Tupolev Tu-22 - Knowledge

1061: 49: 792:(which had hit the runway of the Libyan Ouadi Doum Airbase one day earlier), a single Tu-22B attacked the airfield at N'Djamena. Staying under French radar coverage by flying low over the desert for more than 1,100 km (700 mi), it accelerated to over Mach 1, climbed to 5,000 m (16,500 ft) and dropped three heavy bombs. Despite the considerable speed and height, the attack was extremely precise; two bombs hit the runway, one demolished the taxiway, and the airfield remained closed for several hours as a consequence. The bomber ran into technical problems on its return journey. U.S. early warning reconnaissance planes based in Sudan monitored distress calls sent by the pilot of the Tu-22 that probably crashed before reaching its base at Aouzou (maybe hit by 1053: 479: 1038: 742: 1264: 670:). This system garnered the aircraft one of its many nicknames, the "supersonic booze carrier". As the system vented the coolant after use, the aircraft could run out during flight, and comfort had to be balanced by the possibility of running out of coolant. Numerous cases of Tu-22 crews drinking the coolant mixture and becoming paralytically drunk led to a crackdown by Soviet Air Force authorities. Access to the bombers after flights was restricted, and more frequent checks were made on coolant levels. This higher level of security, however, did not end the practice. 1201: 1225: 1455: 1329: 894:, which in conjunction with other Iraqi attacks resulted in a shortage of aviation fuel for the Iranians in the early period of the war. Otherwise, these early attacks were relatively ineffective, with many raids being aborted owing to Iranian air defences and operations being disrupted by heavy Iranian air strikes against Iraqi airfields. Iran claimed three Tu-22s shot down during October 1980, one on 6 October over Tehran, and two on 29 October, one near 1293: 1190: 875: 1673: 437: 630: 342:

in the initial stages of development. As the engines possibly would not meet their goals and leave the 105 underpowered, much attention was spent on cleaning up the aerodynamics to reach the required speed. This was notable in the design of the wing and landing gear, which were designed to be as "clean" as possible, with the main wheels retracting into the fuselage to allow the wing to be thinner.

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operations of the Tu-16 except for take-offs and landings. As a consequence, Tu-16 pilots transitioning to the single-pilot Tu-22 suddenly found themselves having to perform all the piloting tasks, and in a much more complicated cockpit environment. Many, if not most, of these pilots were unable to complete their training for this reason. Eventually, pilots were selected from the ranks of the

1411:. The regiment was retrained in 1968 on the Tu-22, six aircraft were received. According to the decision of the General Staff of the USSR Armed Forces, at the last moment the rearmament of the regiment was stopped, the resulting aircraft were transferred to other units, and the regiment returned to operating the Tu-16. 704:

The early Tu-22B had an optical bombing system (which was retained by the Tu-22R), with a Rubin-1A navigation/attack radar. The Tu-22K had the Leninets PN (NATO reporting name 'Down Beat') to guide the Kh-22 missile. The Tu-22R could carry a camera array or an APP-22 jammer pack in the bomb bay as an

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Pilots for the first Tu-22 squadrons were selected from the ranks of "First Class" Tu-16 pilots, which made transition into the new aircraft difficult, as the Tu-16 had a co-pilot, and many of the "elite" Tu-16 pilots selected had become accustomed to allowing their co-pilots to handle all the flight

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At the time, supersonic aerodynamics were still in their infancy, as were the engines that would power the designs. By this point, three engine models were being considered for the 105: the VD-5, the VD-7, and the new Kuznetsov NK-6. Of the three, the NK-6 offered the best performance, but was still

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In total, 311 Tu-22s of all variants were produced, the last in 1969. Production numbers were: 15 of bomber version (B), about 127 of reconnaissance versions (R, RD, RK, RDK and RDM), 47 of ELINT versions (P and PD), 76 of missile carriers (K, KD, KP and KPD) and 46 of training versions (U and UD).

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wind tunnel experiments revealed a tendency for aircraft to pitch up around Mach 1. This led to the decision to move the engines from the wing roots, as in the Tu-16, to an unconventional external tail-mounted position, on either side of the vertical stabilizer. This location also reduced drag and

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missiles from the Mirages damaged another tanker. A second strike against Kharg Island later that day was less successful, encountering alerted Iranian defences, with two Tu-22s being shot down. These were the final operations carried out by Iraq's Tu-22s during the Iran–Iraq war. Iraq lost seven

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Fighting restarted in July 1983, with Libyan air power, including its Tu-22s, being used in attacks against forces loyal to Habré, before a further ceasefire stopped the fighting until Libyan-assisted forces began a fresh offensive in early 1986. On 17 February 1986, in retaliation for the French

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The Tu-22's cockpit placed the pilot forward, offset slightly to the left, with the weapons officer behind and the navigator below, within the fuselage, sitting on downwards-firing ejector seats. The downward direction meant the minimum altitude for ejection was 350 m (1,150 ft), which

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due to the weapons officer's total lack of rear visibility (and generally much more accurate and precise fire control than optical aiming). The bomber's main weapon load was carried in a fuselage bomb bay between the wings, capable of carrying a variety of free-fall weapons – up to 24 FAB-500

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on landing – though this problem was eventually resolved with the addition of electronic stabilization aids. Even after some of its problems had been resolved, the Blinder was not easy to fly, and was maintenance-intensive. Among its unpleasant characteristics was a wing design that allowed

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devices. Adding to its problems was a very high panel on the right, which blocked the view of the runway during landing if the aircraft had to crab against a wind from the left. This led to it being forbidden for flight by new pilots in crosswind conditions above fresh breeze on the

296:. Ultimately neither the M-4 nor Tu-16 met their range requirements, leaving only the Tu-95 really able to carry out attacks against the US, with more limited performance. The M-4 was built only in small numbers, while the Tu-16 had much more widespread uses in a variety of roles. 389:, and this design was applied to 105. A key problem was that the wing root was too thick to properly exploit this effect and to further thin it, a new landing-gear design was introduced, along with several more changes to the layout of the cabin and tail areas. 953:

techniques at stand-off distances and allowing the aircraft to escape retaliatory anti-aircraft fire. Usage of the FAB-9000 was so heavy that the Iraqis ran low of imported Soviet stocks and resorted to manufacturing their own version, called the Nassir-9.

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in 1954. Among its features was the selection of a single pilot with no copilot, which allowed the cockpit to be narrower, as only one person had to be seated forward to see the runway. This had positive political aspects as it reduced crew size to three.

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in August 1957. It flew for the first time on 21 June 1958, flown by test pilot Yuri Alasheev. Initial flights quickly demonstrated that the design had neither the speed nor range that was expected. Around this time, TsAGI independently discovered the

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precluded their use during take-off and landing, when most accidents occur. The crew entered the plane by lowering the seats on rails and then climbing external stepladders, sitting in the seats, and then being cranked upward into the cockpit.

