725:. These "Ouagadougou Accords" marked the end of most fighting, with the last armed group signing up in 1998. Since the late 1990s, the Tuareg have claimed they lacked attention and resources from the central government. The government agreed to absorb some former rebels into the military and, with French assistance, help others return to a productive civilian life. Controversy has continued to revolve around Tuareg leaders brought into government, with the arrest of the Minister of Tourism
192:
181:
111:
785:
has also suggested "foreign interests" (or Areva, specifically) were funding the rebel forces. Three newspapers in Niger which speculated that Libya might be behind the rebel group were threatened with legal action by the Libyan government. On the other hand, the MNJ statements portray their movement as Niger-wide (as opposed to Tuareg nationalism) and limited to the demand for economic, political and environmental reforms.
214:
203:
122:
618:
572:
347:
750:, but press accounts suggested these have little support in the larger community. Whatever the feelings of the broader Tuareg community in Niger, 2007 saw a complete break in relations between ex-combatants and the government. A unified force of ex-combatants began attacks against the government and mining interests in the north and repudiated the 1995 accords. This marks the beginning of the
710:, CRA), and continued a series of negotiations with the government, punctuated by fighting on both sides. The CRA signed an October 1994 accord, but by 1995 was in conflict with the government again. The ORA then negotiated an April 1995 Peace Accord, rejected by the CRA Mano Dayak, the CRA negotiator and leader of Tuareg rebels in the
596:
government in Bamako. Unlike the Niger ex-combatants who appeared successfully integrated into national life, small numbers of Malian
Tuaregs remained restive, complaining of the Kidal region's poverty, some involved in cross-border smuggling and crime, while a splinter faction of the Tuareg ex-combatants rose in 2006. The
655:. Since 1993, the Nigerien government has been confronted with four rebel organisations: the FLAA (Front de Liberation de l'Air et de l'Azaouak), the FLT (Front de Liberation Tamoust), the ARLNN (Armée Revolutionaire de la Liberation du Nord Niger) and the FPLS (Front patriotique de libération du Sahara).
784:
Little information on the motivation or the make-up of the Niger-based rebels was publicly available by the summer of 2007 outside of statements by the MNJ and the
Nigerien government. The government of Niger claimed these attacks were the work of small scale "bandits" and drug-trafficking gangs, and
595:
Malian Tuareg insurgents have taken part in a long series of peace processes. The 1995 peace deals which ended the First Tuareg
Rebellion promised the repatriation of Tuareg communities forced into resettlement camps in the south of the country and opportunities for Malian Tuaregs to join the central
436:
and forced the alteration of traditional migration routes, increasing conflict between neighboring groups. Aid from national governments was often unforthcoming, and many sided against the Tuareg–one notable exception being Libya. In both Mali and Niger, large numbers of Tuareg nomads fled to refugee
374:
or forming their own nation-state. The insurgency occurred in a period following the regional famine of the 1980s and subsequent refugee crisis, and a time of generalised political repression and crisis in both nations. The conflict is one in a series of Tuareg-based insurgencies in the colonial and
788:
Niger rebels say their government has failed to honor the 1995 peace deal, which ended the First Tuareg
Rebellion and promised them a bigger share of the region's mineral wealth. Nigerien Tuareg leaders and some Non Government Organizations have claimed the violence of February 2007 was the
629:
claiming these attacks had formally confederated with the Niger-based MNJ. The MNJ has formally denied this, but witnesses of one kidnapping attack in Mali said the rebels had moved back towards the Niger border. Former Malian rebel leaders, notably the 1990s commander
403:
region between the 7th and 14th centuries CE. Some (but not all) Tuareg wanted an independent Tuareg nation to be formed when French colonialism ended. This, combined with dissatisfaction over the new governments, led some Tuareg in
Northern Mali to rebel in 1963.
789:
culmination of widespread disaffection amongst Tuareg ex-combatants with the slow progress of promised benefits, lack of functioning democratic institutions, and a perceived special status given to foreign mining interests and southern political leaders.
395:) and the rising of Firhoun of Ikazkazan in 1911, who reappeared in Mali in 1916. In fact, the nomadic Tuareg confederations have come into sporadic conflict with the sedentary communities of the region ever since they migrated from the
770:
484:
sparked the closing of the borders with Libya and
Algeria, and the resettlement of thousands of Tuareg and other nomads away from the area. As economic and political conditions worsened, grievances grew. When aid promised by
586:
as a symbolic conclusion to the conflict. Aid has since been given to the Tuareg areas of the country and separatism has declined. The situation, however, remained tense with fears that the conflict would be renewed.
