2211:
1429:, and exclamatives and imitatives. Syntactic elements of a sentence are made up of words, phrases, or clauses acting in one of the following: predicative words, independent subjects, independent objects, subject or object modifiers, predicate modifiers, predicate complements, or sentence connectives. The syntactic elements can all be made into clauses that are either main or subordinate, and subordinate clauses can be dependent, complementary, relative, or adverbial.
161:
1131:
The pronominal prefixes signify possession when they attached to a noun and preclude the need for articular prefixes with the same stem. Some stems, called inalienably-possessed noun stems, cannot be used without a pronominal prefix. They include those of kinship, body parts, and miscellaneous terms.
1027:
When a word is vocalically apocopated, with the sound lost at the end of the word, and ends in a consonant group of a continuant plus a voiceless stop, it then goes through consonantic apocope and so the word-final consonant is lost. A voiceless stop between /h/ and another voiceless stop is dropped.
869:
The low melody that occurs as the last syllable is lower than the last stressed syllable, which is a little higher than the syllables that it immediately follows. All unstressed syllables between the last stressed syllable and the last syllable take on the same stress as the latter. Unless it is also
1906:
Auxiliary verbs are always in a predicative word position. Active verbs are either finite or infinitive in form. Finite verbs take subjective pronominal referentials and are predicative words. Infinitives are taken as predicate complements. Sometimes, they are inflected for an objective referential.
1840:
There are two possible noun categories: the determinative and the indeterminative. The determinative category can be divided into definitive, non-definitive, and locative. Indeterminative nouns can be predicative words, subjects of predications, objects of transitive and transimpersonal active verbs
1008:
All stems have an intrinsic stress, and some affixes have intrinsic stress on the first syllable. In the combination of elements to form words and phrases, the stresses are retained if possible, but two stressed syllables do not occur consecutively, which causes the need for certain accommodations.
836:
than other syllables, depending on the position of the syllable in a phrase. The first stressed syllable of a phrase is typically spoken with a slightly higher pitch than the following syllables are. The exception is the last syllable when the high or the falling melody is used or the last syllable
1607:
Nouns in Tunica are also classified according to what position they take. There are three positions that are available and that encompass every noun in the Tunica language: horizontal, squatting, and vertical. Humans and four-legged non-humans can take any of the positions, but elongated non-human
1432:
There are three types of sentences that the Tunica language produces: simple, compound, and complex. Simple sentences must contain only one predicative word. Compound sentences have two or more main clauses. Complex sentences have a main clause and one or more of the different types of subordinate
840:
When there is use of the high melody, the last syllable is about a minor third higher pitch than the second-last syllable. The first syllable with stress is usually a major second higher than the following syllables are except for the last. All other syllables may not be spoken with any kind of
1215:
Sometimes, gender-number suffixes are put on an inflected verb form to convert it to a relative clause. It could be that a noun has the appropriate suffix, and the verb of the clause then takes the same one. Other times, only the verb takes the suffix. Examples of the use of the gender-number
1844:
Personal pronouns are inflected depending on person, number, and gender, but they do not have special forms that indicate whether they fall into the determinative or indeterminative categories. They substitute for nouns, and they can be used like nouns, except in the locative case.
1294:
suffixes to put nouns in the locative case. The nouns will also have a determining prefix attached. Gender-number suffixes and locative suffixes are mutually exclusive, but a locative noun may have a number. Also, locative suffixes can take stems and convert them into
1052:
If an irregularly-apocopated word with a stressed second-last syllable is placed before a word with stress on the first syllable, the first word loses its stress. If the second word does not have stress on the first syllable, the first word keeps the stressed
896:
Every syllable in Tunica begins with a single consonant. Sometimes, double or triple consonants may occur in the middle of words or phrases, but no more than two consonants in a row occur at the end of a phrase. The smallest phonetic group in Tunica is a
804:. Meanwhile, /b/, /d/, and /g/ do not occur frequently, as is the case with /f/. The fricatives /s/ and /š/ are pronounced with a stronger hiss than in English, and /ʔ/ is said to have a very strong closure. The semi-vowels /j/ and /w/ are always
982:/h/ between a continuant and a voiceless stop is dropped in consonantic syncope; /k/ between /h/ and a voiceless stop is dropped; /hk/ before a continuant aside from /h/ is dropped; /š/ before another/š/ makes one of them drop; the prefix
1159:
Gender-number suffixes can be used only in the definitive case of the determinative category so whenever one is used, there must also be a determining prefix attached to the stem. Below is a table showing the gender-number suffixes:
1588:
Noun can belong to one of the following gender-number classes: masculine singular, feminine singular, masculine dual, feminine dual, masculine plural, or feminine plural. There are rules to help determine classification of nouns:
1307:
is the most commonly used locative suffix, and its meaning is comparable to the
English "in, into" or "on, over," but in Tunica, it is used as "at, to." That can be seen in the sentence "He stayed at home," which breaks down into
331:
in a continuing effort to revitalize the Tunica language. Tribal members read from a new children's book in Tunica at a 2010 pow wow. Only about half of the tribal members live within 75 miles (121 km) of the reservation, in
1009:
For example, monosyllabic or syncopated disyllabic stems, followed by another element with intrinsic stress, cause the latter to lose its stress. Also, a stem, combined with a stressed monosyllabic prefix, loses its stress.
481:, never adjacent to one another. Also, /i/, /a/, and /u/ may appear in any position, but the others appear only in syllables with stress. Vowels do not typically occur at the end of a phrase, and when any vowel precedes
2582:
1593:
Nouns that refer to human or non-human male animate objects/people in any number are masculine in gender, and those that refer to human or non-human female animate objects/people in any number are feminine in
360:, and all of which are voiced completely, except if a /u/ is at the end of a phrase in a word with stress on the second-last syllable, when it is unvoiced after a /k/ or /hk/. Vowels are paired with a certain
1487:
There are other special constructions that also take place in certain specific environments. For example, quantificatives and nouns can be in apposition to other nouns that independent subjects or objects:
1652:
There are many postfixes, which express different meanings like certain tenses and negation. Sometimes, more than one postfix may be attached to one word, and each postfix has its own governing rules.
877:
When the rising melody occurs, the last syllable starts lower than the last stressed syllable and goes upward quickly by about a minor third. Elsewhere in the phrase, the tone is like a low melody:
2509:
4250:
2562:
6400:
6349:
2857:
2550:
993:
Haplology occurs when the last syllable of the preceding noun stem takes is /k/, followed by a vowel: the last syllable drops if the second noun member starts with /k/:
816:. The /l/ and /r/ are voiced between vowels or before /ʔ/ or continuants. However, they are voiceless before voiceless consonants except /ʔ/ or at the end of a phrase:
6390:
3426:
1615:
Inanimates are always horizontal or vertical: abstract nouns are always horizontal, and inanimate objects that take an erect position, like trees, are vertical.
1086:
or the pronominal prefix. Determinative nouns belong are definitive, non-definitive, and locative, which may be distinguished by different prefixes or suffixes.
5375:
5257:
5328:
4283:
1567:
always are always at the end of a sentence, except if the clause both is complementary and complements or modifies the predicative word of the main clause.
2988:
5366:
1028:
A voiceless stop after any continuant except /h/ is dropped. A consonant group of /h/ followed by a voiceless stop is dropped if a continuant follows.
275:
By the 17th century, the people had suffered a high rate of fatalities from
Eurasian infectious diseases, warfare, and social disruption. The reduced
4240:
2703:
1759:"not" but used with non-inchoative forms of static verbs and also with independent personal pronouns, nouns, and adjectives when they are predicative
336:. The Tunica-Biloxi Language & Culture Revitalization Program uses webinars to teach the language to those who do not live near the reservation.
6395:
3446:
2832:
2543:
901:, but a word and a phrase can be differentiated by certain processes. Those that affect grammatical elements that merge to form words are vocalic
824:"stone." Similarly, /n/ is voiced between vowels or before /ʔ/ and is voiceless at the end of a phrase or before voiceless consonants except /ʔ/.
