1621:
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2172:("spring wind"), Arnim ordered four armoured battle groups forward on 14 February in the area of Sidi Bou Zid held by 34th Infantry Division's 168th Regimental Combat Team and 1st Armored Division's Combat Command A. The defenders' dispositions were poor, with concentrations dispersed so that they were unable to be mutually supportive. By 15 February, CCA had been severely damaged leaving the infantry units isolated on hilltops. Combat Command C was ordered across country to relieve Sidi Bou Zid but were repelled with heavy losses. By the evening of 15 February, three of the Axis battlegroups were able to head toward Sbeitla, 32 km (20 mi) to the northwest. Pushing aside the remains of CCA and CCC, the battlegroups were confronted by Combat Command B in front of Sbeitla. With the help of air support, CCB held on through the day. However, the air support could not be sustained and the defenders of Sbeitla were obliged to withdraw and the town lay empty by midday on 17 February.
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defensive line just east of Medjez el Bab. Here, they started a build up for another attack and were ready by late
December 1942. The slow build up had brought Allied force levels up to a total of 54,000 British, 73,800 American and 7,000 French troops. A hasty intelligence review showed about 125,000 combat and 70,000 service troops, mostly Italian, in front of them. The main attack began the afternoon of 22 December. Despite rain and insufficient air cover, progress was made up the lower ridges of the 900-foot (270 m) Longstop Hill that controlled the river corridor from Medjez to Tebourba and thence to Tunis. After three days of to-and-fro fighting, with ammunition running low and Axis forces now holding adjacent high ground, the Longstop position became untenable and the Allies were forced to withdraw to Medjez, and by 26 December 1942 the Allies had withdrawn to the line they had set out from two weeks earlier, having suffered 20,743 casualties.
2115:("Courier I"). Elements of the 10th Panzer and 334th Infantry divisions attacked from Pont du Fahs to create more space in front of the Superga Division and forestall an Allied thrust east to the coast at Enfidaville, to cut Rommel's line of communication. The westward thrust against the right wing of the British V Corps at Bou Arada had little success but further south his attack against French positions around the "hinge" of the Western and Eastern Dorsals succeeded, advancing 56 km (35 mi) south to Ousseltia and 40 km (25 mi) south-west to Robaa. The poorly equipped defenders resisted well but were overwhelmed and the equivalent of seven infantry battalions were cut off in the mountains. Anderson sent the 36th Brigade to Robaa and requested Lloyd Fredendall to send Combat Command B from 1st Armored Division to Ousseltia, to come under Juin's orders on arrival. Fierce fighting lasted until 23 January but the front was stabilised.
2301:
2549:
2781:, which counter-attacked several times over the next three days and was repulsed and the action at Takrouna also took place. The northward advance of Eighth Army had "pinched out" US II Corps' eastward facing front line, allowing the corps to be withdrawn and switched to the northern end of the Allied front. Arnim knew that an Allied offensive was imminent and launched a spoiling attack on the night of 20/21 April, between Medjez and Goubellat on the IX Corps front. The Hermann Göring Division supported by tanks from 10th Panzer Division penetrated up to 5 miles (8.0 km) at some points but could not force a general withdrawal and eventually returned to their lines. No serious disruption was caused to Allied plans, except that the first attack of the offensive, by IX Corps, was delayed by four hours from 4:00 a.m. on 22 April.
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2935:
2440:
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least 20 aeroplanes while the USAAF conducted 720 sorties for a loss of 16 aircraft. From 27 December 1942 to 17 January 1943 the RAF flew 3,160 sorties and lost 38 aircraft while the USAAF flew an estimated 3,200 sorties and lost 36 aeroplanes. From 18 January to 13 February the RAF flew 5,000 sorties, excluding those against shipping, for the loss of 34 aircraft while the USAAF flew an estimated 6,250 sorties for the loss of 85. During the remainder of
February to 28 March, 156 allied planes were lost. Between 29 March and 21 April, 203 Allied aircraft were destroyed. From 22 April to the end of the campaign, 45 bombers and 110 fighters were lost; 12 bombers and 47 fighters of the RAF, the USAAF losing 32 bombers and 63 fighters, while the French lost 1 bomber.