638:
of 2007 in Niger, the small size of forces involved in the 2007 Malian violence, and the wide support for the 1995 and 2006 accords among Malian Tuareg leaders, paint a picture of a largely successful peace process.
729:
in 2004 and his July 2005 pardon, on suspicion of involvement in a political murder. Niger's
Tuaregs continue to watch closely the development and economic activities of the government, especially in regards the
475:
In Niger's far north, drought, economic crisis, and the central government's political weakness came to a head in 1985. That year, a number of Tuareg in Libya formed a political opposition group called the
477:
695:
864:
849:
149:
703:
1391:
Baz Lecocq (2004). Unemployed
Intellectuals in the Sahara: The Teshumara Nationalist Movement and the Revolutions in Tuareg Society. International Review of Social History, 49, pp 87–109
437:
camps in
Algeria and Libya. There, militants who blamed their respective national governments for failing to aid communities in need began to co-mingle and form the future rebel groups.
634:, denounced the 2007 violence and called on the Bahanga group to cease their attacks and offered to negotiate on behalf of the Bamako government. Regardless of the connection with the
856:
837:
843:
2496:
1027:
514:
625:
Attacks in the extreme northeast of Mali began to grow in number and intensity in August 2007, as reports appeared that the ADC splinter group, led by former combatant
694:
The two main rebel groups in Niger agreed to a truce in 1994, just as war flared up again in Mali. The Niger-based groups formed two umbrella organisations called the
1438:
440:
Both Mali and Niger, unable to cope economically with famine, and plagued by weak, authoritarian governments, faced dissent in all communities. In Mali, President
294:
1281:
546:'s reprisals led to a full-blown rebellion in which the absence of opportunities for Tuareg in the army was a major complaint. The conflict died down after
557:
In 1994, Tuareg, reputed to have been trained and armed by Libya, attacked Gao, which again led to major Malian Army reprisals and to the creation of the
497:
in May 1990, leading to the death of 31, including 25 of the attackers. Initially the rebel's main demand was for the right for their children to learn
766:
2319:
2005:
1497:
774:
1160:
17:
1962:
1957:
879:
518:
158:
1969:
1431:
812:
144:
448:
restrictions on government spending, drought, and 20 years of one-party rule. On 22 March 1991, he was overthrown in another military coup.
420:
countries they inhabit and a majority in many
Saharan regions. In many cases, the Tuareg have been marginalised by governments based in the
1587:
558:
2130:
1804:
1529:
980:
602:
287:
1378:
Accord établissant une paix définitive entre le Gouvernement de la République du Niger et l'Organisation de la Résistance Armée (O.R.A.)
1809:
1563:
2240:
1491:
1210:. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN): 17 May 2007.
1424:
747:
1255:
1024:
2409:
1222:
818:
467:
killed at least three people. Ongoing student and labor protests began to target the government and army throughout the country.
1043:
2117:
1628:
280:
2337:
2354:
2057:
1238:
610:, led a short, sporadic campaign in the north of Mali from May to July 2006, when they signed another peace deal with the
2360:
2189:
1875:
1191:
830:
163:
746:
In the early first decade of the 21st century, sporadic attacks continued to be claimed by Tuareg groups and the Toubou
2000:
1659:
824:
2459:
2331:
2023:
1994:
1341:
53:
444:, a former military leader who had come to power in a 1968 military coup, was facing growing pressure over poverty,
2610:
2422:
2194:
1922:
1684:
1534:
1519:
329:
319:
35:
31:
2201:
2173:
1474:
384:
2285:
2274:
2184:
1369:
1355:
1004:
951:
2502:
1635:
1622:
1176:
2605:
2034:
806:
651:
escalated in Niger. The FLAA declared the attacks on administrative centers as a reaction to the events of
139:
925:
550:
formed a new government and made reparations in 1992. Also, Mali created a new self-governing region, the
2675:
2600:
2234:
2028:
1646:
1451:
1375:
445:
1157:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2481:
2464:
2313:
2269:
2222:
2140:
2123:
1816:
758:
981:
http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps12312/carlisle-www.army.mil/usassi/ssipubs/pubs98/tuareg/tuareg.pdf
2301:
2217:
2145:
1742:
1652:
459:, was facing similar problems. On 9 February 1990, police suppression of a peaceful student march at
1305:
687:. Attacks were few, the response was ineffective, but great economic damage was done, rendering the
2404:
2279:
1768:
1737:
1480:
946:
See Samuel Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger. Scarecrow Press, London and New Jersey (1979).