6359:
3288:
2401:
1889:
Adjectives can be used as predicate words, as noun modifiers used as predicative words, or as modifiers of the interrogative-indefinite pronoun
6255:
4305:
4003:
4826:
3436:
967:
In combining grammatical elements into words, a vowel preceding /ʔ/ is syncopated (lost) unless at the end of a monosyllabic stem or prefix:
1600:
Nouns that refer to non-human male and female animates are masculine when in the dual number but feminine in collective and plural numbers.
6385:
5302:
3479:
2536:
6354:
5242:
4931:
1608:
animates (like fish or snakes) always take the horizontal position. Smaller non-human animates, like frogs and birds, always take the
837:
during the use of the low or the rising melody. The phrase-final melody then determines much of the stress in the rest of the phrase.
5001:
4791:
4276:
3489:
2379:
295:. The small population and the use of a jargon made Haas note that the eventual deterioration of the Tunica language was inevitable.
4896:
2500:
870:
the last stressed syllable, the first stressed syllable is higher than any following syllable except that last stressed syllable:
862:
The falling melody causes the last syllable to start at a minor third higher than the second-last syllable: it goes down quickly:
4691:
3110:
3106:
1443:
may be an independent personal pronoun, a noun, an interrogative-indefinite pronoun, and quantificative, an adjective, or a verb.
1470:
may be words when used as adjectives, comparatives, adverbs, and locatives and may be phrases and clauses when it is adverbial.
884:
The falling-rising melody is a fast drop by a fourth, followed by a fast rise by a minor third. However, only one word uses it:
5359:
4766:
4701:
4681:
1012:
Vocalic apocope occurs before another word starting with /ʔ/ if the prior word does not have a stressed second-last syllable:
6405:
5379:
4906:
2751:
2673:
2327:
225:
2224:
1573:
Complementary clauses take the form of a clause within a clause, and the larger clause is either a main or dependent clause.
1492:"He assembled all (of) his people, it is said" < "he assembled, it is said, his people, all." Additionally, a possessive
4269:
2950:
6228:
5287:
5262:
5212:
4676:
4124:
3128:
2940:
2915:
2847:
2693:
1883:"enough." They can be used as minimal clauses, substitutes for nouns, modifiers of nouns, and modifiers of active verbs.
772:
762:
364:
in last or occasionally second-last syllable of a word. The melodies are high, low, rising, falling, and falling-rising.
183:
5036:
4816:
4641:
3248:
2877:
2852:
2756:
2427:
6308:
5352:
6364:
4781:
3693:
2930:
675:
575:
6420:
5758:
5727:
5282:
5247:
5051:
4921:
4771:
4726:
4200:
3038:
2771:
655:
418:
173:
5192:
4986:
4961:
4881:
4573:
4317:
3713:
3278:
2663:
2653:
441:
1856:"what, something, anything." They can substitute for nouns when they do not occur in the locative case. Also,
315:. Another possibility was that similarities between the languages were derived from long-term mutual contact.
5344:
4030:
3797:
3782:
3658:
3421:
3233:
2781:
2718:
2698:
1545:
Predicate modifiers that describe spatial location are immediately before or after the verb that they modify.
260:
worked with him to describe what
Youchigant remembered of the language, and the description was published in
952:
contracts or assimilates with the preceding vowel, the second vowel takes on the same quality as the first:
5197:
4746:
4061:
4040:
3599:
3559:
3343:
2965:
2920:
2827:
2796:
665:
427:
276:
147:
6076:
5292:
5061:
4646:
4631:
4505:
3993:
3967:
3792:
3728:
3678:
3003:
2970:
2577:
1934:
1841:
and of static verbs, and complements of impersonal and transimpersonal active verbs and of static verbs.
1455:
may be an independent personal pronoun, a noun, an interrogative-indefinite pronoun, or a quantificative.
1449:
may be an independent personal pronoun, a noun, an interrogative-indefinite pronoun, or a quantificative.
1112:
All proper nouns, unless their stems begin with /t/, must begin with the articular prefix. For instance,
687:
498:
450:
395:
333:
245:
to help him document the language in 1886. This initial documentation was further developed by linguist
6313:
5694:
4901:
4656:
3589:
3474:
3456:
3308:
3243:
1031:
Amalgamations occur when words beginning with /h/ lose it after a word that is vocalically apocopated:
922:
906:
782:
555:
466:
312:
2405:
5119:
5071:
3348:
2678:
1957:
1896:
Comparatives can be used as modifiers of adjectives, static verbs, adverbs, nouns, or quantificative
780:
770:
760:
737:
712:
702:
685:
673:
663:
653:
634:
622:
612:
593:
583:
573:
563:
553:
4593:
2210:
1913:
Exclamatives and imitatives always appear as minimal clauses. The most predominant exclamatives are
6323:
6174:
6156:
5819:
5402:
5006:
4861:
4831:
4390:
4292:
3752:
3524:
3494:
3228:
1552:
404:
6410:
5297:
5031:
5021:
4981:
4856:
4588:
4523:
4210:
4020:
3900:
3847:
3708:
3383:
3378:
3338:
1907:
Static verbs are always inflected for an objective referential and are always predicative words.
1097:
before stems beginning with /ʔ/, and it is omitted by haplology before stems beginning with /t/:
1018:"the owl hooted," or, if it does, the following word does not contain a stressed first syllable:
624:
614:
585:
78:
1603:
Nouns that refer to human animates with an unknown sex always seem to take the masculine gender.
6150:
6108:
5917:
5883:
5601:
4966:
4686:
4533:
4476:
4410:
4395:
4193:
3875:
3441:
3173:
3033:
2925:
2910:
2837:
797:
242:
1526:
An independent subject is before all other syntactic elements, except the sentence connective.
6318:
6264:
6183:
6161:
5802:
5684:
5160:
5094:
5041:
4936:
4836:
4603:
4568:
4558:
4499:
3168:
3133:
2776:
2566:
2528:
1520:
When a sentence connective is in a sentence, it precedes the other elements in that sentence.
902:
739:
714:
704:
6216:
6209:
1597:
Nouns that refer specifically to human male and female animates in any number are masculine.
832:
Tunica has both stressed and unstressed syllables, and stressed syllables can have a higher
6143:
5991:
5557:
5523:
4731:
4583:
4455:
4163:
3358:
3193:
2723:
2668:
1483:
makes a basic conjunctive or contrastive relation between a sentence and the one before it.
636:
253:
71:
2371:
929:/a/ assimilates after /i/ or /e/ > /ɛ/, and /a/ assimilates after /o/ or /u/ > /ɔ/:
8:
6328:
6167:
6125:
6065:
6044:
5838:
5774:
5717:
5665:
5650:
5623:
5591:
5407:
5222:
4518:
4445:
4420:
4385:
4365:
4168:
4129:
4076:
3827:
3777:
3762:
3698:
3683:
3636:
3398:
3118:
3018:
2905:
910:
1508:"his house", alienably possessed noun, the combination serving as independent subject).
