012:
4939:
4827:
4782:
3456:
3002:
2967:
2739:
2697:
2643:
2601:
2571:
2396:
2130:
2010:
1911:
1669:
1654:
1596:
1467:
1331:
1130:
1125:
1105:
1095:
1085:
207:
154:
112:
56:
4333:
The Rebirth of Russian Democracy: An Interpretation of Political Culture
4294:
The Catholic Church and Russia: Popes, Patriarchs, Tsars, and Commissars
4243:
The Rebirth of Russian Democracy: An Interpretation of Political Culture
3971:
The Rebirth of Russian Democracy: An Interpretation of Political Culture
3947:
The Rebirth of Russian Democracy: An Interpretation of Political Culture
3869:
The Rebirth of Russian Democracy: An Interpretation of Political Culture
3291:
his subjects were his children; this metaphor even appeared in Orthodox
3040:
1745:
5057:
5029:
5007:
4917:
3574:
3221:
2859:
2810:
2734:
2228:
2050:
1978:
1829:
1674:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1606:
1447:
1238:
1120:
1115:
979:
758:
327:
284:
202:
4716:
4671:. By the Chancery of the Committee of Ministers, St. Petersburg. 1896.
4072:
Russia's Economic Transitions: From Late Tsarism to the New Millennium
2665:
4980:
4956:
4912:
4907:
4862:
4847:
4744:
3732:
3570:
3287:
3174:
3166:
3110:
2992:
2977:
2928:
2879:
2788:
2744:
2724:
2692:
2636:
2626:
2581:
2576:
2198:
2005:
1988:
1958:
1477:
1371:
1361:
1356:
1341:
1336:
1326:
1200:
1161:
1150:
1145:
1135:
1100:
1068:
1012:
1007:
686:
149:
144:
3295:, and is remembered in the common Russian expression "ŃĐ°ŃŃ-баŃŃŃĐșĐ°"
4922:
4837:
3398:
3251:(1855â1881) established a system of elected local self-government (
3162:
2962:
2906:
2771:
2631:
2000:
1933:
1798:
1549:
1110:
1080:
1023:
748:
85:
61:
4219:
Russian Conservatism and Its Critics: A Study in Political Culture
4120:
Russian Conservatism and Its Critics: A Study in Political Culture
3538:
3133:
possessed in principle authority and wealth, with more power than
5082:
5002:
4520:(Cambridge 2004) 4; E.L. Keenan, 'Muscovite Political Folkways',
4024:
For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia
3252:
3019:
2911:
2820:
2702:
2660:
2621:
2090:
1948:
1928:
1896:
1824:
1351:
1188:
1178:
895:
237:
5024:
4961:
4927:
4874:
4048:
Negotiation in International Conflict: Understanding Persuasion
3533:
in all possible combinations, rarely giving clear definitions.
3406:
3394:
2950:
1983:
1515:
786:
701:
4417:
C.J. Halperin, 'Muscovy as a Hypertrophic State: A Critique',
4967:
3736:
3411:
2955:
2945:
2045:
1906:
3577:
and that the Russian political system evolved through time.
3842:
Conservative Thinkers: From John Adams to Winston Churchill
3283:
3130:
2783:
159:
4000:
Russia and the USSR, 1855â1991: Autocracy and Dictatorship
4168:
Russian Path Dependence: A People with a Troubled History
4479:
Pravitel'stvennyi apparat samoderzhavnoi Rossii v XIX v.
3537:
can be indeed applicable to the entire period (see also
4550:
Halperin, 'Muscovy as a Hypertrophic State', 501-507.
3100:
3405:, linked the Soviet government's autocratic rule to
3196:(reigned 1613â1645), was elected to the throne by a
4535:
The Politics of Catherinian Russia: The Panin Party
4518:Peter the Great: The Struggle for Power, 1671-1725
4451:A. Gerschenkron, 'Soviet Marxism and Absolutism',
3920:Peter the Great: The Struggle for Power, 1671â1725
3204:(reigned 1682â1725), who reduced the power of the
4386:
5105:
4483:Aleksandr II i otmena krepostnogo prava v Rossii
16:Form of autocracy specific to Russian monarchies
4702:
4669:Excerpts from Statesman's Handbook for Russia
4195:Dostoevsky the Thinker: A Philosophical Study
4144:Russian Politics and Society: An Introduction
3063:
1768:
948:
265:
4355:
4098:, the University of California Press, 1977,
3735:, such as the ruler being identified with a
692:Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union
4614:The Making of Russian Absolutism, 1613â1801
3941:
3939:
3863:
3861:
3417:
4709:
4695:
4635:The Russian Tragedy: The Burden of History
4436:Comparative Studies in Society and History
4189:
4187:
3070:
3056:
1775:
1761:
955:
941:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
992:List of countries by system of government
4315:
4313:
3936:
3858:
3561:are applicable. Further, we can look at
3545:is applicable only to the period of the
3517:The existing literature pairs the words
3141:(1462â1505) and was abolished after the
4676:The Origins of Russian Authoritarianism
4539:Peter the Great: The Struggle for Power
4494:Crummey, 'Russian Absolutism', 466-467.