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By the time the Tu-22B (Blinder-A) entered service, its operational usefulness had been found to be limited. Despite its speed, it was inferior to the Tu-16 with respect to combat radius, weapon load, and serviceability. Soviet leader

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that fired in N'Djamena airport). On 19 February, another LARAF Tu-22 attempted to bomb N'Djamena once again. Libyan sources have claimed that this attempt was spoiled when the Tu-22 was detected while approaching N'Djamena, and two

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use. Some of these aircraft were stripped of their cameras and sensor packs and sold for export as Tu-22Bs, although in other respects, they apparently remained more comparable to the Tu-22R than to the early-production Tu-22Bs.

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of the aircraft skin at supersonic speed, distorting the control rods and causing poor handling. The landing speed was 100 km/h (62 mph) greater than of the previous bombers and the Tu-22 had a tendency to pitch up and

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branch was created in 1959, and Tupolev, along with other project backers, understood that manned bombers were falling out of favor as a means of delivering nuclear weapons. To save the program, Tupolev proposed a long-range

537:(AS-4 Kitchen) anti-ship missile, a new aircraft had to be used, as the Tu-95 was too slow, and the Tu-16 could not carry it, thanks to its weight. Because of this, the Tu-22 was developed as a missile carrier, the 1361: 1351: 657:

Air for the crew was provided by a bleed air system on the engine compressors. This air was hot and had to be cooled before being pumped into the cockpit. This cooling was provided by a large total-loss

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at high speeds. When the stick had been neutralized following such an event, the deformation of the wing did not necessarily disappear, but could persist and result in an almost uncontrollable aircraft.

541:(Blinder-B). It first entered service in December 1968,with 76 built between 1965 and 1969. The Tu-22K had the ability to carry a single Kh-22 in a modified weapons bay. It was deployed both by 447:

The Tu-22 entered service in 1962, but it experienced a considerable number of problems, resulting in widespread unserviceability and several crashes. Amongst its many faults was a tendency for

1432:. Operation of the Tu-22 from 1965 to 1993. Then the regiment was reorganized into the 198th separate long-range reconnaissance aviation squadron (12 crews). The squadron was disbanded in 1995. 1380: 1371: 1076:

variant. Only 15 built, ultimately used mostly for training or test purposes. 12 of these have since been scrapped. As of 2023, three still exist and are on display in museums across Russia.

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speeds, but resulted in very high landing speeds and a long take-off run. This limited the design to "first-class airfields", those with runways at least 3,000 m (9,800 ft) long.

338:. It was designed to have intercontinental range, filling the role for which the M-4 was intended. Both the Tupolev and Myasishchev designs were approved for prototype production in 1954. 304:

All of these aircraft were still being introduced when the State Committee for Aviation Technology (soon to become the Ministry of Aircraft Production, or MAP) announced a contest for

701:(AS-4 Kitchen) missile semirecessed beneath the fuselage. The enormous weapon was big enough to have a substantial effect on handling and performance, and was also a safety hazard. 2248: 567:

The Tu-22 was upgraded in service with more powerful engines, in-flight refueling (for those aircraft that did not initially have it), and better electronics. The -D suffix (for

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Aviation training center, military unit 65358-U (Zyabrovka). A separate training aviation squadron under central command (from 1986 to the end) did not have its own aircraft.

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The last flight of a Libyan Blinder was recorded on 7 September 1992. They are probably now unserviceable because of a lack of spare parts, although seven are visible at the

530:(Blinder-D), was fielded at the same time; it had a raised second cockpit for an instructor pilot. The Tu-22U had no tail guns, and was not combat-capable; 46 were produced. 945:

missiles. Iran retaliated against Iraqi cities with its own Scuds. The Iraqi Air Force were particularly enthusiastic users of the gargantuan 9,000 kg (20,000 lb)

292:. They were aware that the range of the design would not be enough to fill the intercontinental role of the M-4, and for this mission, they also proposed the four-turboprop 1748:

as the aircraft approaches and crosses Mach 1. As these move over the various surfaces, they can cause nose-up or -down trim depending on the exact layout of the aircraft.

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during a bombing attack on an abandoned Libyan base at Aouzou on 8 August 1987. One eyewitness report suggests that the pilot ejected, but his parachute was seen on fire.

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air defence activity and suppressed radar systems, which could aid Pakistani F-16 attacks on the Soviet bombers in the border region. Tu-22PD crews were also tasked with

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were scrambled to intercept it. However, French officers present in Chad don't recall any contact with Libyan aircraft on that day. One bomber was shot down by captured

1436: 1429: 396:, which first flew on 7 September 1959. Serial production of 20 examples was issued around this time, even before testing had completed. The first serial-production 1060: 315:(Plane 103). This was essentially a Tu-16 with four much more powerful engines, either Dobrynin VD-7s or Mikulin AM-13s. However, experience on the experimental 1252: 308:

designs that would replace all previous designs. Tupolev's chief designer, Sergey Mikhailovitch Yeger, was determined not to lose to Myasishchev once again.

48: 990:. Tu-22P Blinder-E electronic jammers were given the task of covering the withdrawal route back to the Soviet Union. Radar-jamming Tu-22PD aircraft covered 1318: 1046: 278:

to build new long-range bomber designs, forming the bureaus by picking designers out of Tupolev's OKB-156. OKB-23 began development of the four-engined

274:, while their suggestions to create a more advanced design were ignored as they fell from favour. In 1951, Stalin created OKB-23 under the direction of 495:

were the way of the future, and bombers like the Tu-22 were in danger of cancellation. As a result, only 15 (some sources say 20) Tu-22Bs were built.

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Delalande, Arnaud & Cooper, Tom (2017). "An Eye for an Eye: The Libyan Arab Air Force's Tupolev Tu-22 Blinders in Combat in Chad, 1981–1987".

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in September 1981, which killed three civilians and injured 20 others, continued to be performed until a ceasefire was arranged in November 1981.

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Iraq used its Tu-22s in the Iran–Iraq War from 1980 to 1988. Offensive operations started on the first day of the war, when a Tu-22 based at

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tactical bomber design suggested that the 103 would not have supersonic performance. They decided to start over with a blank-sheet design.

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that had been expected. It was also a difficult design to fly and maintain. It was produced in small numbers, especially compared to the

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was a distinct design with variable-sweep wings and not actually a variant of Tu-22; it was designated so largely for political reasons.

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Another Blinder was lost on the morning of 7 September 1987, when two Tu-22Bs conducted a strike against N'Djamena. A French battery of

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probe that was subsequently fitted to most Tu-22s, expanding their radius of operation; 127 Tu-22Rs were built, 62 of which went to the

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Tu-22s during the war, with several more badly damaged. The remaining Iraqi Tu-22s were destroyed by American air attacks during the

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Upgraded reconnaissance version, converted from earlier RD aircraft in the early 1980s, with instruments in a detachable container.