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how far east the Torch landings could be made because of the increasing proximity of Axis airfields in Sicily and
Sardinia which at the end of October held 298 German and 574 Italian aircraft. Algiers was accordingly chosen for the most easterly landings. This would ensure the success of the initial landings in spite of uncertainty as to how the incumbent French forces would react. Once Algiers was secured, a small force, the Eastern Task Force, would be projected as quickly as possible into Tunisia in a race to occupy Tunis, some 800 km (500 mi) distant along poor roads in difficult terrain during the winter rainy season, before the Axis could organise.
271:
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force, retreated. Blade Force's attack caught
Nehring by surprise and he decided to withdraw from Medjez and strengthen Djedeida, only 30 km (19 mi) from Tunis. The 36th Brigade's delayed attack began on 26 November but they were ambushed with the leading battalion taking 149 casualties. Further attacks were driven back from cleverly planned interlocking defences. 1 Commando landed 23 km (14 mi) west of Bizerte on 30 November to outflank the Jefna position, but failed and rejoined 36th Brigade by 3 December. The position remained in German hands until the last days of fighting in Tunisia the following spring.
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repulsed, and the 10th Panzer
Division retired to GabĂšs. The US II Corps was unable to exploit the German failure and each attack was stopped by the 10th Panzer Division or 21st Panzer Division counter-attacks up the road from GabĂšs; co-ordination of Allied air and ground forces remained unsatisfactory. The Eighth Army and the US II Corps attacked for the next week and on 28 March, the Eighth Army captured El Hamma, forcing the Axis to abandon GabĂšs and retreat north towards the Fifth Panzer Army. The hills in front of the US forces were abandoned, allowing them to join the British forces in GabĂšs later that day. The
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same priorities articulated in
Alexander's orders dated 20 February. On 21 February, Alexander declared his objective to destroy all enemy forces in Tunisia by first advancing Eighth Army north of GabĂšs, while the First Army mounted attacks to draw off reserves which would otherwise be used against the Eighth Army. The armies would gain airfields for the Allied air forces. The co-ordinated land, sea and air power of the Allies would draw a net round the Axis forces in Tunisia by 30 April, to meet the timetable set at the Casablanca Conference to allow Sicily to be invaded during the favourable weather of August.
332:
2138:) he had facing the Western Dorsale. On 23 January 1943, the Eighth Army took Tripoli, by which point the army retreating through Libya was already well on its way to the Mareth position. Part of the II US Corps crossed into Tunisia through passes in the Atlas Mountains from Algeria, controlling the interior of the triangle formed by the mountains. Their position raised the possibility of a thrust eastwards towards Sfax on the coast, to cut off the First Italian Army at Mareth from Arnim's forces to the north around Tunis. Rommel could not allow this and formed a plan for a spoiling attack.
434:
422:
410:
215:
2706:, the artillery of two divisions plus more from army resources. In four days, it succeeded in recapturing all lost ground and took 850 German and Italian prisoners. On 7 April, Anderson tasked the 78th Infantry Division with clearing the BĂ©ja-Medjez road. Supported by artillery and close air support, they methodically advanced 16 km (10 mi) through difficult mountain terrain over the next ten days, clearing a front 16 km (10 mi) wide. The 4th Infantry Division joined the fighting, taking position on the left of the 78th Division and pushing toward Sidi Nsir.