885:
522:
1015:
for the Tchin-Tabaradene massacre and human rights abuse of the period in Niger, see a summary in
2399:
2135:
1935:
1786:
1763:
1689:
1552:
1524:
901:
751:
635:
538:
In Mali, the uprising began in 1990 when Tuareg separatists attacked government buildings around
464:
334:
39:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2111:
1929:
1718:
614:
government. After renewing the ceasefire, these forces apparently splintered further in 2007.
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2063:
1640:
1016:
934:
714:
region died in a suspicious plane crash in 1995, on his way to meet government officials.
218:
2453:
2393:
2105:
1020:
8:
2417:
1792:
1592:
1514:
1334:
Niger: A Long History, a Brief Conflict, an Open Future, in Searching for Peace in Africa
717:
Finally, the government reached peace accords on 15 April 1995 with all Tuareg (and some
1264:
2595:
1798:
1581:
1558:
1116:
626:
1219:
1133:
1082:
1078:
1055:
2539:
2383:
2052:
1911:
1846:
1365:
1351:
1337:
1207:
1145:
1000:
947:
778:
688:
684:
502:
371:
2228:
1416:
501:
at school, but this soon escalated to a demand for autonomy. Later in May 1990, the
456:
2487:
2387:
2179:
1881:
1485:
1108:
543:
506:
505:
responded by arresting, torturing, and killing several hundred Tuareg civilians in
494:
481:
196:
937:, citing US Gov, gives 7000 Malian rebels integrated into the military in 1995-96.
731:
664:
441:
388:
207:
2438:
2246:
1869:
1713:
1226:
1195:
1164:
1148:, Barbara Worley, The Amazigh Voice - Taghect Tamazight Vol. 5, No. 3, June 1996.
1136:, Barbara Worley, The Amazigh Voice - Taghect Tamazight Vol. 5, No. 3, June 1996.
1034:(see below) gives the number of civilians killed as a range between 650 and 1500.
1031:
726:
425:
241:
1406:
1067:
547:
375:
post-colonial history of these nations. In Niger, it is also referred to as the
2366:
2098:
2093:
1905:
1899:
1887:
1831:
652:
561:
413:
272:
1188:
2554:
2524:
2325:
2307:
2263:
2155:
1917:
1893:
1282:"Tuareg ex-combatants to get promised assistance a decade after peace accord"
631:
392:
359:
314:
229:
575:
Monument commemorating the 1996 "La Flamme de la Paix" ceremony in Timbuktu.
486:
452:
1459:
802:
Numerous rebel groups were active in Mali during the rebellion, including:
551:
1158:
Six éléments des Forces Armées nigériennes rejoignent les rebelles au Nord
2534:
2529:
2078:
1852:
1607:
722:
517:. Tuareg outrage sparked the creation of two armed insurgent groups: the
1401:
1120:
1096:
2150:
1112:
889:
617:
237:
185:
932:
1990–1997 Niger 1 000 Violences ethniques (Azawad et Toubou)
565:
433:
355:
130:
993:
Niger: Regime change, economic crisis, and perpetuation of privilege
1975:
1696:
1448:
583:
554:, and provided for greater Tuareg integration into Malian society.
498:
906:
735:
680:
510:
490:
429:
396:
579:
In 1995, moderates on both sides negotiated a peace settlement.
493:
failed to materialise, some Tuareg attacked a police station in
1097:"Marginalisation and Revolt among the Tuareg in Mali and Niger"
718:
711:
668:
611:
571:
460:
455:, the unelected military successor to 1974 coup leader General
417:
346:
1376:
Full text of the 15 April 1995 Niger peace accords (French).
1254:
Togo, Theodore (2002). "The Rebellion In The North Of Mali".
676:
672:
421:
400:
363:
191:
180:
115:
110:
83:
667:
of the far north continued from 1990. The tourist center of
608:
Mai 23, 2006 Alliance démocratique pour le changement - ADC)
1263:. Caritas Internationalis. pp. 232–235. Archived from
1056:
Pour Bamako, le MNJ et les rebelles du nord ont partie liée
597:
367:
213:
202:
126:
121:
79:
930:
1990–1995 Mali 1 000 Violences ethniques (Tuareg)
564:
militia to combat the Tuareg. Mali effectively fell into
1410:
539:
1446:
1068:
Tuareg conflict spreads to Mali. BBC: 28 August 2007.
