Tuatara - Knowledge

2080: 1808: 1792: 320: 1780: 1820: 1832: 2045:(collar bone), would have formed a sort of exoskeleton around the body, protecting the belly and helping to hold in the guts and inner organs. These anatomical details most likely evolved from structures involved in locomotion even before the vertebrates ventured onto land. The gastralia may have been involved in the breathing process in early amphibians and reptiles. The pelvis and shoulder girdles are arranged differently from those of lizards, as is the case with other parts of the internal anatomy and its scales. 8070: 191: 1637: 1851: 118: 334: 1677: 2217: 2884: 2071:

around this age. Femoral rings follow a similar trend, however they are useful for tuatara up to ages 25–35 years. Around that age, femoral rings cease to form. Further research on age determination methods for tuatara is required, as tuatara have lifespans much longer than 35 years (ages up to 60 are common, and captive tuatara have lived to over 100 years). One possibility could be via examination of tooth wear, as tuatara have fused sets of teeth.

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those found in other nearby species such as lizards. Finally, less than 1% are elements belonging to L1, a low percentage since these elements tend to predominate in placental mammals. Usually, the predominant LINE elements are the CR1, contrary to what has been seen in the tuatara. This suggests that perhaps the genome repeats of sauropsids were very different compared to mammals, birds and lizards.

1770:. This proportion has actually been used by paleontologists trying to estimate the volume of dinosaur brains based on fossils. However, the proportion of the tuatara endocranium occupied by its brain may not be a very good guide to the same proportion in Mesozoic dinosaurs since modern birds are surviving dinosaurs but have brains which occupy a much greater relative volume in the endocranium. 2334:, and kin recognition in various vertebrate species. Among known vertebrate genomes, MHCs are considered one of the most polymorphic. In the tuatara, 56 MHC genes have been identified; some of which are similar to MHCs of amphibians and mammals. Most MHCs that were annotated in the tuatara genome are highly conserved, however there is large genomic rearrangement observed in distant 1728:

during the lifetime of the animal, unlike those of pleurodont lizards. It is a common misconception that tuatara lack teeth and instead have sharp projections on the jaw bone, though histology shows that they have true teeth with enamel and dentine with pulp cavities. As their teeth wear down, older tuatara have to switch to softer prey such as

2106:, likely because adults are cannibalistic. Juveniles are typically active at night, but can be found active during the day. The juveniles' movement pattern is attributed to genetic hardwire of conspecifics for predator avoidance and thermal restrictions. Tuatara thrive in temperatures much lower than those tolerated by most reptiles, and 2281:

from copulation to hatching. This means reproduction occurs at two- to five-year intervals, the slowest in any reptile. Survival of embryos has also been linked to having more success in moist conditions. Wild tuatara are known to be still reproducing at about 60 years of age; "Henry", a male tuatara at Southland Museum in

2460:. Wiped out from the main islands before European settlement, they were long confined to 32 offshore islands free of mammals. The islands are difficult to get to, and are colonised by few animal species, indicating that some animals absent from these islands may have caused tuatara to disappear from the mainland. However, 2516:, Polynesian rats were eradicated on Whatupuke in 1993, Lady Alice Island in 1994, and Coppermine Island in 1997. Following this program, juveniles have once again been seen on the latter three islands. In contrast, rats persist on Hen Island of the same group, and no juvenile tuatara have been seen there as of 2001. In the 2034:, where they are mostly made of cartilage, as well as crocodiles and the tuatara, and are not attached to the spine or thoracic ribs. The true ribs are small projections, with small, hooked bones, called uncinate processes, found on the rear of each rib. This feature is also present in birds. The tuatara is the only living 2464:(Polynesian rats) had recently become established on several of the islands, and tuatara were persisting, but not breeding, on these islands. Additionally, tuatara were much rarer on the rat-inhabited islands. Prior to conservation work, 25% of the distinct tuatara populations had become extinct in the past century. 2745:. One notable captive breeding success story took place in January 2009, when all 11 eggs belonging to 110 year-old tuatara Henry and 80 year-old tuatara Mildred hatched. This story is especially remarkable as Henry required surgery to remove a cancerous tumour in order to successfully breed. 2427:

within genomes affects this methylation. Specifically, 81% of these CpG sites have been found to be methylated in the tuatara genome. Recent publications propose that this high level of methylation may be due to the amount of repeating elements that exist in the genome of this animal. This pattern is

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genes. In humans, selenoproteins have a function of antioxidation, redox regulation and synthesis of thyroid hormones. It is not fully demonstrated, but these genes may be related to the longevity of this animal or may have emerged as a result of the low levels of selenium and other trace elements in

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once every four years. During courtship, a male makes his skin darker, raises his crests, and parades toward the female. He slowly walks in circles around the female with stiffened legs. The female will either allow the male to mount her, or retreat to her burrow. Males do not have a penis; they have

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during winter. They remain active at temperatures as low as 5 °C (41 °F), while temperatures over 28 °C (82 °F) are generally fatal. The optimal body temperature for the tuatara is from 16 to 21 °C (61 to 70 °F), the lowest of any reptile. The body temperature of tuatara

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vertebrae, concave both before and behind. This is the usual condition of fish vertebrae and some amphibians, but is unique to tuatara within the amniotes. The vertebral bodies have a tiny hole through which a constricted remnant of the notochord passes; this was typical in early fossil reptiles, but

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Tuatara are greenish brown and grey, and measure up to 80 cm (31 in) from head to tail-tip and weigh up to 1.3 kg (2.9 lb) with a spiny crest along the back, especially pronounced in males. They have two rows of teeth in the upper jaw overlapping one row on the lower jaw, which is

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Tuatara probably have the slowest growth rates of any reptile, continuing to grow larger for the first 35 years of their lives. The average lifespan is about 60 years, but they can live to be well over 100 years old; tuatara could be the reptile with the second longest lifespan after tortoises.

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Tuatara eggs have a soft, parchment-like 0.2 mm thick shell that consists of calcite crystals embedded in a matrix of fibrous layers. It takes the females between one and three years to provide eggs with yolk, and up to seven months to form the shell. It then takes between 12 and 15 months

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in the tuatara is L2 (10%). Most of them are interspersed and can remain active. The longest L2 element found is 4 kb long and 83% of the sequences had ORF2p completely intact. The CR1 element is the second most repeated (4%). Phylogenetic analysis shows that these sequences are very different from

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of the egg, with warmer eggs tending to produce male tuatara, and cooler eggs producing females. Eggs incubated at 21 °C (70 °F) have an equal chance of being male or female. However, at 22 °C (72 °F), 80% are likely to be males, and at 20 °C (68 °F), 80% are likely to

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The tuatara's greenish brown colour matches its environment, and can change over its lifetime. Tuatara shed their skin at least once per year as adults, and three or four times a year as juveniles. Tuatara sexes differ in more than size. The spiny crest on a tuatara's back, made of triangular, soft

2187:. Tuatara of both sexes defend territories, and will threaten and eventually bite intruders. The bite can cause serious injury. Tuatara will bite when approached, and will not let go easily. Female tuatara rarely exhibit parental behaviour by guarding nests on islands with high rodent populations. 2070:

Currently, there are two means of determining the age of tuatara. Using microscopic inspection, hematoxylinophilic rings can be identified and counted in both the phalanges and the femur. Phalangeal hematoxylinophilic rings can be used for tuatara up to ages 12–14 years, as they cease to form

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The Brothers Island tuatara has olive brown skin with yellowish patches, while the colour of the northern tuatara ranges from olive green through grey to dark pink or brick red, often mottled, and always with white spots. In addition, the Brothers Island tuatara is considerably smaller. An extinct

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Animals that depend on the sense of smell to capture prey, escape from predators or simply interact with the environment they inhabit, usually have many odorant receptors. These receptors are expressed in the dendritic membranes of the neurons for the detection of odours. The tuatara has several

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in 1990 and 1991, and maintained in captivity to allow Polynesian rats to be eradicated on those islands. All three populations bred in captivity, and after successful eradication of the rats, all individuals, including the new juveniles, were returned to their islands of origin. In the 1991–92

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condition found in the vast majority of lizards, where the teeth are attached to the inward-facing surface of the jaw. The teeth of the tuatara are extensively fused to the jawbone, making the boundary between the tooth and jaw difficult to discern, and the teeth lack roots and are not replaced

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Tuatara have temperature-dependent sex determination meaning that the temperature of the egg determines the sex of the animal. For tuatara, lower egg incubation temperatures lead to females while higher temperatures lead to males. Since global temperatures are increasing, climate change may be

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The spiny plates on the back and tail of the tuatara resemble those of a crocodile more than a lizard, but the tuatara shares with lizards the ability to break off its tail when caught by a predator, and then regenerate it. The regrowth takes a long time and differs from that of lizards. Well

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with rod-like structures, and degenerated nerve connection to the brain. The parietal eye is visible only in hatchlings, which have a translucent patch at the top centre of the skull. After four to six months, it becomes covered with opaque scales and pigment. It likely serves to regulate the

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among paleontologists and evolutionary biologists. Although tuatara have preserved the morphological characteristics of their Mesozoic ancestors (240–230 million years ago), there is no evidence of a continuous fossil record to support this. The species has between 5 and 6 billion

2520:, Middle Chain Island holds no tuatara, but it is considered possible for rats to swim between Middle Chain and other islands that do hold tuatara, and the rats were eradicated in 1992 to prevent this. Another rodent eradication was carried out on the Rangitoto Islands east of 2251:

Tuatara reproduce very slowly, taking 10 to 20 years to reach sexual maturity. Though their reproduction rate is slow, tuatara have the fastest swimming sperm by two to four times compared to all reptiles studied earlier. Mating occurs in midsummer; females mate and lay

2356:, and at least 30 subfamilies were recently active. This diversity is greater than what has been found in other amniotes and in addition, thousands of identical copies of these transposons have been analyzed, suggesting to researchers that there is recent activity. 1755:, and during biting the teeth of the lower jaw slot between the two upper tooth rows. The structure of the jaw joint allows the lower jaw to slide forwards after it has closed between the two upper rows of teeth. This mechanism allows the jaws to shear through 2539:, and their establishment monitored. Two years later, more than half of the animals had been seen again and of those all but one had gained weight. In 1998, 34 juveniles from captive breeding and 20 wild-caught adults were similarly transferred to 1592:. A 2009 paper re-examined the genetic bases used to distinguish the two supposed species of tuatara, and concluded they only represent geographic variants, and only one species should be recognized. Consequently, the northern tuatara was re-classified as 2467:

The recent discovery of a tuatara hatchling on the mainland indicates that attempts to re-establish a breeding population on the New Zealand mainland have had some success. The total population of tuatara is estimated to be between 60,000 and 100,000.

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captivity, where females produced 42 eggs, which were incubated at Victoria University. The resulting offspring were subsequently held in an enclosure on the island, then released into the wild in 2006 after rats were eradicated there.

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even cites a length of up to 80 cm (31 in). Males weigh up to 1 kg (2.2 lb), and females up to 0.5 kg (1.1 lb). Brother's Island tuatara are slightly smaller, weighing up to 660 g (1.3 lb).

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proper is not entirely clear, but it is likely to be closely related to tuatara. The ancestors of the tuatara were likely already present in New Zealand prior to its separation from Antarctica around 82-60 million years ago.

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in late 2008, a tuatara nest was uncovered, with a hatchling found the following autumn. This is thought to be the first case of tuatara successfully breeding in the wild on New Zealand's North Island in over 200 years.

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is lower than that of other reptiles, ranging from 5.2–11.2 °C (41.4–52.2 °F) over a day, whereas most reptiles have body temperatures around 20 °C (68 °F). The low body temperature results in a slower

2780:, meaning there could be serious consequences if that boundary is crossed. Māori women would sometimes tattoo images of lizards, some of which may represent tuatara, near their genitals. Today, tuatara are regarded as a 2202:

that directly depends on tuataras. These ticks tend to be more prevalent on larger males, as they have larger home ranges than smaller and female tuatara and interact with other tuatara more in territorial displays.

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Hoare JM, Pledger S, Keall SN, Nelson NJ, Mitchell NJ, Daugherty CH (November 2006). "Conservation implications of a long-term decline in body condition of the Brothers Island tuatara ( Sphenodon guntheri )".

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Some experts believe that captive tuatara could live as long as 200 years. This may be related to genes that offer protection against reactive oxygen species. The tuatara genome has 26 genes that encode

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and their eggs in the summer. In total darkness no feeding attempt whatsoever was observed and the lowest light intensity at which an attempt to snatch a beetle was observed occurred under 0.0125

2444:(CITES) meaning commercial international trade in wild sourced specimens is prohibited and all other international trade (including in parts and derivatives) is regulated by the CITES permit system. 1989:

fibres, and respond only to low frequencies. Though the hearing organs are poorly developed and primitive with no visible external ears, they can still show a frequency response from 100 to 800

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of the British Museum noted features similar to birds, turtles, and crocodiles. He proposed the order Rhynchocephalia (meaning "beak head") for the tuatara and its fossil relatives. Since 1869,

7038: 2588:. The carrying capacity of Moutohora is estimated at 8,500 individuals, and the island could allow public viewing of wild tuatara. In 2003, 60 northern tuatara were introduced to 5766: 7108: 523:. Tuatara were extinct on the mainland, with the remaining populations confined to 32 offshore islands until the first North Island release into the heavily fenced and monitored 7137: 2293:

be females; at 18 °C (64 °F) all hatchlings will be females. Some evidence indicates sex determination in tuatara is determined by both genetic and environmental factors.