452:
398:
305:
290:
8720:
380:
2824:
198:
228:
1808:, was afraid to support the Allies or oppose the Axis. He did not close airfields to either side; the Germans moved first and by 9 November, there were reports of 40 German aircraft arriving at Tunis and by 10 November, aerial reconnaissance reported 100 aircraft. Two days later, an airlift began that carried over 15,000 men and 581 long tons (590 t) of supplies and ships brought 176 tanks, 131 artillery pieces, 1,152 vehicles and 13,000 long tons (13,000 t) of supplies. By the end of the month, three German divisions, including the
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plan was for the main attack to be in the centre of the V Corps front at Medjez, confronting main Axis defences. However, IX Corps on the right would first attack north-east with, by speed of movement, the intention of getting in behind the Medjez position and disrupting their armoured reserves. II US Corps would make a double thrust: one to capture the high ground on V Corps' left flank and a second toward
Bizerte. French XIX Corps would be held back until IX Corps and Eighth Army had drawn in the opposition and then advance toward Pont du Fahs.
242:
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Playfair wrote that the Allies took 238,243 unwounded prisoners; 101,784 German, 89,442 Italian and 47,017 others. In 2004, Rick
Atkinson wrote that a quarter of a million prisoners is a reasonable estimate. Playfair wrote that G. F. Howe, the American official historian, recorded the capture of 275,000 Axis soldiers, an 18th Army Group calculation of 244,500 prisoners (including 157,000 Germans), that Rommel estimated 130,000 Germans were taken prisoner and Arnim estimated 100,000 German and 200,000 Italian prisoners of war.
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would necessarily be delayed. Plans were thus a compromise and the Allies realised that an attempt to reach
Bizerte and Tunis overland before the Axis could establish themselves represented a gamble which depended on the ability of the navy and air force to delay the Axis build-up. The Allies, although they had provided for the possibility of strong Vichy opposition to their landings both in terms of infantry and air force allocations, seriously underestimated the Axis appetite for and speed of intervention in Tunisia.
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of tanks from 1st
Armored Division and after desperate resistance, the under-equipped French defenders were overrun. Several counterattacks were organised, including a belated attack by Combat Command B of the US 1st Armored Division but all of these were beaten off with ease by Arnim's forces which by this time had created strong defensive positions. After three days, the Allied forces had been forced to pull back and were withdrawn into the interior plains to make a new forward defensive line at the small town of
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1948:
8408:
45:
368:
356:
344:
2505:) drove around the Matmata Hills, capturing the Tebaga Gap and the town of El Hamma at the northern extreme of the line in "Operation Supercharge II", making the Mareth Line untenable. The following day anti-tank guns from German and Italian units checked the advance of X Corps, to gain time for a withdrawal. In the next 48 hours the Axis defenders pulled out of the Mareth Line, establishing a new defensive position 60 kilometres (37 mi) to the north-west at Wadi Akarit near GabĂšs.
168:
183:
2004:
substantial air and sea forces but Tunis and Bizerte were only 190 km (120 mi) from the ports and airfields of western Sicily, 290 km (180 mi) from Palermo and 480 km (300 mi) from Naples, making it very difficult to intercept Axis transports which had the benefit of substantial air cover. From mid-November 1942 to January 1943, 243,000 men and 856,000 long tons (870,000 t) of supplies and equipment arrived in Tunisia by sea and air.
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2153:
1773:
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on 22 February with Kesselring, Rommel argued that faced with stiffening defences and the news that the Eighth Army's lead elements had finally reached Medenine, only a few kilometres from the Mareth Line, he should call off the attack and withdraw to support the Mareth defences, hoping that the Kasserine attack had caused enough damage to deter any offensive action from the west. Kesselring was keen for the offensive to continue but finally agreed that evening, and
257:
2199:
462:
444:
2848:, had made a preliminary attack on 5 May, to capture high ground and secure the left flank of IX Corps. The 4th British and 4th Indian Divisions, concentrated on a narrow front and supported by heavy artillery concentrations, broke a hole in the defences for the 6th and 7th Armoured divisions to pass through. On 7 May, British armour entered Tunis and American infantry from II Corps, which had continued its advance in the north, entered Bizerte.
1721:
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2271:, a composite force from British 6th Armoured Division with tanks from the 2nd Lothians and Border Horse of the 26th Armoured Brigade with extra infantry and artillery (which Anderson had ordered the previous day to leave the Kesra area to bolster the Thala defences) to prepare defensive positions further up the road. Meanwhile, Fredendall had sent 1st Armored Division's CCB to meet the threat to TĂ©bessa.