917:, and patterns in stress. Those that affect words that combine into phrases are vocalic
327:
tribe formed the Tunica
Language Project in partnership with the Linguistics Program at
6239:
6195:
6119:
6019:
6005:
5935:
5825:
5641:
5585:
5578:
5489:
5473:
5307:
4851:
4846:
4706:
4553:
4489:
4470:
4405:
4400:
4332:
4215:
3857:
3772:
3673:
3626:
3529:
3509:
3416:
3333:
3268:
3203:
2611:
2497:
2278:
2270:
1609:
518:
5462:
4425:
925:, and stress losses. More specific information and basic examples are detailed below:
139:
6303:
6245:
5998:
5981:
5956:
5942:
5797:
5660:
5655:
5617:
5500:
5333:
5134:
4841:
4598:
4578:
4360:
4066:
4056:
3962:
3817:
3703:
3668:
3616:
3584:
3549:
3544:
3484:
3466:
3431:
3373:
3323:
3283:
3198:
2993:
2955:
2900:
2683:
2646:
2323:
2282:
605:
565:
546:
533:
523:
357:
328:
2470:
A structural and lexical comparison of the Tunica, Chitimacha, and
Atakapa languages
179:
6333:
6278:
6271:
6189:
6130:
6058:
6051:
5970:
5928:
5893:
5851:
5832:
5807:
5768:
5747:
5741:
5704:
5611:
5509:
5455:
5448:
5441:
5420:
5277:
5114:
5066:
5016:
4956:
4871:
4796:
4786:
4761:
4716:
4563:
4513:
4494:
4484:
4435:
4430:
4098:
4093:
4081:
4025:
4015:
3842:
3646:
3564:
3499:
3208:
3055:
3028:
2998:
2801:
2791:
2353:
2262:
513:
304:
217:
102:
65:
1516:
There are certain rules that are observed to form sentences in the correct order:
1089:
The articular prefix is similar to the definite article in
English and appears as
855:, which is a minor third higher than any syllable that comes before it other than
6415:
6136:
6093:
5963:
5949:
5899:
5813:
5788:
5711:
5677:
5671:
5568:
5534:
5434:
5396:
5170:
5124:
4876:
4821:
4811:
4671:
4450:
4380:
4375:
4355:
4322:
4205:
4146:
4086:
4071:
3832:
3802:
3534:
3298:
3263:
3253:
3213:
2935:
2882:
2842:
2766:
2728:
2601:
2504:
2468:
2228:
1436:
The following are brief descriptions of possible syntactic elements of a clause:
1422:
729:
696:
528:
412:
308:
292:
288:
246:
232:
94:
84:
2515:
1405:
The possible word classes that are found in Tunica include independent personal
231:
peoples. There are no native speakers of the Tunica language, but there were 32
152:
6202:
6034:
6012:
5865:
5844:
5736:
5630:
5550:
5543:
5482:
5427:
5252:
5237:
5227:
4866:
4696:
4651:
4548:
4460:
4415:
4245:
4178:
4173:
4141:
4108:
3890:
3757:
3604:
3328:
3178:
3153:
3143:
2658:
2175:
1961:
1910:
Sentence connectives connect or contrast two sentences or sometimes two words.
435:
5374:
5129:
4261:
6379:
5906:
5872:
5858:
5516:
5413:
5109:
5104:
4996:
4946:
4941:
4926:
4916:
4911:
4661:
4538:
4350:
4327:
4188:
4008:
3937:
3895:
3852:
3812:
3787:
3641:
3574:
3569:
3539:
3388:
3363:
3273:
3223:
3138:
3075:
3008:
2761:
2708:
2616:
2315:
2198:
1414:
1300:
1071:
833:
377:
324:
238:
228:
221:
58:
37:
1683:: similar to the English "so...that" but it may be more like "because so..."
1579:
Adverbial clauses may be directly before or after the verb that they modify.
5312:
5267:
5217:
5207:
5187:
5155:
5056:
5011:
4991:
4776:
4756:
4721:
4636:
4621:
4440:
4312:
4235:
4035:
3998:
3867:
3767:
3718:
3621:
3579:
3353:
3318:
3183:
3158:
3085:
3070:
3060:
3048:
2960:
2945:
2862:
2817:
2561:
595:
1496:
can serve in the same syntactical functions that a noun can. For example,
123:
5165:
5046:
5026:
4891:
4751:
4741:
4626:
4370:
4136:
3988:
3932:
3880:
3594:
3451:
3238:
3148:
3092:
3043:
2822:
2713:
2688:
2641:
2626:
1539:
1426:
801:
754:
389:
372:
235:
speakers in 2017, and as of 2023, there are 60 second-language speakers.
1367:"the ground." It can be seen in the sentence "He spat on the ground" as
501:
style (represented in bolded symbols below) is based on Mary Haas' work
5202:
5099:
4971:
4886:
4711:
3885:
3837:
3807:
3747:
3554:
3313:
3123:
3065:
3023:
3013:
2867:
2746:
2346:
Granberry, Julian (1994). "Evidence for a Calusa-Tunica
Relationship".
2320:
American Indian
Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America
2274:
2203:
1418:
809:
478:
458:
382:
4801:
2357:
1493:
1093:
before all stems not beginning with /ʔ/ or /t/. The prefix appears as
851:
is a major second higher than the syllables that follow it except for
841:
pitch, and the same goes for other unstressed syllables. For example,
4976:
4806:
3957:
3947:
3927:
3822:
3631:
3519:
3411:
3188:
2872:
2786:
2298:
1523:
The predicative word of any type of clause is at the end of a clause.
1075:
914:
813:
647:
486:
280:
257:
132:
116:
48:
2250:
5175:
5139:
5089:
4951:
4736:
4183:
4151:
3368:
3293:
2636:
2631:
2347:
2266:
1406:
1291:
220:
that was spoken in the
Central and Lower Mississippi Valley in the
191:
311:, with Calusa possibly being relatively a recent arrival from the
5182:
4666:
4543:
4465:
4158:
3972:
3952:
3406:
3303:
2621:
1564:
1529:
An independent object is immediately before the predicative word.
1296:
1082:, and the determinative nouns are distinguished by the articular
1079:
918:
540:
187:
2492:
1623:
The preverbs are often used with active verb predicative words:
1070:
Nouns can be divided into the categories of indeterminative and
241:
tribal member
William Ely Johnson worked with Swiss ethnologist
4528:
3739:
3609:
3258:
3163:
1555:
is immediately before the predicative word that it complements.
1083:
898:
805:
361:
353:
284:
2558:
160:
5272:
3942:
3688:
3218:
3080:
1535:
A comparative is immediately after the word that it modifies.
1410:
2352:. Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas. pp. 505–519.
1576:
Relative clauses are after the substantive that they modify.
1532:
An adjective is immediately after the noun that it modifies.
5232:
1886:
Postpositions are used to modify locatives and predicates.
990:
before the stems beginning with /ʔ/, and /ʔ/ is syncopated.
812:/m/. On the other hand, /n/, /l/, and /r/ can be voiced or
1903:
Adverbs can be used to modify auxiliary and active verbs.
796:
The consonants /p/, /t/, /k/, and /t͡ʃ/ are always fairly
505:. The IPA symbols are in brackets next to each consonant.
356:, all of which are usually short but may be lengthened in
190:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1795:"only, nothing but..." can also be "...alone; by...-self"
800:
unless they occur before a /ʔ/, when they are completely
1148:"horns." Finally, miscellaneous terms can be nouns like
307:, Granberry (1994) suggested that Tunica was related to
2349:
Papers of the Mid-America Linguistics Conference (MALC)
1807:"every...," used with nouns that imply a length of time
287:
tribes, in present-day Louisiana. They communicated by
1559:
There are also certain rules in the order of clauses:
1413:, interrogative-indefinite pronouns, quantificatives,
6401:
Indigenous languages of the North American Southeast
2451:
2449:
2447:
1380:
1342:
1338:"toward, in the direction of" is the second suffix.
1333:
1315:
1309:
1282:
1276:
1266:
1259:
1249:
1243:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1123:
1113:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1019:
1013:
842:
2399:
1341:Usually, it is used with the names of directions:
318:
16:Extinct language isolate of the Mississippi Valley
2516:"OLAC resources in and about the Tunica language"
2466:
2444:
1863:Quantificatives include numerals and others like
1707:: imperative but with force; similar to "must..."
1548:Non-locative predicate modifiers have free order.
6377:
165:Pre-contact distribution of the Tunica language.
6391:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas
4291:
847:"You will kill the squirrel" shows the melody.
6075:
477:Vowels may appear only following or preceding
5360:
4277:
2544:
2255:International Journal of American Linguistics
1570:Dependent clauses are before the main clause.
1538:A postposition is always immediately after a
1140:"mother." Body part terms are those such as
6254:
2425:
1860:does not appear as an independent subject.
1695:: interrogative, imperative, or exhortative
1461:may be quantificatives or relative clauses.
1363:"on, onto." It is typically used only with
303:Although Tunica is usually classified as a
5367:
5353:
4284:
4270:
2551:
2537:
2459:. New York: J.J. Augustin Publisher, 1940.