1239:
La crise touareg due à "l'échec" des accords de 1995
383:, a reference to the pre-independence rebellions of
734:' burgeoning tourist trade, and Arlit's recovering
1364:. Bradt London and Globe Pequot, New York (2006).
1350:. Scarecrow Press, London and New Jersey (1979).
1336:, European Centre for Conflict Prevention (1999).
995:, in John Frank Clark, David E. Gardinier, eds.:
2552:
1229:. Phuong Tran, Voice of America: 21 August 2007.
863:Most of these groups united in 1991 to form the
302:
1085:. Radio France International, 3 September 2007.
1058:. Radio France International, 2 September 2007.
675:(largely exploited by the French multinational
350:Areas where significant numbers of Tuaregs live
1081:Radio France International, 1 September 2007.
926:University of Sherbrooke, ethnic violence data
683:were evacuated of foreigners and armed by the
1432:
1079:Confusion chez les anciens rebelles touaregs.
1021:Niger: Impunity enshrined in the constitution
977:Conflict and conflict resolution in the Sahel
813:Popular Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
741:
288:
145:Popular Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
771:Front de libération de l'Aïr et de l'Azawagh
679:), and the traditional Tuareg trade town of
658:
533:
880:Front for the Liberation of Aïr and Azaouak
603:May 23, 2006 Democratic Alliance for Change
582:Weapons were ceremonially burnt in 1996 in
519:Front for the Liberation of Aïr and Azaouak
480:(FPLN). An armed attack by FPLN members in
159:Front for the Liberation of Aïr and Azaouak
1439:
1425:
1249:
1247:
295:
281:
1208:Niger: New Touareg rebel group speaks out
870:
621:The Mali - Niger - Algeria border region.
478:Popular Front for the Liberation of Niger
1588:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
1402:Cartogracy: Tuareg Independence Movement
1257:Peacebuilding: A Caritas Training Manual
781:who defected to the rebels in May 2007.
748:Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Sahara
616:
570:
345:
2131:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
1805:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis
1244:
1241:. Agence France-Presse: 25 August 2007.
819:Revolutionary Liberation Army of Azawad
797:
763:Mouvement des Nigériens pour la justice
489:'s government to Tuareg returning from
14:
2553:
1094:
997:Political Reform in Francophone Africa
2320:South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict
2241:2012–2013 Tana River District clashes
1420:
1220:Rebels in Niger Threaten More Attacks
865:United Movements and Fronts of Azawad
850:Autonomous Liberation Front of Azawad
276:
150:United Movements and Fronts of Azawad
1253:
2410:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
2361:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
1876:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
1189:Point Afrique cancels tour flights.
831:National Liberation Front of Azawad
663:In Niger, sporadic fighting in the
470:
164:Front for the Liberation of Tamoust
24:
2118:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
1660:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
1407:"'Tuareg rebels' leave Mali towns"
1385:
1134:Visit of a Twareg Leader to the US
825:Popular Liberation Front of Azawad
168:CRA & ORA coalitions (1994–95)
25:
2687:
2355:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
2058:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
1395:
1306:"Air and Azawak Liberation Front"
691:largely off-limits to outsiders.
2185:2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention
1179:. Alex Harrowell: 6 August 2007.
875:Rebel groups in Niger included:
857:Patriotic Movement of Ganda Koye
708:Coordination de Résistance Armée
700:Organisation de Résistance Armée
696:Organisation of Armed Resistance
212:
201:
190:
179:
120:
109:
2202:Piracy off the coast of Somalia
1298:
1274:
1232:
1213:
1201:
1182:
1170:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1088:
838:Air and Azawak Liberation Front
792:
424:or on the Mediterranean coast.
385:Ag Mohammed Wau Teguidda Kaocen
1348:Historical Dictionary of Niger
1072:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1009:
985:
969:
940:
919:
721:) rebel groups, negotiated in
412:Tuareg people form a distinct
13:
1:
2503:2014 Lesotho political crisis
2460:RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)
1623:Communal conflicts in Nigeria
912:
844:Autonomous Group of Timitrine
671:, the uranium mining town of
407:
2497:SADC intervention in Lesotho
2099:OLA insurgency, 2018–present
2053:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)
1810:ECOWAS military intervention
1530:2011–2014 factional violence
1326:
1046:Jeune Afrique: 15 July 2007.