3289:) and 200+ operational tanks (mostly German) lost in actions after March 9. Mitcham also notes that a very large number of tanks were not operational at the time due to previous mechanical issues; for instance, by April 22, only 45% of German tanks were operational, with the rest confined to workshops. Therefore the actual number of tanks lost after March 9 is possibly around 450 rather than 200.
2789:, in which the hill was captured, which opened the way to Bizerte. In grim hand-to hand fighting against the Hermann Göring Division, 334th Infantry and 15th Panzer Divisions, it took V Corps with the 1st, 4th and 78th Infantry Divisions, supported by army tanks and heavy artillery concentrations, eight days to penetrate 9.7 km (6 mi) and capture most of the Axis defensive positions.
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which halted their progress. The battle had drawn the Axis reserves of armour south, away from the central front. Seeing that no further progress was likely, Anderson withdrew the 6th Armoured Division and most of the 46th Infantry Division into army reserve. The V Corps attack began on the evening of 22 April and the US II Corps launched their offensive in the early hours of 23 April in the
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strength. 11th Brigade tried to regain the initiative in the early hours of 28 November, attacking toward Djedeida airfield with the help of US armour, but failed. On 29 November, Combat Command B of US 1st Armored Division had concentrated forward for an attack in conjunction with Blade Force planned for 2 December. They were forestalled by an Axis counter-attack, led by Major-General
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Barré's, joined the Allies. But the attitude of Vichy forces remained uncertain until on 22 November, when the "Darlan Deal" placed French North Africa on the Allied side. This allowed US and British forces that had been securing Algeria to go to the front. By this time, the Axis had deployed a corps in Tunisia and outnumbered the Allies there in almost all ways.
2413:, an attack southward in the direction of Medenine, the northernmost British strong point. The Axis attack was repulsed with massed artillery fire; 55 Axis tanks were knocked out. With the failure of Capri, Rommel decided that the only way to save the Axis armies would be to abandon the campaign, and on 9 March he travelled to Italy for discussions with
1859:, happy to have local air superiority while Allied planes had to fly from relatively distant bases in Algeria, harassed them all the way. On 17 November, the same day Nehring arrived, the leading elements of the British 36th Brigade on the northern road met a mixed force of 17 tanks and 400 paratroops with self-propelled guns at Djebel Abiod. The
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the command of Anderson, confirmed by Giraud the next day but with forces spread over a 320 km (200 mi) front and poor communication (Anderson motored over 1,600 km (1,000 mi) in four days to speak to the corps commanders) the practical difficulties remained. Eisenhower appointed an air support commander, Brigadier General
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on their left flank vacating the Eastern Dorsal to conform with them. By the afternoon of 17 February, Rommel's troops had occupied Feriana and Thelepte (roughly 24 km (15 mi) southwest of Kasserine) forcing the evacuation on the morning of 18 February of Thelepte airfield, the main air base in British First Army's southern sector.