2305:, New York: J.J. Augustin Publisher, 1940.
1848:The interrogative-indefinite pronouns are
159:
5376:Indigenous language families and isolates
4792:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
2345:
1618:
1500:"The chief's house was (made of) grass" (
891:
5980:
2314:
1062:The morphology of Tunica is as follows.
6396:Native American language revitalization
2248:
1665:"and, together with," coordinates nouns
1490:ʔuhkʔo'nisɛ'mǎn, ho't ʔaku'hpanʔuhkɛ'nì
1425:, active verbs, static verbs, sentence
344:The phonology of Tunica is as follows.
256:, died in 1948. In the 1930s, linguist
184:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
6378:
1813:"...-ish; almost, not quite, somewhat"
1583:
5348:
4265:
2532:
2194:
2192:
2190:
1835:
2341:
2339:
2294:
2292:
1397:The syntax of Tunica is as follows.
5263:Norse colonization of North America
1753:"not," but builds habitual negation
1074:. The indeterminative nouns have a
70:December 6, 1948 with the death of
13:
6386:Language isolates of North America
2567:Mississippian and related cultures
2187:
1511:
1433:clauses that are mentioned above.
1290:Finally, there are three possible
14:
6432:
2486:
2426:Turner-Neal, Chris (2018-05-24).
2400:Richard Kazandjian (2011-08-10).
2336:
2289:
1928:
1400:
485:in the same syllable, it becomes
465:
449:
440:
426:
417:
403:
394:
298:
2560:
2493:Tunica-Biloxi Tribe of Louisiana
2402:"Tunica Language Is Resurrected"
2322:. Oxford University Press, USA.
2209:
1132:Kinship terms are those such as
262:A Grammar of the Tunica Language
5283:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
4201:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
2382:from the original on 2023-09-27
1504:"the chief", possessor noun, +
1459:The subject or object modifiers
1359:. The final locative suffix is
874:"He went back home, they say."
319:Language revitalization efforts
252:The last known native speaker,
2583:Timeline of Mississippi valley
2419:
2393:
2364:
2308:
2242:
2217:
1735:"even if, even though, though"
264:in 1941. That was followed by
1:
3783:Grand Village of the Illinois
2181:
1825:"fairly, quite, a little bit"
1065:
1057:
492:
6406:Middle Mississippian culture
5248:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
5198:Eastern Agricultural Complex
3560:Grand Village of the Natchez
2372:"Taluhchi Yoroni Woruhk'iti"
2154:
2141:
2128:
2115:
2078:
2062:
2044:
2028:
2010:
1990:
1879:"several, quite a few," and
1801:"only...," used with numbers
1498:ta'čɔhak ʔu'rǐhč, hi'yuhɔ'nì
1381:
1343:
1334:
1316:
1310:
1283:
1277:
1267:
1260:
1250:
1244:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1124:
1114:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1020:
1014:
843:
339:
7:
4632:Bandelier National Monument
4506:List of Mississippian sites
4293:Pre-Columbian North America
2578:List of Mississippian sites
2169:
1852:"who, someone, anyone" and
10:
6437:
5052:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
4657:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
4366:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
2498:Tunica alphabet and sounds
2467:John Reed Swanton (1919).
1932:
1659:"and," coordinates clauses
827:
6342:
6296:
6227:
6107:
6033:
5916:
5882:
5787:
5757:
5726:
5693:
5640:
5600:
5567:
5533:
5499:
5472:
5386:
5321:
5293:Three Sisters agriculture
5148:
5080:
4612:
4341:
4299:
4228:
4117:
4049:
3981:
3920:
3913:
3866:
3738:
3727:
3657:
3508:
3465:
3397:
3105:
2979:
2891:
2810:
2737:
2600:
2591:
2573:
2510:Tunica-English Dictionary
2249:Swanton, John R. (1921).
1946:
1941:
1421:, comparatives, adverbs,
1392:
1206:
753:
728:
695:
646:
539:
510:
347:
170:
158:
146:
130:
114:
109:
91:
77:
64:
54:
43:
33:
26:
21:
4832:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
4391:Buttermilk Creek complex
3495:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
1729:; can be defined as "if"
1677:"when, after, as, while"
1477:may be words or clauses.
1475:The predicate complement
944:When the first vowel of
313:lower Mississippi region
5032:Town Creek Indian Mound
5002:Sierra de San Francisco
4857:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
4125:Ballgame (Southeastern)
4021:Long-nosed god maskette
3901:SunWatch Indian Village
3848:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs
3709:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village
1935:Calusa–Tunica languages
1875:"a few, a little bit,"
1481:The sentence connective
1447:The independent subject
1369:ta'haltǎn, ču'hʔuhkɛ'nì
921:, consonantic apocope,
913:, consonantic syncope,
844:ta'čiyak ʔura'pʔikʔahčá
6421:Languages of Louisiana
6360:Unclassified languages
4687:Coso Rock Art District
4574:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
4477:List of Hopewell sites
3876:Alligator Effigy Mound
3490:Hickory Ridge Cemetery
3442:Leon-Jefferson culture
2838:Caborn-Welborn culture
2432:Country Roads Magazine
2428:"The Sixty-Year Sleep"
1956:Granberry (1994: 507)
1947:Reconstruction of
1719:: indicates the future
1619:Preverbs and postfixes
1465:The predicate modifier
1453:The independent object
892:Phonological processes
881:"Do you want to run?"
212:, or less common form
172:This article contains
5095:Arlington Springs Man
4937:Portsmouth Earthworks
2605:and Upper Mississippi
2251:"The Tunica Language"
1789:"like, resembling..."
1037:"on the ground" <
5303:Transoceanic contact
5193:Container Revolution
4767:Gila Cliff Dwellings
4732:Etowah Indian Mounds
4164:Earth/fertility cult
3868:Fort Ancient culture
2752:Dogtooth Bend Mounds
2738:Lower Ohio River and
2724:Steed-Kisker culture
2376:www.tunicabiloxi.org
1741:: future subjunctive
1725:: sometimes seen as
1441:The predicative word
1314:< "at his house"
1015:tu'wak(u) ʔu'wakɔ'ni
254:Sesostrie Youchigant
249:in the early 1900s.
72:Sesostrie Youchigant
6309:Algonquian–Wakashan
5223:Green Corn Ceremony
5037:Turkey River Mounds
4827:Lake Jackson Mounds
4647:Blue Spring Shelter
4169:Green Corn Ceremony
3729:Upper Mississippian
3679:Blue Spring Shelter
3399:Fort Walton culture
2853:Hovey Lake District
2100:
1969:
1867:"all, everything,"
1584:Noun classification
1347:"to the west" <
1225:, "the chief" <
279:lived close to the
6297:Proposed groupings
5387:Language families
5308:Underwater panther
4982:Rosenstock Village
4852:Marmes Rockshelter
4837:L'Anse aux Meadows
4251:de Soto Expedition
4216:Underwater panther
4062:Central Algonquian
3773:Fisher Mound Group
3417:Apalachee Province
3384:Waddells Mill Pond
2503:2019-04-27 at the
2473:. Govt. print. off
2225:"Language names:T"
2098:
1967:
1964:-Tunica phonemes:
1836:Other word classes
1831:"right, precisely"
1630:"about, all about"
1610:squatting position
1248:, "her dogs" <
1024:"he was a person."
872:ʔu'riš ma'rʔuwa'nì
358:stressed syllables
6373:
6372:
6355:Extinct languages
6292:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6103:
6102:
6029:
6028:
5783:
5782:
5759:Takelma–Kalapuyan
5342:
5341:
5334:Pre-Columbian era
5135:Spirit Cave mummy
4932:Plum Bayou Mounds
4842:Lynch Quarry Site
4361:Ancient Beringian
4259:
4258:
4224:
4223:
3909:
3908:
3525:Atchafalaya Basin
3467:Pensacola culture
3432:Fort Walton Mound
3324:Punk Rock Shelter
3284:Mouse Creek phase
3107:South Appalachian
3101:
3100:
2980:Central and Lower
2921:Castalian Springs
2911:Brentwood Library
2811:Middle Ohio River
2664:Emerald Acropolis
2329:978-0-19-509427-5
2207:(25th ed., 2022)
2167:
2166:
2096:
2095:
1954:
1953:
1783:"too, also, even"
1385:"ground, land" +
1271:, "the men" <
1216:suffixes follow:
1213:
1212:
1152:"breechcloth" or
794:
793:
608:
549:
475:
474:
352:Tunica has seven
329:Tulane University
270:Tunica Dictionary
198:
197:
180:rendering support
176:phonetic symbols.