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is present naturally on one small island with a population of approximately 400. In 1995, 50 juvenile and 18 adult Brothers Island tuatara were moved to Titi Island in

3659: 3641: 2345:, most are mammalian interspersed repeats or MIR, specifically the diversity of MIR subfamilies is the highest that has been studied so far in an amniote. 16 families of 790:). Many scholars use Sphenodontia as a subset of Rhynchocephalia, including almost all members of Rhynchocephalia, apart from the most primitive representatives of the group. 3352:

Meloro, C., Jones, M.E. (November 2012). "Tooth and cranial disparity in the fossil relatives of Sphenodon (Rhynchocephalia) dispute the persistent 'living fossil' label".

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Current distribution of tuatara (in black): Circles represent the North Island tuatara, and squares the Brothers Island tuatara. Symbols may represent up to seven islands.

6287: 3094: 1901:(also called a pineal or third eye) formed by the parapineal organ, with an accompanying opening in the skull roof called the pineal or parietal foramen, enclosed by the 1791: 7242: 1831: 7270: 6149:

Refsnider JM, Keall SN, Daugherty CH, Nelson NJ (2009). "Does Nest-Guarding in Female Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) Reduce Nest Destruction by Conspecific Females?".

4918:"Taxonomic reassessment of Clevosaurus latidens Fraser, 1993 (Lepidosauria, Rhynchocephalia) and rhynchocephalian phylogeny based on parsimony and Bayesian inference" 774:

proposed the Sphenodontia to include only tuatara and their closest fossil relatives in 1925. However, Rhynchocephalia is the older name and in widespread use today.

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Godfrey S, Moore J, Nelson N, Bull M (2010). "Social network structure and parasite infection patterns in a territorial reptile, the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus)".

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of North America. The earliest representatives of this group are already very similar to the modern tuatara. Rhynchocephalians underwent a great decline during the

6093:"Visual Predation by Tuatara (Sphenodon Punctatus) on the Beach Beetle (Chaerodes Trachyscelides) as a Selective force in the Production of Distinct Colour Morphs" 2558:. The animals had been cared for at Wellington Zoo for the previous five years and had been kept in secret in a specially built enclosure at the zoo, off display. 1747:

generally). While many of the original palatal teeth present in reptiles have been lost, like all other known rhynchocephalians, the row of teeth growing from the

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naturally occurs on 29 islands, and its population is estimated to be over 60,000 individuals. In 1996, 32 adult northern tuatara were moved from

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skewing the male to female ratio of tuatara. Current solutions to this potential future threat are the selective removal of adults and the incubation of eggs.

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reptiles. However, because more primitive rhynchocephalians have an open lower temporal fenestra with an incomplete temporal bar, this is thought to be

9251: 7184: 2175:, and bird's eggs and chicks. Young tuatara are also occasionally cannibalized. The diet of the tuatara varies seasonally and they mainly only consume 3433: 3051: 1719:

teeth, and is also found in many other advanced rhynchocephalians. The teeth of the tuatara, and almost all other rhynchocephalians, are described as

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In the early tetrapods, the gastralia and ribs with uncinate processes, together with bony elements such as bony plates in the skin (osteoderms) and

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hundred receptors, around 472, a number more similar to what birds have than to the large number of receptors that turtles and crocodiles may have.

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have been shown to use their pineal bodies to perceive polarised light, and thus determine the position of the sun, even under cloud cover, aiding

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illustrated reports on tail regeneration in tuatara have been published by Alibardi and Meyer-Rochow. The cloacal glands of tuatara have a unique

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at either his University offices or residence in Symonds Street in the late 1880s or his new home, Trewithiel, in Mount Eden in the early 1890s.

4082:"The oldest known rhynchocephalian reptile from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) of Germany and its phylogenetic position among Lepidosauromorpha" 8927: 1743:

The tuatara possesses palatal dentition (teeth growing from the bones of the roof of the mouth), which is ancestrally present in reptiles (and

7547: 3057:. Biodiversity Recovery Unit, Department of Conservation (Report). Threatened Species Recovery Plan. Vol. 47. Government of New Zealand. 9175: 1715:

The tip of the upper jaw is chisel- or beak-like and separated from the remainder of the jaw by a notch, this structure is formed from fused

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Of all extant tetrapods, the parietal eye is most pronounced in the tuatara. It is part of the pineal complex, another part of which is the

9236: 2524:, to prepare for the release of 432 Cook Strait tuatara juveniles in 2004, which were being raised at Victoria University as of 2001. 7694: 2375:

have recognized a similar number but nevertheless, in the genome of the tuatara it has been found a very old clade of retrovirus known as

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to describe the skull, which remains the current modern scientific name for the genus. In 1842, Grey described a member of the species as

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Castanet, J., Newman, D.G., Girons, H.S. (1988). "Skeletochronological data on the growth, age, and population structure of the tuatara,

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Godfrey SS, Bull CM, Nelson NJ (2008). "Seasonal and spatial dynamics of ectoparasite infestation of a threatened reptile, the tuatara (

4479: 3441:. Threatened Species Recovery Plan Series. Vol. 9. Threatened Species Unit, Department of Conservation, Government of New Zealand. 2386:-related elements have been identified in the tuatara genome, of which the vast majority, about 6,900, are derived from recently active 2285:, New Zealand, became a father (possibly for the first time) on 23 January 2009, at age 111, with an 80 year-old female. 5228:"Shearing mechanics and the influence of a flexible symphysis during oral food processing in Sphenodon (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)" 2273:

is then transferred into the female, much like the mating process in birds. Along with birds, the tuatara is one of the few members of

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are used to deliver sperm to the female during copulation. They reproduce by the male lifting the tail of the female and placing his

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unique among living species. They are able to hear, although no external ear is present, and have unique features in their skeleton.

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There is a brand of New Zealand craft beer named after the Tuatara which particularly references the third eye in its advertising.

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independently, and are specialised with three types of photoreceptive cells, all with fine structural characteristics of retinal

1600:. Individuals from Brothers Island could also not be distinguished from other modern and fossil samples based on jaw morphology. 5913: 3107: 2543:, a more publicly accessible location in Wellington Harbour. The captive juveniles were from induced layings from wild females. 1712:, rather than a primitive trait retained from early diapsids. The complete bar is thought to stabilise the skull during biting. 5284:(Theropoda: Allosauroidea) and its implications for theropod brain evolution". In Tanke DH, Carpenter K, Skrepnick MW (eds.). 9241: 7738: 7719: 7683: 7610: 7281: 7151: 5591: 5070: 4861:"An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny" 4813: 4560: 4528: 4422:"An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny" 4197:"An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny" 4035: 3486: 3446: 3062: 766:

At one point, many disparate species were incorrectly referred to the Rhynchocephalia, resulting in what taxonomists call a "

453:, when they represented the world's dominant group of small reptiles. Rhynchocephalians underwent a great decline during the 9167: 1751:

have been enlarged, and like other members of Sphenodontinae the palatine teeth are orientated parallel to the teeth in the

516:). Tuatara, like many of New Zealand's native animals, are threatened by habitat loss and introduced predators, such as the 5967: 3181:. Fact Sheets. Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand. 2009. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015 5638: 1897:

Like some other living vertebrates, including some lizards, the tuatara has a third eye on the top of its head called the

6259: 2030:, rib-like bones also called gastric or abdominal ribs, the presumed ancestral trait of diapsids. They are found in some 831:

period, possibly due to competition with mammals and lizards, with their youngest record outside of New Zealand being of

6781:"Raising the prospects for a forgotten fauna: A review of 10 years of conservation effort for New Zealand reptiles" 1819: 751:, not realising that the skull he received in 1831 were both tuatara. The genus remained misclassified until 1867, when 8920: 2806: 2752:, England, announced that they succeeded in breeding the tuatara in captivity for the first time outside its homeland. 2346: 6964: 4256:"Lepidosaurian diversity in the Mesozoic–Palaeogene: the potential roles of sampling biases and environmental drivers" 2102:

reptiles, though they will often bask in the sun to warm their bodies. Hatchlings hide under logs and stones, and are

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While there is currently considered to be only one living species of tuatara, two species were previously identified:

6660:"Mate choice for major histocompatibility complex complementarity in a strictly monogamous bird, the grey partridge ( 6104: 5540: 5293: 4662: 4324:"A sphenodontine (Rhynchocephalia) from the Miocene of New Zealand and palaeobiogeography of the tuatara (Sphenodon)" 3786: 3262:"Integration of molecules and new fossils supports a Triassic origin for Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes, and tuatara)" 2802: 2731: 2676: 2547: 2319: 1668:

folds of skin, is larger in males, and can be stiffened for display. The male abdomen is narrower than the female's.

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Cree, A., Daugherty, C.H., Hay, J.M. (1 September 1990). "Neglected taxonomy and continuing extinctions of tuatara (

807:, rhynchocephalians greatly diversified, going on to become the world's dominant group of small reptiles during the 6443:

Packard, M.J., Hirsch, K.F., Meyer-Rochow, V.B. (November 1982). "Structure of the shell from eggs of the tuatara,

5940: 2820: 2697: 2327: 2223: 7577: 6925: 2920: 9180: 3577: 2395: 3576:. Native Species. Threatened Species Unit, Department of Conservation, Government of New Zealand. Archived from 2079: 7189: 7156: 2726:

also breed tuatara for release into the wild. At Auckland Zoo in the 1990s it was discovered that tuatara have

2658: 531: 7513:. Threatened Species Occasional Publication. Vol. 21. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation 7427: 7312: 5699:

Alibardi, L., Meyer-Rochow, V.B. (1990). "Fine structure of regenerating caudal spinal cord in adult tuatara (

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which reflects onto the retina to enhance vision in the dark. There is also a third eyelid on each eye, the

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Halliday, T.R. (2002). "Salamanders and newts: Finding breeding ponds". In Halliday, T., Adler, K. (eds.).

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was also the name of the Journal of the Biological Society of Victoria University College and subsequently

2620: 2562: 7478: 6581: 5310: 3642:"New Zealand's 'living fossil' confirmed as nesting on the mainland for the first time in 200 years!" 9084: 6724: 6491: 6288:"Tuatara are ancient, slow and endangered. But their super speedy sperm could boost conservation efforts" 2876: 2486: 8069: 3616: 2619:. The second mainland release took place in October 2007, when a further 130 were transferred from 9089: 7959: 7877: 7804: 5311:"Photoreceptor cell types in the retina of the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) have cone characteristics" 2794: 1556: 6946: 6886:

Cree, A., Daugherty, C.H., Hay, J.M. (1995). "Reproduction of a rare New Zealand reptile, the tuatara

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Alibardi, L., Meyer-Rochow, V.B. (1990). "Ultrastructural survey of the spinal cord of young tuatara (

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Fawcett JD, Smith HM (1970). "An Overlooked Synonym of Sphenodon punctatus, the New Zealand Tuatara".

3221:"Macroevolutionary patterns in Rhynchocephalia: is the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) a living fossil?" 2546:

In late October 2007, 50 tuatara collected as eggs from North Brother Island and hatched at

752: 190: 9190: 7313:"Species and cultural conservation in New Zealand: maori traditional ecological knowledge of tuatara" 6658:

Rymešová D, Králová T, Promerová M, Bryja J, Tomášek O, Svobodová J, et al. (16 February 2017).

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Unlike the vast majority of lizards, the tuatara has a complete lower temporal bar closing the lower

524: 319: 9256: 7555: 7527: 7404: 1616:. Fawcett and Smith (1970) consider it a synonym to the subspecies, based on a lack of distinction. 9261: 7842: 4081: 2844: 2654: 2551: 771: 22: 6312:

Cree, A., Cockrem, J.F., Guillette, L.J. (1992). "Reproductive cycles of male and female tuatara (

5179:"Skull shape and feeding strategy in Sphenodon and other Rhynchocephalia (Diapsida: Lepidosauria)" 4679: 2019: 8937: 8750: 7658: 4548: 2647: 2589: 2513: 2428:

closer to what occurs in organisms such as zebrafish, about 78%, while in humans it is only 70%.

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males measure 61 cm (24 in) in length and females 45 cm (18 in). Tuatara are

1564: 449:, around 240 million years ago, and reached worldwide distribution and peak diversity during the 3687:"Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles" 9203: 9024: 6343:

Gans, C., Gillingham, J.C., Clark, D.L. (1984). "Courtship, mating and male combat in Tuatara,

5806: 2183:. The eggs and young of seabirds that are seasonally available as food for tuatara may provide 4495: 3506: 2934: 2623:

to the Karori Sanctuary. In early 2009, the first recorded wild-born offspring were observed.

1949:, the tuatara has the most primitive hearing organs among the amniotes. There is no tympanum ( 9213: 9198: 6808: 6092: 4803: 2499: 2409:

is approximately 18,000 bp in size and consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 2

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Gemmell NJ, Rutherford K, Prost S, Tollis M, Winter D, Macey JR, et al. (August 2020).