1664:) and then to thrust east to take the Axis forces in the Western Desert in their rear. An Allied occupation of the whole of the North African coast would open the Mediterranean to Allied shipping, releasing the huge capacity required to maintain supplies around the circuitous route via the Cape of Good Hope. On 8 November,
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Had the Allies been able to get a tighter stranglehold on the Axis communications immediately after the 'Torch' landings, they might have won the gamble of the Tunisian Campaign by the end of 1942 and victory in Africa as a whole might have been close. Conversely, the Axis might have staved off for a
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and what remained of the 5th Panzer Army, which surrendered before noon. At least 12,000 Germans surrendered in Major-General Fritz Krause's sector (of the initial batch of 25,000 prisoners, fewer than 400 were Italian). Around 22,000 Germans in the mountainous Zaghouan sector also ceased fighting on
2754:
Alexander planned that while II US Corps would attack on the north towards Bizerte, First Army would attack towards Tunis while Eighth Army attacked north from Enfidaville. Anderson would co-ordinate the actions of First Army and II US Corps, issuing the appropriate orders to achieve this. Anderson's
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batlegroup to a halt. Before they could continue, infantry had to be sent up into the high ground seeking to eliminate the artillery threat. A battlegroup under Hans-Georg Hildebrand including tanks from 21st Panzer were advancing north from Sbeitla toward the Sbiba Gap. In front of the hills east of
2183:
had advanced toward Gafsa at dusk on 15 February to find the town deserted, part of a withdrawal to shorten the Allied front to facilitate a reorganisation involving the withdrawal of French XIX Corps in order to re-equip. II US Corps withdrew to the line of Dernaia-Kasserine-Gap-Sbiba with XIX Corps
2160:
On 30 January 1943, the German 21st Panzer and three Italian divisions from the 5th Panzer Army met elements of the French forces near FaĂŻd, the main pass from the eastern arm of the mountains into the coastal plains. Fredendall did not respond to the French request to send reinforcements in the form
2118:
The obvious lack of Allied co-ordination led Eisenhower to change the command structure. On 21 January Anderson was made responsible for the co-ordination of the whole front, and on 24 January his responsibilities were extended to include "the employment of American troops". That night, Juin accepted
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The Allied force initially withdrew roughly 9.7 km (6 mi) to the high positions of Longstop Hill (Djebel el Ahmera) and Bou Aoukaz on each side of the river. Concern over the vulnerability to flanking attacks prompted a further withdrawal west. By the end of 10 December, Allied units held a
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which run from the Atlantic coast of Morocco, 1,900 kilometres (1,200 mi) east to Tunis. This portion of the border is easily defensible at the small number of passes through the two northâsouth lines of the mountains. In the south a lower range of mountains limit the approaches to a narrow gap,
2912:
vowing to fight on; at 7:55 p.m. that evening, after the German collapse, Mussolini ordered Messe to surrender. Next day, the 1st Army was still holding opposite Enfidaville but the remaining 80,000 men were surrounded; the RAF and artillery continued their bombardment and around noon, the 1st
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The redeployments were complete by the night of 5 May; Anderson had arranged for a dummy concentration of tanks near Bou Arada on the IX Corps front, to deflect attention from the arrival of the 7th Armoured Division in the Medjez sector and achieved a considerable measure of surprise as to the size
2733:
The salient at Medjez had been relieved and lateral roads in the V Corps area cleared so that Anderson was able to turn his full attention to the orders he had received on 12 April from Alexander to prepare the large-scale attack, scheduled for 22 April, to gain Tunis. By this stage, Allied aircraft
2615:
and supporting artillery delayed the Axis advance. Withdrawals of French battalions in the Medjez area to join XIX Corps, left little opposition to the German occupation of the high ground dominating the town, which was left in a dangerous salient. As a result, Sedjenane was abandoned by the British
2287:
battlegroup on the road to TĂ©bessa had been halted on 21 February by CCB's armour and artillery dug in on the slopes of Djebel Hamra. An attempt to outflank them during the night of 21 February was a costly failure. A further attack early on 23 February was again beaten back. In a dispirited meeting
2262:
Having rolled through the Kasserine Pass on the afternoon of 20 February, units of the Centauro Division headed west toward TĂ©bessa, meeting little or no resistance. Following them came the von Broich battlegroup from 10th Panzer, which forked right onto the road to Thala where they were slowed by a
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and lost at least 45 aircraft. The USAAF flew 180 sorties and lost at least 7 aeroplanes. From 1 to 12 December, the RAF flew 2,225 sorties and lost a minimum of 37 aircraft. The USAAF flew 523 sorties and lost another 17 aircraft. From 13 to 26 December, the RAF flew 1,940 sorties for a loss of at
2784:
On the morning of 22 April, the 46th Division attacked on the IX Corps front, creating a gap for the 6th Armoured Division to pass through by nightfall, followed by 1st Armoured Division, striking east for the next two days but not quick enough to forestall the creation of a strong anti-tank screen
2258:
and more artillery, prepared for another attack through the pass, once it had been joined by a 10th Panzer Division battle group from Sbeitla. The morning attack made slow progress but the intense pressure applied during the renewed attack that afternoon triggered a collapse in the Allied defences.