807:Arab Islamic Front of Azawad
765:, MNJ) is apparently led by
704:Coordinated Armed resistance
590:
432:in 1972–74 and 84–85 killed
370:, with the aim of achieving
304:Tuareg rebellions since 1900
140:Arab Islamic Front of Azawad
36:Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)
32:Tuareg rebellion (1962–1964)
18:Tuareg Rebellion (1990–1995)
7:
2174:Puntland–Somaliland dispute
2029:Insurgency in Northern Chad
895:
647:In the autumn of 1991, the
513:. This became known as the
446:International Monetary Fund
27:Rebellion in Mali and Niger
10:
2692:
2465:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
2286:Abyei conflict (2022–2023)
2141:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict
2006:Djotodia period, 2013–2014
1817:Western Togoland Rebellion
1044:Jusqu?où ira la rébellion?
777:, a former captain in the
759:Niger Movement for Justice
742:An uneasy peace: 1995–2007
47:1990-1995 Tuareg rebellion
29:
2517:
2474:
2446:
2437:
2376:
2347:
2302:Second Sudanese Civil War
2294:
2256:
2210:
2166:
2086:
2077:
2045:
2016:
1985:
1945:
1862:
1839:
1830:
1779:
1753:
1727:
1706:
1669:
1615:
1606:
1574:
1545:
1507:
1467:
1458:
1310:Global Terrorism Database
999:. Westview Press (1997).
769:, a former member of the
659:1990 to 1995 peace accord
534:Mali Civil War, 1990–1996
515:Tchin-Tabaradene massacre
310:
267:
247:
172:
102:
59:
51:
46:
2405:2008 invasion of Anjouan
2001:Civil War (2012–present)
1970:Pool Department conflict
886:Temoust Liberation Front
642:
523:Temoust Liberation Front
222:Seydou Cissé (Ganda Koy)
2611:20th-century rebellions
2400:Hanish Islands conflict
1936:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
1787:Guinea-Bissau Civil War
1629:Herder–farmer conflicts
1553:Western Sahara conflict
1177:Next Up: Northern Niger
1095:Krings, Thomas (1995).
979:retrieved 4/11/08 from
902:Second Tuareg Rebellion
752:Second Tuareg Rebellion
636:Second Tuareg Rebellion
528:
40:Tuareg rebellion (2012)
2223:Somali–Kenyan conflict
2112:Second Afar insurgency
1719:Sierra Leone Civil War
1083:La peur de la scission
975:Lt. Col. Kalifa Keita
871:Nigerien Tuareg groups
622:
576:
381:Third Tuareg Rebellion
351:
173:Commanders and leaders
2482:Bophuthatswana crisis
2146:Oromia–Somali clashes
2064:Boko Haram insurgency
2024:Civil War (2005–2010)
1641:Boko Haram insurgency
1564:Clashes, 2020–present
1146:Mano Dayak, 1949-1995
1017:Amnesty International
779:Nigerien Armed Forces
620:
574:
362:groups took place in
354:From 1990 to 1995, a
349:
2454:Mozambican Civil War
2414:Burundian conflicts
2394:Djiboutian Civil War
2106:Insurgency in Ogaden
1734:Liberian Civil Wars
1647:Niger Delta conflict
1286:The New Humanitarian
1023:. 8 September 1999.
798:Malian Tuareg groups
600:-based Tuareg group
451:In Niger, president
2606:Civil wars in Niger
2493:Lesothan conflicts
2418:1993–2005 Civil War
2136:Afar–Somali clashes
1923:2022–2024 offensive
1918:2012–2013 rebellion
1760:Ivorian Civil Wars
1593:Tunisian revolution
1535:2014–2020 civil war
1515:2008 Kufra conflict
1452:conflicts in Africa
1167:. APA, 24 May 2007.
330:2007–2009 rebellion
325:1990–1995 rebellion
320:1962–1964 rebellion
315:1916–1917 rebellion
2676:Rebellions in Mali
2601:Civil wars in Mali
2540:Colour revolutions
2338:Sudanese civil war
2190:2009–present phase
1930:Batwa–Luba clashes
1799:Casamance conflict
1676:Tuareg rebellions
1636:Religious violence
1582:Algerian Civil War
1498:Terrorism in Egypt
1225:2007-09-07 at the
1194:2007-09-29 at the
1163:2008-03-05 at the
1113:10.1007/BF00812527
1030:2008-05-11 at the
627:Ibrahim Ag Bahanga
623:
577:
352:
219:Alpha Oumar Konaré
94:1995 peace accords
2591:Tuareg rebellions
2586:Conflicts in 1995
2581:Conflicts in 1994
2576:Conflicts in 1993
2571:Conflicts in 1992
2566:Conflicts in 1991
2561:Conflicts in 1990
2548:
2547:
2513:
2512:
2433:
2432:
2384:Rwandan Civil War
2332:Blue Nile clashes
2314:Nomadic conflicts
2270:Nomadic conflicts
2073:
2072:
1912:March 23 Movement
1847:Angolan Civil War
1826:
1825:
1602:
1601:
1198:AFP: 31 Aug 2007.