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There is another out of country population of Brothers Island tuatara that was given to the

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Blanchard B, et al. (Tuatara Recovery Group) (June 2002). Jasperse J, Rolfe J (eds.).

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was the first institution to have a tuatara breeding programme; starting in 1986 they bred

2504: 2387: 2184: 1878: 725: 6609:"The importance of immune gene variability (MHC) in evolutionary ecology and conservation" 4837: 2948: 2689:

The first successful breeding of tuatara in captivity is believed to have achieved by Sir

2143:

helps to maintain invertebrate populations on which tuatara predominantly prey; including

2135:

share the tuatara's island habitat during the birds' nesting seasons. The tuatara use the

543:

Relationships of the tuatara to other living reptiles and birds, after Simões et al. 2022

441:

of tuatara is the only surviving member of its order, which was highly diverse during the

8: 9062: 7932: 7816: 4585: 2521: 2364: 2084: 1864: 848: 135: 7823: 7328: 7004: 6903: 6796: 6712: 6546: 6411: 5442: 4933: 4780: 4605: 4586:"Tuatara and a new morphometric dataset for Rhynchocephalia: Comments on Herrera-Flores 4271: 4147: 3991: 3702: 3526: 3330: 3277: 3236: 3011: 2772:

of death and disaster, and Māori women are forbidden to eat them. Tuatara also indicate

1837:

Tuatara skull in various views with palatine tooth row visible on underside of the skull

863:

Cladogram of the position of the tuatara within Sphenodontia, after Simoes et al., 2022:

8905: 8576: 8219: 7774: 7749: 7348: 7016: 6911: 6865: 6690: 6659: 6635: 6608: 6560: 6507: 6472: 6364: 6329: 6264: 6205: 5895: 5743: 5508: 5483: 5399: 5372: 5257: 5208: 5154: 5132: 5127: 5004: 4893: 4860: 4729: 4617: 4544: 4456: 4421: 4397: 4372: 4348: 4323: 4296: 4255: 4231: 4196: 4172: 4131: 4005: 3809:, London: Published by Treuttel, Wurtz and Co., G.B. Sowerby, W. Wood, pp. 13–14, 3727: 3686: 3548: 3377: 3296: 3261: 3102: 3023: 2888: 2555: 2540: 2490: 2262: 1693: 997: 911: 346: 185: 7136:. Department of Conservation, Government of New Zealand. November 2007. Archived from 6804: 6014: 5427:"The Only Known Jawed Vertebrate with Four Eyes and the Bauplan of the Pineal Complex" 811:

period, when the group was represented by a diversity of forms, including the aquatic

500:) has been protected by law since 1895. A second species, the Brothers Island tuatara 9097: 8385: 8263: 8046: 7944: 7779: 7734: 7715: 7702: 7679: 7606: 7340: 7336: 7012: 6695: 6640: 6511: 6464: 6425: 6240: 6197: 6193: 5917: 5887: 5771: 5712: 5587: 5536: 5513: 5464: 5456: 5404: 5330: 5289: 5249: 5200: 5159: 5076: 5066: 4996: 4957: 4898: 4880: 4809: 4658: 4621: 4556: 4524: 4461: 4443: 4402: 4353: 4301: 4283: 4236: 4218: 4177: 4159: 4109: 4101: 4031: 3935: 3879: 3818: 3782: 3732: 3714: 3482: 3442: 3369: 3365: 3301: 3194: 3058: 2836: 2437: 2402: 1934: 1685: 1649: 767: 717: 7352: 7020: 6476: 6209: 5899: 5261: 5212: 5008: 3552: 3381: 1608:

was identified in November 1885 by William Colenso, who was sent an incomplete

1589: 431: 9102: 8836: 8763: 8202: 8176: 8101: 7769: 7761: 7332: 7311:

Ramstad KM, Nelson NJ, Paine G, Beech D, Paul A, Paul P, et al. (April 2007).

7060: 7008: 6907: 6800: 6685: 6675: 6630: 6620: 6564: 6550: 6503: 6456: 6415: 6356: 6325: 6232: 6189: 6158: 6052: 6010: 5877: 5685: 5681: 5503: 5495: 5446: 5394: 5384: 5322: 5239: 5190: 5149: 5141: 5058: 4988: 4947: 4937: 4888: 4872: 4721: 4609: 4451: 4433: 4392: 4384: 4343: 4335: 4291: 4275: 4226: 4208: 4167: 4151: 4093: 4051: 3995: 3943: 3927: 3915: 3895: 3871: 3870:, London: Published by Treuttel, Wurtz and Co., G.B. Sowerby, W. Wood, p. 72, 3863: 3834: 3810: 3802: 3722: 3706: 3538: 3530: 3507:"Genetic diversity and taxonomy: a reassessment of species designation in tuatara ( 3361: 3291: 3281: 3260:

Jones ME, Anderson CL, Hipsley CA, Müller J, Evans SE, Schoch RR (September 2013).

3240: 3027: 3015: 2585: 2517: 2055: 2015: 1919: 1915: 885: 740: 512:, was recognised in 1989, but since 2009 it has been reclassified as a subspecies ( 269: 9076: 7452: 4583: 2452:

Tuatara were once widespread on New Zealand's main North and South Islands, where

8992: 8865: 8725: 8663: 8622: 8347: 8029: 8001: 7971: 7865: 7247: 7161: 7086: 6236: 5326: 5042: 4373:"The youngest South American rhynchocephalian, a survivor of the K/Pg extinction" 3887: 3826: 2864: 2840:

an old tuatara named Duster is used to represent themes of ageing and transition.

2690: 2593: 2420: 1873: 1369: 1296: 800: 709: 589: 421: 242: 7563:

Daugherty CH, Cree A (April 1990). "Tuatara: a survivor from the dinosaur age".

7037:. Department of Conservation (Report). Government of New Zealand. Archived from 8820: 8800: 8610: 8566: 8522: 8316: 8273: 8242: 8229: 8186: 8163: 8111: 7243:"Tuatara: Lizard-like reptile takes 38 years to lay an egg in Chester Zoo" 7064: 5646: 4876: 4438: 4213: 4155: 4130:

Brownstein CD, Meyer DL, Fabbri M, Bhullar BA, Gauthier JA (29 November 2022).

2723: 2581: 2569:

facility in Balboa. No successful reproductive efforts have been reported yet.

2383: 2360: 2353: 2302: 1986: 1982: 1958: 1798: 1709: 1583: 1571: 1354: 1231: 1221: 1130: 982: 824: 820: 816: 812: 779: 736: 517: 361: 273: 252: 6680: 6420: 6395: 5882: 5861: 5451: 5426: 5389: 5096:"Return of the Tuatara: A relic from the age of dinosaurs gets a human assist" 3931: 3534: 9230: 9047: 8971: 8964: 8957: 8850: 8843: 8770: 8673: 8652: 8642: 8632: 8406: 8396: 8330: 8307: 8293: 8283: 8141: 8039: 6515: 5891: 5557: 5460: 5000: 4961: 4884: 4776: 4447: 4287: 4222: 4163: 4105: 3939: 3875: 3814: 3718: 3286: 2734:

maintains a research programme into the captive breeding of tuatara, and the

2566: 2494: 2410: 2298: 2253: 2059: 1966: 1902: 1886: 1748: 1689: 1688:(an opening of the skull behind the eye socket), caused by the fusion of the 1653: 1437: 1387: 1314: 1022: 833: 804: 611: 507: 480:", which has generated significant scientific debate. This term is currently 477: 155: 150: 75: 7765: 6460: 5499: 5288:. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 19–33. 3891: 3830: 3218: 1636: 8703: 8693: 8583: 8488: 8417: 8375: 8151: 8121: 8080: 7901: 7783: 7344: 6930: 6750: 6699: 6644: 6625: 6468: 6442: 6429: 6244: 6201: 5517: 5468: 5408: 5334: 5253: 5204: 5163: 5080: 4976: 4902: 4543: 4465: 4406: 4388: 4357: 4339: 4305: 4240: 4181: 4113: 4000: 3967: 3883: 3822: 3736: 3710: 3373: 3305: 2719: 2715: 2701: 2414: 2335: 2282: 2191: 2176: 2128: 1926: 1898: 1723:, as they are attached to the apex of the jaw bone. This contrast with the 1412: 1181: 1040: 969: 870: 795: 713: 560: 490: 383: 333: 7379: 6119: 5716: 3947: 3899: 3838: 2962: 2269:

over hers. This process is sometimes referred to as a "cloacal kiss". The

9149: 9056: 8999: 8857: 8714: 8458: 8428: 8323: 8053: 7217: 4942: 4917: 3143: 2749: 2536: 2391: 2331: 2107: 1767: 1586: 1560: 1246: 1090: 929: 637: 481: 413: 50: 7585: 6869: 5043:"Microstructure of dental hard tissues and bone in the Tuatara dentary, 5041:

Kieser JA, Tkatchenko T, Dean MC, Jones ME, Duncan W, Nelson NJ (2009).

4279: 3644:(Press release). Karori Sanctuary Trust. 31 October 2008. Archived from 2216: 1676: 9141: 8808: 8793: 8785: 8598: 8552: 8495: 8472: 8448: 8131: 7917: 6368: 6162: 5747: 5195: 5178: 4977:"A Review of Tooth Implantation Among Rhynchocephalians (Lepidosauria)" 4733: 4613: 3543: 3245: 3220: 2825: 2661: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2376: 2372: 2180: 2132: 2112: 2103: 2027: 1970: 1954: 1930: 1850: 1724: 1716: 1697: 1163: 1108: 828: 759:

has been used as the scientific name for the species (or the variation

650: 624: 454: 117: 95: 60: 5145: 5062: 4009: 3662:(Press release). Karori Sanctuary Trust. 18 March 2009. Archived from 2776:(the borders of what is sacred and restricted), beyond which there is 2599: 2139:' burrows for shelter when available, or dig their own. The seabirds' 445:

era. Rhynchocephalians first appeared in the fossil record during the

9154: 9123: 9006: 8978: 8829: 8778: 8735: 8682: 8438: 6555: 6530: 6528: 5244: 5227: 4097: 3019: 2453: 2258: 2160: 2156: 2099: 1978: 1974: 1868: 1729: 1609: 1271: 838: 724:, which includes lizards and snakes. Squamates and tuatara both show 486: 458: 202: 100: 44: 9018: 6360: 6311: 5729: 5128:"The palatal dentition of tetrapods and its functional significance" 4975:

Jenkins KM, Jones ME, Zikmund T, Boyde A, Daza JD (September 2017).

4725: 4322:

Jones ME, Tennyson AJ, Worthy JP, Evans SE, Worthy TH (April 2009).

4028:"Phylogeny" in the Shadow of the Dinosaurs: Early Mesozoic Tetrapods 2636: 9128: 9041: 8985: 8364: 7889: 7811: 6342: 6286:

Ormsby DK, Moore J, Nelson NJ, Lamar SK, Keall SN (3 August 2021).

5837: 4992: 2805:, published from 1947 until 1993. It has now been digitised by the 2787: 2760:

Tuatara feature in a number of indigenous legends, and are held as

2596:. They are occasionally seen sunbathing by visitors to the island. 2424: 2148: 2095: 2042: 2035: 1744: 1740:, and eventually have to chew their food between smooth jaw bones. 1720: 808: 721: 573: 550: 469:). Tuatara are of interest for studying the evolution of reptiles. 462: 450: 446: 442: 409: 222: 90: 85: 70: 65: 55: 7834: 7271:"Chapter 6: Traditional Kaitiakitanga Rights and Responsibilities" 6778: 5373:"The tuatara genome reveals ancient features of amniote evolution" 1700:

of the skull. This is similar to the condition found in primitive

8532: 7895: 7830:. Te Papa Tongarewa: The collection of the Museum of New Zealand. 6849:, on islands with and without populations of the Polynesian rat, 6492:"Analysis of the nest environment of tuatara Sphenodon punctatus" 5226:

Jones ME, O'higgins P, Fagan MJ, Evans SE, Curtis N (July 2012).

4584:

Vaux, F., Morgan-Richards, M., Daly, E.E., Trewick, S.A. (2019).

4132:"Evolutionary origins of the prolonged extant squamate radiation" 3685:

Simões TR, Kammerer CF, Caldwell MW, Pierce SE (19 August 2022).

3505:

Hay JM, Sarre SD, Lambert DM, Allendorf FW, Daugherty CH (2010).

2423:

is a very common modification in animals and the distribution of

2342: 2274: 1994: 1950: 1752: 1701: 1696:(which are fused into a single element in adult tuatara) and the 1661: 1579: 845: 438: 406: 232: 105: 80: 37: 6885: 5997:

Thompson, M.B., Daugherty, C.H. (1998). "Metabolism of tuatara,

5586:(Fifth ed.). Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders. p. 624. 4915: 4695:

Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand

2993: 2818:

A tuatara named "Tua" is prominently featured in the 2017 novel

2341:

Many of the elements that have been analyzed are present in all

2234: 1624: 7883: 7799: 6713:

Did Lizards Follow Unique Pathways in Sex Chromosome Evolution?

5862:"Circadian emergence and movement of captive juvenile tuatara ( 4916:

Herrera-Flores JA, Stubbs TL, Elsler A, Benton MJ (July 2018).