834: 697:, one 9,000 kg (20,000 lb) FAB-9000 bomb, or various nuclear bombs. On the Tu-22K, the bay was reconfigured to carry one 682: 1082:

Export type based on bomber type. Ten aircraft were exported to Iraq and 14 to Libya. It is also called Tu-22B in some documents.

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Tu-22s were exported to Iraq and Libya during the 1970s. An Egyptian request was refused as a result of Soviet objections to the

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The cockpit layout was also criticized by the pilots; it was filled with levers and handles that gained it comparisons to a

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Cooper, Tom; Bishop, Farzad & Hubers, Arthur (1995b), "Bombed by 'Blinders': Tupolev Tu-22s in Action – Part Two",

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Cooper, Tom; Bishop, Farzad & Hubers, Arthur (1995a). "Bombed by 'Blinders': Tupolev Tu-22s in Action – Part One".

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To keep themselves in the bomber field, OKB-156 designed their own entry for a jet-powered bomber, the twin-engined

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engines, 107.9 kN (24,300 lbf) thrust each dry, 161.9 kN (36,400 lbf) with afterburner

2949: 2611:. Applied Aerodynamics Group, Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. 887: 645:, and some of those controls could not be reached by the pilots, who took to flying with metal hooks and other 780:. Occasional bombing raids by small numbers of Tu-22s against targets in Chad and Sudan, including a raid on 510:

The resulting combat-capable Tu-22R (Blinder-C) entered service in 1962. The Tu-22R could be fitted with an

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general-purpose bomb, which skilled Tu-22 pilots could deploy with impressive accuracy, using supersonic

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to help its Ugandan allies, with a single Tu-22 flying a completely unsuccessful bombing mission against

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The Tu-22's defensive armament, operated by the weapons officer, consisted of a remotely controlled tail

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Electronic warfare / bomber version, introduced circa 1968, carrying the Kh-22P anti-radiation missile.

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jammers to support Tu-22K missile carriers. One squadron was usually allocated to each Tu-22 regiment.

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30th Independent Long-Range Aviation Regiment (ODRAP) Air Force Black Sea Fleet military unit 56126,

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Missile-carrier version built from 1965, equipped to launch the Raduga Kh-22 (AS-4 Kitchen) missile.

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The Libyan Arab Republic Air Force used the Tu-22 in combat against Tanzania in 1979 as part of the

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Woods, Kevin M.; Murray, Williamson; Nathan, Elizabeth A.; Sabara, Laila; Venegas, Ana M. (2011).

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6212th aviation equipment liquidation base, military unit 25855, Engels. Tu-22 cutting since 1993.

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it was designed to replace. The aircraft was later adapted for other roles, notably as the Tu-22R

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The only Soviet combat use of the Tu-22 occurred in 1988, during the Soviet withdrawal from the

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crew. This raid was the last involvement of the Tupolev Tu-22 with the Chadian–Libyan conflict.

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version of the aircraft, which could be modified in the field to return it to a bombing role.

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The first prototype 105 was completed and shipped to the Flight Test and Development Base at

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missions, to assess bomb damage, in addition to their primary electronic warfare missions.

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are mounted in pods at the trailing edge of each wing. The highly swept wings gave little

8: 3391: 3386: 1305: 903: 607: 542: 448: 409: 239:. The Tu-22 was one of the few Soviet jet bombers to see combat: Libyan Tu-22s were used 210: 199: 184: 109: 1216:– received 14 Tu-22As and 2 Tu-22UDs. Retired due to lack of spare parts in early 2000s. 3366: 3361: 3351: 2840:

Healey, John K. (January–February 2004). "Retired Warriors: 'Cold War' Bomber Legacy".

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and Chad. Libyan Tu-22s flew their first mission over Chad on 9 October 1980 against

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Tupolev Tu-22 'Blinder' Tu-22M 'Backfire': Russia's long ranger supersonic bombers

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The Tu-22 was gradually phased out of Soviet service in favor of the more-capable

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Soviet engineer checks the 23 mm R-23 cannon in remotely controlled tail turret

358: 263: 31: 1927: 3752: 3722: 3672: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3556: 3436: 3431: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3356: 3341: 3316: 3268: 3263: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3198: 3096: 3091: 3076: 3071: 3066: 2901: 2851: 2776: 2686: 2667: 1696: 849: 836: 603: 599: 404:, flew on 22 September 1960, and the type was presented to the public in the 334:

Myasishchev was also working to fulfill the requirement with his much larger

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equipment to detect enemy radar systems and provide compatibility with the

698: 678: 615: 470:"Fitter" crews, and these pilots made the transition with less difficulty. 271: 191: 2241:"Raiding Libyan jet may have crashed; France sends troops, planes to Chad" 1344:– aircraft were transferred to Russian and Ukrainian Air Forces after the 1241:– received 10 Tu-22Bs, 2 Tu-22Us, and 4 Tu-22Ks. All destroyed during the 1113:

Reconnaissance aircraft, retaining bombing capability and fitted with Kub

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Zaloga, Steven J. (1998). "Tupolev Tu-22 'Blinder' and Tu-22M Backfire".

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on 9 July 1961, with a flypast of 10 aircraft. It initially received the

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Why Soviet Pilots Called It "The Booze Carrier": The Tupolev Tu-22 Story

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beneath the engine pods, containing a single 23 mm (0.906 in)

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speeds, which led to poor take-off performance and high landing speeds.

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system, and later with an under-fuselage pallet for M-202 Shompol

2965: 2426: 2350: 2299: 2275: 2197: 2180: 1645: 1507: 1298: 1025:, 154 remained in service, but none are now believed to be used. 969:. The Tu-22s sank one supertanker and set another on fire, while 930: 663: 606:

M2, are mounted atop the rear fuselage on each side of the large

195: 87: 2752:. Vol. Part 2: 1985-1986. Helion & Company Publishing. 2748:

Cooper, Tom; Grandolini, Albert & Delalande, Arnaud (2016).

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Cooper, Tom; Bishop, Farzad; Hubers, Arthur (5 December 2010),

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The Libyan aircraft were also used against Chad as part of the

758: 746: 718: 629: 187: 1439:). From 1962 to June 1989. Then the regiment retrained on the 209:

The aircraft was a disappointment, lacking both the speed and

2808:"Russian Revelations: New Aircraft Seen at Tushino on July 9" 2411: 1624: 1440: 1206: 1114: 1042: 1006:

border. They protected the strike aircraft against Pakistani

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alternative to bombs. Some Tu-22Rs were fitted with the Kub

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Iraqi Tu-22s were also deployed in the last stages of the "

938: 2450: 2438: 2158: 2156: 2111: 2087: 2747: 2662:(116, March/April). Stamford, UK: Key Publishing: 56–66. 2269: 1959: 907: 420:, which was deemed to be too complimentary, and finally ' 2099: 1854: 1815: 1780: 1761: 2468: 2362: 2221: 2153: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2029: 2017: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1971: 1947: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1435:

15th ODRAP Air Force Baltic Fleet military unit 49206 (

2681:(117, May/June), Stamford, UK: Key Publishing: 46–57, 1905: 1874: 1872: 1830: 2886:(Summer 1998). London: Aerospace Publishing: 56–103. 2823:

The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995

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gathering. Some were converted to serve as stand-off

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Williams, Anthony G. & Gustin, Emmanuel (2004).