991:Myriam Gervais.
689:Agadez Department
503:Nigerien Military
343:
342:
271:
270:
98:
97:
54:Tuareg rebellions
16:(Redirected from
2683:
2488:Caprivi conflict
2444:
2443:
2423:2015–2018 unrest
2229:Likoni massacres
2218:Ethnic conflicts
2180:Somali Civil War
2084:
2083:
1882:Second Congo War
1837:
1836:
1613:
1612:
1492:Post-coup unrest
1486:Sinai insurgency
1465:
1464:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1332:Bram Posthumus.
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1262:
1251:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1092:
1086:
1076:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1013:
1007:
989:
983:
973:
967:
944:
938:
923:
767:Aghaly ag Alambo
702:, ORA), and the
649:Tuareg rebellion
507:Tchin-Tabaradene
495:Tchin-Tabaradene
482:Tchin-Tabaradene
471:Niger, 1985–1990
305:
297:
290:
283:
274:
273:
217:
216:
206:
205:
197:Mahamane Ousmane
195:
194:
184:
183:
125:
124:
114:
113:
61:
60:
44:
43:
21:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2509:
2470:
2439:Southern Africa
2429:
2372:
2343:
2290:
2275:Ethnic violence
2252:
2247:Baragoi clashes
2206:
2162:
2069:
2041:
2031:(2016–present)
2012:
1987:
1986:Central African
1981:
1947:
1941:
1870:First Congo War
1858:
1822:
1775:
1749:
1723:
1714:Ndogboyosoi War
1702:
1665:
1649:(2003–present)
1625:(1998–present)
1598:
1570:
1555:(1970–present)
1541:
1503:
1481:2011 revolution
1475:Egyptian Crisis
1454:
1445:
1398:
1388:
1386:Further reading
1346:Samuel Decalo.
1329:
1324:
1323:
1314:
1312:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1290:
1288:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1227:Wayback Machine
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1196:Wayback Machine
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1165:Wayback Machine
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1093:
1089:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1032:Wayback Machine
1014:
1010:
990:
986:
974:
970:
954:, listings for
945:
941:
933:
931:
929:
924:
920:
915:
898:
873:
800:
795:
775:Mohamed Acharif
744:
727:Rhissa ag Boula
661:
653:Tchin Tabaraden
645:
593:
536:
531:
473:
426:Desertification
410:
344:
339:
306:
303:
301:
260:
258:
242:Rhissa Ag Boula
240:
236:
232:
228:
221:
211:
210:
200:
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189:
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178:
167:
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157:
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86:
68:
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2689:
2679:
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2673:
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2658:
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2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
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2598:
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2573:
2568:
2563:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2518:Related topics
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2491:
2485:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2467:(2017–present)
2462:
2457:
2450:
2448:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2367:Kasese clashes
2364:
2363:(1996–present)
2358:
2357:(1987–present)
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2340:(2023–present)
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2316:(2009–present)
2311:
2305:
2298:
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2289:
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2272:
2267:
2260:
2258:
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2251:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2225:(1963–present)
2220:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2177:
2176:(1998–present)
2170:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2124:War, 1998–2000
2115:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2094:Oromo conflict
2090:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2066:(2009–present)
2061:
2060:(1987–present)
2055:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2035:2021 offensive
2026:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1991:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1909:
1908:(2009–present)
1906:Ituri conflict
1903:
1900:Dongo conflict
1897:
1896:(2004–present)
1891:
1888:Ituri conflict
1885:
1879:
1878:(1996–present)
1873:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1855:(1975–present)
1850:
1843:
1841:
1834:
1832:Central Africa
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1819:(2020–present)
1814:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1801:(1982–present)
1796:
1793:Guinea clashes
1790:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1699:(2012–present)
1694:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1662:(2021–present)
1657:
1656:
1655:
1644:
1643:(2009–present)
1638:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1619:
1617:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1559:War, 1975–1991
1549:
1547:
1546:Western Sahara
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1525:2011 civil war
1517:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1500:(2013–present)
1495:
1489:
1488:(2011–present)
1483:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1404:
1397:
1396:External links
1394:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1373:
1360:Jolijn Geels.
1358:
1344:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1297:
1273:
1270:on 2011-06-12.