4464:Crummey, 'Russian Absolutism', 458-459.
4184:
5106:
4264:
4262:
3823:
3397:in the concept. For example, American
3188:(1598â1613), the first monarch of the
2501:Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil
4690:
4310:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3472:Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality
863:Mass killings under communist regimes
275:Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality
4563:, Cambridge University Press, 2002,
4074:, Cambridge University Press, 2003,
3922:, Cambridge University Press, 2001,
3898:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006,
3807:Russia First: Breaking with the West
3801:
3799:
3243:(reigned 1801â1825) established the
3148:
4477:(Moscow 1968); P.A. Zaionchkovski,
4259:
4096:Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait
3539:historical usage of the term "tsar"
3270:The system was abolished after the
2433:Establishment of the Dutch monarchy
13:
4628:University of California, Berkeley
4603:
4390:Modernization from the other shore
4335:, Harvard University Press, 1995,
4296:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2004,
4245:, Harvard University Press, 1995,
4197:, Cornell University Press, 2002,
4046:Deborah Goodwin, Matthew Midlane,
4026:, Harvard University Press, 2006,
3987:
3973:, Harvard University Press, 1995,
3949:, Harvard University Press, 1995,
3871:, Harvard University Press, 1995,
3777:
3761:
3745:
3711:
3695:
3679:
3663:
3647:
3631:
3615:
3599:
3583:
3511:
3495:
3393:Some historians have pointed to a
655:Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
14:
5150:
4662:
4475:Otmena krepostnogo prava v Rossii
4270:Stalinism: The Essential Readings
3932:Google Print, p. 80 & 118-119
3796:
3247:as an advisory legislative body.
858:Criticism of communist party rule
3844:, Transaction Publishers, 2005,
3039:
2402:Foundation of the Ottoman Empire
1805:
1744:
922:
910:
40:
4577:
4553:
4544:
4537:(New Haven 1975); Bushkovitch,
4527:
4510:
4497:
4488:
4481:(Moscow 1978); L.G. Zakharova,
4467:
4458:
4445:
4424:
4411:
4380:
4349:
4325:
4286:
4235:
4221:, Yale University Press, 2007,
4211:
4160:
4136:
4122:, Yale University Press, 2007,
4112:
4088:
4064:
4040:
3553:, a period for which the words
3313:Another key feature related to
3165:(reigned 1462â1505) built upon
2532:Spanish transition to democracy
2209:Les Six livres de la RĂ©publique
5129:Politics of the Russian Empire
4272:, Blackwell Publishing, 2003,
4050:, Taylor & Francis, 2002,
4016:
3963:
3912:
3885:
3778:
3762:
3746:
3712:
3696:
3680:
3664:
3648:
3632:
3616:
3600:
3584:
3512:
3496:
3121:and its successor states, the
2249:Democracy: The God That Failed
1453:Intergovernmental organisation
1408:Separation of church and state
1:
5134:Society of the Russian Empire
4626:. Thesis (Ph.D. in history).
3790:
3355:
2527:Birth of the Italian Republic
5078:Social dominance orientation
1250:(socio-political ideologies)
7:
5119:Political history of Russia
5093:List of totalitarian states
5073:Right-wing authoritarianism
4649:Russia under the Old Regime
4595:Western New England College
4146:, Pearson Education, 2001,
3519:Russian, tsarist, Muscovite
3450:
3286:himself, the embodiment of
3277:
3101:
2486:Austro-Hungarian Compromise
2412:Birth of the Dutch Republic
1318:(socio-economic ideologies)
988:List of forms of government
885:Russia under Vladimir Putin
707:Union of the Russian People
127:Traditionalist conservatism
10:
5155:
5068:Left-wing authoritarianism
4903:Authoritarian conservatism
4593:Professor Gerhard Rempel,
4387:David C. Engerman (2003).
3272:Russian Revolution of 1917
3157:
3143:Russian Revolution of 1917
2522:Siamese revolution of 1932
665:Russian All-People's Union
5045:
4895:
4762:Counterintelligence state
4732:
4440:Journal of Modern History
3721:and its development, the
3090:
2496:5 October 1910 Revolution
2392:Birth of the Roman Empire
1439:(geo-cultural ideologies)
725:All-Russia People's Front
5063:Inverted totalitarianism
4935:Authoritarian capitalism
4395:Harvard University Press
4364:Harvard University Press
3549:, which was replaced by
3487:
3418:Criticism of the concept
3381:(as cited by Hoffmann).