3777:

Cree, A. (2002). "Tuatara". In Halliday, T., Alder, K. (eds.).

2871: 2782: 2742: 2696:

Several tuatara breeding programmes are active in New Zealand.

2457: 2266: 2172: 2152: 2144: 2124: 2031: 1962: 1946: 1910: 1906: 1756: 1612:

specimen from a local coal mine. Colenso named the new species

855:

in the South Island of New Zealand. Whether it is referable to

735:

Tuatara were originally classified as lizards in 1831 when the

729: 417: 212: 9115: 6054:

Diets of wild tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) on Stephens Island

6026: 6024: 5698: 5667: 5481: 457:

with their youngest records outside New Zealand dating to the

6657: 6490:

Thompson MB, Packard GC, Packard MJ, Rose B (February 1996).

6148: 5996: 5767:"111 year-old reptile becomes a dad after tumor surgery" 5424: 3918:(February 1869). "Sphenodon, Hatteria, and Rhynchocephalus". 3868:

The zoological miscellany : to be continued occasionally

3807:

The zoological miscellany : to be continued occasionally

2769: 2765: 2359:

The genome is the second largest known to reptiles. Only the

2270: 2164: 2140: 1990: 1882: 1733: 1708:

characteristic of the tuatara and other members of the clade

852: 466: 7479:"s01e13 – Zoo Balloon – Abbott Elementary Transcripts – TvT" 5802:"Tuatara becomes a father for the first time, aged 111" 5425:

Smith KT, Bhullar BA, Köhler G, Habersetzer J (April 2018).

5370: 5225: 4858: 4688:, Col.,) apparently distinct from the species already known" 4419: 4194: 4129: 3684: 2502:

was found to hold only eight tuatara, which were taken into

728:(loss of the tail-tip when threatened), and have transverse 6021: 5308: 2607:

are given coloured markings on the head for identification.

2306: 2199: 2168: 2136: 1737: 823:, the clade which includes the tuatara, are known from the 708:

Tuatara, along with other now-extinct members of the order

666: 6489: 3259: 2440:. The species is also listed under Appendix I of the 2226:, is still reproductively active at 111 years of age. 5040: 4859:

Simões TR, Kinney-Broderick G, Pierce SE (3 March 2022).

4491: 4420:

Simões TR, Kinney-Broderick G, Pierce SE (3 March 2022).

4254:

Cleary TJ, Benson RB, Evans SE, Barrett PM (March 2018).

4195:

Simões TR, Kinney-Broderick G, Pierce SE (3 March 2022).

3781:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 210–211. 3479:

Tuatara: Biology and conservation of a venerable survivor

3219:

Herrera-Flores, J.A., Stubbs, T.L., Benton, M.J. (2017).

3142:. Living Fossils. TerraNature Trust. 2004. Archived from 1905:. It has its own lens, a parietal plug which resembles a 8935: 7118:. Department of Conservation, Government of New Zealand. 6068:

Meyer-Rochow, V.B. (1988). "Behaviour of young tuatara (

5581: 4974: 4321: 4253: 3504: 2456:

remains have been found in sand dunes, caves, and Māori

2083:

A tuatara basking at the West Coast Wildlife Centre, at

7310: 7089:. At the Zoo. Reptiles. San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance 6989: 6759:

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

4555:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 4377:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

3329:. Zoological Society of San Diego. 2007. Archived from 2764:(God forms). Tuatara are regarded as the messengers of 2442:

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

1644:

Tuatara are the largest reptiles in New Zealand. Adult

6285: 6222: 5761: 5759: 5757: 4370: 3214: 3212: 3210: 2038:

with well-developed gastralia and uncinate processes.

21:

This article is about the animal. For other uses, see

7578:"Tuatara reptile slices food with 'steak-knife teeth" 6260:"Reptile's pet-store looks belie its Triassic appeal" 5859: 5827: 5825: 3351: 2741:

The WildNZ Trust has a tuatara breeding enclosure at

2615:

occurred in 2005 in the heavily fenced and monitored

2436:

Tuatara are absolutely protected under New Zealand's

2349:

that were recently active have also been identified.

2330:(MHC) are known to play roles in disease resistance, 1929:, which in tuatara secretes melatonin at night. Some 803:

of Germany, around 240 million years ago. During the

8747: 8731: 8721: 8710: 8699: 8689: 8669: 8659: 8648: 8638: 8628: 8618: 8563: 8548: 8538: 8528: 8518: 8469: 8454: 8444: 8434: 8424: 8413: 8402: 8392: 8381: 8371: 8360: 8304: 8289: 8279: 8269: 8259: 8225: 8215: 8182: 8172: 8147: 8137: 8127: 8117: 8107: 8097: 8026: 7507:

Tuatara captive management plan and husbandry manual

7407:. Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Electronic Text Centre 7134:

Tiritiri Matangi – An education resource for schools

5734:, on Stephens and Lady Alice Islands, New Zealand". 4652: 4025: 1918:

and possibly detect seasonal changes, and help with

7116:

Tiritiri Matangi: An education resource for schools

5916:. Southland Museum. 18 January 2006. Archived from 5860:Terezow MG, Nelson NJ, Markwell TJ (January 2008). 5796: 5794: 5754: 5535:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 52. 4371:Apesteguía S, Gómez RO, Rougier GW (October 2014). 3207: 1555:, or Brothers Island tuatara, which is confined to 7747: 7647:"Images and movies of the Brothers Island tuatara 7626:(tuatara) – 3D visualisations from X-ray CT scans" 6944: 6529:Cree, A., Thompson, M.B., Daugherty, C.H. (1995). 6117: 6067: 5822: 3431: 2786:(special treasure) along with being viewed as the 7160:. Wellington, NZ. 20 October 2007. Archived from 6881: 6879: 6858:Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society 6582:"110 year-old 'living fossil' becomes a dad" 6175: 5219: 4317: 4315: 3615:. Karori Sanctuary Wildlife Trust. Archived from 9228: 8025: 7428:"Everything we know about John Green's new book" 5791: 5309:Meyer-Rochow VB, Wohlfahrt S, Ahnelt PK (2005). 3253: 3199:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2989: 2987: 7712:Tuatara. Endangered New Zealand Wildlife Series 6779:Towns, D.R., Daugherty, C.H., Cree, A. (2001). 6090: 5555: 5533:The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians 5366: 5364: 3980:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 3779:The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians 3345: 6876: 5530: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5125: 4801: 4312: 3961: 3959: 3957: 420:, it is part of a distinct lineage, the order 8921: 7850: 7562: 6926:"Rare reptile hatchling found in New Zealand" 6393: 5938: 4805:Infectious Diseases and Pathology of Reptiles 3862: 3801: 3130: 3128: 2984: 2736:Pūkaha / Mount Bruce National Wildlife Centre 844:A species of sphenodontine is known from the 7405:"Tuatara: Journal of the Biological Society" 7306: 7304: 7302: 7268: 6965:"A Threat to New Zealand's Tuatara Heats Up" 4711: 4657:. David Bateman Publishing. pp. 22–24. 4579: 4577: 4516: 3317: 3315: 2793:The tuatara was featured on one side of the 7528:"Evolution of a third eye in some animals?" 7278:Wai 262 Report: Matauranga Maori and Taonga 6841: 5482:Schwab, I.R., O'Connor, G.R. (March 2005). 5341: 5280:Larsson HC (2001). "Endocranial anatomy of 5268: 5176: 4677: 4671: 4523:. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 476. 3965: 3954: 3914: 3910: 3908: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 2935:"Conservation status of plants and animals" 2447: 2352:The tuatara has 24 unique families of 1957:cavity is filled with loose tissue, mostly 1892: 1797:Skull of the tuatara in oblique view, with 1680:Skull diagram in top down and side-on views 425: 8928: 8914: 7857: 7843: 7545: 7240: 7182: 6890:, on rat-free and rat-inhabited islands". 6606: 6257: 6097:Tuatara: Journal of the Biological Society 5978:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology 5965: 5047:(Diapsida: Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)" 5034: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 4079: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3125: 3092: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 2847:the main character is a tuatara named Leo. 2527: 2313: 2222:A male tuatara named Henry, living at the 1871:used for both day and night vision, and a 1660:Their lungs have a single chamber with no 1551:, or northern tuatara, and the much rarer 332: 318: 166: 144: 116: 9252:Extant Late Pleistocene first appearances 7916: 7773: 7728: 7673: 7503: 7299: 6689: 6679: 6634: 6624: 6576: 6574: 6554: 6419: 6003:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 5881: 5507: 5450: 5398: 5388: 5243: 5194: 5170: 5153: 4953:1983/59126b60-16d8-46d2-b657-954693a39d4e 4951: 4941: 4892: 4633: 4631: 4574: 4455: 4437: 4396: 4347: 4295: 4230: 4212: 4171: 4021: 4019: 3999: 3726: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3542: 3394: 3312: 3295: 3285: 3244: 2677:Learn how and when to remove this message 2367:have been identified, including 450 538: 7692: 7552:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 7425: 6951:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 6918: 6124:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 5941:"New arrivals thrill staff at sanctuary" 5093: 3905: 3795: 3776: 3476: 3049: 2797:, which was phased out in October 2006. 2755: 2598: 2078: 1849: 1675: 1635: 1623: 7061:"Rare tuatara raised at Wellington Zoo" 5279: 5015: 4648: 4646: 3743: 3034: 2728:temperature-dependent sex determination 9229: 7714:. Dunedin, New Zealand: John McIndoe. 7709: 6571: 6225:International Journal for Parasitology 6130: 6050: 5636: 5126:Matsumoto R, Evans SE (January 2017). 5121: 5119: 4628: 4125: 4123: 4080:Sues HD, Schoch RR (7 November 2023). 4016: 3920:Annals and Magazine of Natural History 3592: 3564: 3562: 3500: 3498: 3420: 2480: 1981:are unspecialised, innervated by both 476:Tuatara are sometimes referred to as " 9023: 9022: 8909: 7876: 7838: 7748:Schwab IR, O'Connor GR (March 2005). 6091:Meyer-Rochow VB, Teh KL (July 1991). 6057:(Thesis thesis). University of Otago. 5562:Melissa Kaplan's herp care collection 5420: 5418: 4075: 4073: 4026:Fraser, N., Sues, H.D., eds. (1994). 3636: 3634: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 2949:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" 2812: 2390:. The rest are related to ribosomal, 2310:the New Zealand terrestrial systems. 1969:(which is immovable), as well as the 1889:, possibly even at low light levels. 1766:fills only half of the volume of its 461:. Their closest living relatives are 9191:bca43239-d21d-41d0-81cf-68803a0cc4ac 7754:The British Journal of Ophthalmology 7600: 7575: 7365: 7215: 7130:"Tiritiri Matangi Island field trip" 6829: 6381: 6316:) on Stephens Island, New Zealand". 6169: 6136: 5959: 5556:Kaplan, Melissa (6 September 2003). 5488:The British Journal of Ophthalmology 5028: 4680:"Notes on the bones of a species of 4643: 4637: 3850: 2955: 2927: 2659:adding citations to reliable sources 2630: 2363:genome is larger. Around 7,500 2065: 2000: 1785:Skull of the tuatara in oblique view 9237:IUCN Red List least concern species 7864: 7619: 7280:. Waitangi Tribunal. Archived from 7222:. Salem, OR: Dimi Press. p. 53 5582:Romer, A.S., Parsons, T.S. (1977). 5116: 4852: 4472: 4413: 4364: 4188: 4120: 4058:(v 1.1 ed.). Random House 3559: 3495: 2941: 2626: 2572: 1993:, with peak sensitivity of 40 1885:genes are present, suggesting good 1596:and the Brothers Island tuatara as 530:During routine maintenance work at 416:. Despite its close resemblance to 13: 7644: 7496: 7377: 6912:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.9020373.x 6842:Crook, I.G. (1973). "The tuatara, 6508:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05392.x 6330:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1992.tb03834.x 5833:"Reptile becomes a father, at 111" 5415: 4070: 3631: 3158: 2807:New Zealand Electronic Text Centre 2277:to have lost the ancestral penis. 716:, the only surviving taxon within 14: 9278: 7792: 7152:"130 tuatara find sanctuary" 6182:Medical and Veterinary Entomology 6105:Victoria University of Wellington 5775:. 26 January 2009. Archived from 4553:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles 2803:Victoria University of Wellington 2732:Victoria University of Wellington 2565:and is housed off-display at the 2471: 2009: 1845: 527:(now named "Zealandia") in 2005. 8068: 7810: 7798: 7471: 7445: 7419: 7397: 7371: 7359: 7337:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00620.x 7262: 7234: 7209: 7193:. Wellington, NZ. Archived from 7176: 7144: 7122: 7101: 7079: 7053: 7027: 7013:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00061.x 6983: 6957: 6938: 6835: 6823: 6772: 6743: 6717: 6706: 6651: 6600: 6396:"Evolution: One penis after all" 6194:10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00751.x 4802:Jacobson, E.R. (11 April 2007). 4328:Proceedings. Biological Sciences 3968:"Contribution to the anatomy of 3366:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02595.x 2882: 2870: 2858: 2698:Southland Museum and Art Gallery 2635: 2328:major histocompatibility complex 2233: 2224:Southland Museum and Art Gallery 2215: 2190:Tuataras are parasitised by the 2048: 1830: 1818: 1806: 1790: 1778: 189: 48: 9247:Endemic reptiles of New Zealand 7655:ARKive: Images of Life on Earth 7632:. University of Texas at Austin 7525: 7185:"Life will be wild for new boy" 6522: 6483: 6436: 6387: 6375: 6336: 6305: 6279: 6258:Angier, N. (22 November 2010). 6251: 6216: 6142: 6111: 6084: 6061: 6044: 6032:"Sphenodon punctatus (Tuatara)" 5990: 5939:Schofield, E. (24 March 2009). 5932: 5906: 5853: 5723: 5692: 5661: 5630: 5600: 5575: 5549: 5524: 5475: 5302: 5087: 4968: 4909: 4822: 4795: 4765: 4740: 4705: 4653:Gill, B., Whitaker, T. (1996). 4537: 4510: 4247: 4044: 3856: 3844: 3678: 3652: 3481:. Canterbury University Press. 3470: 3425: 3414: 3388: 3354:Journal of Evolutionary Biology 3052:Tuatara recovery plan 2001–2011 2877:Evolutionary biology portal 2646:needs additional citations for 2431: 2396:signal recognition particle RNA 2206: 2018:is made up of hourglass-shaped 841:of Patagonia in South America. 793:The earliest rhynchocephalian, 627:(turtles, including tortoises) 493:, nearly twice that of humans. 434:and means "peaks on the back". 9267:Taxa named by John Edward Gray 7241:Connor, S. (31 January 2016). 7035:Fauna on Little Barrier Island 6731:. Parliamentary Counsel Office 6394:Brennan, P.L. (January 2016). 5870:New Zealand Journal of Zoology 5686:10.1080/03014223.1990.10422586 5674:New Zealand Journal of Zoology 5672:) with emphasis on the glia". 5639:"Tuatara Reptile, New Zealand" 4655:New Zealand Frogs and Reptiles 4030:. Cambridge University Press. 3395:Elder, V. (26 November 2012). 3093:Beston, A. (25 October 2003). 3086: 2901: 2167:. Their diets also consist of 1619: 786:) and "tooth" (ὀδούς, ὀδόντος/ 1: 8938:reptile genera of New Zealand 7693:Mulligan J (18 August 2017). 7678:. Victoria University Press. 7605:. Salem, Oregon: Dimi Press. 6805:10.1016/s0006-3207(00)00184-1 6015:10.1016/S1095-6433(97)00459-5 5282:Carcharodontosaurus saharicus 4517:Stearn, W.T. (1 April 2004). 3432:Cree, A., Butler, D. (1993). 2894: 2738:keeps a pair and a juvenile. 2074: 2023:lost in most other amniotes. 1594:Sphenodon punctatus punctatus 312:(Gray, 1842) (conserved name) 127:Sphenodon punctatus punctatus 9242:Endemic fauna of New Zealand 7183:Easton, P. (20 March 2009). 6237:10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.06.002 5327:10.1016/j.micron.2005.03.009 5094:Mlot, C. (8 November 1997). 2834:In the season one finale of 2563:San Diego Zoological Society 2533:Sphenodon punctatus guntheri 1965:comes into contact with the 1854:Close-up of a tuatara's head 1598:Sphenodon punctatus guntheri 373:(Gray, 1842) (rejected name) 7: 7676:Conservation of the Tuatara 6607:Sommer, S. (October 2005). 6531:"Tuatara sex determination" 5177:Jones, M.E. (August 2008). 4551:, Grayson, Michael (2011). 4494:(bbc.co.uk). Archived from 4488:Science and Nature: Animals 2851: 2578:S. punctatus punctatus 2123:Burrowing seabirds such as 1825:Skull of tuatara from above 1813:Skull of tuatara from above 712:, belong to the superorder 327:Native range (New Zealand) 10: 9283: 4877:10.1038/s42003-022-03144-y 4439:10.1038/s42003-022-03144-y 4260:Royal Society Open Science 4214:10.1038/s42003-022-03144-y 4156:10.1038/s41467-022-34217-5 2795:New Zealand five-cent coin 2592:from Middle Island in the 2485:Tuatara were removed from 2290:depends on the temperature 2118: 1953:) and no earhole, and the 1940: 1652:, males being larger. The 1542: 819:. The earliest members of 782:for "wedge" (σφήν, σφηνός/ 763:in some earlier sources). 20: 9031: 8944: 8819: 8758: 8746: 8609: 8562: 8514: 8505: 8468: 8356: 8345: 8303: 8255: 8251: 8240: 8211: 8200: 8161: 8093: 8089: 8078: 8065: 8021: 8017: 7998: 7970: 7952: 7943: 7925: 7912: 7872: 7733:. Reed Children's Books. 7426:Ganz, J. (23 June 2017). 6945:Daugherty, C., Keall, S. 6681:10.1186/s12983-017-0194-0 6421:10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.024 6118:Daugherty, C., Keall, S. 5883:10.1080/03014220809510116 5705:Journal für Hirnforschung 5452:10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.021 5390:10.1038/s41586-020-2561-9 5051:Frontiers of Oral Biology 4533:– via Google Books. 4056:Dictionary.com Unabridged 3932:10.1080/00222936908695904 3660:"Our first baby tuatara!" 3535:10.1007/s10592-009-9952-7 2790:(guardian) of knowledge. 2550:were being released onto 2371:(ERVs). Studies in other 2196:Archaeocroton sphenodonti 1451: 1433: 1426: 1408: 1401: 1383: 1365: 1358: 1310: 1292: 1285: 1267: 1260: 1242: 1235: 1225: 1177: 1159: 1141: 1134: 1104: 1086: 1079: 1072: 1036: 1018: 1011: 993: 986: 965: 958: 951: 944: 925: 907: 900: 881: 874: 664: 648: 641: 622: 615: 587: 571: 564: 554: 525:Karori Wildlife Sanctuary 352: 345: 340: 331: 326: 317: 302: 295: 186:Scientific classification 184: 164: 142: 133: 124: 115: 32: 7603:Tuatara: A Living Fossil 7219:Tuatara: a living fossil 5286:Mesozoic Vertebrate Life 3876:10.5962/BHL.TITLE.113722 3815:10.5962/BHL.TITLE.113722 3397:"Tuatara genome mapping" 3287:10.1186/1471-2148-13-208 3266:BMC Evolutionary Biology 2821:Turtles All the Way Down 2448:Distribution and threats 1893:Parietal eye (third eye) 1671: 1628:Size comparison of male 23:Tuatara (disambiguation) 7766:10.1136/bjo.2004.059105 7453:"About – The Third Eye" 7109:"Translocated reptiles" 6785:Biological Conservation 6729:New Zealand Legislation 6461:10.1002/jmor.1051740208 6120:"Tuatara: Life History" 5500:10.1136/bjo.2004.059105 4922:Journal of Paleontology 2590:Tiritiri Matangi Island 2528:Brothers Island tuatara 2514:Hen and Chicken Islands 2369:endogenous retroviruses 2314:Genomic characteristics 2288:The sex of a hatchling 1858: 1640:Skeleton of the tuatara 386:, 1845) (rejected name) 7576:Gill V (30 May 2012). 7565:New Zealand Geographic 7546:Daugherty C, Keall S. 6626:10.1186/1742-9994-2-16 6349:Journal of Herpetology 6151:Journal of Herpetology 6072:) in total darkness". 5807:The New Zealand Herald 4981:Journal of Herpetology 4865:Communications Biology 4714:Journal of Herpetology 4426:Communications Biology 4389:10.1098/rspb.2014.0811 4340:10.1098/rspb.2008.1785 4201:Communications Biology 4001:10.1098/rstl.1867.0019 3711:10.1126/sciadv.abq1898 3179:Kiwi Conservation Club 2889:New Zealand portal 2611:A mainland release of 2608: 2185:beneficial fatty acids 2091: 1959:adipose (fatty) tissue 1855: 1681: 1641: 1633: 539:Taxonomy and evolution 426: 36:Temporal range: Early 9199:Paleobiology Database 7269:Williams, D. (2001). 