6428:
6365:Linguistic areas
6252:
6251:
6073:
6072:
5978:
5977:
5691:
5690:
5470:
5469:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5346:
5345:
5278:Projectile point
5115:Leanderthal Lady
5042:Upward Sun River
5017:Stallings Island
5007:Shell ring sites
4957:Recapture Canyon
4872:Moorehead Circle
4717:El Fin del Mundo
4702:Cueva de la Olla
4508:
4495:Maritime Archaic
4479:
4309:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4263:
4262:
4026:Mill Creek chert
4016:Duck River cache
3918:
3917:
3736:
3735:
3500:Pensacola people
3294:Muscogee (Creek)
3134:Bell Field Mound
2848:Hovey Lake-Klein
2802:Wickliffe Mounds
2777:Rowlandton Mound
2694:Lunsford-Pulcher
2598:
2597:
2565:
2564:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2460:
2453:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2404:. Archived from
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2312:
2306:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2227:. Archived from
2221:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2196:
2101:
2097:
1970:
1966:
1939:
1938:
1384:
1346:
1337:
1319:
1313:
1286:
1280:
1270:
1263:
1253:
1247:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1163:
1162:
1127:
1117:
1105:"the road" <
1048:
1042:
1036:
1023:
1017:
997:"cornmeal" <
971:"not good" <
956:"not true" <
864:ʔa'hkiš ma'rʔikî
846:
786:
776:
766:
743:
718:
708:
691:
679:
669:
659:
640:
628:
618:
604:
599:
589:
579:
569:
559:
545:
508:
507:
469:
453:
444:
430:
421:
407:
398:
367:
366:
334:Avoyelles Parish
305:language isolate
218:language isolate
216:) language is a
163:
142:
126:
119:
103:Language isolate
97:
19:
18:
6436:
6435:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6338:
6284:
6250:
6232:linguistic area
6231:
6223:
6112:linguistic area
6111:
6099:
6071:
6025:
5976:
5921:linguistic area
5920:
5912:
5886:linguistic area
5885:
5878:
5779:
5753:
5722:
5689:
5636:
5596:
5563:
5529:
5495:
5468:
5388:
5382:
5373:
5343:
5338:
5329:Genetic history
5317:
5171:Ceremonial pipe
5144:
5125:Minnesota Woman
5082:
5076:
4897:Ocmulgee Mounds
4877:Morrison Mounds
4822:Kolomoki Mounds
4812:Kimball Village
4672:Candelaria Cave
4614:
4608:
4589:Suwannee Valley
4524:Old Cordilleran
4504:
4475:
4343:
4337:
4303:
4295:
4290:
4260:
4255:
4241:Clarksdale bell
4220:
4206:Stone box grave
4147:Ceremonial pipe
4113:
4072:Mobilian Jargon
4045:
3977:
3905:
3862:
3730:
3723:
3660:
3653:
3511:
3504:
3461:
3393:
3339:Rucker's Bottom
3129:Beaverdam Creek
3109:
3097:
2981:
2975:
2936:Hiwassee Island
2893:
2887:
2878:Welborn Village
2806:
2767:Millstone Bluff
2740:Confluence area
2739:
2733:
2729:Sugarloaf Mound
2669:Emmons Cemetery
2604:
2602:American Bottom
2593:
2587:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2505:Wayback Machine
2489:
2476:
2474:
2463:
2454:
2445:
2436:
2434:
2424:
2420:
2411:
2409:
2398:
2394:
2385:
2383:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2313:
2309:
2297:
2290:
2247:
2243:
2234:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2172:
1950:Tunica language
1937:
1931:
1838:
1777:"on...-'s part"
1671:"although, but"
1621:
1586:
1514:
1512:Syntactic order
1423:auxiliary verbs
1403:
1395:
1344:ta'sapʔaraštihk
1118:"Red River" is
1101:"on the road";
1068:
1060:
1043:"the ground" +
933:"not red" <
894:
830:
503:Tunica Language
495:
350:
342:
321:
301:
289:Mobilian Jargon
247:John R. Swanton
243:Albert Gatschet
233:second-language
226:Native American
178:Without proper
166:
138:
122:
115:
105:
98:
95:Language family
93:
87:speakers (2023)
17:
12:
11:
5:
6434:
6424:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6411:Gulf languages
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6350:Classification
6346:
6344:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6324:Macro-Chibchan
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6300:
6298:
6294:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6275:
6268:
6260:
6258:
6249:
6248:
6243:
6235:
6233:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6213:
6206:
6199:
6192:
6187:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6171:
6159:
6157:Tequistlatecan
6154:
6147:
6140:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6115:
6113:
6105:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6090:
6082:
6080:
6070:
6069:
6062:
6055:
6048:
6040:
6038:
6031:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6016:
6009:
6002:
5995:
5987:
5985:
5975:
5974:
5967:
5960:
5953:
5946:
5939:
5932:
5924:
5922:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5890:
5888:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5869:
5862:
5855:
5848:
5841:
5836:
5829:
5822:
5820:Tequistlatecan
5817:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5794:
5792:
5785:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5764:
5762:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5744:
5739:
5733:
5731:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5708:
5700:
5698:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5647:
5645:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5615:
5607:
5605:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5589:
5582:
5574:
5572:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5539:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5520:
5513:
5505:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5486:
5478:
5476:
5467:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5392:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5372:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5349:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5253:Mound Builders
5250:
5245:
5240:
5238:Medicine wheel
5235:
5230:
5228:Horned Serpent
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5086:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4967:Roberts Island
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4902:Old Stone Fort
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4867:Moaning Cavern
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4817:Kincaid Mounds
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4697:Cuarenta Casas
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4652:Bluefish Caves
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4618:
4616:
4613:Archaeological
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4411:Caloosahatchee
4408:
4403:
4398:
4396:Caborn-Welborn
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4347:
4345:
4342:Archaeological
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4289:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4266:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4246:Mound Builders
4243:
4238:
4233:
4232:Related topics
4229:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4194:Village bundle
4186:
4181:
4179:Platform mound
4176:
4174:Horned Serpent
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4041:Stone statuary
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3924:
3922:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3891:Leo Petroglyph
3888:
3883:
3878:
3872:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3828:Moccasin Bluff
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3778:Gentleman Farm
3775:
3770:
3765:
3763:Carcajou Point
3760:
3755:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3733:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3694:Caddoan Mounds
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3480:Dauphin Island
3477:
3471:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3154:Bussell Island
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2906:Beasley Mounds
2903:
2897:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2757:Kincaid Mounds
2754:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2674:Horseshoe Lake
2671:
2666:
2661:
2659:Dickson Mounds
2656:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2512:
2507:
2495:
2488:
2487:External links
2485:
2484:
2483:
2462:
2461:
2455:Haas, Mary R.
2443:
2418:
2392:
2363:
2335:
2328:
2316:Campbell, Lyle
2307:
2288:
2267:10.1086/463732
2241:
2216:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2176:Gulf languages
2171:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1960:the following
1952:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1930:
1929:Proto-language
1927:
1925:"now; ready."