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Saddam's Generals: Perspectives of the Iran-Iraq War

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carried out a raid against Iranian oil tankers near

614:. Continuing a Tupolev OKB design feature, the main 2674: 2655: 2432: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2320: 2308: 2281: 2215: 2203: 2191: 2174: 1869: 1703:

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

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Poltava Museum of Long-Range and Strategic Aviation

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Poltava Museum of Long-Range and Strategic Aviation

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intercepts Tu-22s being delivered to Libya in 1977.

2691: 2511:[Museum of Long-Range Aviation, Poltava]. 598:engines, originally 159 kN (36,000 lbf) 3750: 2766: 322:After considering many possible solutions from 30:For the later, variable-sweep wing bomber, see 2858: 2714:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Limited. pp. 79–80. 416:, which was deemed to be inappropriate, then ' 2950: 2915: 2783: 2733:. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. 2081: 2052: 1848: 1567:4,900 km (3,000 mi, 2,600 nmi) 1458:Orthographic projection of the Tupolev Tu-22. 1123:Version of Tu-22RK with refuelling equipment. 231:Tu-22s were sold to other nations, including 2728: 2709: 2637:Burdin, Sergey & Dawes, Alan E. (2006). 2420: 1180:Version of Tu-22U with refuelling equipment. 1165:Version of Tu-22KP with refueling equipment. 1153:Version of Tu-22K with refuelling equipment. 1141:Version of Tu-22P with refuelling equipment. 1107:Version of Tu-22R with refuelling equipment. 2784:Duffy, Paul & Kandalov, Andrei (1996). 2636: 2456: 2444: 2117: 1965: 1863: 1824: 1809: 1797: 1774: 1555:1,510 km/h (940 mph, 820 kn) 1362:203rd Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment 1352:121st Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment 937:, with these attacks supplemented by Iraqi 392:The result of all of these changes was the 2957: 2943: 2475:. Institute for Defense Analyses. p. 1449: 820:shot down one of the bombers, killing the 571:, long-range) denotes aircraft fitted for 498:While the Tu-22 was being introduced, the 326:, Yeger eventually settled on what became 299: 266:'s OKB-156 had successfully converted the 177:Air Standardization Coordinating Committee 2916:Gordon, Yefim; Rigmant, Vladimir (1998). 2729:Cooper, Tom & Bishop, Farzad (2000). 2710:Cooper, Tom & Bishop, Farzad (2004). 2380: 2641:. Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword Aviation. 2602: 1637:12,000 kg (26,500 lb) capacity 1188: 1059: 1051: 1036: 873: 740: 681:gun. The turret was directed by a small 628: 590:The Tu-22 has a low-middle mounted wing 477: 440:Tu-22 at the Monino, Russian Federation 435: 246:, and Iraqi Tu-22s were used during the 2820: 2802: 2605:"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage" 2270:Cooper, Grandolini & Delalande 2016 2093: 1911: 1101:aircraft, retaining bombing capability. 14: 3751: 2877: 2839: 2788:. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing. 2577: 2563:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2368: 2293: 2227: 2162: 2105: 2069: 2035: 2023: 2011: 1994: 1977: 1953: 1899: 1878: 1836: 1585:525 kg/m (108 lb/sq ft) 1221: 776:'s forces near the Chadian capital of 731: 602:, later 162 kN (36,000 lbf) 526:A trainer version of the Blinder, the 2938: 2603:Lednicer, David (15 September 2010). 2596: 2545:from the original on 25 November 2023 1922: 1920: 1479:3 (pilot, navigator, weapons officer) 1056:Tu-22P Blinder-E and Tu-22U Blinder-D 666:and 60% distilled water (effectively 2964: 2251:from the original on 21 October 2022 1936:from the original on 3 February 2024 1381:341st Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment 1372:303rd Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment 1002:on missions in Afghanistan near the 929:), flying air-raids against Tehran, 913:Iraq deployed its Tu-22s during the 357:, between 52 and 55° to give little 311:They quickly proposed a new design, 221:and as a carrier for the long-range 2863:. Ramsbury, UK: The Crowood Press. 2712:Iranian F-14 Tomcat Units in Combat 2519:from the original on 18 August 2012 2141:from the original on 8 October 2006 1497:10.13 m (33 ft 3 in) 1491:23.17 m (76 ft 0 in) 1485:41.6 m (136 ft 6 in) 1397:290th ODRAP military unit 65358 in 1184: 862:. They were reportedly replaced by 400:bomber, built by Factory No. 22 at 258: 24: 2909: 2615:from the original on 26 March 2019 1917: 1503:162 m (1,740 sq ft) 1453: 594:at an angle of 55°. The two large 25: 3790: 2433:Cooper, Bishop & Hubers 1995b 2357:Cooper, Bishop & Hubers 1995a 2345:Cooper, Bishop & Hubers 1995a 2333:Cooper, Bishop & Hubers 1995a 2321:Cooper, Bishop & Hubers 1995b 2309:Cooper, Bishop & Hubers 1995b 2282:Cooper, Bishop & Hubers 1995b 2216:Cooper, Bishop & Hubers 1995b 2204:Cooper, Bishop & Hubers 1995b 2192:Cooper, Bishop & Hubers 1995b 2175:Cooper, Bishop & Hubers 1995a 1579:12.7 m/s (2,500 ft/min) 276:Vladimir Mikhailovich Myasishchev 198:, the Tu-22 entered service with 2846:. No. 109. pp. 75–79. 2786:Tupolev The Man and His Aircraft 2509:"Музей дальней авиации, Полтава" 2247:. 18 February 1986. p. A7. 1671: 1524:92,000 kg (202,825 lb) 1518:85,000 kg (187,393 lb) 1390:199th ODRAP military unit 13656 1327: 1291: 1262: 1223: 1199: 886:struck an Iranian fuel depot at 47: 2630: 2571: 2531: 2501: 2462: 2374: 2263: 2233: 2123: 1744:This is due to the movement of 1368:), operation from 1962 to 1994. 1358:), operation from 1964 to 1994. 