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on hearing the noise and confusion in his village, he arose and came from his bedchamber. Then beholding the pillage and seizure of his vassals, he grasped a battle-ax and began to descend the stairs with the greatest fury, in the meantime vowing loudly and fiercely to slay anyone who came into his land without permission.... But the memory of valiant deeds and triumphs of his bellicose youth, and the fact that he held sway over a province so large and good as his, gave him strength to utter those fierce threats and even fiercer ones.
605:
at this time, eventually problems with their white neighbors would take its toll. The whites imposed the binary social system based on slavery as a racial caste, recognizing only whites and blacks (in which they classified all people of color). They also tended to discount Indian identity among mixed-race people, failing to understand that they identified culturally and socially as Tunica. By the late 19th century, the dominant white conservative
Democrats imposed legal racial segregation after
978:
964:
523:
546:. The latter came to have a close relationship with the Tunica people. During this time, numerous Anglo-American settlers migrated into the region, as the British had taken over former French territories east of the Mississippi River. The Tunica had become acculturated to European ways, although they still tattooed themselves and practiced some of their native religious customs. With the British in charge of the
822:
814:
597:, France sold the large territory known as the Louisiana Purchase to the fledgling United States in 1803. Anglo-Americans migrated to Louisiana in great numbers, mostly from the southern United States, eventually changing its culture to one dominated by the English language and Protestant Christianity, especially in the northern parts of the area. In the late 19th century,
742:
Treasure collection is housed in the Tunica-Biloxi
Cultural and Educational Resources Center, a state-of-the-art facility that includes a library, conservation center, distance-learning center, conference facilities, tribal offices, and museum on the tribal reservation in Marksville. Eighty percent of the artifacts of the Tunica Treasure have been restored.
480:, agreed to let a small party of Natchez refugees settle near his village (present-day Angola), provided they were unarmed. A few days later, the chief of the Natchez arrived at the Tunica village with a hundred men, and an unknown number of women and children. They concealed Chickasaw and Koroa warriors in the canebrake around the village.
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chairmen in Indian
Country, serving from 1978 until his death in July 2013. Barbry was succeeded as chairman by Marshall Pierite, formerly vice chairman of the tribe, from August 2013 through April 2014. Barbry's son, Joey Barbry, served as chairman from April 2014. Marshall Pierite again became chairman upon his election in April 2018.
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Off to one side of the town was the dwelling place of the Curaca (chief). It was situated on a high mound which now served as a fortress. Only by means of two stairways could one ascend to this house.... The lord of the province, who like his land was called
Quizquiz, was now old and sick in bed; but
604:
The only U.S. government mention of the Tunica from 1803 to 1938 was made in 1806 by an Indian
Commissioner for Louisiana. He noted that the Tunica numbered only about 25 men, lived in Avoyelles Parish, and made their livings by occasionally hiring out as boatmen. Although the Tunica were prosperous
484:
informed the
Natchez party that he could not receive them unless they gave up their arms. They said they intended to do so, but asked to keep their arms a while longer. He consented and had food distributed to his new guests. A dance was held that night. After the dance and when the village had gone
725:
deposited as grave goods by the Tunica from 1731 to 1764 when they occupied the site. With help from the State of
Louisiana, the tribe filed suit to gain title to the artifacts, which has subsequently become known as the "Tunica treasure". The case took a decade to be decided in the courts, but the
500:
large amounts of
European trade goods, including beads, porcelain, muskets, kettles, and other items, as well as locally produced Tunica pottery and imported pottery. When discovered in the 20th century, these artifacts attested to their extensive trade with Europeans, as well as the wealth of the
741:
of their people, with the earthen structure to take the symbolic place of the original burial underground. It opened in 1989 as The Tunica-Biloxi
Regional Indian Center and Museum. Due to structural problems, it was closed in 1999, with plans for a new larger facility underway. Today the Tunica
695:
Tribal government currently consists of an elected tribal council and tribal chairman. The tribe maintains its own police force, health services, education department, housing authority, and court system. Former tribal chairman Earl J. Barbry Sr., was widely noted as one of the longest-serving
368:
It was 150 years before another
European group recorded the Tunica. In 1699 the LaSource expedition (coming downriver from French Canada) encountered the Tunica, describing them as a modestly sized tribe numbering only a few hundred warriors. They and other peoples had suffered from
901:
in the mid-17th century, but by the mid-18th century, they had migrated into Louisiana to avoid European encroachment. Some were also noted in Texas in the early 19th century. By the early 19th century their numbers had dwindled. In 1934, the last native speaker,
633:
Gradually the remnant descendants of other local tribes (the Ofo, Avoyel, Choctaw, and Biloxi) merged into the Tunica. They have preserved much of their ethnic identity, maintaining their tribal government and the hereditary chieftainship up to the mid-1970s.