1871:"many, much,"
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1620:
1617:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1513:
1510:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1402:
1401:Sentence parts
1399:
1394:
1391:
1288:
1287:
1264:
1241:
1211:
1210:
1208:-si'nima, -sin
1205:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1150:-e'htiwa'hkuni
1067:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1029:
1025:
1021:ʔu'w(i) ʔonɛni
1010:
1006:
991:
980:
965:
942:
893:
890:
879:lɔ'ta wiwa'nǎn
829:
826:
792:
791:
789:
787:
777:
767:
757:
751:
750:
748:
746:
744:
734:
732:
726:
725:
723:
721:
719:
709:
699:
693:
692:
682:
680:
670:
660:
650:
644:
643:
641:
631:
629:
619:
609:
601:
600:
590:
580:
570:
560:
550:
543:
537:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
494:
491:
473:
472:
470:
463:
461:
455:
454:
447:
445:
438:
432:
431:
424:
422:
415:
409:
408:
401:
399:
392:
386:
385:
380:
375:
370:
349:
346:
341:
338:
320:
317:
300:
299:Classification
297:
196:
195:
182:, you may see
168:
167:
164:
156:
155:
150:
144:
143:
136:
128:
127:
120:
112:
111:
110:Language codes
107:
106:
101:
99:
92:
89:
88:
81:
75:
74:
68:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
45:
41:
40:
35:
34:Native to
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6433:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6341:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6295:
6281:
6280:
6276:
6274:
6273:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6241:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6219:
6218:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6176:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6096:
6095:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6077:Calusa–Tunica
6074:
6068:
6067:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6032:
6022:
6021:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6008:
6007:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5994:
5993:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5881:
5875:
5874:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5786:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5725:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5692:
5686:
5683:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5599:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5385:
5381:
5380:North America
5377:
5370:
5365:
5363:
5358:
5356:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5213:Falcon dancer
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5149:Miscellaneous
5147:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5120:Melbourne Man
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5110:La Brea Woman
5108:
5106:
5105:Kennewick Man
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5079:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4997:Serpent Mound
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4947:Pueblo Bonito
4945:
4943:
4942:Poverty Point
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4927:Pinson Mounds
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4917:Painted Bluff
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4797:Horr's Island
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4727:Effigy Mounds
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4692:Crystal River
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4604:Weeden Island
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4569:Safety Harbor
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4559:Poverty Point
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4539:Paleo-Indians
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4500:Mississippian
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4282:
4280:
4275:
4273:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4189:Sacred bundle
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4009:Wulfing cache
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3994:Copper plates
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3968:Three Sisters
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3938:Little barley
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3896:Serpent Mound
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3858:Summer Island
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3661:Mississippian
3656:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3512:Mississippian
3507:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3427:Corbin–Tucker
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:Roods Landing
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3274:Moccasin Bend
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3204:Hoojah Branch
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3111:Mississippian
3108:
3104:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:Menard-Hodges
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2971:Swallow Bluff
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2892:Tennessee and
2890:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:Marshall Site
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2594:Mississippian
2590:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2408:on 2017-05-31
2407:
2403:
2396:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2342:
2340:
2331:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2304:
2300:
2299:Haas, Mary R.
2295:
2293:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2261:(1/2): 1–39.
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2231:on 2010-01-13
2230:
2226:
2220:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1765:"no, not any"
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1642:"out, out of"
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:postpositions
1412:
1408:
1398:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1311:ʔu'riš ʔunanì
1306:
1302:
1301:postpositions
1298:
1293:
1285:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1268:to'nišisɛ'mǎn
1265:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1245:ti'sasi'nimǎn
1242:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1204:
1203:-hči, -hči'hi
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:"father" or '
1135:
1129:
1128:"red water".
1126:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:te'tiha'yihta
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:determinative
1063:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
989:
985:
981:
978:
974:
970:
966:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
889:
887:
882:
880:
875:
873:
867:
865:
860:
858:
854:
850:
845:
838:
835:
825:
823:
820:"blackbird,"
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
790:
788:
784:
778:
774:
768:
764:
758:
756:
752:
749:
747:
745:
741:
735:
733:
731:
727:
724:
722:
720:
716:
710:
706:
700:
698:
694:
689:
683:
681:
677:
671:
667:
661:
657:
651:
649:
645:
642:
638:
632:
630:
626:
620:
616:
610:
607:
603:
602:
597:
591:
587:
581:
577:
571:
567:
561:
557:
551:
548:
544:
542:
538:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
509:
506:
504:
500:
499:transcription
490:
488:
484:
480:
471:
468:
464:
462:
460:
457:
456:
452:
448:
446:
443:
439:
437:
434:
433:
429:
425:
423:
420:
416:
414:
411:
410:
406:
402:
400:
397:
393:
391:
388:
387:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
368:
365:
363:
359:
355:
345:
337:
335:
330:
326:
325:Tunica-Biloxi
323:In 2010, the
316:
314:
310:
306:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
239:Tunica-Biloxi
236:
234:
230:
227:
223:
222:United States
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:Luhchi Yoroni
203:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
175:
169:
162:
157:
154:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
135:
134:
129:
125:
121:
118:
113:
108:
104:
100:
96:
90:
86:
82:
80:
76:
73:
69:
67:
63:
60:
59:Tunica people
57:
53:
50:
46:
42:
39:
38:United States
36:
32:
29:
28:Luhchi Yoroni
25:
20:
6314:Aztec–Tanoan
6277:
6270:
6265:Guanahatabey
6263:
6256:Pre-Arawakan
6238:
6215:
6208:
6201:
6194:
6182:
6173:
6166:
6151:Oto-Manguean
6149:
6142:
6135:
6118:
6109:Mesoamerican
6092:
6086:
6085:
6064:
6057:
6050:
6043:
6018:
6011:
6004:
5997:
5990:
5969:
5962:
5955:
5948:
5941:
5934:
5927:
5918:Coahuiltecan
5905:
5898:
5871:
5864:
5857:
5850:
5843:
5831:
5824:
5812:
5767:
5746:
5728:Coast Oregon
5710:
5703:
5670:
5629:
5622:
5610:
5602:Macro-Siouan
5584:
5577:
5556:
5549:
5542:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5488:
5481:
5461:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5412:
5395:
5389:and isolates
5313:Water glyphs
5268:Oasisamerica
5258:N.A.G.P.R.A.
5218:Folsom point
5208:Effigy mound
5188:Clovis point
5156:Aridoamerica
5057:Wickiup Hill
5012:Spiro Mounds
4992:Salmon Ruins
4987:Russell Cave
4782:Helen Blazes
4777:Grimes Point
4757:Fort Juelson
4747:Fort Ancient
4722:El Vallecito
4682:Chaco Canyon
4622:Angel Mounds
4584:Steed-Kisker
4534:Paleo-Arctic
4456:Glacial Kame
4441:Fort Ancient
4333:Post-Classic
4304:
4236:Chevron bead
4142:Burial mound
4103:
4036:Shell gorget
4004:Spiro plates
3999:Rogan plates
3818:Knoll Spring
3793:Hartley Fort
3753:Beattie Park
3637:Transylvania
3475:Bottle Creek
3437:Lake Jackson
3319:Pisgah phase
3249:Little Egypt
3199:Garden Creek
3184:Dallas phase
3071:Tipton phase
3049:Nodena phase
2946:Mound Bottom
2931:Fewkes Group
2916:Brick Church
2818:Angel Mounds
2684:Kuhn Station
2679:John Chapman
2519:. Retrieved
2475:. Retrieved
2469:
2456:
2435:. Retrieved
2431:
2421:
2410:. Retrieved
2406:the original
2395:
2384:. Retrieved
2375:
2366:
2348:
2319:
2310:
2302:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2233:. Retrieved
2229:the original
2219:
2202:
2080:Approximant
1958:reconstructs
1955:
1942:Proto-Tunica
1922:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1877:ka'škuto'hku
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1713:: imperative
1710:
1704:
1701:: imperative
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1622:
1614:
1606:
1587:
1558:
1551:A predicate
1515:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1404:
1396:
1386:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1304:
1289:
1272:
1255:
1238:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1193:-sɛ'ma, -sɛm
1192:
1187:
1182:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1125:wi'š(i)mi'li
1119:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1078:without any
1069:
1061:
1034:ta'hala'yiht
1002:
998:
994:
987:
983:
976:
972:
968:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
938:
934:
930:
923:amalgamation
907:assimilation
895:
885:
883:
878:
876:
871:
868:
863:
861:
856:
852:
848:
839:
831:
821:
817:
808:, as is the
795:
502:
496:
482:
476:
351:
343:
322:
302:
277:Tunica tribe
274:
269:
268:in 1950 and
266:Tunica Texts
265:
261:
251:
237:
213:
209:
205:
201:
199:
171:
131:
27:
6319:Macro-Mayan
6184:Uto-Aztecan
6162:Totozoquean
5992:Coahuilteco
5803:Palaihnihan
5685:Tsimshianic
5298:Thunderbird
5166:Black drink
5130:Peñon woman
5067:Winterville
5047:Velda Mound
5027:Taos Pueblo
4922:Parkin Park
4907:Orwell site
4892:Nodena site
4787:Holly Bluff
4762:Four Mounds
4752:Fort Center
4677:Casa Grande
4627:Anzick site
4519:Monongahela
4446:Fort Walton
4421:Coles Creek
4386:Belle Glade
4371:Anishinaabe
4211:Thunderbird
4137:Black drink
3989:Emmons mask
3933:Chenopodium
3921:Agriculture
3843:Plum Island
3798:Hotel Plaza
3647:Winterville
3627:Scott Place
3565:Holly Bluff
3485:Fort Walton
3239:Lamar phase
3093:Walls phase
2989:Belle Meade
2982:Mississippi
2926:Dunbar Cave
2828:Annis Mound
2823:Angel phase
2797:Ware Mounds
2792:Twin Mounds
2642:Ramey state
2627:Monks Mound
1968:Consonants
1819:"very much"
1689:: quotative
1540:substantive
1427:connectives
1183:-ku, -ku'hu
1115:ta'wišmi'li
903:contraction
866:"Go back!"