6449:Journal of Morphology 6103:(1): 1–8 – via 5232:The Anatomical Record 5183:Journal of Morphology 4136:Nature Communications 4086:The Anatomical Record 3515:Conservation Genetics 3435:Tuatara Recovery Plan 2917:Paleobiology Database 2756:Cultural significance 2602: 2500:Little Barrier Island 2388:transposable elements 2382:More than 8,000 2082: 1853: 1679: 1639: 1627: 720:along with the order 576:(lizards and snakes) 7807:at Wikimedia Commons 7729:Parkinson B (2000). 7674:McKintyre M (1997). 7649:(Sphenodon guntheri) 7457:Tuatarabrewing.co.nz 7317:Conservation Biology 6892:Conservation Biology 6668:Frontiers in Zoology 6613:Frontiers in Zoology 6037:Animal Diversity Web 5976:Animal Diversity Web 4943:10.1017/jpa.2017.136 4678:Colenso, W. (1885). 3966:Günther, A. (1867). 3648:on 27 February 2013. 3605:"Tuatara factsheet ( 3458:on 30 September 2012 2809:, also at Victoria. 2708:and have focused on 2655:improve this article 2403:mitochondrial genome 1879:nictitating membrane 1557:North Brother Island 815:and the herbivorous 799:, is known from the 778:is derived from the 430:is derived from the 7699:Critter of the Week 7624:Sphenodon punctatus 7558:on 15 October 2008. 7459:. Tuatara Breweries 7329:2007ConBi..21..455R 7164:on 10 December 2008 7005:2006AnCon...9..456H 6993:Animal Conservation 6904:1995ConBi...9..373C 6888:Sphenodon punctatus 6844:Sphenodon punctatus 6797:2001BCons..99....3T 6725:"Wildlife Act 1953" 6547:1995Natur.375..543C 6445:Sphenodon punctatus 6412:2016CBio...26..R29B 6345:Sphenodon punctatus 6314:Sphenodon punctatus 6178:Sphenodon punctatus 6070:Sphenodon punctatus 5999:Sphenodon punctatus 5970:Sphenodon punctatus 5966:Musico, B. (1999). 5732:Sphenodon punctatus 5701:Sphenodon punctatus 5670:Sphenodon punctatus 5649:on 14 November 2007 5612:Berlin Zoo Aquarium 5584:The Vertebrate Body 5443:2018CBio...28E1101S 5437:(7): 1101–1107.e2. 5045:Sphenodon punctatus 4934:2018JPal...92..734H 4783:on 30 November 2012 4606:2019Palgy..62..321V 4482:Sphenodon punctatus 4280:10.1098/rsos.171830 4272:2018RSOS....571830C 4148:2022NatCo..13.7087B 3992:1867RSPT..157..595G 3703:2022SciA....8.1898S 3666:on 24 February 2023 3607:Sphenodon punctatus 3527:2010ConG...11.1063H 3333:on 30 November 2012 3278:2013BMCEE..13..208J 3237:2017Palgy..60..319H 3140:New Zealand Ecology 3012:1990Natur.347..177D 2965:Sphenodon punctatus 2865:Reptiles portal 2613:S.p. punctatus 2548:Victoria University 2481:Eradication of rats 2263:intromittent organs 2242:Sphenodon punctatus 1574:for "spotted", and 1549:Sphenodon punctatus 849:Saint Bathans Fauna 761:Sphenodon punctatum 757:Sphenodon punctatus 498:Sphenodon punctatus 402:Sphenodon punctatus 306:Sphenodon punctatus 136:Conservation status 8577:Palaeopleurosaurus 8220:Planocephalosaurus 7710:Newman DG (1987). 6969:American Scientist 6496:Journal of Zoology 6318:Journal of Zoology 6265:The New York Times 6163:10.1670/08-120R1.1 5779:on 15 October 2012 5196:10.1002/jmor.10634 5133:Journal of Anatomy 4614:10.1111/pala.12402 4569:Sphenodon guntheri 4383:(1792): 20140811. 3619:on 21 October 2007 3613:Sanctuary Wildlife 3580:on 31 January 2011 3323:"Reptiles:Tuatara" 3246:10.1111/pala.12284 3103:New Zealand Herald 3074:on 5 November 2011 2813:In popular culture 2609: 2556:Marlborough Sounds 2541:Matiu/Somes Island 2318:The most abundant 2240:Tuatara juvenile ( 2094:Adult tuatara are 2092: 1856: 1682: 1650:sexually dimorphic 1642: 1634: 1553:Sphenodon guntheri 998:Palaeopleurosaurus 912:Planocephalosaurus 739:received a skull. 514:S.p. guntheri 437:The single extant 405:) is a species of 125:Northern tuatara ( 16:Species of reptile 9224: 9223: 9025:Taxon identifiers 9016: 9015: 8903: 8902: 8899: 8898: 8895: 8894: 8891: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8883: 8882: 8879: 8878: 8875: 8874: 8386:Lanceirosphenodon 8341: 8340: 8264:Lanceirosphenodon 8196: 8195: 8063: 8062: 8047:Penegephyrosaurus 8013: 8012: 8009: 8008: 7994: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7960:Lepidosauromorpha 7945:Lepidosauromorpha 7803:Media related to 7740:978-1-86948-831-4 7721:978-0-86868-098-9 7685:978-0-86473-303-0 7612:978-0-931625-43-5 7588:on 26 August 2017 7190:The Dominion Post 7157:The Dominion Post 7140:on 29 March 2014. 7067:. 29 October 2007 7063:(Press release). 6971:. 6 February 2017 6947:"Tuatara islands" 6755:CITES (cites.org) 6588:. 30 January 2009 6231:(13): 1575–1585. 6051:Fraser J (1993). 5945:Otago Daily Times 5841:. 26 January 2009 5810:. 26 January 2009 5772:Discover Magazine 5618:on 14 August 2007 5593:978-0-7216-7668-5 5558:"Reptile Hearing" 5383:(7821): 403–409. 5146:10.1111/joa.12534 5072:978-3-8055-9229-1 5063:10.1159/000242396 4815:978-1-4200-0403-8 4562:978-1-4214-0135-5 4530:978-0-88192-627-9 4498:on 28 August 2005 4334:(1660): 1385–90. 4037:978-0-521-45242-7 3864:Gray, John Edward 3803:Gray, John Edward 3488:978-1-927145-44-9 3477:Cree, A. (2014). 3448:978-0-478-01462-4 3401:Otago Daily Times 3113:on 4 October 2007 3095:"Tuatara release" 3064:978-0-478-22131-2 3050:Gaze, P. (2001). 3006:(6289): 177–179. 2837:Abbott Elementary 2748:In January 2016, 2706:S. punctatus 2687: 2686: 2679: 2438:Wildlife Act 1953 2326:The genes of the 2066:Age determination 2001:Odorant receptors 1686:temporal fenestra 1646:S. punctatus 1630:S. punctatus 1539: 1538: 1530: 1529: 1521: 1520: 1512: 1511: 1503: 1502: 1494: 1493: 1485: 1484: 1476: 1475: 1467: 1466: 1344: 1343: 1335: 1334: 1326: 1325: 1211: 1210: 1202: 1201: 1193: 1192: 1120: 1119: 1061: 1060: 1052: 1051: 768:wastebasket taxon 749:Hatteria punctata 718:Lepidosauromorpha 705: 704: 696: 695: 687: 686: 678: 677: 601: 600: 393: 392: 288:S. punctatus 277: 179: 159: 9274: 9217: 9216: 9207: 9206: 9194: 9193: 9184: 9183: 9171: 9170: 9158: 9157: 9145: 9144: 9132: 9131: 9119: 9118: 9106: 9105: 9093: 9092: 9080: 9079: 9067: 9066: 9065: 9052: 9051: 9050: 9020: 9019: 8930: 8923: 8916: 8907: 8906: 8837:Kaikaifilusaurus 8764:Fraserosphenodon 8756: 8755: 8749: 8733: 8723: 8712: 8701: 8691: 8671: 8661: 8650: 8640: 8630: 8620: 8565: 8550: 8540: 8530: 8520: 8512: 8511: 8471: 8456: 8446: 8436: 8426: 8415: 8404: 8394: 8383: 8373: 8362: 8354: 8353: 8306: 8291: 8281: 8271: 8261: 8253: 8252: 8249: 8248: 8227: 8217: 8209: 8208: 8203:Acrosphenodontia 8184: 8177:Paleollanosaurus 8174: 8149: 8139: 8129: 8119: 8109: 8102:Diphydontosaurus 8099: 8091: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8073: 8072: 8028: 8023: 8022: 8019: 8018: 7950: 7949: 7923: 7922: 7914: 7913: 7907: 7906: 7874: 7873: 7859: 7852: 7845: 7836: 7835: 7831: 7815:Data related to 7814: 7802: 7787: 7777: 7750:"The lonely eye" 7744: 7725: 7706: 7689: 7670: 7668: 7666: 7657:. Archived from 7641: 7639: 7637: 7616: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7584:. Archived from 7572: 7559: 7554:. Archived from 7542: 7540: 7538: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7512: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7475: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7423: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7401: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7375: 7369: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7308: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7286: 7275: 7266: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7238: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7216:Lutz RL (2006). 7213: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7180: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7126: 7120: 7119: 7113: 7105: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7057: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7041:on 29 March 2014 7031: 7025: 7024: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6934:. 20 March 2009. 6922: 6916: 6915: 6883: 6874: 6873: 6855: 6848: 6839: 6833: 6832:, pp. 59–60 6827: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6811:on 24 April 2014 6807:. Archived from 6776: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6747: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6721: 6715: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6693: 6683: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6638: 6628: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6578: 6569: 6568: 6558: 6556:10.1038/375543a0 6526: 6520: 6519: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6423: 6391: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6292:The Conversation 6283: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6146: 6140: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6115: 6109: 6108: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6028: 6019: 6018: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5914:"Tuatara: Facts" 5910: 5904: 5903: 5885: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5829: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5798: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5763: 5752: 5751: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5645:. Archived from 5643:www.kiwizone.org 5634: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5614:. Archived from 5604: 5598: 5597: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5511: 5484:"The lonely eye" 5479: 5473: 5472: 5454: 5422: 5413: 5412: 5402: 5392: 5368: 5339: 5338: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5277: 5266: 5265: 5247: 5245:10.1002/ar.22487 5223: 5217: 5216: 5198: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5157: 5123: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5100: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5013: 5012: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4955: 4945: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4896: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4840:on 17 March 2015 4836:. Archived from 4826: 4820: 4819: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4779:. Archived from 4775:. Animal Bytes. 4769: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4692: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4650: 4641: 4635: 4626: 4625: 4581: 4572: 4567:xiii + 296 pp. ( 4566: 4549:Watkins, Michael 4541: 4535: 4534: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4459: 4441: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4400: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4351: 4319: 4310: 4309: 4299: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4234: 4216: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4175: 4127: 4118: 4117: 4098:10.1002/ar.25339 4077: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4023: 4014: 4013: 4003: 3963: 3952: 3951: 3912: 3903: 3902: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3774: 3741: 3740: 3730: 3697:(33): eabq1898. 3691:Science Advances 3682: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3638: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3601: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3566: 3557: 3556: 3546: 3521:(3): 1063–1081. 3502: 3493: 3492: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3457: 3451:. Archived from 3440: 3429: 3423: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3360:(11): 2194–209. 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3319: 3310: 3309: 3299: 3289: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3216: 3205: 3204: 3198: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3171: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3132: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3112: 3106:. Archived from 3099: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3073: 3067:. Archived from 3056: 3047: 3032: 3031: 3020:10.1038/347177a0 2991: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2923:on 15 July 2020. 2919:. Archived from 2905: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2875: 2874: 2863: 2862: 2861: 2710:S. guntheri 2682: 2675: 2671: 2668: 2662: 2639: 2631: 2627:Captive breeding 2617:Karori Sanctuary 2605:Karori Sanctuary 2573:Northern tuatara 2522:D'Urville Island 2518:Alderman Islands 2237: 2219: 2056:organic compound 2026:The tuatara has 1997:at 200 Hz. 1920:thermoregulation 1916:circadian rhythm 1834: 1822: 1810: 1794: 1782: 1429: 1428: 1404: 1403: 1361: 1360: 1288: 1287: 1263: 1262: 1238: 1237: 1228: 1227: 1137: 1136: 1082: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1014: 1013: 989: 988: 961: 960: 954: 953: 947: 946: 942:Neosphenodontia 903: 902: 886:Diphydontosaurus 877: 876: 867: 866: 753:A.C.L.G. Günther 741:John Edward Gray 644: 643: 618: 617: 567: 566: 557: 556: 547: 546: 521:(Rattus exulans) 511: 502:S. guntheri 429: 387: 374: 365: 336: 322: 308: 268: 194: 193: 173: 170: 169: 153: 148: 147: 120: 110: 47: 30: 29: 9282: 9281: 9277: 9276: 9275: 9273: 9272: 9271: 9262:Rhynchocephalia 9227: 9226: 9225: 9220: 9212: 9210: 9202: 9197: 9189: 9187: 9179: 9174: 9166: 9161: 9153: 9148: 9140: 9135: 9127: 9122: 9114: 9109: 9101: 9096: 9088: 9083: 9075: 9070: 9061: 9060: 9055: 9046: 9045: 9040: 9027: 9017: 9012: 8940: 8934: 8904: 8871: 8866:Toxolophosaurus 8815: 8742: 8664:Navajosphenodon 8623:Ankylosphenodon 8605: 8558: 8507: 8501: 8464: 8350: 8348:Neosphenodontia 8337: 8299: 8245: 8236: 8205: 8192: 8157: 8083: 8074: 8067: 8059: 8030:Gephyrosauridae 8005: 8002:Rhynchocephalia 7986: 7972:Rhynchocephalia 7966: 7939: 7908: 7879: 7878: 7868: 7866:Rhynchocephalia 7863: 7822: 7795: 7790: 7741: 7722: 7686: 7664: 7662: 7661:on 26 June 2007 7635: 7633: 7613: 7601:Lutz D (2005). 