1346:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1023:dissolution of the Soviet Union 981: 548:The last Tu-22 subtype was the 431: 1738: 1573:13,300 m (43,600 ft) 888:Mehrabad International Airport 745:A U.S. Navy F-4N belonging to 428:" (awl) because of its shape. 253: 27:Soviet supersonic heavy bomber 13: 1: 2694:"Bombed by Blinders – Part 2" 1193:Former operators of the Tu-22 1028: 368: 282:intercontinental jet bomber. 3779:Aircraft first flown in 1959 3764:1950s Soviet bomber aircraft 1755: 1724:North American A-5 Vigilante 768:, with strikes into western 713:, as well as cameras and an 662:running on a mixture of 40% 556:version, initially used for 7: 2861:Flying Guns: The Modern Era 1664: 1135:Electronic warfare version. 994:bombers operating from the 711:side-looking airborne radar 473: 406:Tushino Aviation Day parade 190:to enter production in the 10: 3795: 2920:. Leicester: Midland Pub. 2580:Combat Aircraft Since 1945 1465:Combat Aircraft since 1945 818:402nd Air Defence Regiment 424:. Soviet crews called it " 29: 3565: 3302: 3176: 3120: 3044: 2973: 2131:"Tu-22 BLINDER (TUPOLEV)" 2082:Duffy & Kandalov 1996 2053:Duffy & Kandalov 1996 1849:Duffy & Kandalov 1996 1279:– retired, 10 in reserve. 1117:systems during the 1970s. 906:interceptor and one over 850:29.1994944°N 16.0072694°E 585: 562:electronic countermeasure 268:Boeing B-29 Superfortress 161: 153: 145: 137: 132: 124: 101: 93: 81: 73: 63: 58: 46: 41: 2731:Iran-Iraq War in the Air 2578:Wilson, Stewart (2000). 2421:Cooper & Bishop 2004 1731: 1401:. Operation 1964 to 1994 1312:Ukrainian Naval Aviation 736: 533:To deploy the brand new 442:Central Air Force Museum 2880:World Air Power Journal 2457:Burdin & Dawes 2006 2445:Burdin & Dawes 2006 2381:Perrimond, Guy (2002). 2118:Burdin & Dawes 2006 1966:Burdin & Dawes 2006 1864:Burdin & Dawes 2006 1825:Burdin & Dawes 2006 1810:Burdin & Dawes 2006 1798:Burdin & Dawes 2006 1775:Burdin & Dawes 2006 1470:General characteristics 1450:Specifications (Tu-22R) 1383:, military unit 27882, 1364:, military unit 26355 ( 1354:, military unit 15486 ( 902:missile launched by an 869: 807:surface-to-air missiles 766:Chadian–Libyan conflict 558:electronic intelligence 500:Strategic Rocket Forces 300:Supersonic replacements 219:reconnaissance aircraft 2821:Gunston, Bill (1995). 2769:The Aviation Historian 2609:UIUC Airfoil Data Site 2515:(in Ukrainian). 2007. 1459: 1283:Russian Naval Aviation 1194: 1065: 1057: 1049: 879: 855:29.1994944; 16.0072694 750: 634: 633:A parked Tupolev Tu-22 483: 444: 353:The wings were highly 345:Around the same time, 3703:ANT-40/SB/PS-40/PS-41 2690:. Also published as: 2639:Tupolev Tu-22 Blinder 1614:23 mm cannon in tail 1457: 1420:Soviet Naval Aviation 1192: 1063: 1055: 1040: 1021:. At the time of the 878:Abandoned Iraqi Tu-22 877: 744: 726:antiradiation missile 715:infrared line scanner 695:general-purpose bombs 632: 610:, with a low-mounted 516:Soviet Naval Aviation 505:aerial reconnaissance 481: 439: 204:Soviet Naval Aviation 1714:Convair B-58 Hustler 1376:Zavitinsk (air base) 3603:ANT-7/R-6/KR-6/MR-6 2096:, pp. 430–431. 2084:, pp. 123–125. 1686:Related development 1522:Max takeoff weight: 1394:, from 1965 to 1998 1387:, from 1965 to 1997 1306:Ukrainian Air Force 1072:Original free-fall 1012:photoreconnaissance 846: / 755:Uganda–Tanzania War 732:Operational history 608:vertical stabilizer 543:Long Range Aviation 449:aerodynamic heating 410:NATO reporting name 200:Long-Range Aviation 165:Early 2000s (Libya) 110:Ukrainian Air Force 59:General information 3673:ANT-27/MDR-4/MTB-1 2825:. London: Osprey. 2399:on 16 October 2007 2347:, pp. 64, 66. 2108:, pp. 67, 78. 1812:, pp. 13, 14. 1719:Dassault Mirage IV 1460: 1195: 1168:Tu-22U (Blinder-D) 1144:Tu-22K (Blinder-B) 1132:Tu-22P (Blinder-E) 1095:Tu-22R (Blinder-C) 1069:Tu-22B (Blinder-A) 1066: 1058: 1050: 992:Tu-22M3 Backfire-C 988:war in Afghanistan 880: 790:Operation Épervier 761:on 29 March 1979. 751: 635: 554:electronic warfare 493:ballistic missiles 484: 445: 194:. Manufactured by 3774:Low-wing aircraft 3746: 3745: 2759:978-1-910294-53-6 2704:on 3 October 2014 2648:978-1-84415-241-4 2423:, pp. 79–80. 2371:, pp. 82–83. 2335:, pp. 63–64. 2230:, pp. 81–82. 2218:, pp. 54–55. 2177:, pp. 62–63. 2165:, pp. 64–67. 2135:FAS WMD Resources 2038:, pp. 66–67. 2026:, pp. 63–66. 1980:, pp. 62–63. 1956:, pp. 63–64. 1839:, pp. 59–60. 1385:Ozernoye Air Base 1342:Soviet Air Forces 1317:1 Tu-22KD in the 1277:Russian Air Force 915:War of the Cities 829:Al Jufra Air Base 794:antiaircraft guns 489:Nikita Khrushchev 169: 168: 146:Introduction date 16:(Redirected from 3786: 3759:Tupolev aircraft 3733:ANT-51/BB-1/Su-2 3713:ANT-42/TB-7/Pe-8 2959: 2952: 2945: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2905: 2874: 2855: 2836: 2817: 2806:(27 July 1961). 2799: 2780: 2763: 2744: 2725: 2705: 2700:, archived from 2689: 2671: 2652: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2562: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2409: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2398: 2392:. Archived from 2387: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2056: 2050: 2039: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2009: 1998: 1992: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1924: 1915: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1882: 1876: 1867: 1861: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1778: 1772: 1749: 1742: 1681: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1631:) cruise missile 1602: 1571:Service ceiling: 1548: 1532:Dobrynin RD-7M-2 1472: 1333: 1331: 1330: 1297: 1295: 1294: 1268: 1266: 1265: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1226: 1214:Libyan Air Force 1205: 1203: 