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and vascular or stromal specific antigens. Tissue differentiation antigens are those that are specific to a certain type of tissue. Mutant protein antigens are likely to be much more specific to cancer cells because normal cells shouldn't contain these proteins. Normal cells will display the normal
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triggers an immune response. This may include normal proteins that are well sequestered from the immune system, proteins that are normally produced in extremely small quantities, proteins that are normally produced only in certain stages of development, or proteins whose structure is modified due to
293:(CEA). These proteins are normally produced in the early stages of embryonic development and disappear by the time the immune system is fully developed. Thus self-tolerance does not develop against these antigens.
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Proteins that are normally produced in very low quantities but whose production is dramatically increased in tumor cells, trigger an immune response. An example of such a protein is the
27:. Host-derived T and B cells can be induced to recognize tumor-associated antigens, whereas donor-derived B and T cells can recognize both tumor-associated antigens and alloantigens.
253:. Some cancer cells aberrantly express these proteins and therefore present these antigens, allowing attack by T-cells specific to these antigens. Example antigens of this type are
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Tumor antigens, because of their relative abundance in tumor cells are useful in identifying specific tumor cells. Certain tumors have certain tumor antigens in abundance.
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turned out to be expressed on some normal cells as well. The modern classification of tumor antigens is based on their molecular structure and source.
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protein antigen on their MHC molecules, whereas cancer cells will display the mutant version. Some viral proteins are implicated in forming cancer (
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genes. In contrast, mutation of other genes unrelated to the tumor formation may lead to synthesis of abnormal proteins which are called
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are culled "centrally" in primary lymphatic tissue (BM) and "peripherally" in secondary lymphatic tissue (mostly
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which lead to abnormal protein production are the cause of the tumor and thus such abnormal proteins are called
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Initially tumor antigens were broadly classified into two categories based on their pattern of expression:
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production. Normally tyrosinase is produced in minute quantities but its levels are very much elevated in
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Coulie PG, Hanagiri T, Takanoyama M: From Tumor
Antigens to Immunotherapy. Int J Clin Oncol 6:163, 2001.
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may also have an abnormal structure in tumor cells and could thus be targets of the immune system.
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The spectrum of target antigens associated with tumor immunity and allo-immunity after allogeneic
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can act as a tumor antigen. Such abnormal proteins are produced due to mutation of the concerned
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Other examples include tissue differentiation antigens, mutant protein antigens, oncogenic
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Classes of human tumor antigens recognized by T lymphocytes, with their genetic process
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Vaccination
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This classification, however, is imperfect because many antigens thought to be
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normally present in minute quantities; greatly elevated levels in melanoma
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Any protein produced in a tumor cell that has an abnormal structure due to
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M Hareuveni, C Gautier, M Kieny, D Wreschner, P Chambon and R Lathe;
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484:. More importantly, tumor antigens can be used in cancer therapy as
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In addition to proteins, other substances like cell surface
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Abnormal proteins are also produced by cells infected with
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Products of
Mutated Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
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Restifo, NP; Dudley, ME; Rosenberg, SA (Mar 22, 2012).
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and the resulting protein produces an immune response.
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Overexpressed or
Aberrantly Expressed Cellular Proteins
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Processing of tumor antigens recognized by CD8+ T cells
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Chapter on tumor antigens in Cancer
Medicine at NCBI
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171:Altered Cell Surface Glycolipids and Glycoproteins
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583:Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease
571:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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165:Tumor Antigens Produced by Oncogenic Viruses
174:Cell Type-Specific Differentiation Antigens
16:Antigenic substance produced in tumor cells
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480:Certain tumor antigens are thus used as
237:are antigens expressed primarily in the
152:Accordingly, they can be classified as;
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61:and are potential candidates for use in
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73:Mechanism of tumor antigenesis
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454:Also normally present in the
331:Importance of tumor antigens
53:. Tumor antigens are useful
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344:Tumor in which it is found
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573:, Vol 87, 9498-9502, 1990.
523:Nature Reviews. Immunology
215:tumor-associated antigens
140:Tumor-Associated Antigens
417:Epithelial tumor antigen
373:Carcinoembryonic antigen
363:Hepatocellular carcinoma
291:carcinoembryonic antigen
271:, which is required for
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203:tumor-specific antigens
136:Tumor-Specific Antigens
45:, i.e., it triggers an
581:Kumar, Abbas, Fausto;
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38:substance produced in
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69:studies such topics.
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498:Cancer immunotherapy
245:, but also in fetal
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450:Malignant melanoma
437:Malignant melanoma
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432:Tyrosinase
289:(AFP) and
269:tyrosinase
239:germ cells
118:mutation.
312:which is
36:antigenic
614:Oncology
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347:Remarks
277:melanoma
249:and the
187:mutation
87:proteins
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279:cells.
273:melanin
247:ovaries
241:of the
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419:(ETA)
389:CA-125
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355:(AFP)
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243:testes
111:spleen
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34:is an
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181:Types
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323:and
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191:gene
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