802:unaspirated
755:Approximant
186:instead of
6380:Categories
6175:Mixe–Zoque
6144:Misumalpan
6066:Chitimacha
5558:Algonquian
5524:Athabaskan
5403:Yuki–Wappo
5243:Metallurgy
5203:Eden point
5100:Buhl Woman
4972:Rock Eagle
4962:River Styx
4887:Mummy Cave
4882:Moundville
4862:Mesa Verde
4847:Marksville
4594:Tchefuncte
4554:Plaquemine
4490:Las Palmas
4406:Calf Creek
4401:Cades Pond
3948:Marshelder
3833:Oak Forest
3803:Hoxie Farm
3617:Pocahontas
3510:Plaquemine
3447:Letchworth
3379:Town Creek
3314:Park Mound
3279:Moundville
3264:Mandeville
3254:Long Swamp
3214:Jere Shine
3066:Quigualtam
3014:Chucalissa
2901:Backusburg
2894:Cumberland
2883:Yankeetown
2868:Slack Farm
2843:Ellerbusch
2747:Adams site
2654:Cloverdale
2521:2014-04-15
2437:2018-05-30
2412:2013-03-12
2386:2016-09-22
2358:1808/22990
2235:2010-02-15
2204:Ethnologue
2182:References
2130:Close-mid
2012:Fricative
1933:See also:
1921:"no", and
1648:"up, down"
1636:"in, into"
1553:complement
1419:adjectives
1328:"house" +
1179:Masculine
1144:"head" or
1066:Inflection
1058:Morphology
1046:(h)a'yihta
909:, vocalic
905:, vocalic
493:Consonants
479:consonants
6329:Tolatecan
6229:Caribbean
6217:Alagüilac
6210:Purépecha
6196:Cuitlatec
6168:Totonacan
6126:Jicaquean
6045:Muskogean
6020:Mamulique
6006:Comecrudo
5936:Karankawa
5839:Jicaquean
5826:Chimariko
5775:Kalapuyan
5718:Sahaptian
5666:Yok-Utian
5651:Chinookan
5624:Iroquoian
5592:Chimakuan
5408:Chumashan
5288:Stickball
4977:Rock Hawk
4807:Key Marco
4599:Troyville
4579:St. Johns
4564:Red Ocher
4323:Formative
4077:Muskogean
4050:Languages
3963:Sunflower
3823:Mero site
3758:Blood Run
3412:Apalachee
3359:Summerour
3299:Nacoochee
3056:Owl Creek
2951:Riverview
2941:Link Farm
2833:Bone Bank
2787:Turk Site
2782:Towosahgy
2647:Woodhenge
2477:25 August
2283:143814015
2143:Open-mid
1799:-štahahki
1769:-štukʔɔhɔ
1681:-hčika'ši
1502:ta'čɔhaku
1355:"west" +
1317:ʔu'riš(i)
1222:ta'čɔhǎku
1199:Feminine
1168:Singular
1053:syllable.
1040:ta'hal(i)
1005:"ground."
1001:"corn" +
975:"good" +
960:"true" +
915:haplology
814:voiceless
798:aspirated
648:Fricative
547:voiceless
487:nasalized
413:Close-mid
340:Phonology
285:Avoyelles
272:in 1953.
258:Mary Haas
133:Glottolog
117:ISO 639-3
55:Ethnicity
49:Louisiana
6240:Arawakan
6120:Chibchan
5999:Cotoname
5957:Quinigua
5943:Maratino
5642:Penutian
5586:Wakashan
5579:Salishan
5490:Eskimoan
5474:Eskaleut
5176:Chanunpa
5161:Ballgame
5140:Vero man
5090:Anzick-1
5062:Windover
5022:SunWatch
4952:Rassawek
4772:Glenwood
4662:Brewster
4514:Mogollon
4485:La Jolla
4471:Hopewell
4431:Deptford
4344:cultures
4184:Red Horn
4152:Chanunpa
4130:Northern
4118:Religion
4099:Timucuan
4067:Cherokee
3853:Schwerdt
3813:Juntunen
3788:Griesmer
3731:cultures
3684:Bluffton
3570:Jaketown
3535:Fitzhugh
3389:Wilbanks
3369:Tomotley
3344:Savannah
3309:Ocmulgee
3289:Mulberry
3224:Joe Bell
3144:Biltmore
3139:Bessemer
3004:Campbell
2966:Old Town
2772:Orr-Herl
2709:Orendorf
2704:Mitchell
2637:Mound 72
2632:Mound 34
2617:Big Eddy
2501:Archived
2380:Archived
2318:(1997).
2170:See also
2109:Central
2064:Lateral
1992:Plosive
1987:Glottal
1981:Palatal
1891:ka'nahku
1858:ka'nahku
1854:ka'nahku
1823:-što'hku
1506:ʔu'rihči
1407:pronouns
1373:ta'halta
1353:sa'pʔara
1292:locative
1261:-si'nima
1156:"name."
995:ha'hkiri
986:becomes
969:la'pʔɔhɔ
954:ka'šʔɛhɛ
937:"red" +
931:mi'lʔɛhɛ
519:Alveolar
436:Open-mid
192:Help:IPA
140:tuni1252
47:Central
6304:Amerind
6279:Ciguayo
6272:Macorix
6246:Cariban
6220: ?
6079: ?
6059:Atakapa
6052:Natchez
6037: ?
5984: ?
5982:Pakawan
5971:Tonkawa
5929:Aranama
5884:Pueblo
5852:Salinan
5833:Esselen
5798:Shastan
5791: ?
5769:Takelma
5761: ?
5748:Siuslaw
5730: ?
5705:Klamath
5697: ?
5695:Plateau
5661:Maiduan
5656:Wintuan
5644: ?
5618:Caddoan
5604: ?
5571: ?