462:, was the largest; the Natchez killed most of the French at the village of Natchez and Fort Rosalie. French colonists gained the aid of Indian allies and returned to the villages, killing or capturing most of the Natchez. The survivors were sold into slavery.
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As the 20th century dawned, the Tunica came together around their ancient heritage. They had managed to retain possession of the majority of their communal land, some still spoke the Tunica language, and they still practiced traditional tribal ceremonies.
489:(Buffalo Tamer) repulsed the attack. He rallied the warriors, and after fighting for five days and nights, regained control of the village. Twenty Tunica were killed and as many wounded in the fighting. They killed 33 of the Natchez warriors.
330:, which is a language isolate. At that time, these related groups covered a large region extending along both sides of the Mississippi River in present-day Mississippi and Arkansas, as the expedition would soon learn.
800:
on underwriting, loan servicing, and other technology processes related to running the business. Acacia Entertainment is a joint venture between the Tribe's Economic Development Corporation and film producer
1564:
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By sometime in the late 1780s or 1790s, the Tunica moved again, probably because of the large influx of Anglo-Americans moving into the area. They moved west to a site on the Red River named
353:
Based on evaluations of the three surviving de Soto narratives for topography, linguistics and cultural traits, combined with archaeological excavations and analysis, most archaeologists and
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Because the artifacts had been separated from the original burials and connections were lost, the tribe decided to build a museum to house these items. Members of the tribe were trained as
991:
762:. A succession of chiefs, including Chief Horace Pierite Sr, would work at the task. With the Tunica treasure proving their ancient tribal identity, the tribe was able to gain state and
485:
to sleep, the Natchez, Chickasaw and Koroa attacked their hosts. Cahura-Joligo killed four Natchez during the fighting, but was killed along with 12 of his warriors. His war chief
473:, and Choctaw. The Natchez Rebellion or Natchez War expanded into a larger regional conflict with many repercussions. The Tunica were initially reluctant to fight on either side.
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737:
in order to repair damage done to the artifacts by the centuries underground and handling during the ten-year court battle. The museum was built in the shape of the ancient
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in what are now northwestern Louisiana and southwestern Arkansas. The Tunica were believed to be the middlemen in the trade of salt from the Caddoan areas to the French.
750:
Formal efforts to be recognized by the federal government were begun in the 1940s when Chief Eli Barbry, Horace Pierite, Clarence Jackson, and Sam Barbry traveled to
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380:. They became significant allies to the French and aided their successful settlement. The French established a mission among the Tunica around 1700, on the
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The modern Tunica-Biloxi tribe, which has a written constitution and elected government, was recognized by the federal government in 1981. They live in
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blacks and other minorities of color. The Tunica became subsistence farmers, with some hunting and fishing to support themselves. Others turned to
1230:
Michael P. Hoffman (1994). "Ethnic Identities and Cultural Change in the Protohistoric Period of Eastern Arkansas". In Patricia B. Kwachka (ed.).
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Marksville was a good location for a trading post, as the Red River was still an important avenue of trade. But rapid changes took place. Under
598:
451:. The archeological remains of a small hamlet from this time period were discovered in 1976 by an inmate of Angola Prison. It is known as the
1021:
2338:
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lists 951 persons self-identified as at least partly of Tunica-Biloxi, with 669 of those identifying as solely of Tunica-Biloxi ancestry.
535:
1889:
1800:
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606:
951:, chief of the Tunica-Biloxi tribe and last Tunica native speaker, provided information about the Tunica language to researchers
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in 1953. Tunica is a reawakening language, with immersion programs and youth summer camps teaching second-language learners.
407:, a valuable item to both native and Europeans. Salt was extremely important in the trade between the French and the various
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1698:
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and Mary Haas met her on a linguistic survey trip in September 1934 and confirmed her status as a speaker of the language.