3338:Konstantin Pobedonostsev
3304:Church reform of Peter I
3102:tsarskoye samoderzhaviye
2239:Considerations on France
165:Economic interventionism
22:This article is part of
4947:Authoritarian socialism
4207:Google Print, p.171-172
4193:James Patrick Scanlan,
4108:Google Print, p.356-358
3854:Google Print, pp. 84â86
3565:as a precursor for the
3226:Russian Orthodox Church
3135:constitutional monarchs
2855:Emperor system of Japan
1702:Administrative division
1646:International relations
917:Conservatism portal
457:Sociology of Revolution
447:St Petersburg Dialogues
4268:David Lloyd Hoffmann,
3809:, I. B. Tauris, 1997,
3299:("tsar-dear father").
2730:Enlightened absolutism
266:
33:Conservatism in Russia
4811:Dominant-party system
4637:, M.E. Sharpe, 1996,
4473:P.A. Zaionchkovskii,
4356:Michael Adas (2006).
4282:Google Print, p.67-68
4084:Google Print, p.27-28
3959:Google Print, p.36-39
3881:Google Print, p.34-36
3547:Grand Duchy of Moscow
3527:despotism, absolutism
3237:Charter to the Gentry
3179:Grand Duchy of Moscow
3119:Grand Duchy of Moscow
1835:Divine right of kings
1712:Democratic transition
1575:Self-governing colony
1172:Military dictatorship
670:Union of Right Forces
467:The Gulag Archipelago
4524:45 2 (1986) 115-181.
4442:49 3 (1977) 456-459.
4366:. pp. 230â231.
4142:Catherine J. Danks,
3401:analysts, including
3091:ŃĐ°ŃŃĐșĐŸĐ” ŃĐ°ĐŒĐŸĐŽĐ”ŃжаĐČОД
2473:Unification of Italy
2462:Second French Empire
4998:Ecoauthoritarianism
4816:Illiberal democracy
4231:Google Print, p.124
4180:Google Print, p.161
4170:, Routledge, 2005,
4132:Google Print, p.181
4060:Google Print, p.158
4012:Google Print, p.1-3
4002:, Routledge, 2006.
3563:Muscovite despotism
3233:Catherine the Great
3117:localised with the
3046:Politics portal
2446:First French Empire
2420:Glorious Revolution
1751:Politics portal
1636:Supranational union
1545:Dependent territory
1458:National government
880:Russia for Russians
233:Sovereign democracy
91:Russian nationalism
4651:, (Penguin 1995),
4589:2007-09-30 at the
4573:Google Print, p.85
4559:Donald Ostrowski,
4345:Google Print, p.15
4331:Nicolai N. Petro,
4319:Nicolai N. Petro,
4306:Google Print, p.72
4255:Google Print, p.90
4241:Nicolai N. Petro,
4156:Google Print, p.21
4036:Google Print, p.77
3983:Google Print, p.48
3969:Nicolai N. Petro,
3945:Nicolai N. Petro,
3918:Paul Bushkovitch,
3908:Google Print, p.59
3867:Nicolai N. Petro,
3819:Google Print, p.17
3785:those publications
3769:those publications
3753:those publications
3719:oriental despotism
3703:those publications
3687:those publications
3671:those publications
3655:those publications
3639:those publications
3623:those publications
3607:those publications
3591:those publications
3567:tsarist absolutism
3503:those publications
3467:Oriental despotism
3462:King-in-Parliament
3352:were alien to it.
3330:Konstantin Aksakov
3322:Fyodor Dostoyevsky
3184:After the chaotic
2885:List of monarchies
2686:Related ideologies
2553:Nepalese Civil War
2540:Iranian Revolution
2514:Russian Revolution
2509:Chinese Revolution
2491:German unification
868:Politics of Russia
5124:Tsardom of Russia
5101:
5100:
5053:Democracy indices
4740:Absolute monarchy
4657:978-0-14-024768-8
4094:Reinhard Bendix,
4070:Nicolas Spulber,
4022:Robert D. Crews,
3729:Russian despotism
3551:tsardom of Russia
3482:Royal prerogative
3414:, untrustworthy.
3350:liberal democracy
3194:Michael of Russia
3149:Alternative names
3123:Tsardom of Russia
3115:absolute monarchy
3099:
3083:Tsarist autocracy
3080:
3079:
2478:Meiji Restoration
2425:French Revolution
2407:Tsarist autocracy
2368:Popescu-TÄriceanu
1867:Abdication system
1845:Royal prerogative
1840:Mandate of Heaven
1785:
1784:
1736:
1735:
1707:Democracy indices
1682:
1681:
1485:
1484:
1294:Semi-presidential
1219:
1218:
965:
964:
929:Russia portal
890:Serfdom in Russia
853:Anti-Ukrainianism
195:Nuclear Orthodoxy
5146:
5139:Authoritarianism
4952:MarxismâLeninism
4833:Managerial state
4711:
4704:
4697:
4688:
4687:
4677:
4598:
4581:
4575:
4557:
4551:
4548:
4542:
4531:
4525:
4516:P. Bushkovitch,
4514:
4508:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4486:
4471:
4465:
4462:
4456:
4455:30 4 (1971) 855.