2129:
had made plans for forces retreating through Libya to dig-in in front of the defunct French fortifications of the Mareth Line. The Axis forces would control the two natural entrances into Tunisia in the north and south, with only the easily defensible mountain passes between them. In January, those
1693:
Because of the nearness of Sicily to Tunisia, the Allies expected that the Axis would move to occupy the country as soon as they heard of the Torch landings. To forestall this, it would be necessary to occupy Tunisia as quickly as possible after the landings were made. However, there was a limit to
2380:
Coningham found that the air organisation in Tunisia was that of the Western Desert in 1941 when he had first assumed command of the Desert Air Force. The lessons of the Desert Campaign had not been used in planning for Torch, which constrained the ability of the air arm, already short of aircraft
1929:
had just arrived in Tunisia. By the evening of 2 December, Blade Force had been withdrawn, leaving 11th Brigade and Combat Command B to deal with the Axis attack. The attack threatened to cut off 11th Brigade and break through into the Allied rear, but desperate fighting over four days delayed the
1916:
and a small Italian scouting Force, around 15 tanks all told. Frontal attacks by the GMCs and Stuarts were ineffective losing 12 tanks, but allowed a rear attack by B Squadron firing into the weaker rear armour of the German tanks. The German commander, believing he had encountered a much stronger
1741:
Only in the north was the terrain favourable to attack; here the Atlas Mountains stopped near the eastern coast, leaving a large area on the north-west coast unprotected. Defensive lines in the north could deal with approaching forces, while the Mareth Line made the south secure. In between, there
1706:
was reformed in Malta with three cruisers and four destroyers and Force Q formed in BĂŽne with three cruisers and two destroyers. No Axis ships sailing to Tunis were sunk in November but the Allied naval forces had some success in early December sinking seven Axis transports. However, this came too
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However, planners had to assume the worst case regarding the extent of Vichy opposition at Algiers and the invasion convoys were assault-loaded with a preponderance of infantry to meet heavy ground opposition. This meant that at Algiers the disembarkation of mobile forces for an advance to Tunisia
2750:
but very few Axis ships even attempted passage. By 18 April, after attacks by Eighth Army from the south and flanking attacks by IX Corps and French XIX Corps, the Axis forces had been pushed into a defensive line on the north-east coast of Tunis, attempting to protect their supply lines but with
2689:
Fighting lasted until 5 March and in terrible weather conditions the operation was called off by Arnim. The failure had cost the Axis grievous losses in infantry as well as tanks, particularly the loss of many of the heavy Tiger Tanks. Ochsenkopf was to be the last major Axis offensive by the 5th
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and was critical of Anderson although this was later felt to be a little unfair. Once he had been given control of the whole front at the end of January, Anderson's aim had been to reorganise the front into consolidated national sectors and create reserves with which to regain the initiative, the
2308:
Action then abated for a time and both sides studied the results of recent battles. Rommel remained convinced that US forces posed little threat, while the British and Commonwealth troops were his equal. He held this opinion for far too long, and it would prove very costly. The Americans likewise
2279:
had taken a heavy beating and did not expect to be able to hold out the next day. However, during the night a further 48 artillery pieces from US 9th Infantry Division arrived after a 1,300 km (800 mi) trip from Morocco on poor roads and in bad weather. On the morning of 22 February, as
2221:
issued orders on 19 February for Rommel to attack through the Kasserine and Sbiba passes toward Thala and Le Kef to threaten First Army's flank. Rommel's original proposal was for a limited but concentrated attack through Kasserine to confront II Corps' strength at TĂ©bessa and gain vital supplies
1907:
The northern attack did not take place because torrential rain had slowed the build-up. In the south 11th Brigade were halted by stiff resistance at Medjez. Blade Force passed through Sidi Nsir to reach the Chouigui Pass, north of Terbourba part of B Squadron Stuart's from Blade Force infiltrated
1824:
There were two roads eastwards into Tunisia from Algeria. The Allied plan was to advance along the two roads and take Bizerte and Tunis. On 11 November, the British 36th Infantry Brigade had landed unopposed at Bougie but supply shortages delayed their arrival at Djedjelli until 13 November. BĂŽne
3026:
Allied casualties of 76,020 include the losses incurred by the First Army from 8 November 1942 and the Eighth Army from 9 February 1943. British and Commonwealth casualties amounted to 38,360 men; 6,233 were killed, 21,528 were wounded and 10,599 reported missing. The Free French suffered 19,439
2317:
as assistant Corps Commander. Commanders were reminded that large units should be kept concentrated to ensure mass on the battlefield, rather than widely dispersed as Fredendall had deployed them. This had the intended side effect of improving the fire control of the already-strong US artillery.