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In the 1970s the site was excavated by archaeologists, uncovering large amounts of pottery, European trade goods and other
530:
In 1764 the Tunica moved 15 miles (24 km) south of the Trudeau Landing site to just outside the French settlement at
458:
During the 1710s and 1720s, war periodically broke out between the French and the Natchez. The last uprising in 1729, the
870:
had worked with Youchigant in the 1930s to describe what he remembered of the language. She published the description in
162:
2232:
1130:
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has a land area of 1.682 km (0.649 sq mi). Currently, they operate Louisiana's first land based casino,
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ruling became a landmark in American Indian history. It helped to lay the groundwork for new federal legislation, the
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surpassed the rivers as main avenues of trade and transportation, and the Marksville area became a quiet backwater.
373:
epidemics, which had high mortality rates as they had no natural immunity to this new disease carried by Europeans.
718:. The Tunica, who felt he had stolen tribal heirlooms and desecrated the graves of their ancestors, were outraged.
715:
357:
have agreed to identify the Menard, Walls, Belle Meade, Parkin and Nodena phases as the de Soto-named provinces of
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1043:"Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs"
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408:
276:
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255:
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The Tunica-Biloxi Tribe operates Louisiana's first land-based casino, Paragon Casino Resort. It opened in
1906:
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1066:
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232:
688:, opened in Marksville in June 1994. The casino is known for its contributions back to its members. The
531:
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The Tunica were skilled traders and entrepreneurs, especially in the manufacture and distribution of
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company, Mobiloans—and a finance and production company, Acacia Entertainment. Mobiloans works with
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at this time, and the Spanish in control of Louisiana, politics were volatile in the area. In 1779
465:
In 1729 the chiefs of the village sent emissaries to potential allies, including the Yazoo, Koroa,
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peoples in the Central Mississippi Valley had developed or adopted a Mississippian lifestyle, with
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2205:
2047:
2034:
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1904:
1824:
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2019:
1541:
1445:
939:, an American politician and Native American leader, former chairman of the Tunica-Biloxi Tribe
722:
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led a force, which included Tunica and other tribal warriors, to take the British-held town of
505:
434:
296:
36:
758:. Federal recognition would have entitled the tribe to benefit from social programs under the
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1996:
1981:
1952:
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By the time the French arrived, the Central Mississippi Valley was sparsely occupied by the
239:, and overlapping its boundaries. The Reservation is 1.682 km (0.649 sq mi).
2140:
1986:
1542:"Census 2000 PHC-T-18. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States: 2000"
948:
863:
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In the 1960s a treasure hunter named Leonard Charrier began searching for artifacts at the
547:
423:
292:
283:(SECC). The archaeological evidence suggests that the valley was home to several competing
1517:
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in the area. A European-American settlement developed around the post and became known as
8:
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2222:
2077:
2062:
2006:
1153:
Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando De Soto and the South's Ancient Chiefdoms
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were to their immediate south, they moved to the Mississippi side of the Mississippi and
414:
By the early 18th century, the tribes along the lower Mississippi River were a target of
113:
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2092:
2014:
1991:
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681:
586:
419:
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1947:
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448:
349:
Parkin site, circa 1539. (also known as province of Casqui.) Illustration by Herb Roe
109:
84:
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1973:
1939:
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and his army approached the eastern bank of the Mississippi River, coming upon the
319:
196:
In the 21st century, the people speak mostly English and French. Many live on the
182:
80:
76:
1418:
Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, Revised and Expanded Edition
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1702:
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493:
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Louisiana Historic Preservation's National Register of Historic Places Database
907:
802:
738:
594:
459:
430:
385:
354:
805:. According to the Tribe, Acacia aims to produce two to three films per year.
2317:
1740:
797:
610:
522:
492:
After the attack at Angola, in 1731 the Tunica moved a few miles away to the
444:, as the Red River also connected to their salt source in the Caddoan areas.
218:
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170:
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129:
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930:
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They established a loose collection of hamlets and villages at present-day
312:
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558:. This was the last military campaign for which the Tunica were recorded.
2153:
1921:
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936:
638:
555:
497:
393:
381:
308:
304:
933:, an American football offensive tackle who plays for the Denver Broncos
2255:
1745:
1232:
Perspectives on the Southeast-Linguistics, Archaeology and Ethnohistory
898:
539:
441:
437:
133:
1490:
1259:
Waselkov, Gregory A.; Wood, Peter H.; Hatley, M. Thomas (2006-01-01).