7591: 7589: 7536: 7534: 7516: 7514: 7510: 7499: 7497:Further reading 7494: 7493: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7476: 7472: 7462: 7460: 7451: 7450: 7446: 7436: 7434: 7424: 7420: 7410: 7408: 7403: 7402: 7398: 7388: 7386: 7376: 7372: 7364: 7360: 7309: 7300: 7290: 7288: 7287:on 28 June 2007 7284: 7273: 7267: 7263: 7253: 7251: 7248:The Independent 7239: 7235: 7225: 7223: 7214: 7210: 7200: 7198: 7197:on 14 June 2009 7181: 7177: 7167: 7165: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7128: 7127: 7123: 7111: 7107: 7106: 7102: 7092: 7090: 7085: 7084: 7080: 7070: 7068: 7059: 7058: 7054: 7044: 7042: 7033: 7032: 7028: 6988: 6984: 6974: 6972: 6963: 6962: 6958: 6943: 6939: 6924: 6923: 6919: 6884: 6877: 6853: 6846: 6840: 6836: 6828: 6824: 6814: 6812: 6777: 6773: 6763: 6761: 6749: 6748: 6744: 6734: 6732: 6723: 6722: 6718: 6711: 6707: 6656: 6652: 6605: 6601: 6591: 6589: 6580: 6579: 6572: 6527: 6523: 6488: 6484: 6441: 6437: 6400:Current Biology 6392: 6388: 6380: 6376: 6361:10.2307/1563749 6341: 6337: 6310: 6306: 6296: 6294: 6284: 6280: 6270: 6268: 6256: 6252: 6221: 6217: 6174: 6170: 6147: 6143: 6135: 6131: 6116: 6112: 6089: 6085: 6066: 6062: 6049: 6045: 6030: 6029: 6022: 5995: 5991: 5981: 5979: 5964: 5960: 5950: 5948: 5937: 5933: 5923: 5921: 5912: 5911: 5907: 5858: 5854: 5844: 5842: 5831: 5830: 5823: 5813: 5811: 5800: 5799: 5792: 5782: 5780: 5765: 5764: 5755: 5728: 5724: 5697: 5693: 5666: 5662: 5652: 5650: 5635: 5631: 5621: 5619: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5594: 5580: 5576: 5566: 5564: 5554: 5550: 5543: 5529: 5525: 5480: 5476: 5431:Current Biology 5423: 5416: 5369: 5342: 5307: 5303: 5296: 5278: 5269: 5224: 5220: 5175: 5171: 5124: 5117: 5107: 5105: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5073: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5016: 4973: 4969: 4914: 4910: 4857: 4853: 4843: 4841: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4816: 4800: 4796: 4786: 4784: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4756: 4754: 4752:www.doc.govt.nz 4746: 4745: 4741: 4726:10.2307/1562712 4710: 4706: 4690: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4651: 4644: 4636: 4629: 4582: 4575: 4563: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4520:Botanical Latin 4515: 4511: 4501: 4499: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4418: 4414: 4369: 4365: 4320: 4313: 4252: 4248: 4193: 4189: 4128: 4121: 4078: 4071: 4061: 4059: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4024: 4017: 3974:Rhynchocephalus 3964: 3955: 3926:(14): 167–168. 3913: 3906: 3861: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3800: 3796: 3789: 3775: 3744: 3683: 3679: 3669: 3667: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3640: 3639: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3603: 3602: 3593: 3583: 3581: 3568: 3567: 3560: 3503: 3496: 3489: 3475: 3471: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3393: 3389: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3321: 3320: 3313: 3258: 3254: 3217: 3208: 3192: 3191: 3184: 3182: 3173: 3172: 3159: 3149: 3147: 3134: 3133: 3126: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3097: 3091: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3065: 3054: 3048: 3035: 2992: 2985: 2975: 2973: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2883: 2881: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2815: 2758: 2712:more recently. 2691:Algernon Thomas 2683: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2652: 2640: 2629: 2621:Stephens Island 2603:Tuatara at the 2575: 2530: 2483: 2474: 2450: 2434: 2421:DNA methylation 2354:DNA transposons 2316: 2261:; meaning that 2249: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2238: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2220: 2209: 2121: 2077: 2068: 2051: 2012: 2003: 1943: 1895: 1874:tapetum lucidum 1861: 1848: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1826: 1823: 1814: 1811: 1802: 1799:sclerotic rings 1795: 1786: 1783: 1674: 1622: 1545: 1540: 1531: 1522: 1513: 1504: 1495: 1486: 1477: 1468: 1370:Navajosphenodon 1345: 1336: 1327: 1297:Toxolophosaurus 1212: 1203: 1194: 1121: 1062: 1053: 898:Eusphenodontia 837:known from the 801:Middle Triassic 726:caudal autotomy 710:Rhynchocephalia 706: 697: 688: 679: 653:(crocodilians) 602: 590:Rhynchocephalia 541: 505: 422:Rhynchocephalia 381: 380: 378:Rhynchocephalus 372: 371: 359: 358: 313: 310: 304: 291: 267: 243:Rhynchocephalia 188: 180: 171: 167: 160: 149: 145: 138: 111: 109: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 42: 41: 34: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9280: 9270: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9218: 9208: 9195: 9185: 9172: 9159: 9146: 9133: 9120: 9107: 9094: 9081: 9068: 9053: 9037: 9035: 9029: 9028: 9014: 9013: 9011: 9010: 9003: 8996: 8989: 8982: 8975: 8968: 8961: 8954: 8945: 8942: 8941: 8933: 8932: 8925: 8918: 8910: 8901: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8893: 8892: 8889: 8888: 8885: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8877: 8876: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8869: 8862: 8854: 8847: 8840: 8833: 8825: 8823: 8821:Eilenodontinae 8817: 8816: 8814: 8813: 8805: 8801:Pleurosauridae 8797: 8790: 8782: 8775: 8767: 8759: 8753: 8744: 8743: 8741: 8740: 8729: 8719: 8708: 8697: 8687: 8678: 8667: 8657: 8646: 8636: 8626: 8615: 8613: 8611:Sphenodontidae 8607: 8606: 8604: 8603: 8595: 8587: 8580: 8572: 8570: 8567:Pleurosauridae 8560: 8559: 8557: 8556: 8546: 8536: 8526: 8523:Lamarquesaurus 8515: 8509: 8503: 8502: 8500: 8499: 8492: 8485: 8477: 8475: 8473:Sapheosauridae 8466: 8465: 8463: 8462: 8452: 8442: 8432: 8422: 8411: 8400: 8390: 8379: 8369: 8357: 8351: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8335: 8327: 8320: 8317:Brachyrhinodon 8312: 8310: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8297: 8287: 8277: 8274:Microsphenodon 8267: 8256: 8246: 8243:Eusphenodontia 8241: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8234: 8230:Godavarisaurus 8223: 8212: 8206: 8201: 8198: 8197: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8190: 8187:Whitakersaurus 8180: 8169: 8167: 8164:Incertae sedis 8159: 8158: 8156: 8155: 8145: 8135: 8125: 8115: 8112:Godavarisaurus 8105: 8094: 8084: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8057: 8050: 8043: 8035: 8033: 8015: 8014: 8011: 8010: 8007: 8006: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7992: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7984: 7983: 7982: 7976: 7974: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7953: 7947: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7937: 7936: 7935: 7926: 7920: 7910: 7909: 7905: 7904: 7898: 7892: 7886: 7870: 7869: 7862: 7861: 7854: 7847: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7824:"Specimens of 7820: 7819:at Wikispecies 7808: 7794: 7793:External links 7791: 7789: 7788: 7745: 7739: 7726: 7720: 7707: 7690: 7684: 7671: 7642: 7617: 7611: 7598: 7573: 7560: 7543: 7532:MadSci Network 7523: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7470: 7444: 7418: 7396: 7380:"Life history" 7370: 7358: 7298: 7261: 7233: 7208: 7175: 7143: 7121: 7100: 7078: 7065:Wellington Zoo 7052: 7026: 6999:(4): 456–462. 6982: 6956: 6937: 6917: 6898:(2): 373–383. 6875: 6851:Rattus exulans 6834: 6822: 6771: 6742: 6716: 6705: 6650: 6599: 6570: 6521: 6502:(2): 239–251. 6482: 6455:(2): 197–205. 6435: 6386: 6374: 6355:(2): 194–197. 6335: 6324:(2): 199–217. 6304: 6278: 6250: 6215: 6188:(4): 374–385. 6168: 6157:(2): 294–299. 6141: 6129: 6110: 6083: 6060: 6043: 6020: 6009:(2): 519–522. 5989: 5958: 5931: 5920:on 9 June 2007 5905: 5876:(3): 205–216. 5852: 5821: 5790: 5753: 5722: 5691: 5660: 5629: 5599: 5592: 5574: 5548: 5541: 5523: 5474: 5414: 5340: 5321:(5): 423–428. 5301: 5294: 5267: 5238:(7): 1075–91. 5218: 5169: 5115: 5086: 5071: 5033: 5014: 4993:10.1670/16-146 4987:(3): 300–306. 4967: 4928:(4): 734–742. 4908: 4851: 4821: 4814: 4794: 4764: 4739: 4720:(1–2): 89–91. 4704: 4670: 4663: 4642: 4627: 4600:(2): 321–334. 4573: 4561: 4536: 4529: 4509: 4471: 4412: 4363: 4311: 4246: 4187: 4119: 4092:(4): 776–790. 4069: 4043: 4036: 4015: 3953: 3904: 3855: 3843: 3794: 3787: 3742: 3677: 3651: 3630: 3591: 3558: 3494: 3487: 3469: 3447: 3424: 3413: 3387: 3344: 3311: 3252: 3231:(3): 319–328. 3206: 3157: 3124: 3085: 3063: 3033: 2983: 2954: 2940: 2926: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2848: 2841: 2832: 2829: 2814: 2811: 2757: 2754: 2724:Wellington Zoo 2685: 2684: 2643: 2641: 2634: 2628: 2625: 2582:Moutoki Island 2574: 2571: 2529: 2526: 2495:Cuvier Islands 2482: 2479: 2473: 2472:Climate change 2470: 2449: 2446: 2433: 2430: 2384:non-coding RNA 2361:Greek tortoise 2315: 2312: 2303:selenocysteine 2299:selenoproteins 2239: 2232: 2231: 2230: 2221: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2120: 2117: 2076: 2073: 2067: 2064: 2050: 2047: 2011: 2010:Spine and ribs 2008: 2002: 1999: 1987:efferent nerve 1945:Together with 1942: 1939: 1903:parietal bones 1894: 1891: 1881:. Five visual 1860: 1857: 1847: 1846:Sensory organs 1844: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1805: 1803: 1801:in eye sockets 1796: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1749:palatine bones 1710:Sphenodontinae 1673: 1670: 1621: 1618: 1590:Albert Günther 1544: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1355:Sphenodontinae 1351: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1241: 1236: 1234: 1232:Eilenodontinae 1226: 1224: 1222:Sphenodontidae 1218: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1131:Sapheosauridae 1127: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1002: 992: 987: 985: 983:Pleurosauridae 979: 978: 975: 974: 964: 959: 957: 952: 950: 945: 943: 939: 938: 935: 934: 924: 921: 920: 917: 916: 906: 901: 899: 895: 894: 891: 890: 880: 875: 873: 865: 825:Early Jurassic 821:Sphenodontinae 817:eilenodontines 743:used the name 737:British Museum 703: 702: 699: 698: 694: 693: 690: 689: 685: 684: 681: 680: 676: 675: 672: 671: 663: 660: 659: 656: 655: 647: 642: 640: 634: 633: 630: 629: 621: 616: 614: 608: 607: 604: 603: 599: 598: 595: 594: 586: 583: 582: 579: 578: 570: 565: 563: 555: 553: 545: 540: 537: 518:Polynesian rat 478:living fossils 432:Māori language 391: 390: 389: 388: 375: 366: 360:(Gray, 1831) ( 350: 349: 343: 342: 338: 337: 329: 328: 324: 323: 315: 314: 311: 300: 299: 293: 292: 285: 283: 279: 278: 274:conserved name 260: 256: 255: 253:Sphenodontidae 250: 246: 245: 240: 236: 235: 230: 226: 225: 220: 216: 215: 210: 206: 205: 200: 196: 195: 182: 181: 165: 162: 161: 143: 140: 139: 134: 131: 130: 122: 121: 113: 112: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9279: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9257:Māori culture 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9215: 9209: 9205: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9186: 9182: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9073: 9069: 9064: 9058: 9054: 9049: 9043: 9039: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9021: 9009: 9008: 9004: 9002: 9001: 8997: 8995: 8994: 8990: 8988: 8987: 8983: 8981: 8980: 8976: 8974: 8973: 8972:Mokopirirakau 8969: 8967: 8966: 8965:Hoplodactylus 8962: 8960: 8959: 8958:Dactylocnemis 8955: 8952: 8951: 8947: 8946: 8943: 8939: 8931: 8926: 8924: 8919: 8917: 8912: 8911: 8908: 8868: 8867: 8863: 8860: 8859: 8855: 8853: 8852: 8851:Priosphenodon 8848: 8846: 8845: 8844:Patagosphenos 8841: 8839: 8838: 8834: 8832: 8831: 8827: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8818: 8811: 8810: 8806: 8803: 8802: 8798: 8796: 8795: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8783: 8781: 8780: 8776: 8773: 8772: 8771:Kawasphenodon 8768: 8766: 8765: 8761: 8760: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8751:Opisthodontia 8745: 8738: 8737: 8730: 8728: 8727: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8709: 8706: 8705: 8698: 8696: 8695: 8688: 8686: 8685: 8684: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8674:Pamizinsaurus 8668: 8666: 8665: 8658: 8655: 8654: 8653:Kawasphenodon 8647: 8645: 8644: 8643:Derasmosaurus 8637: 8635: 8634: 8633:Cynosphenodon 8627: 8625: 8624: 8617: 8616: 8614: 8612: 8608: 8601: 8600: 8596: 8593: 8592: 8588: 8586: 8585: 8581: 8579: 8578: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8561: 8555: 8554: 8547: 8545: 8544: 8537: 8535: 8534: 8527: 8525: 8524: 8517: 8516: 8513: 8510: 8506:"Eupropalinal 8504: 8498: 8497: 8493: 8491: 8490: 8486: 8484: 8483: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8474: 8467: 8461: 8460: 8453: 8451: 8450: 8443: 8441: 8440: 8433: 8431: 8430: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8412: 8409: 8408: 8407:Rebbanasaurus 8401: 8399: 8398: 8397:Pamizinsaurus 8391: 8388: 8387: 8380: 8378: 8377: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8359: 8358: 8355: 8352: 8349: 8344: 8333: 8332: 8331:Polysphenodon 8328: 8326: 8325: 8321: 8319: 8318: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8308:Clevosauridae 8302: 8296: 8295: 8294:Polysphenodon 8288: 8286: 8285: 8284:Opisthiamimus 8278: 8276: 8275: 8268: 8266: 8265: 8258: 8257: 8254: 8250: 8247: 8244: 8239: 8232: 8231: 8224: 8222: 8221: 8214: 8213: 8210: 8207: 8204: 8199: 8189: 8188: 8181: 8179: 8178: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8165: 8160: 8154: 8153: 8146: 8144: 8143: 8142:Rebbanasaurus 8136: 8134: 8133: 8126: 8124: 8123: 8116: 8114: 8113: 8106: 8104: 8103: 8096: 8095: 8092: 8088: 8085: 8082: 8077: 8071: 8056: 8055: 8051: 8049: 8048: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8040:Gephyrosaurus 8037: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8004: 8003: 7997: 7980: 7979: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7969: 7961: 7957: 7956: 7955: 7954: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7942: 7934: 7930: 7929: 7928: 7927: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7903: 7899: 7897: 7893: 7891: 7887: 7885: 7881: 7880: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7860: 7855: 7853: 7848: 7846: 7841: 7840: 7837: 7829: 7827: 7821: 7818: 7813: 7809: 7806: 7801: 7797: 7796: 7785: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7746: 7742: 7736: 7732: 7727: 7723: 7717: 7713: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7677: 7672: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7650: 7643: 7631: 7627: 7625: 7618: 7614: 7608: 7604: 7599: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7544: 7533: 7529: 7524: 7509: 7508: 7502: 7501: 7480: 7474: 7458: 7454: 7448: 7433: 7429: 7422: 7406: 7400: 7385: 7384:teara.govt.nz 7381: 7374: 7367: 7362: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7323:(2): 455–64. 7322: 7318: 7314: 7307: 7305: 7303: 7283: 7279: 7272: 7265: 7250: 7249: 7244: 7237: 7221: 7220: 7212: 7196: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7179: 7163: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7147: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7125: 7117: 7110: 7104: 7088: 7082: 7066: 7062: 7056: 7040: 7036: 7030: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6986: 6970: 6966: 6960: 6952: 6948: 6941: 6933: 6932: 6927: 6921: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6882: 6880: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6852: 6845: 6838: 6831: 6826: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6775: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6746: 6730: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6709: 6701: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6663: 6662:Perdix perdix 6654: 6646: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6603: 6587: 6583: 6577: 6575: 6566: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6541:(6532): 543. 