4449:
4443:
4428:
4422:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4353:
4347:
4329:
4323:
4317:
4308:
4292:Dennis J. Dunn,
4290:
4284:
4266:
4257:
4239:
4233:
4215:
4209:
4191:
4182:
4166:Stefan Hedlund,
4164:
4158:
4140:
4134:
4116:
4110:
4092:
4086:
4068:
4062:
4044:
4038:
4020:
4014:
3996:
3985:
3967:
3961:
3943:
3934:
3916:
3910:
3889:
3883:
3865:
3856:
3838:
3821:
3805:Peter Truscott,
3803:
3782:
3766:
3750:
3716:
3700:
3684:
3668:
3652:
3636:
3620:
3604:
3588:
3516:
3500:
3375:Nicolai N. Petro
3334:Nikolay Karamzin
3186:Time of Troubles
3104:
3094:
3092:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3044:
3043:
2924:Philosopher king
2254:
2244:
2234:
2224:
2214:
2204:
2194:
2156:Kuehnelt-Leddihn
1892:Crowned republic
1877:Chinese Legalist
1816:Central concepts
1809:
1787:
1786:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1749:
1748:
1696:
1695:
1540:Associated state
1498:
1497:
1473:Internationalism
1463:World government
1440:
1319:
1251:
1232:
1231:
1206:Free association
1193:
1154:
1073:
1016:
1004:
1003:
967:
966:
957:
950:
943:
927:
926:
925:
915:
914:
913:
813:Anti-Americanism
773:Nash Sovremennik
754:
472:
462:
452:
271:
223:Social hierarchy
119:Pochvennichestvo
44:
34:
19:
18:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5041:
4891:
4858:Socialist state
4843:One-party state
4757:Communist state
4728:
4715:
4675:
4665:
4647:Richard Pipes,
4633:Hugh Ragsdale,
4620:Marshall T. Poe
4616:, Longman, 1986
4606:
4604:Further reading
4601:
4591:Wayback Machine
4582:
4578:
4558:
4554:
4549:
4545:
4532:
4528:
4515:
4511:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4472:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4450:
4446:
4429:
4425:
4421:3 3 (2002) 501.
4416:
4412:
4405:
4397:. p. 260.
4385:
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4354:
4350:
4330:
4326:
4318:
4311:
4291:
4287:
4267:
4260:
4240:
4236:
4217:Richard Pipes,
4216:
4212:
4192:
4185:
4165:
4161:
4141:
4137:
4118:Richard Pipes,
4117:
4113:
4093:
4089:
4069:
4065:
4045:
4041:
4021:
4017:
3998:Stephen J. Lee
3997:
3988:
3968:
3964:
3944:
3937:
3917:
3913:
3890:
3886:
3866:
3859:
3840:Peter Viereck,
3839:
3824:
3804:
3797:
3793:
3490:
3453:
3420:
3362:totalitarianism
3358:
3280:
3265:1905 Revolution
3202:Peter the Great
3190:Romanov dynasty
3160:
3151:
3105:), also called
3076:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3031:
2805:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2687:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2596:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2566:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2545:Modern Cambodia
2518:
2482:
2466:
2450:
2441:Trienio Liberal
2429:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2242:
2232:
2222:
2212:
2202:
2192:
2030:
2022:
2021:
2020:
1996:Self-proclaimed
1861:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1817:
1792:Politics series
1781:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1724:Democratisation
1717:Autocratization
1693:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1640:
1601:
1580:Tributary state
1570:Satellite state
1525:
1495:
1494:Power structure
1487:
1486:
1438:
1437:
1419:
1390:
1376:
1367:Totalitarianism
1317:
1316:
1298:
1249:
1248:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1191:
1183:
1148:
1140:
1071:
1063:
1010:
1001:
1000:Source of power
978:Basic forms of
972:Politics series
961:
923:
921:
911:
909:
902:
901:
818:Anti-Chechenism
808:
800:
799:
780:Russkoye Znamya
752:
743:
735:
734:
720:
712:
711:
637:
629:
628:
484:
476:
475:
470:
460:
450:
441:
433:
432:
303:
295:
294:
268:Intelligentsiya
251:
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242:
213:Russian culture
190:Orthodox values
140:
132:
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52:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5152:
5142:
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5000:
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4855:
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4830:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4813:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4779:
4777:Constitutional
4774:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4742:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4714:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4691:
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4684:
4672:
4664:
4663:External links
4661:
4660:
4659:
4645:
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4617:
4605:
4602:
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4576:
4552:
4543:
4526:
4522:Russian Review
4509:
4507:2 3 (2001) 702
4496:
4487:
4485:(Moscow 2011).