897:. The Biloxi were first noted in European records as living along the
766:. They were recognized by the United States government in 1981 as the
1722:
1456:
England in the Seven Years' War: A Study in Combined Strategy Vol. II
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470:
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397:
178:
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63:
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List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition
388:
was assigned to the Tunica, as well as to the smaller tribes of the
1565:"Earl Barbry, Longest-Serving Chairman in Indian Country, Walks On"
370:
785:
in June 1994. It is now the largest employer in Avoyelles Parish.
565:. In 1794 Marco Litche (recorded by the French as Marc Eliche), a
526:
Tunica Trail from the Central Mississippi valley to Marksville, LA
1801:"Eagles' Native American guard Allen Barbre won't use the R-word"
851:, but communication among the three depended on their use of the
662:
190:
839:
The Tunica (or Tonica, or less common form Yuron) language is a
291:. The groups in the area have been defined by archaeologists by
2217:
1587:"Joey Barbry takes oath as new chairman of Tunica-Biloxi Tribe"
1216:
1067:
Tunica-English Dictionary, "Yoroniku-Halayihku - Tunica-Biloxi"
848:
658:
650:
377:
273:
186:
137:
889:
language which was at one time spoken by the Biloxi people in
821:
813:
894:
389:
326:(pronounced "keys-key"). These people spoke a dialect of the
269:
1863:
534:. Other tribes had also settled in the area, including the
404:
1850:
1641:
Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism
1366:
Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism
1342:
Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism
1317:
Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism
1207:
1087:
Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism
629:
Location of Tunica-Biloxi Indian Reservation in Louisiana
1682:
Dana Bowker Lee, "Louisiana Indians in the 21st Century"
593:
in 1800. After failing to regain power in its colony of
1338:"The Role of Salt in Eastern North American Prehistory"
340:
Inca Garcilaso de la Vega describing the Quizquiz, 1605
1411:"Interconnectedness and Diversity in French Louisiana"
862:
The last known native speaker of the Tunica language,
728:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
504:
They stayed at this location into the 1760s, when the
1512:
1510:
1262:
Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast
959:
677:. A part of the city extends onto reservation land.
16:
Native American tribe from Mississippi and Louisiana
843:. The Tunica tribe historically lived close to the
1287:"Mid-America : an historical review. Vol. 21"
1258:
1229:
1150:
1145:
515:following the French defeat by the British in the
1608:"Marshall Pierite elected Tunica-Biloxi chairman"
1507:
1459:(Second ed.). London: Longman, Green and Co.
2334:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands
2329:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
2315:
272:agriculture, hierarchical political structures,
1518:"The Tunica-Biloxi Tribe: Origins and Culture"
808:
2169:
1890:
1661:"Tribal Museum and Cultural Resources Center"
1115:Jeffrey P. Brain and Frank W. Porter (1990).
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
577:. It was noted on Louisiana maps as of 1809.
440:. This allowed them to keep control of their
1139:
1008:
1006:
476:In June 1730 the Head Chief of the Tunica,
2183:
2176:
2162:
1897:
1883:
1728:. New York: J.J. Augustin Publisher, 1940.
1637:"On The Tunica Trail: Tunica-Biloxi Today"
1534:
1099:
645:. The modern tribe is composed of Tunica,
620:
580:
35:
2324:American Indian reservations in Louisiana
1003:
984:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
1175:
924:
820:
812:
692:lists 648 persons identified as Tunica.
624:
521:
344:
1449:
776:
653:-speaking people from the Gulf coast),
511:control west of the Mississippi to the
159:Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe of Louisiana
2316:
1736:
1734:
1223:
745:
426:. By 1706 the Tunica decided to move.
2157:
1878:
1798:
1630:
1628:
1408:
1355:
1353:
1351:
496:site. Over the years, they buried as
1851:Tunica-Biloxi Reservation, Louisiana
1181:
1121:. Chelsea House Publishers. p.
1076:
1074:
1020:. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from
917:, with a few older members speaking
57:Regions with significant populations
2339:Native American tribes in Louisiana
1731:
788:The Tribe also owns and operates a
569:trader from Venice, established a
13:
1961:
1905:Municipalities and communities of
1625:
1362:"On The Tunica Trail: Angola Farm"
1348:
945:, chief of the Tunica-Biloxi tribe
768:Tunica Biloxi Indians of Louisiana
699:
14:
2365:
1857:
1359:
1335:
1310:
1083:"On The Tunica Trail: Marksville"
1080:
1071:
760:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
1864:Tunica-Biloxi Tribe of Louisiana
1751:
1665:Tunica-Biloxi Tribe of Louisiana
1416:. In Gregory A. Waselkov (ed.).