6540: 6536: 6532: 6525: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6486: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6439: 6431: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6406:(1): R29-31. 6405: 6401: 6397: 6390: 6383: 6378: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6308: 6293: 6289: 6282: 6267: 6266: 6261: 6254: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6219: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6172: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6145: 6138: 6133: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6087: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6064: 6056: 6055: 6047: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6027: 6025: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5993: 5977: 5973: 5971: 5962: 5946: 5942: 5935: 5919: 5915: 5909: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5865: 5856: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5828: 5826: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5797: 5795: 5778: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5736:Herpetologica 5733: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5711:(5): 613–21. 5710: 5706: 5702: 5695: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5664: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5633: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5595: 5589: 5585: 5578: 5563: 5559: 5552: 5544: 5542:0-19-852507-9 5538: 5534: 5527: 5519: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5478: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5421: 5419: 5410: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5305: 5297: 5295:0-253-33907-3 5291: 5287: 5283: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5189:(8): 945–66. 5188: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5122: 5120: 5104: 5097: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5046: 5037: 5030: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4855: 4839: 4835: 4834:Animal Corner 4831: 4825: 4817: 4811: 4808:. CRC Press. 4807: 4806: 4798: 4782: 4778: 4777:San Diego Zoo 4774: 4768: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4674: 4666: 4664:1-86953-264-3 4660: 4656: 4649: 4647: 4639: 4634: 4632: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4594:Palaeontology 4591: 4589: 4580: 4578: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4540: 4532: 4526: 4522: 4521: 4513: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4483: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4316: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4266:(3): 171830. 4265: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4124: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4074: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4039: 4033: 4029: 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3225:Palaeontology 3222: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3202: 3196: 3180: 3176: 3175:"The Tuatara" 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3146:on 3 May 2017 3145: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3129: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3096: 3089: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3053: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2988: 2972: 2968: 2966: 2958: 2950: 2944: 2936: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2866: 2856: 2855: 2846: 2843:In the movie 2842: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2816: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2753: 2751: 2746: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2681: 2678: 2670: 2667:November 2022 2660: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2644:This section 2642: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2595: 2594:Mercury group 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2570: 2568: 2567:San Diego Zoo 2564: 2559: 2557: 2554:in the outer 2553: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2478: 2469: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2411:ribosomal RNA 2408: 2405:of the genus 2404: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2321: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2243: 2236: 2225: 2218: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2116: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2072: 2063: 2061: 2060:tuataric acid 2057: 2049:Tail and back 2046: 2044: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2007: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1890: 1888: 1887:colour vision 1884: 1880: 1876: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1863:The eyes can 1852: 1833: 1828: 1821: 1816: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1793: 1788: 1781: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1762:The brain of 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1694:quadratojugal 1691: 1687: 1678: 1669: 1665: 1663: 1658: 1655: 1654:San Diego Zoo 1651: 1647: 1638: 1631: 1626: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1587:herpetologist 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1565:specific name 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1535: 1534: 1526: 1525: 1517: 1516: 1508: 1507: 1499: 1498: 1490: 1489: 1481: 1480: 1472: 1471: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1456: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1438:Kawasphenodon 1431: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1406: 1405: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1388:Cynosphenodon 1381: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1363: 1362: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1340: 1339: 1331: 1330: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1315:Priosphenodon 1308: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1290: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1265: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1240: 1239: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1207: 1206: 1198: 1197: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1139: 1138: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1084: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1057: 1056: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1023:Derasmosaurus 1016: 1015: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1001: 1000: 999: 991: 990: 984: 981: 980: 977: 976: 973: 972: 971: 963: 962: 956: 955: 949: 948: 941: 940: 937: 936: 933: 932: 931: 923: 922: 919: 918: 915: 914: 913: 905: 904: 897: 896: 893: 892: 889: 888: 887: 879: 878: 872: 869: 868: 864: 861: 858: 854: 850: 847: 842: 840: 836: 835: 834:Kawasphenodon 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 805:Late Triassic 802: 798: 797: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 764: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 701: 700: 692: 691: 683: 682: 674: 673: 670: 668: 662: 661: 658: 657: 654: 652: 646: 645: 639: 636: 635: 632: 631: 628: 626: 620: 619: 613: 612:Archelosauria 610: 609: 606: 605: 597: 596: 593: 591: 585: 584: 581: 580: 577: 575: 569: 568: 562: 559: 558: 552: 549: 548: 544: 536: 533: 528: 526: 522: 519: 515: 509: 503: 499: 496:The tuatara ( 494: 492: 488: 483: 479: 474: 470: 468: 465:(lizards and 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 435: 433: 428: 423: 419: 415: 411: 408: 404: 403: 398: 385: 379: 376: 370: 367: 363: 362:rejected name 357: 354: 353: 351: 348: 344: 339: 335: 330: 325: 321: 316: 309: 307: 301: 298: 297:Binomial name 294: 290: 289: 284: 281: 280: 275: 271: 266: 265: 261: 258: 257: 254: 251: 248: 247: 244: 241: 238: 237: 234: 231: 228: 227: 224: 221: 218: 217: 214: 211: 208: 207: 204: 201: 198: 197: 192: 187: 183: 177: 163: 157: 152: 151:Least Concern 141: 137: 132: 128: 123: 119: 114: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 46: 39: 31: 28: 24: 19: 9032: 9005: 8998: 8991: 8984: 8977: 8970: 8963: 8956: 8949: 8948: 8864: 8856: 8849: 8842: 8835: 8828: 8807: 8799: 8792: 8784: 8777: 8769: 8762: 8734: 8724: 8713: 8704:Sphenovipera 8702: 8694:Sphenofontis 8692: 8681: 8680: 8672: 8662: 8651: 8641: 8631: 8621: 8597: 8589: 8584:Pleurosaurus 8582: 8575: 8551: 8541: 8531: 8521: 8508:sphenodonts" 8494: 8489:Sapheosaurus 8487: 8480: 8457: 8447: 8437: 8427: 8418:Sphenocondor 8416: 8405: 8395: 8384: 8376:Homoeosaurus 8374: 8363: 8329: 8322: 8315: 8292: 8282: 8272: 8262: 8228: 8218: 8185: 8175: 8162: 8152:Sphenocondor 8150: 8140: 8130: 8122:Micromenodon 8120: 8110: 8100: 8081:Sphenodontia 8052: 8045: 8038: 8000: 7902:Lepidosauria 7900:Superorder: 7825: 7757: 7753: 7730: 7711: 7698: 7675: 7663:. Retrieved 7659:the original 7654: 7648: 7634:. Retrieved 7629: 7623: 7602: 7590:. Retrieved 7586:the original 7581: 7568: 7564: 7556:the original 7551: 7535:. Retrieved 7531: 7515:. Retrieved 7506: 7482:. Retrieved 7473: 7461:. Retrieved 7456: 7447: 7435:. Retrieved 7431: 7421: 7409:. Retrieved 7399: 7387:. Retrieved 7383: 7373: 7368:, p. 64 7361: 7320: 7316: 7289:. Retrieved 7282:the original 7277: 7264: 7252:. Retrieved 7246: 7236: 7224:. Retrieved 7218: 7211: 7199:. Retrieved 7195:the original 7188: 7178: 7166:. Retrieved 7162:the original 7155: 7146: 7138:the original 7133: 7124: 7115: 7103: 7091:. Retrieved 7081: 7069:. Retrieved 7055: 7043:. Retrieved 7039:the original 7029: 6996: 6992: 6985: 6973:. Retrieved 6968: 6959: 6950: 6940: 6931:The Guardian 6929: 6920: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6861: 6857: 6850: 6843: 6837: 6825: 6813:. Retrieved 6809:the original 6788: 6784: 6774: 6762:. Retrieved 6754: 6751:"Appendices" 6745: 6733:. 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Retrieved 5561: 5551: 5532: 5526: 5491: 5487: 5477: 5434: 5430: 5380: 5376: 5318: 5314: 5304: 5285: 5281: 5235: 5231: 5221: 5186: 5182: 5172: 5140:(1): 47–65. 5137: 5131: 5106:. Retrieved 5103:Science News 5102: 5089: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5036: 5031:, p. 27 4984: 4980: 4970: 4925: 4921: 4911: 4868: 4864: 4854: 4842:. Retrieved 4838:the original 4833: 4824: 4804: 4797: 4785:. Retrieved 4781:the original 4767: 4755:. Retrieved 4751: 4742: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4698: 4694: 4685: 4681: 4673: 4654: 4640:, p. 16 4597: 4593: 4587: 4568: 4552: 4539: 4519: 4512: 4500:. Retrieved 4496:the original 4487: 4481: 4474: 4429: 4425: 4415: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4331: 4327: 4263: 4259: 4249: 4204: 4200: 4190: 4139: 4135: 4089: 4085: 4060:. Retrieved 4055: 4046: 4027: 3983: 3979: 3973: 3969: 3923: 3919: 3867: 3858: 3853:, p. 42 3846: 3806: 3797: 3778: 3694: 3690: 3680: 3668:. Retrieved 3664:the original 3654: 3646:the original 3621:. Retrieved 3617:the original 3612: 3606: 3582:. Retrieved 3578:the original 3574:Conservation 3573: 3518: 3514: 3511:: Reptilia)" 3508: 3478: 3472: 3460:. Retrieved 3453:the original 3434: 3427: 3416: 3404:. Retrieved 3400: 3390: 3357: 3353: 3347: 3335:. Retrieved 3331:the original 3327:Animal Bytes 3326: 3272:(208): 208. 3269: 3265: 3255: 3228: 3224: 3185:13 September 3183:. Retrieved 3178: 3148:. Retrieved 3144:the original 3139: 3117:11 September 3115:. Retrieved 3108:the original 3101: 3088: 3076:. Retrieved 3069:the original 3003: 2999: 2995: 2974:. Retrieved 2971:nztcs.org.nz 2970: 2964: 2957: 2943: 2929: 2921:the original 2916: 2910: 2903: 2835: 2819: 2798: 2792: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2761: 2759: 2747: 2740: 2720:Auckland Zoo 2716:Hamilton Zoo 2714: 2709: 2705: 2702:Invercargill 2695: 2688: 2673: 2664: 2653:Please help 2648:verification 2645: 2612: 2610: 2577: 2576: 2560: 2545: 2532: 2531: 2511: 2503: 2484: 2475: 2466: 2461: 2451: 2435: 2432:Conservation 2419: 2415:transfer RNA 2413:and 22 2406: 2400: 2392:spliceosomal 2381: 2358: 2351: 2340: 2336:lepidosauria 2325: 2320:LINE element 2317: 2295: 2287: 2283:Invercargill 2279: 2257:rudimentary 2250: 2241: 2207:Reproduction 2195: 2192:tuatara tick 2189: 2177:fairy prions 2122: 2093: 2069: 2052: 2040: 2025: 2020:amphicoelous 2014:The tuatara 2013: 2004: 1944: 1927:pineal gland 1924: 1899:parietal eye 1896: 1872: 1862: 1763: 1761: 1742: 1717:premaxillary 1714: 1683: 1666: 1659: 1645: 1643: 1629: 1613: 1605: 1602: 1597: 1593: 1575: 1567: 1552: 1548: 1546: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1436: 1434: 1413:Sphenofontis 1411: 1409: 1386: 1384: 1368: 1366: 1313: 1311: 1295: 1293: 1270: 1268: 1245: 1243: 1182:Sapheosaurus 1180: 1178: 1162: 1160: 1144: 1142: 1107: 1105: 1089: 1087: 1041:Pleurosaurus 1039: 1037: 1021: 1019: 996: 994: 970:Homoeosaurus 968: 966: 928: 926: 910: 908: 884: 882: 871:Sphenodontia 862: 856: 843: 832: 796:Wirtembergia 794: 792: 787: 783: 775: 765: 760: 756: 748: 744: 734: 714:Lepidosauria 707: 665: 649: 623: 588: 572: 561:Lepidosauria 542: 529: 520: 513: 501: 497: 495: 491:DNA sequence 475: 471: 436: 401: 400: 396: 394: 377: 368: 355: 305: 303: 287: 286: 263: 262: 126: 27: 18: 9150:iNaturalist 9057:Wikispecies 9000:Woodworthia 8858:Sphenotitan 8809:Sapheosaurs 8715:Theretairus 8459:Leptosaurus 8429:Theretairus 8324:Clevosaurus 8054:Deltadectes 7731:The Tuatara 7620:Maisano J. 7517:26 November 7389:12 December 7378:Taonga NZ. 7226:22 November 6975:12 December 6864:: 115–120. 6791:(1): 3–16. 6297:12 December 6271:21 December 5947:. Otago, NZ 5653:31 December 5637:Wattie, T. 4844:31 December 4757:12 December 4686:S. diversum 4545:Beolens, Bo 4502:28 February 4480:"Tuatara – 4142:(1): 7087. 4052:"Sphenodon" 3986:: 595–629. 3916:Gray, J. E. 3544:10072/30480 3421:Newman 1987 3150:10 November 2750:Chester Zoo 2552:Long Island 2537:Cook Strait 2491:Red Mercury 2332:mate choice 2301:and 4 2133:shearwaters 2096:terrestrial 2085:Franz Josef 1931:salamanders 1768:endocranium 1698:jugal bones 1620:Description 1614:S. diversum 1604:species of 1561:Cook Strait 1247:Sphenotitan 1091:Leptosaurus 930:Clevosaurus 813:pleurosaurs 638:Archosauria 424:. 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