1243:
1231:
1212:
1200:
1181:
1169:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1087:
1071:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1025:Bram Posthumus
1008:
984:
968:
939:
917:
916:
914:
911:
910:
909:
904:
897:
894:
893:
892:
888:(FLT), led by
883:
872:
869:
861:
860:
853:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
799:
796:
794:
791:
743:
740:
660:
657:
644:
641:
592:
589:
535:
532:
530:
527:
472:
469:
465:Kennedy Bridge
457:Seyni Kountché
409:
406:
341:
340:
338:
337:
335:2012 rebellion
332:
327:
322:
317:
311:
308:
307:
300:
299:
292:
285:
277:
269:
268:
265:
264:
253:
250:
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244:
223:
175:
174:
170:
169:
133:
105:
104:
100:
99:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
77:
75:
71:
70:
69:(5 years)
65:
57:
56:
49:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2688:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:1995 in Niger
2669:
2667:
2666:1994 in Niger
2664:
2662:
2661:1993 in Niger
2659:
2657:
2656:1992 in Niger
2654:
2652:
2651:1991 in Niger
2649:
2647:
2646:1990 in Niger
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
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2587:
2584:
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2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
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2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2525:War on terror
2523:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
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2440:
2436:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2326:Heglig Crisis
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2308:War in Darfur
2306:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2264:Heglig Crisis
2262:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2235:Kenyan crisis
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2156:War in Amhara
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1894:Kivu conflict
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:Côte d'Ivoire
1752:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1695:
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1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
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1674:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1653:2016 conflict
1651:
1650:
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1639:
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1634:
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1627:
1626:
1624:
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1554:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1520:Libyan crisis
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
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1457:
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1450:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1413:, 24 May 2006
1412:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
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1389:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1367:
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1349:
1345:
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1342:90-5727-033-1
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1331:
1330:
1311:
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1190:
1185:
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1130:
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1118:
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1110:
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1080:
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1069:
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1057:
1052:
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1040:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
982:
978:
972:
965:
964:Kaocen Revolt
961:
957:
953:
949:
943:
936:
927:
922:
918:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
891:
887:
884:
881:
878:
877:
876:
868:
866:
858:
854:
851:
847:
845:
841:
839:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
815:(MPLA or MPA)
814:
811:
808:
805:
804:
803:
790:
786:
782:
780:
776:
773:(FLAA), and
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
739:
737:
733:
732:Aïr Mountains
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
685:Nigerien Army
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:Aïr Mountains
656:
654:
650:
640:
637:
633:
632:Iyad Ag Ghaly
628:
619:
615:
613:
609:
605:
604:
599:
588:
585:
580:
573:
569:
567:
563:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
542:in Mali. The
541:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
479:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
442:Moussa Traoré
438:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
405:
402:
398:
394:
393:Kaocen Revolt
390:
389:Aïr Mountains
386:
382:
378:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
348:
336:
333:
331:
328:
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323:
321:
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309:
298:
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284:
279:
278:
275:
266:
263:
257:
254:
252:
251:
246:
243:
239:
235:
231:
230:Iyad Ag Ghaly
227:
224:
220:
215:
209:
208:Moussa Traoré
204:
198:
193:
187:
182:
177:
176:
171:
165:
160:
156:
151:
146:
141:
137:
134:
132:
128:
123:
117:
112:
107:
106:
101:
93:
90:
89:
85:
81:
76:
73:
72:
66:
63:
62:
58:
55:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2641:1995 in Mali
2636:1994 in Mali
2631:1993 in Mali
2626:1992 in Mali
2621:1991 in Mali
2616:1990 in Mali
2386: /
2120:(2000–2018)
1948:of the Congo
1707:Sierra Leone
1679:
1460:North Africa
1377:
1361:
1347:
1333:
1313:. Retrieved
1309:
1300:
1289:. Retrieved
1285:
1276:
1265:the original
1256:
1234:
1215:
1203:
1184:
1172:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1107:(1): 57–63.