976:
962:
872:A Grammar of the Tunica Language
716:West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana
667:Tunica-Biloxi Indian Reservation
613:on their white neighbors' land.
359:Anilco, Quizquiz, Aquixo, Casqui
198:Tunica-Biloxi Indian Reservation
193:are also enrolled in the tribe.
1817:
1792:
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1600:
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1402:
1378:
1329:
1313:"On The Tunica Trail: Quizquiz"
1304:
1279:
1252:
281:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
1766:"Biloxi Indian Tribe History."
1495:Marksville Chamber of Commerce
1201:
1060:
1035:
1:
1853:, United States Census Bureau
1844:
1471:"Marksville, Louisiana Facts"
1014:"Tunica-Biloxi – 2010 Census"
1571:. 2013-08-02. Archived from
1569:Indian Country Media Network
1422:University of Nebraska Press
1056:(10): 4915–4920. 2017-01-17.
673:, just south of the city of
256:History of the Tunica people
235:, just south of the city of
7:
1908:Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana
1236:University of Georgia Press
1159:University of Georgia Press
955:
809:Tunica and Biloxi languages
772:Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe.
770:, later taking the name of
279:, and participation in the
262:Middle Mississippian period
10:
2370:
1829:Pro-Football-Reference.com
1799:Eckel, Mark (2016-10-13).
1184:"Tunica and Koroa Indians"
828:
730:(NAGPRA), passed in 1990.
703:
253:
249:
173:, located in east central
163:federally recognized tribe
147:Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe
23:Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe
2191:
2129:
2121:Tunica-Biloxi reservation
2111:
2061:
2033:
2005:
1972:
1959:
1938:
1919:
1209:Inca Garcilaso de la Vega
913:Most modern Tunica speak
885:The Biloxi language is a
866:, died in 1948. Linguist
790:Tribal Lending Enterprise
124:
119:
104:
99:
75:
70:
61:
56:
51:
46:
34:
27:
1771:. Retrieved 22 Feb 2009.
1409:DuVal, Kathleen (2006).
1190:. University of Arkansas
997:
756:Bureau of Indian Affairs
657:(also a Siouan people),
532:Pointe Coupée, Louisiana
157:) formerly known as the
1265:. U of Nebraska Press.
621:20th century to present
581:After acquisition by US
154:
2185:Ethnicity in Louisiana
1966:
1386:"Bloodhound Hill Site"
826:
818:
630:
548:Western Florida colony
527:
418:raids for the English
350:
343:
318:In the spring of 1541
277:shell-tempered pottery
2233:Hispanics and Latinos
1965:
1870:Tunica-Biloxi History
1780:Einaudi 1976, pp. 1-3
1522:Paragon Casino Resort
925:Notable Tunica-Biloxi
921:as a first language.
874:in 1941, followed by
824:
816:
686:Paragon Casino Resort
675:Marksville, Louisiana
628:
525:
429:As their enemies the
348:
332:
293:archaeological phases
237:Marksville, Louisiana
219:31.11333°N 92.05361°W
120:Related ethnic groups
2142:United States portal
1825:"Allen Barbre Stats"
1018:American Fact Finder
949:Sesostrie Youchigant
864:Sesostrie Youchigant
777:Economic development
754:to consult with the
324:Province of Quizquiz
295:; these include the
1789:Dalby 2003, p. 224.
1686:Louisiana Folklife,
1213:La Florida del Inca
1188:Indians of Arkansas
764:federal recognition
746:Federal recognition
665:. Many live on the
591:reacquired the area
285:paramount chiefdoms
224:31.11333; -92.05361
215: /
114:Indigenous religion
24:
2113:Indian reservation
1967:
1866:, official website
1699:"Language names:T"
1491:"About Marksville"
1360:Brain, Jeffrey P.
1311:Brain, Jeffrey P.
1182:Sabo III, George.
1147:Hudson, Charles M.
1081:Brain, Jeffrey P.
943:Horace Pierite Sr.
906:, was in her 80s.