5510:Tlingit
5501:Na-Dene
5456:Waikuri
5449:Timucua
5442:Kutenai
5421:Beothuk
5325:Related
5183:Chunkey
5083:remains
5072:Wupatki
4912:Paquime
4802:Huápoca
4667:Cahokia
4637:Bastian
4544:Patayan
4466:Hohokam
4451:Fremont
4426:Comondú
4381:Baytown
4376:Avonlea
4356:Alachua
4328:Classic
4318:Archaic
4306:Periods
4159:Chunkey
4104:Tunican
4082:Natchez
4057:Caddoan
4031:Pottery
3982:Artwork
3973:Tobacco
3953:Pumpkin
3914:Culture
3768:Fifield
3699:Gahagan
3674:Belcher
3659:Caddoan
3642:Venable
3605:Natchez
3590:Mazique
3545:Fosters
3540:Flowery
3530:Emerald
3407:Anhaica
3364:Taskigi
3329:Rembert
3304:Nikwasi
3269:McMahan
3244:Liddell
3119:Adamson
3029:Janet's
3019:Denmark
2994:Boone's
2956:Sellars
2863:Prather
2622:Cahokia
2612:Aztalan
2275:1263179
2099:Vowels
2030:Rhotic
1978:Apical
1975:Labial
1917:"yes",
1881:ʔa'mari
1805:-tɛ'pan
1771:"can't"
1717:-kʔahča
1594:gender.
1565:clauses
1382:ha'l(i)
1365:ta'hali
1357:-štihki
1335:-štihki
1297:adverbs
1278:ʔo'niši
1188:ʔu'nima
1174:Plural
1154:-e'tisa
1146:-e'neri
1142:-e'sini
1109:"road"
1080:affixes
919:apocope
911:syncope
888:"Yes."
828:Prosody
822:ši'hkal
541:Plosive
534:Glottal
524:Palatal
378:Central
188:Unicode
79:Revival
66:Extinct
6416:Tunica
6334:Waroid
6190:Xincan
6131:Lencan
6094:Calusa
6087:Tunica
5964:Solano
5950:Naolan
5894:Tanoan
5808:Pomoan
5742:Coosan
5737:Alsean
5712:Molala
5672:Yokuts
5612:Siouan
5463:Pericú
5435:Cayuse
4742:Folsom
4707:Cutler
4642:Benson
4529:Oneota
4461:Glades
4436:Folsom
4416:Clovis
4313:Lithic
4094:Siouan
4087:Taensa
3958:Squash
3881:Clover
3740:Oneota
3714:Keller
3704:Hughes
3669:Battle
3610:Taensa
3595:Medora
3585:Mangum
3580:Julice
3575:Jordan
3422:Cayson
3354:Sixtoe
3349:Shiloh
3259:Mabila
3194:Etowah
3174:Citico
3164:Chiaha
3159:Chauga
3076:Tunica
3061:Parkin
3044:Nodena
3039:Murphy
3009:Carson
2858:Murphy
2714:Sleeth
2699:McCune
2689:Larson
2592:Middle
2457:Tunica
2326:
2303:Tunica
2281:
2273:
2199:Tunica
2117:Close
2106:Front
2046:Nasal
1984:Velar
1873:ka'šku
1829:-le'he
1793:-tahki
1787:-nahku
1763:-pʔaha
1751:-kʔaha
1393:Syntax
1084:prefix
999:ha'hka
979:"not."
964:"not."
941:"not."
899:phrase
818:ši'lka
806:voiced
606:voiced
514:Labial
362:melody
354:vowels
348:Vowels
309:Calusa
293:French
229:Tunica
210:Tonica
202:Tunica
153:Tunica
44:Region
22:Tunica
6343:Lists
6203:Huave
6137:Mayan
6013:Garza
5900:Keres
5866:Washo
5845:Karuk
5814:Yuman
5789:Hokan
5678:Utian
5631:Yuchi
5569:Mosan
5551:Yurok
5544:Wiyot
5535:Algic
5483:Aleut
5428:Bidai
5397:Haida
5273:Piasa
5081:Human
4712:Eaker
4615:sites
4549:Plano
4351:Adena
4109:Yuchi
3943:Maize
3928:Beans
3886:Dodge
3838:Palos
3808:Huber
3748:Anker
3719:Spiro
3689:Caddo
3622:Routh
3555:Glass
3550:Ghost
3452:Velda
3374:Toqua
3234:Lamar
3219:Joara
3209:Irene
3179:Coosa
3169:Chota
3149:Blair
3124:Avery
3086:Yazoo
3081:Koroa
3024:Eaker
2961:Obion
2719:Starr
2279:S2CID
2271:JSTOR
2156:Open
2112:Back
1962:Proto
1898:na'mu
1869:na'mu
1865:ho'tu
1850:ka'ku
1817:-štʔɛ
1757:-ʔaha
1747:"not"
1705:-hčan
1687:-a'ni
1669:-škan
1663:-ʔama
1563:Main
1494:nexus
1411:nouns
1375:<
1322:ʔuhk-
1320:<
1284:sɛ'ma
1234:čɔ'hǎ
1171:Dual
1138:-gači
1134:-e'si
1107:te'ti
1103:te'ti
1003:ki'ri
977:-ʔaha
973:la'pu
962:-ʔaha
958:ka'ši
939:-ʔaha
935:mi'li
834:pitch
810:nasal
785:]
781:[
775:]
771:[
765:]
761:[
742:]
738:[
730:Trill
717:]
713:[
707:]
703:[
697:Nasal
690:]
686:[
678:]
674:[
668:]
664:[
658:]
654:[
639:]
635:[
627:]
623:[
617:]
613:[
598:]
594:[
588:]
584:[
578:]
574:[
568:]
564:[
558:]
554:[
529:Velar
390:Close
373:Front
214:Yuron
6035:Gulf
5907:Zuni
5873:Yana
5859:Seri
5517:Eyak
5414:Adai
5233:Kiva
3632:Sims
3600:Mott
3520:Anna
3229:King
3189:Dyar
2999:Boyd
2873:Tolu
2479:2012
2324:ISBN
1919:ʔahâ
1775:-hat
1745:-aha
1733:-pan
1723:-kʔi
1711:-tan
1657:-man
1387:-hat
1377:ta'-
1361:-hat
1299:and
1273:ta'-
1251:tihk
1228:ta'-
1120:ta'-
1091:ta'-
1076:stem
984:ta'-
857:ta'-
849:ta'-
497:The
459:Open
383:Back
283:and
208:(or
200:The
5378:of
4737:Eva
3457:Yon
2354:hdl
2263:doi
2201:at
2001:tʃ
1915:hõn
1811:-ša
1781:-pa
1727:-ʔi
1699:-ki
1675:-hč
1646:ha-
1640:ho-
1634:ki-
1628:te-
1349:ta-
1326:ri-
1305:-ši
1256:sa'
1239:-ku
950:ehe
948:or
946:aha
886:hőn
853:-ča
576:t͡ʃ
291:or
281:Ofo
224:by
204:or
174:IPA
148:ELP
124:tun
83:60
6382::
2446:^
2430:.
2378:.
2374:.
2338:^
2301:,
2291:^
2277:.
2269:.
2257:.
2253:.
2189:^
2161:a
2151:ɔ
2146:ɛ
2138:o
2133:e
2125:u
2120:i
2088:j
2083:w
2069:l
2055:ɲ
2052:n
2049:m
2035:r
2025:h
2020:ʃ
2017:s
2007:ʔ
2004:k
1998:t
1995:p
1923:dâ
1900:.
1893:.
1739:-k
1693:-n
1612:.
1417:,
1409:,
1389:.
1379:+
1371:;
1332:.
1330:ši
1324:+
1303:.
1281:+
1275:+
1258:+
1254:+
1237:+
1231:+
1122:+
1095:t-
988:t-
859:.
779:y
769:l
759:w
736:r
711:n
701:m
684:h
672:š
662:s
652:f
633:g
621:d
611:b
592:ʔ
582:k
572:č
566:t̻
562:t
552:p
489:.
85:L2
5368:e
5361:t
5354:v
4285:e
4278:t
4271:v
2552:e
2545:t
2538:v
2524:.
2481:.
2440:.
2415:.
2389:.
2360:.
2356::
2332:.
2285:.
2265::
2259:2
2238:.
1542:.
1351:+
1049:.
783:j
773:l
763:w
740:r
715:n
705:m
688:h
676:ʃ
666:s
656:f
637:ɡ
625:d
615:b
596:ʔ
586:k
556:p
483:n
467:a
451:ɔ
442:ɛ
428:o
419:e
405:u
396:i
194:.
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