1202: 1185:Former operators 998:airfield in the 861: 860: 858: 857: 856: 851: 847: 844: 843: 842: 839: 573:aerial refueling 512:aerial refueling 459:aileron reversal 387:aerodynamic drag 336:Myasishchev M-50 259:Previous efforts 241:against Tanzania 226:antiship missile 183:) was the first 157:7 September 1959 114:Libyan Air Force 106:Soviet Air Force 51: 39: 38: 21: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3784: 3783: 3749: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3708:ANT-41/T-1/LK-1 3561: 3304: 3298: 3172: 3116: 3040: 2969: 2963: 2928: 2912: 2910:Further reading 2894: 2871: 2833: 2796: 2760: 2750:Libyan Air Wars 2741: 2722: 2649: 2633: 2628: 2618: 2616: 2601: 2597: 2590: 2576: 2572: 2556: 2555: 2548: 2546: 2539:"Archived copy" 2537: 2536: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2487: 2467: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2412: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2385: 2379: 2375: 2367: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2327: 2319: 2315: 2307: 2300: 2292: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2268: 2264: 2254: 2252: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2181: 2173: 2169: 2161: 2154: 2144: 2142: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2068: 2059: 2051: 2042: 2034: 2030: 2022: 2018: 2010: 2001: 1993: 1984: 1976: 1972: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1939: 1937: 1926: 1925: 1918: 1910: 1906: 1898: 1885: 1877: 1870: 1862: 1855: 1847: 1843: 1835: 1831: 1823: 1816: 1808: 1804: 1796: 1781: 1773: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1752: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1679:Aviation portal 1677: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1603: 1598: 1544: 1468: 1452: 1328: 1326: 1292: 1290: 1263: 1261: 1239:Iraqi Air Force 1224: 1222: 1200: 1198: 1187: 1031: 984: 872: 854: 852: 848: 845: 840: 837: 835: 833: 832: 739: 734: 588: 520:maritime patrol 476: 454:strike its tail 434: 382:for minimizing 371: 302: 280:Myasishchev M-4 261: 256: 120: 118:Iraqi Air Force 116: 112: 74:National origin 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3792: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3738:ANT-58/FB/Tu-2 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3547:Frigate Ecojet 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3308: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2970: 2962: 2961: 2954: 2947: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2926: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2892: 2875: 2869: 2856: 2843:Air Enthusiast 2837: 2831: 2818: 2800: 2794: 2781: 2764: 2758: 2745: 2739: 2726: 2720: 2707: 2678:Air Enthusiast 2672: 2659:Air Enthusiast 2653: 2647: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2626: 2595: 2588: 2570: 2530: 2500: 2485: 2461: 2459:, p. 188. 2449: 2447:, p. 185. 2437: 2425: 2410: 2373: 2361: 2349: 2337: 2325: 2313: 2298: 2286: 2274: 2262: 2245:Ottawa Citizen 2232: 2220: 2208: 2196: 2179: 2167: 2152: 2122: 2120:, p. 217. 2110: 2098: 2086: 2074: 2057: 2055:, p. 123. 2040: 2028: 2016: 1999: 1982: 1970: 1958: 1946: 1916: 1914:, p. 109. 1904: 1883: 1868: 1853: 1851:, p. 124. 1841: 1829: 1814: 1802: 1779: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1736: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1700: 1699: 1694: 1692:Tupolev Tu-22M 1683: 1682: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1652: 1639: 1638: 1632: 1618: 1596: 1595: 1586: 1580: 1577:Rate of climb: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1559:Maximum speed: 1556: 1553:Maximum speed: 1542: 1541: 1525: 1519: 1513: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1486: 1480: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1433: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1405: 1402: 1395: 1388: 1378: 1369: 1359: 1338: 1337: 1323: 1322: 1315: 1309: 1302: 1301: 1287: 1286: 1280: 1273: 1272: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1235: 1234: 1218: 1217: 1210: 1209: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099:Reconnaissance 1096: 1093: 1090:Tupolev Tu-22M 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1070: 1064:Tu-22U trainer 1030: 1027: 1019:Tupolev Tu-22M 983: 980: 900:AIM-54 Phoenix 871: 868: 738: 735: 733: 730: 652:Beaufort scale 600:Dobrynin VD-7M 587: 584: 580:Yom Kippur War 491:believed that 475: 472: 433: 430: 370: 367: 350:inlet losses. 301: 298: 264:Andrei Tupolev 260: 257: 255: 252: 206:in the 1960s. 167: 166: 163: 159: 158: 155: 151: 150: 147: 143: 142: 139: 135: 134: 130: 129: 126: 122: 121: 108: 103: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 85: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 65: 61: 60: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 32:Tupolev Tu-22M 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3791: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3648:ANT-20/PS-124 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2929: 2927:1-85780-065-6 2923: 2919: 2914: 2913: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2893:1-86184-015-2 2889: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2870:1-86126-655-3 2866: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2844: 2838: 2834: 2832:1-85532-405-9 2828: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2804:Gunston, Bill 2801: 2797: 2795:1-85310-728-X 2791: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2771:(20): 26–35. 