4466:
4457:
4444:
4430:D. Ostrowski,
4423:
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4324:
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3892:David R. Stone
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3419:
3416:
3395:racial element
3357:
3354:
3342:Pyotr Semyonov
3326:Mikhail Katkov
3315:patrimonialism
3310:for details).
3297:tsar-batyushka
3279:
3276:
3214:Table of Ranks
3159:
3156:
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3147:
3127:Russian Empire
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2806:
2804:Related topics
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2722:
2721:
2720:
2718:Traditionalist
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2695:
2689:
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2641:
2640:
2639:
2634:
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2619:
2614:
2612:Great Officers
2609:
2598:
2597:
2595:Administration
2594:
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2256:
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2245:
2235:
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2205:
2195:
2179:
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2168:
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2101:Crétineau-Joly
2098:
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2024:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1964:Personal union
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1919:Dynastic union
1916:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1887:Constitutional
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1859:
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1740:
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1732:
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1729:Hybrid regimes
1726:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1709:
1704:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1660:Regional power
1657:
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1642:
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1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
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1594:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1565:Puppet monarch
1562:
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1416:
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1400:
1398:State religion
1392:
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1389:
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1309:
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1300:
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1271:
1269:Constitutional
1266:
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1235:
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1228:Power ideology
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1192:(rule by none)
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1088:
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1044:Representative
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904:
903:
900:
899:
892:
887:
882:
877:
876:
875:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
823:Anti-communism
820:
815:
809:
807:Related topics
806:
805:
802:
801:
798:
797:
790:
783:
776:
769:
762:
755:
744:
741:
740:
737:
736:
733:
732:
727:
721:
718:
717:
714:
713:
710:
709:
704:
702:Pamyat Society
699:
697:People's Union
694:
689:
678:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
638:
635:
634:
631:
630:
627:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
485:
482:
481:
478:
477:
474:
473:
463:
453:
442:
439:
438:
435:
434:
431:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
304:
301:
300:
297:
296:
293:
292:
290:White movement
287:
282:
280:Russian Empire
277:
272:
263:
258:
256:Black Hundreds
252:
249:
248:
245:
244:
241:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
199:
198:
197:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:
130:
129:
124:
123:
122:
110:
109:
108:
103:
98:
88:
83:
78:
77:
76:
66:
65:
64:
53:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5151:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5037:ShĆwa Statism
5035:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4976:Caesaropapism
4974:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4868:Islamic state
4866:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4718:Authoritarian
4712:
4707:
4705:
4700:
4698:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4644:
4643:1-56324-755-0
4640:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4580:
4574:
4570:
4569:0-521-89410-7
4566:
4562:
4556:
4547:
4540:
4536:
4533:D.L. Ransel,
4530:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4506:
4500:
4491:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4461:
4454:
4453:Slavic Review
4448:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4420:
4414:
4406:
4404:0-674-01151-1
4400:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4383:
4375:
4373:0-674-01867-2
4369:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4352:
4346:
4342:
4341:0-674-75001-2
4338:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4314:
4307:
4303:
4302:0-7546-3610-0
4299:
4295:
4289:
4283:
4279:
4278:0-631-22891-8
4275:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4256:
4252:
4251:0-674-75001-2
4248:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4228:
4227:0-300-12269-1
4224:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4204:
4203:0-8014-3994-9
4200:
4196:
4190:
4188:
4181:
4177:
4176:0-415-35400-5
4173:
4169:
4163:
4157:
4153:
4152:0-582-47300-4