827:
819:
661:, and Mississippi
631:
587:Napoleon Bonaparte
528:
351:
287:, with supporting
155:Yoroniku-Halayihku
29:Yoroniku-Halayihku
22:
2311:
2310:
2252:Native Americans
2196:African Americans
2151:
2150:
1749:(25th ed., 2022)
1118:The Tunica-Biloxi
880:Tunica Dictionary
641:and east central
487:Brides les Boeufs
449:Angola, Louisiana
305:Belle Meade-Walls
177:. Descendants of
143:
142:
110:Roman Catholicism
52:951 (2010 Census)
2361:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2143:
2136:
2135:Louisiana portal
1964:
1931:
1924:
1914:
1909:
1899:
1892:
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1769:Access Genealogy
1763:
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1710:
1701:. Archived from
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1667:. Archived from
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1199:
1198:
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1112:
1097:
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1078:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1050:Federal Register
1047:
1039:
1033:
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1030:
1029:
1010:
986:
981:
980:
979:
972:
970:Louisiana portal
967:
966:
965:
841:language isolate
794:installment loan
752:Washington, D.C.
671:Avoyelles Parish
607:disenfranchising
567:Sephardic Jewish
517:Seven Years' War
460:Natchez Massacre
365:, respectively.
341:
320:Hernando de Soto
233:Avoyelles Parish
230:
229:
227:
226:
225:
220:
216:
213:
212:
211:
208:
47:Total population
39:
25:
21:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2303:White Americans
2187:
2182:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2134:
2125:
2107:
2064:
2057:
2029:
2001:
1968:
1962:
1957:
1934:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1860:
1847:
1842:
1833:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1807:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1739:
1732:
1721:
1717:
1708:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1688:18 October 2013
1680:
1676:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1645:
1643:
1633:
1626:
1617:
1615:
1612:Avoyelles Today
1606:
1605:
1601:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1499:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1451:Corbett, Julian
1446:Treaty of Paris
1443:
1439:
1432:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1394:
1392:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1358:
1349:
1334:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1294:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1228:
1224:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1191:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1113:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1061:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1027:
1025:
1012:
1011:
1004:
1000:
982:
977:
975:
968:
963:
961:
958:
927:
853:Mobilian Jargon
849:Avoyeles tribes
837:
835:Biloxi language
831:Tunica language
829:Main articles:
825:Biloxi language
817:Tunica language
811:
779:
748:
712:Trudeau Landing
708:
706:Tunica treasure
702:
700:Tunica treasure
623:
583:
552:Governor Galvez
453:Bloodhound Site
355:ethnohistorians
342:
339:
328:Tunica language
258:
252:
223:
221:
217:
214:
209:
206:
204:
202:
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87:
62:United States (
42:
30:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2367:
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2346:
2344:Siouan peoples
2341:
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2326:
2309:
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2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2266:Choctaw-Apache
2263:
2258:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2189:
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2180:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2138:
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2127:
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2117:
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2095:
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2031:
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2028:
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2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1989:
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1873:
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1867:
1859:
1858:External links
1856:
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1841:
1840:
1816:
1791:
1782:
1773:
1758:
1730:
1715:
1690:
1674:
1671:on 2014-08-11.
1652:
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1599:
1578:
1575:on 2017-04-07.
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1377:
1347:
1336:Brown, Ian W.
1328:
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1132:978-1555467319
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908:Morris Swadesh
893:and southeast
810:
807:
803:Matthew George
778:
775:
747:
744:
704:Main article:
701:
698:
622:
619:
595:Saint-Domingue
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424:South Carolina
409:Caddoan groups
386:Antoine Davion
337:
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2043:Bordelonville
2041:
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2023:
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2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
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1913:United States
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1754:
1748:
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1735:
1727:
1724:
1723:Haas, Mary R.