1104:
1100:
1090:
1074:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1011:
996:
992:
987:
976:
971:
963:
959:
955:
942:
921:
874:
862:
801:
793:Rebel groups
787:
783:
762:
756:
745:
716:
707:
699:
693:
662:
648:
646:
624:
607:
601:
594:
581:
578:
556:
552:Kidal Region
548:Alpha Konaré
537:
509:, Gharo and
474:
450:
439:
411:
380:
376:
353:
324:
261:
255:
233:
225:
154:
135:
103:Belligerents
2535:Arab Winter
2530:Arab Spring
2499:(1998–1999)
2490:(1994–1999)
2456:(1977–1992)
2396:(1991–1994)
2390:(1990–1994)
2334:(2022–2023)
2322:(2011–2020)
2310:(2003–2020)
2304:(1983–2005)
2282:(2013–2020)
2257:South Sudan
2243:(2012–2013)
2237:(2007–2008)
2114:(1995–2018)
2108:(1994–2018)
2079:East Africa
1997:(2004–2007)
1978:(2016–2017)
1972:(2002–2003)
1954:Civil wars
1938:(2016–2019)
1932:(2013–2018)
1890:(1999–2007)
1884:(1998–2003)
1872:(1996–1997)
1853:Cabinda War
1849:(1975–2002)
1789:(1998–1999)
1608:West Africa
1595:(2010–2011)
1584:(1991–2002)
1494:(2013–2014)
1477:(2011–2014)
723:Ouagadougou
544:Malian Army
416:in all the
358:by various
2555:Categories
2447:Mozambique
2151:Tigray war
1370:1841621528
1356:0810812290
1315:2023-09-01
1291:2023-09-01
1101:GeoJournal
1005:0813327865
952:0810812290
913:References
890:Mano Dayak
738:industry.
559:Ghanda Koi
487:Ali Saïbou
453:Ali Saïbou
408:Background
238:Mano Dayak
186:Ali Saibou
30:See also:
2596:Berberism
2280:Civil War
1963:1997–1999
1958:1993–1994
1914:conflict
1769:2010–2011
1764:2002–2007
1743:1999–2003
1738:1989–1996
1685:2007–2009
1680:1990–1995
1327:For Niger
956:Rebellion
591:1996–2007
566:civil war
434:livestock
399:into the
391:in 1914 (
356:rebellion
166:, (FLT),
131:Ganda Koy
78:Northern
67:1990–1995
2388:genocide
2087:Ethiopia
1995:Bush War
1988:Republic
1976:Pool War
1946:Republic
1863:DR Congo
1697:Mali War
1449:Cold War
1223:Archived
1192:Archived
1161:Archived
1121:41146473
1028:Archived
896:See also
867:(MFUA).
584:Timbuktu
521:and the
499:Tamashek
430:droughts
414:minority
372:autonomy
248:Strength
142:(FIAA),
74:Location
52:Part of
2167:Somalia
1728:Liberia
1616:Nigeria
907:Azawagh
736:uranium
681:In-Gall
562:Songhai
511:In-Gall
491:Algeria
418:Saharan
397:Maghreb
387:of the
161:(FLAA),
152:(MFUA).
147:(MPLA),
2484:(1994)
2475:Others
2377:Others
2369:(2016)
2348:Uganda
2328:(2012)
2266:(2012)
2249:(2012)
2231:(1997)
2195:AMISOM
2046:Others
1902:(2009)
1840:Angola
1795:(2013)
1780:Others
1575:Others
1368:
1354:
1340:
1119:
1003:
960:Tuareg
950:
882:(FLAA)
859:(MPGK)
852:(FULA)
833:(FNLA)
827:(FPLA)
821:(ARLA)
809:(FIAA)
719:Toubou
712:Tenere
669:Agadez
612:Bamako
461:Niamey
377:Second
360:Tuareg
262:Niger:
259:7,000+
234:Niger:
155:Niger:
91:Result
38:, and
2295:Sudan
2211:Kenya
1508:Libya
1468:Egypt
1447:Post–
1362:Niger
1268:(PDF)
1261:(PDF)
1117:JSTOR
935:OnWar
677:Areva
673:Arlit
643:Niger
422:Sahel
401:Sahel
364:Niger
256:Mali:
226:Mali:
136:Mali:
116:Niger
84:Niger
2017:Chad
1690:2012
1670:Mali
1366:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1338:ISBN
1001:ISBN
948:ISBN
855:The
848:The
842:The
836:The
757:The
598:Mali
529:Mali
428:and
368:Mali
366:and
127:Mali
82:and
80:Mali
64:Date
1411:BBC
1109:doi
1019:'s
962:,
540:Gao
463:'s
379:or
2557::
1409:,
1308:.
1284:.
1246:^
1115:.
1105:36
1103:.
1099:.
958:,
754:.
568:.
525:.
34:,
1440:e
1433:t
1426:v
1381:.
1372:.
1318:.
1294:.
1123:.
1111::
966:.
928::
761:(
706:(
698:(
606:(
296:e
289:t
282:v
20:)
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