2770: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2740:0-7643-1669-9 2736: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2721:1-84176-787-5 2717: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2679: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2654: 2650: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2634: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2591: 2589:1-875671-50-1 2585: 2581: 2574: 2566: 2560: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2486:9780160896132 2482: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2465: 2458: 2453: 2446: 2441: 2435:, p. 57. 2434: 2429: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2377: 2370: 2365: 2359:, p. 66. 2358: 2353: 2346: 2341: 2334: 2329: 2322: 2317: 2311:, p. 56. 2310: 2305: 2303: 2296:, p. 82. 2295: 2290: 2284:, p. 55. 2283: 2278: 2271: 2266: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2229: 2224: 2217: 2212: 2206:, p. 54. 2205: 2200: 2194:, p. 53. 2193: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2176: 2171: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2126: 2119: 2114: 2107: 2102: 2095: 2090: 2083: 2078: 2072:, p. 80. 2071: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2054: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2037: 2032: 2025: 2020: 2014:, p. 63. 2013: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1997:, p. 81. 1996: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1979: 1974: 1968:, p. 18. 1967: 1962: 1955: 1950: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1923: 1921: 1913: 1908: 1902:, p. 61. 1901: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1881:, p. 60. 1880: 1875: 1873: 1866:, p. 16. 1865: 1860: 1858: 1850: 1845: 1838: 1833: 1827:, p. 15. 1826: 1821: 1819: 1811: 1806: 1800:, p. 14. 1799: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1777:, p. 13. 1776: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1760: 1747: 1741: 1737: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1698: 1697:Tupolev Tu-98 1695: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1680: 1669: 1657: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1593: 1591: 1590:Thrust/weight 1587: 1584: 1583:Wing loading: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1547: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1516:Gross weight: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1456: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1325: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1289: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1253:36th Squadron 1251: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1243:Iran–Iraq War 1240: 1237: 1236: 1232: 1220: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1054: 1048: 1044: 1041:Tu-22KD with 1039: 1035: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 979: 977: 976:1991 Gulf War 972: 968: 964: 960: 955: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 911: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 876: 867: 865: 859: 841:16°00′26.17″E 838:29°11′58.18″N 830: 825: 823: 819: 815: 810: 808: 804: 800: 795: 791: 785: 783: 779: 775: 774:Hissène Habré 771: 767: 762: 760: 756: 748: 743: 729: 727: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 702: 700: 696: 691: 688: 684: 680: 676: 671: 669: 665: 661: 655: 653: 648: 644: 639: 631: 627: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 583: 581: 576: 574: 570: 565: 563: 559: 555: 551: 546: 544: 540: 536: 531: 529: 524: 521: 517: 513: 508: 506: 501: 496: 494: 490: 480: 471: 469: 463: 460: 455: 450: 443: 438: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 390: 388: 385: 381: 376: 366: 364: 360: 356: 351: 348: 343: 339: 337: 332: 329: 325: 320: 318: 314: 309: 307: 297: 295: 294:Tupolev Tu-95 291: 290:medium bomber 288: 287:Tupolev Tu-16 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 251: 249: 248:Iran–Iraq War 245: 242: 238: 234: 229: 227: 224: 220: 216: 215:Tupolev Tu-16 212: 207: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 186: 182: 178: 174: 173:Tupolev Tu-22 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 104: 102:Primary users 100: 96: 92: 89: 86: 84: 80: 76: 72: 69: 68:Medium bomber 66: 62: 57: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 3723:ANT-44/MTB-2 3688:ANT-35/PS-35 3678:ANT-29/DIP-1 3566:Early period 3312:ANT-17/TSh-1 3273: 3177:Experimental 3092:Tu-28/Tu-128 3087:Tu-22M/Tu-26 3081: 2917: 2883: 2879: 2860: 2841: 2822: 2811: 2785: 2768: 2749: 2730: 2711: 2702:the original 2697: 2676: 2657: 2638: 2631:Bibliography 2617:. Retrieved 2608: 2598: 2579: 2573: 2547:. Retrieved 2533: 2521:. Retrieved 2512: 2503: 2471: 2464: 2452: 2440: 2428: 2401:. Retrieved 2394:the original 2389: 2376: 2364: 2352: 2340: 2328: 2316: 2289: 2277: 2272:, p. 46 2265: 2253:. Retrieved 2244: 2235: 2223: 2211: 2199: 2170: 2143:. Retrieved 2134: 2125: 2113: 2101: 2094:Gunston 1995 2089: 2077: 2031: 2019: 1973: 1961: 1949: 1938:, retrieved 1928: 1912:Gunston 1961 1907: 1844: 1832: 1805: 1740: 1728: 1709:Boeing XB-59 1702: 1701: 1685: 1684: 1649: 1634: 1628: 1620: 1607: 1599: 1597: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1552: 1545: 1543: 1535:afterburning 1527: 1521: 1515: 1506: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1482: 1476: 1469: 1467: 1462: 1461: 1430:Oktyabrskoye 1409:Vozdvizhenka 1407:444th TBAP, 1356:Machulishchi 1335:Soviet Union 1032: 1016: 985: 982:Soviet Union 967:Kharg Island 956: 951:toss bombing 917:(along with 912: 884:H-3 Air Base 881: 826: 816:SAMs of the 811: 786: 763: 752: 703: 699:Raduga Kh-22 672: 656: 646: 640: 636: 616:landing gear 604:Kolesov RD-7 589: 577: 568: 566: 552:(Blinder-E) 549: 547: 538: 532: 527: 525: 509: 497: 485: 464: 446: 432:Into service 425: 421: 417: 413: 397: 393: 391: 372: 352: 344: 340: 333: 328:Samolyot 105 327: 321: 313:Samolyot 103 312: 310: 303: 284: 272:Tupolev Tu-4 262: 230: 208: 