4149:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4129:
4128:0-300-12269-1
4125:
4121:
4115:
4109:
4105:
4104:0-520-03194-6
4101:
4097:
4091:
4085:
4081:
4080:0-521-81699-8
4077:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4057:
4056:0-7146-8193-8
4053:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4033:
4032:0-674-02164-9
4029:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4009:
4008:0-415-33577-9
4005:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3984:
3980:
3979:0-674-75001-2
3976:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3956:
3955:0-674-75001-2
3952:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3933:
3929:
3928:0-521-80585-6
3925:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3905:
3904:0-275-98502-4
3901:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3878:
3877:0-674-75001-2
3874:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3855:
3851:
3850:1-4128-0526-0
3847:
3843:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3820:
3816:
3815:1-86064-199-7
3812:
3808:
3802:
3800:
3795:
3788:
3786:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3688:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3415:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3403:George Kennan
3400:
3396:
3391:
3389:
3384:
3383:Richard Pipes
3380:
3376:
3371:
3370:Stephen White
3367:
3363:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3346:republicanism
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3311:
3309:
3308:caesaropapism
3305:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3245:State council
3242:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3218:mestnichestvo
3215:
3212:based on the
3211:
3210:civil service
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3155:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3129:. In it, the
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3088:
3084:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2973:Regnal number
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2900:Non-sovereign
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2801:
2800:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:Authoritarian
2711:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2682:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:Crown Council
2654:
2653:
2652:
2651:Privy council
2649:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2591:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2374:
2373:Zourabichvili
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2262:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2086:Chateaubriand
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2025:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:Non-sovereign
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1616:Confederation
1614:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:Unitary state
1509:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1490:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1413:State atheism
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1403:Secular state
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1307:Authoritarian
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1284:Parliamentary
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1072:(rule by few)
1070:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1005:
997:
996:
993:
990:
989:
985:
984:
981:
977:
976:
973:
969:
968:
958:
953:
951:
946:
944:
939:
938:
936:
935:
930:
920:
918:
908:
907:
906:
905:
898:
897:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
874:
871:
870:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
843:Anti-Tatarism
841:
839:
836:
834:
833:Anti-Polonism
831:
829:
828:Anti-Islamism
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
810:
804:
803:
796:
795:
791:
789:
788:
784:
782:
781:
777:
775:
774:
770:
768:
767:
763:
761:
760:
756:
751:
750:
746:
745:
739:
738:
731:
730:Izborsky Club
728:
726:
723:
722:
719:Organisations
716:
715:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
683:
682:
676:
675:United Russia
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
645:Eurasia Party
643:
642:
641:
633:
632:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
559:Pobedonostsev
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
494:Alexander III
492:
490:
487:
486:
480:
479:
469:
468:
464:
459:
458:
454:
449:
448:
444:
443:
437:
436:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
353:Pobedonostsev
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
302:Intellectuals
299:
298:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
270:
269:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
247:
246:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
218:Russification
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
200:
196:
193:
192:
191:
188:
186:
185:Law and order
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
170:Family values
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
136:
135:
128:
125:
121:
120:
116:
115:
114:
111:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
93:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
75:
72:
71:
70:
67:
63:
60:
59:
58:
55:
54:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
4966:
4880:Majoritarian
4853:Police state
4821:Totalitarian
4781:
4767:Dictatorship
4749:
4722:totalitarian
4648:
4634:
4623:
4613:
4579:
4560:
4555:
4546:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4521:
4517:
4512:
4504:
4499:
4490:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4460:
4452:
4447:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4418:
4413:
4389:
4382:
4358:
4351:
4332:
4327:
4293:
4288:
4269:
4242:
4237:
4218:
4213:
4194:
4167:
4162:
4143:
4138:
4119:
4114:
4095:
4090:
4071:
4066:
4047:
4042:
4023:
4018:
3999:
3970:
3965:
3946:
3919:
3914:
3895:
3887:
3868:
3841:
3806:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3763:
3758:
3757:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3728:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3707:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3681:
3676:
3675:
3665:
3660:
3659:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3633:
3628:
3627:
3617:
3612:
3611:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3585:
3580:
3579:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3542:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3507:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3477:Royal assent
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3392:
3388:Soviet Union
3379:Martin Malia
3366:Soviet Union
3359:
3319:
3312:
3301:
3296:
3281:
3269:
3261:constitution
3249:Alexander II
3230:
3198:Zemsky Sobor
3183:
3161:
3152:
3113:, a form of
3106:
3082:
3081:
2848:Illegitimate
2843:Family trees
2708:Conservatism
2673:Royal assent
2457:Liberal Wars
2406:
2247:
2237:
2227:
2217:
2207:
2197:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2035:Philosophers
2034:
2033:
1974:Principality
1790:Part of the
1665:Middle power
1592:Vassal state
1586:Buffer state
1584:
1560:Puppet state
1555:Protectorate
1531:Client state
1521:Principality
1347:Distributism
1289:Presidential
1167:Dictatorship
1091:Gerontocracy
1013:rule by many
986:
970:Part of the
894:
848:Anti-Turkism
838:Antisemitism
792:
785:
778:
771:
764:
757:
747:
680:
679:
650:Great Russia
639:
465:
455:
445:
383:Solzhenitsyn
261:Great Russia
228:Social order
117:
73:
5020:Imperialism
4986:Enlightened
4940:Pinochetism
4828:Mafia state
4799:Proletarian
4783:Dictablanda
4584:Tartar Yoke
3783:As used in
3767:As used in
3751:As used in
3701:As used in
3685:As used in
3669:As used in
3653:As used in
3637:As used in
3621:As used in
3605:As used in
3589:As used in
3575:ideal types
3501:As used in
3457:Byzantinism
3241:Alexander I
3003:Interregnum
2968:Regnal list
2873:presumptive
2698:Bonapartism
2644:Royal guard
2607:Appointment
2572:Aristocracy
2397:Magna Carta
2363:Zhirinovsky
2266:Politicians
2193:(1265-1266)
2121:Kierkegaard
1670:Great power
1655:Small power
1597:Viceroyalty
1468:Nationalism
1332:Colonialism
1312:Libertarian
1274:Directorial
1151:rule by one
1131:Technocracy
1126:Stratocracy
1106:Meritocracy
1096:Kleptocracy
1086:Aristocracy
766:Kozma Minin
624:Zhirinovsky
549:Nicholas II
489:Alexander I
483:Politicians
378:Shcherbatov
373:Shafarevich
208:Reactionism
180:Irredentism
175:Imperialism
155:Bureaucracy
113:Slavophilia
96:All-Russian
57:Eurasianism
5108:Categories
5058:Deep state
4918:Khomeinism
4896:Ideologies
4838:Ochlocracy
4804:Right-wing
4789:Grassroots
4772:Benevolent
4726:government
4610:Paul Dukes
3791:References
3717:The terms
3356:Influences
3263:until the
3222:Feodor III
3171:Absolutism
2988:Succession
2860:Figurehead
2811:Coronation
2760:Luxembourg
2740:Legitimism
2735:Jacobitism
2298:Metternich
2229:Patriarcha
2126:Dostoevsky
2056:Bellarmine
2029:Philosophy
1979:Real union
1944:Hereditary
1830:Monarchism
1675:Superpower
1631:Superstate
1626:Federation
1621:Devolution
1607:Federalism
1448:City-state
1121:Plutocracy
1116:Particracy
980:government
873:Liberalism
759:Kievlyanin
604:von Ungern
579:Rostopchin
544:Nicholas I
440:Literature
403:Tikhomirov
313:Dostoevsky
285:White Army
203:Patriotism
139:Principles
69:Monarchism
51:Ideologies
5088:Strongman
4981:Despotism
4957:Stalinism
4913:Francoism
4908:Chiangism
4863:Theocracy
4848:Oligarchy
4745:Autocracy
4724:forms of
3733:despotism
3724:Muscovite
3571:autocracy
3543:Muscovite
3531:autocracy
3288:sovereign
3175:despotism
3167:Byzantine
3111:autocracy
3109:, was an
3096:romanized
3008:Rebellion
2993:Anti-king
2978:Sovereign
2929:Pretender
2880:Kingmaker
2816:Criticism
2767:Orléanism
2745:Miguelism
2725:Despotism
2693:Alfonsism
2637:Favourite
2627:Camarilla
2617:Household
2582:Oligarchy
2577:Autocracy
2353:Churchill
2219:Leviathan
2199:Monarchia
2141:Bainville
2016:Universal
1989:Coregency
1959:Pentarchy
1882:Composite
1502:Unitarism
1478:Globalism
1384:Religious
1372:Tribalism
1362:Socialism
1357:Feudalism
1342:Despotism
1337:Communism
1327:Anarchism
1264:Communist
1211:Stateless
1201:Anarchism
1162:Despotism
1146:Autocracy
1136:Theocracy
1101:Kritarchy
1069:Oligarchy
1054:Socialist
1008:Democracy
753:(Defunct)
687:For Truth
569:Rodzianko
534:Malyshkin
428:Zhukovsky
358:Prokhanov
348:Obolensky
150:Autocracy
145:Authority
101:Christian
5114:Monarchy
5046:See also
4923:Putinism
4794:Military
4683:by Kraut
4587:Archived
3555:imperial
3523:imperial
3451:See also
3399:Cold War
3278:Features
3206:nobility
3163:Ivan III
3139:Ivan III
3125:and the
2963:Regicide
2907:Nobility
2868:apparent
2772:Royalism
2750:Orangism
2632:Courtier
2358:Renouvin
2333:Bismarck
2328:Castillo
2318:Disraeli
2308:Polignac
2288:Consalvi
2189:De Regno
2161:Bogdanor
2011:Triarchy
2006:Tetrarch
2001:Signoria
1934:Ethnarch
1924:Elective
1872:Absolute
1799:Monarchy
1550:Dominion
1279:Legalist
1259:Absolute
1244:Republic
1239:Monarchy
1111:Noocracy
1081:Anocracy
1034:Economic
1024:Demarchy
749:Elementy
614:Vladimir
539:Mizulina
524:Kornilov
504:Dubrovin
393:Strakhov
368:Semyonov
343:Leontiev
333:Karamzin
86:Putinism
81:Populism
62:Duginism
24:a series
5083:Statism
5003:Fascism
4875:Tyranny
4750:Tsarist
4681:YouTube
4630:, 1993.