1719:
1705:on 2010-01-13
1704:
1700:
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1431:0-8032-9861-7
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1024:on 2020-02-14
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877:
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795:
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611:sharecropping
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483:
482:Cahura-Joligo
479:
478:Cahura-Joligo
474:
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468:
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454:
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347:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:vassal states
286:
282:
278:
275:
271:
267:
266:Late Woodland
263:
257:
247:
245:
240:
238:
234:
231:) in central
228:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:Biloxi people
168:
165:of primarily
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
115:
111:
107:
106:Protestantism
103:
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82:
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69:
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2048:Center Point
2025:Plaucheville
1927:
1832:. Retrieved
1828:
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1808:. Retrieved
1804:
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1776:
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1761:
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1703:the original
1693:
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1669:the original
1664:
1655:
1644:. Retrieved
1640:
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1614:. 2018-04-03
1611:
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1591:. Retrieved
1589:. 2014-05-13
1581:
1573:the original
1568:
1559:
1548:. Retrieved
1536:
1525:. Retrieved
1521:
1498:. Retrieved
1494:
1485:
1474:. Retrieved
1465:
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1389:
1380:
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1365:
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1316:
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1290:
1281:
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1192:. Retrieved
1187:
1177:
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1090:. Retrieved
1086:
1062:
1053:
1049:
1037:
1026:. Retrieved
1022:the original
1017:
931:Allen Barbre
912:
904:Emma Jackson
884:
879:
876:Tunica Texts
875:
871:
861:
838:
792:—the online
787:
780:
771:
767:
749:
735:conservators
732:
720:
709:
694:
679:
666:
636:
632:
615:
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571:trading post
560:
529:
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195:
185:-speakers),
158:
146:
144:
19:Ethnic group
2073:Belle d'Eau
2065:communities
2020:Moreauville
1923:Parish seat
1635:Day, Bill.
1291:archive.org
937:Earl Barbry
690:2000 census
682:reservation
669:in central
639:Mississippi
556:Baton Rouge
498:grave goods
420:slave trade
382:Yazoo River
244:2010 census
222: /
41:Tribal Flag
2318:Categories
2298:Vietnamese
2256:Chitimacha
2053:Fifth Ward
1997:Simmesport
1982:Cottonport
1953:Marksville
1930:Marksville
1845:References
1834:2017-12-27
1810:2017-12-27
1746:Ethnologue
1709:2010-02-15
1646:2017-12-28
1618:2018-05-14
1593:2017-04-04
1550:2010-02-11
1527:2020-03-29
1500:2017-12-28
1476:2010-02-15
1395:2017-12-27
1371:2017-12-28
1322:2017-12-28
1297:2015-07-16
1272:0803298617
1194:2010-02-10
1092:2017-12-28
1028:2016-05-23
899:Biloxi Bay
783:Marksville
575:Marksville
540:Pascagoula
442:salt trade
438:confluence
210:92°03′13″W
207:31°06′48″N
2271:Coushatta
2238:Hondurans
1987:Evergreen
891:Louisiana
868:Mary Haas
723:artifacts
643:Louisiana
599:railroads
589:, France
563:Avoyelles
536:Offagoula
471:Chickasaw
435:Red River
416:Chickasaw
384:. Father
175:Louisiana
88:formerly
71:Languages
64:Louisiana
2288:Redbones
2248:Italians
2078:Big Bend
2007:Villages
1453:(1918).
1211:(1605).
1149:(1997).
956:See also
714:site in
501:Tunica.
467:Illinois
400:tribes.
371:smallpox
338:—
315:phases.
264:, local
100:Religion
2293:Spanish
2261:Choctaw
2243:Isleños
2228:Germans
2211:Colored
2206:Creoles
2093:Hamburg
2015:Hessmer
1992:Mansura
915:English
663:Choctaw
513:Spanish
494:Trudeau
431:Natchez
260:By the
250:History
191:Choctaw
161:, is a
85:Spanish
77:English
2349:Tunica
2223:French
2218:Cajuns
2201:Asians
2098:Moncla
1948:Bunkie
1940:Cities
1805:NJ.com
1741:Tunica
1726:Tunica
1428:
1269:
1242:
1217:Lisbon
1165:
1129:
919:French
887:Siouan
857:French
659:Avoyel
651:Siouan
647:Biloxi
544:Biloxi
506:French
398:Houspé
396:, and
378:Quapaw
363:Pacaha
313:Nodena
309:Parkin
301:Tipton
297:Menard
274:mussel
189:, and
187:Avoyel
183:Siouan
167:Tunica
151:Tunica
138:Avoyel
130:Tunica
126:Biloxi
94:Biloxi
90:Tunica
81:French
2276:Houma
2088:Effie
2083:Bodoc
2063:Other
1974:Towns
1545:(PDF)
1414:(PDF)
1046:(PDF)
998:Notes
895:Texas
509:ceded
394:Yazoo
390:Koroa
270:maize
2103:Vick
2035:CDPs
1444:The
1426:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1240:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1127:ISBN
847:and
833:and
680:The
542:and
405:salt
361:and
311:and
242:The
169:and
145:The
1743:at
1448:in
855:or
845:Ofo
655:Ofo
649:(a
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179:Ofo
149:, (
134:Ofo
2320::
1926::
1911:,
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