192:Soviet Union 180: 172: 170: 154:First flight 138:Manufactured 125:Number built 83:Manufacturer 77:Soviet Union 36: 3728:ANT-46/DI-8 3698:ANT-37/DB-2 3693:ANT-36/DB-1 3683:ANT-31/I-14 3663:ANT-23/I-12 3658:ANT-22/MK-1 3653:ANT-21/MI-3 3643:ANT-16/TB-4 3623:ANT-11/MTBT 3608:ANT-8/MDR-2 3332:ANT-30/SK-1 3322:ANT-26/TB-6 3077:Tu-20/Tu-95 2403:26 November 2369:Zaloga 1998 2294:Zaloga 1998 2228:Zaloga 1998 2163:Zaloga 1998 2106:Zaloga 1998 2070:Zaloga 1998 2036:Zaloga 1998 2024:Zaloga 1998 2012:Zaloga 1998 1995:Zaloga 1998 1978:Zaloga 1998 1954:Zaloga 1998 1900:Zaloga 1998 1879:Zaloga 1998 1837:Zaloga 1998 1746:shock waves 1546:Performance 1528:Powerplant: 1512:TsAGI SR-5S 1366:Baranovichi 1045:missile at 1000:Turkmen SSR 963:Mirage F.1s 853: / 822:East German 814:MIM-23 Hawk 518:(AVMF) for 317:Samolyot 98 254:Development 3753:Categories 3633:ANT-13/I-8 3628:ANT-12/I-5 3618:ANT-10/R-7 3613:ANT-9/PS-9 3598:ANT-6/TB-3 3588:ANT-4/TB-1 3347:Tu-72 (II) 3148:Tu-131 SAM 2816:: 109–112. 2549:31 October 2495:2011506200 2390:TTU Europe 2255:29 October 1940:3 February 1501:Wing area: 959:Tanker War 943:Al Hussein 799:Mirage F1s 687:gun-laying 660:evaporator 545:and AVMF. 369:Prototypes 306:supersonic 185:supersonic 3668:ANT-25/RD 3593:ANT-5/I-4 3583:ANT-3/R-3 3342:Tu-72 (I) 3305:cancelled 3303:Proposed, 2902:0959-7050 2852:0143-5450 2777:2051-1930 2687:0143-5450 2668:0143-5450 2513:doroga.ua 1756:Citations 1621:Missiles: 1561:Mach 1.42 1489:Wingspan: 1463:Data from 1437:Chkalovsk 1399:Zyabrovka 1314:– retired 1308:– retired 1285:– retired 1004:Pakistani 896:Najafabad 778:N'Djamena 624:transonic 612:tailplane 414:Bullshot' 384:transonic 380:area rule 375:Zhukovsky 363:transonic 270:into the 141:1960–1969 3769:Twinjets 3259:Tu-95LAL 3121:Unmanned 3045:Military 2974:Civilian 2968:aircraft 2698:ACIG.org 2619:16 April 2613:Archived 2559:cite web 2543:Archived 2523:29 March 2517:Archived 2249:Archived 2139:Archived 1934:archived 1665:See also 1656:FAB-9000 1600:Armament 1538:turbojet 1247:Gulf War 1174:version. 1162:Tu-22KPD 1126:Tu-22RDM 1120:Tu-22RDK 1029:Variants 947:FAB-9000 803:2K12 Kub 782:Omdurman 643:hedgehog 596:turbojet 474:Variants 422:Blinder' 244:and Chad 3542:Tu-2000 3128:Tu-121C 2966:Tupolev 2145:4 April 1646:FAB-500 1629:Kitchen 1508:Airfoil 1495:Height: 1483:Length: 1428:, then 1299:Ukraine 1177:Tu-22UD 1172:Trainer 1156:Tu-22KP 1150:Tu-22KD 1138:Tu-22PD 1110:Tu-22RK 1104:Tu-22RD 931:Isfahan 927:MiG-25s 805:(SA-6) 664:ethanol 418:Beauty' 196:Tupolev 181:Blinder 162:Retired 133:History 97:Retired 88:Tupolev 53:Tu-22PD 3718:ANT-43 3638:ANT-14 3552:PAK DA 3537:Tu-444 3532:Tu-336 3527:Tu-414 3522:Tu-404 3517:Tu-360 3512:Tu-344 3507:Tu-338 3502:Tu-334 3497:Tu-330 3492:Tu-324 3487:Tu-304 3482:Tu-300 3477:Tu-244 3472:Tu-230 3467:Tu-216 3462:Tu-206 3457:Tu-194 3452:Tu-174 3447:Tu-161 3442:Tu-156 3437:Tu-148 3432:Tu-138 3427:Tu-135 3422:Tu-127 3417:Tu-125 3412:Tu-119 3407:Tu-118 3402:Tu-117 3397:Tu-115 3337:ANT-53 3327:ANT-28 3317:ANT-18 3294:Tu-206 3289:Tu-155 3284:Tu-110 3279:Tu-107 3274:Tu-105 3168:Tu-300 3163:Tu-243 3158:Tu-143 3153:Tu-141 3143:Tu-130 3138:Tu-139 3133:Tu-123 3112:Tu-160 3107:Tu-142 3102:Tu-126 3036:Tu-354 3031:Tu-334 3026:Tu-214 3021:Tu-204 3016:Tu-164 3011:Tu-154 3006:Tu-144 3001:Tu-134 2996:Tu-124 2991:Tu-116 2986:Tu-114 2981:Tu-104 2924: 2900: 2890: 2867: 2850: 2829: 2813:Flight 2792: 2775: 2756: 2737: 2718: 2685: 2666: 2645: 2586: 2493: 2483: 1648:bombs 1635:Bombs: 1627:(AS-4 1616:turret 1565:Range: 1426:Saki-4 1392:Nezhin 1332: 1296: 1270:Russia 1267: 1228: 1204: 1085:Tu-22M 1079:Tu-22A 1074:bomber 996:Mary-2 971:Exocet 935:Shiraz 923:Su-22s 919:Tu-16s 898:by an 892:Tehran 864:Su-24s 759:Mwanza 747:VF-111 723:Kh-22P 719:SIGINT 685:Argon 683:PRS-3A 675:turret 647:ad hoc 586:Design 550:Tu-22P 539:Tu-22K 528:Tu-22U 398:Tu-22B 188:bomber 179:name: 94:Status 3578:ANT-2 3573:ANT-1 3557:Voron 3392:'102' 3387:'101' 3269:Tu-98 3264:Tu-96 3254:Tu-94 3249:Tu-91 3244:Tu-85 3239:Tu-82 3234:Tu-80 3229:Tu-79 3224:Tu-77 3219:Tu-75 3214:Tu-72 3209:Tu-70 3204:Tu-18 3199:Tu-12 3097:Tu-81 3082:Tu-22 3072:Tu-16 3067:Tu-14 3062:Tu-10 2397:(PDF) 2386:(PDF) 1732:Notes 1644:24 × 1625:Kh-22 1608:Guns: 1477:Crew: 1441:Su-24 1207:Libya 1115:ELINT 1043:Kh-22 770:Sudan 737:Libya 707:ELINT 690:radar 668:vodka 592:swept 569:Dalni 535:Kh-22 468:Su-17 426:shilo 402:Kazan 355:swept 324:TsAGI 233:Libya 223:Kh-22 211:range 42:Tu-22 18:Tu-22 3382:'93' 3377:'90' 3372:'86' 3367:'79' 3362:'78' 3357:'74' 3352:'73' 3194:Tu-8 3189:Tu-6 3184:Tu-1 3057:Tu-4 3052:Tu-2 2922:ISBN 2898:ISSN 2888:ISBN 2865:ISBN 2848:ISSN 2827:ISBN 2790:ISBN 2773:ISSN 2754:ISBN 2735:ISBN 2716:ISBN 2683:ISSN 2664:ISSN 2643:ISBN 2621:2019 2584:ISBN 2565:link 2551:2023 2525:2012 2491:LCCN 2481:ISBN 2405:2011 2257:2020 2147:2015 1942:2024 1658:bomb 1654:1 × 1623:1 × 1612:R-23 1610:1 × 1594:0.39 1530:2 × 1245:and 1231:Iraq 1088:The 1008:F-16 941:and 939:Scud 933:and 925:and 904:F-14 870:Iraq 679:R-23 620:drag 394:105A 359:drag 237:Iraq 235:and 202:and 171:The 149:1962 64:Type 2477:195 908:Qom 831:at 622:at 361:at 347:LII 128:311 3755:: 2896:. 2884:33 2882:. 2810:. 2696:, 2607:. 2561:}} 2557:{{ 2541:. 2489:. 2479:. 2413:^ 2388:. 2301:^ 2243:. 2182:^ 2155:^ 2133:. 2060:^ 2043:^ 2002:^ 1985:^ 1932:, 1919:^ 1886:^ 1871:^ 1856:^ 1817:^ 1782:^ 1763:^ 1650:or 1374:, 1348:. 1249:. 978:. 921:, 910:. 890:, 866:. 728:. 654:. 582:. 575:. 250:. 228:. 2958:e 2951:t 2944:v 2930:. 2904:. 2873:. 2854:. 2835:. 2798:. 2779:. 2762:. 2743:. 2724:. 2706:. 2670:. 2651:. 2623:. 2592:. 2567:) 2553:. 2527:. 2497:. 2407:. 2323:. 2259:. 2149:. 1592:: 1510:: 1443:. 1321:. 412:' 175:( 34:. 20:)

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Index