4505:Kritika
4419:Kritika
3559:Russian
3541:), but
3535:Tsarist
3412:Chinese
3364:in the
3293:primers
3259:) or a
3253:Zemstvo
3177:of the
3158:History
3107:Tsarism
3098::
3087:Russian
3020:Usurper
2912:Peerage
2890:Current
2838:Descent
2821:Dynasty
2784:Toryism
2755:Belgium
2703:Carlism
2666:RiksrÄd
2661:Makhzen
2622:Retinue
2386:History
2348:Metaxas
2343:Maurras
2313:Decazes
2303:VillĂšle
2293:Plessis
2278:Pius VI
2273:Mazarin
2166:Scruton
2136:Maurras
2091:Novalis
2076:Maistre
2071:Bossuet
2041:Aquinas
1984:Regency
1969:Popular
1949:Khanate
1939:Federal
1929:Emirate
1897:Diarchy
1825:Monarch
1692:Related
1387:Secular
1352:Fascism
1189:Anarchy
1179:Tyranny
1039:Liberal
896:Silovik
681:Defunct
636:Parties
619:Volodin
599:Tolstoy
589:Slutsky
584:Shulgin
574:Rogozin
529:Luzhkov
519:Kolchak
514:Gryzlov
509:Durnovo
423:Wrangel
418:Vikulov
388:Sorokin
363:Rozanov
308:Aksakov
250:History
238:Statism
74:Tsarism
5025:Nazism
4962:Maoism
4928:Ziaism
4655:
4641:
4567:
4401:
4370:
4339:
4300:
4276:
4249:
4225:
4201:
4174:
4150:
4126:
4102:
4078:
4054:
4030:
4006:
3977:
3953:
3926:
3902:
3875:
3848:
3813:
3220:which
2998:Crisis
2951:Empire
2895:Former
2833:Family
2565:Polity
2323:Cortés
2253:(2001)
2243:(1796)
2233:(1680)
2223:(1651)
2213:(1576)
2203:(1313)
2176:Yarvin
2131:Youwei
2116:Balmes
2111:Cortés
2096:Balzac
2081:Bonald
2066:Hobbes
2061:Filmer
1516:Empire
1428:Global
1059:Others
1049:Social
1029:Direct
794:Znamya
787:Zavtra
660:Rodina
640:Active
609:Uvarov
594:Surkov
554:Pikhno
499:Butina
471:(1973)
451:(1821)
413:Uvarov
408:Tikhon
398:Surkov
338:Katkov
201:
4968:Juche
4733:Forms
4541:, 29.
4321:p. 29
3525:with
3488:Notes
3407:Tatar
2983:Style
2956:Reich
2946:Realm
2917:Realm
2864:Heir
2826:Lists
2777:Ultra
2602:Court
2338:Mella
2283:Ruffo
2182:Works
2171:Hoppe
2151:Evola
2106:Gogol
2051:Bodin
2046:Dante
1912:Grand
1907:Duchy
1860:Types
1433:Local
742:Media
564:Putin
328:Ilyin
323:Frank
318:Dugin
106:Ultra
4991:Soft
4885:Soft
4720:and
4653:ISBN
4639:ISBN
4565:ISBN
4399:ISBN
4368:ISBN
4337:ISBN
4298:ISBN
4274:ISBN
4247:ISBN
4223:ISBN
4199:ISBN
4172:ISBN
4148:ISBN
4124:ISBN
4100:ISBN
4076:ISBN
4052:ISBN
4028:ISBN
4004:ISBN
3975:ISBN
3951:ISBN
3924:ISBN
3900:ISBN
3873:ISBN
3846:ISBN
3811:ISBN
3557:and
3529:and
3521:and
3377:and
3348:and
3340:and
3306:and
3284:tsar
3282:The
3257:Duma
3131:Tsar
3025:list
2941:Rank
2934:List
2789:High
2146:Seca
1902:Dual
461:1925
160:Duty
5030:Neo
5013:Neo
5008:Eco
4679:on
3739:).
3737:god
3727:or
3013:War
5110::
4622:,
4612:,
4571:,
4393:.
4362:.
4343:,
4312:^
4304:,
4280:,.
4261:^
4253:,
4229:,
4205:,
4186:^
4178:,
4154:,
4130:,
4106:,
4082:,
4058:,
4034:,
4010:,
3989:^
3981:,
3957:,
3938:^
3930:,
3906:,
3894:,
3879:,
3860:^
3852:,
3825:^
3817:,
3798:^
3787:.
3771:.
3755:.
3705:.
3689:.
3673:.
3657:.
3641:.
3625:.
3609:.
3593:.
3505:.
3336:,
3332:,
3328:,
3324:,
3274:.
3267:.
3228:.
3192:,
3181:.
3145:.
3093:,
3089::
26:on
4710:e
4703:t
4696:v
4597:.
4407:.
4376:.
3775:n
3759:m
3743:l
3709:k
3693:j
3677:i
3661:h
3645:g
3629:f
3613:e
3597:d
3581:c
3509:b
3493:a
3085:(
3071:e
3064:t
3057:v
1776:e
1769:t
1762:v
1153:)
1149:(
1015:)
1011:(
956:e
949:t
942:v
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