2225:
On 19 February 1943, Rommel, having now been given formal control of the 10th and 21st Panzer Divisions, the Afrika Korps battlegroup as well as General Messe's forces on the Mareth defences (renamed Italian First Army), launched what would become the Battle of Kasserine Pass. Hoping to take the
3051:
The Axis armies suffered casualties of 290,000 to 362,000 men; the losses are uncertain but it is estimated that the German army suffered 8,500 men killed during the campaign and the Italians 3,700 men killed; another 40,000 to 50,000 Axis soldiers were wounded. In the British official history,
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The Axis gamble failed, and at the cost of heavy losses in men and materiel had only slowed the inevitable. The Allied gains were considerable; control of the North African littoral, and the Mediterranean open to traffic. Even the US defeat at Kasserine may have been paradoxically advantageous;
2274:
By 1pm on 21 February, Battlegroup von Broich was in contact with the dug-in tanks of B Squadron 2nd Lothians and Border Horse of the 26th Armoured Brigade on the Thala road and making slow progress. Rommel took direct control of the attack and forced the defences by 4pm. However, 26th Armoured
2216:
plans to send 10,000 German troops to Tunis , but the decision was never made due to the lack of Italian naval resources. Aside from Kesselring's unfulfilled promises. Ambrosio knew that even with the German support, the Italian defence would be unable to sustain. After further discussion, the
1837:
On 19 November Nehring demanded passage for his forces across the bridge at Medjez and was refused by Barré. The Germans attacked twice and were repulsed, but the French defensive success was costly, and lacking armour and artillery, the French had to withdraw. Some Vichy French forces, such as
1833:
seizing the port on 12 November. Advanced guards of the 36th Infantry Brigade reached Tebarka on 15 November and Djebel Abiod on 18 November, where they met Axis forces. Further south, on 15 November, a US parachute battalion made an unopposed drop at Youks-les-Bains, capturing the airfield and
2969:
The decision to reinforce North Africa was one of the worst of Hitler's blunders: admittedly, it kept the Mediterranean closed for six more months, with a negative impact on the Allied shipping situation but it placed some of Germany's best troops in an indefensible position from which, like
2527:
on 23 March. The German tanks rolling up lead units of the US forces ran into a minefield, and US artillery and anti-tank units opened fire. The 10th Panzer Division rapidly lost 30 tanks and retreated out of the minefield. A second attack supported by infantry in the late afternoon was also
2003:
in the Bizerte area, the 10th Panzer Division in the centre before Tunis and the 1st Infantry Division "Superga" on the southern flank, but Hitler had told Arnim that the army would grow to three mechanised and three motorised divisions. The Allies had tried to prevent the Axis build up with
1920:
Early on 26 November, as the Germans withdrew, 11 Brigade were able to enter Medjez unopposed and by late in the day had taken positions in and around Tebourba, which had also been evacuated by the Germans, preparatory to advancing on Djedeida. However, on 27 November the Germans attacked in
1711:
Division had already arrived. To counter the surface threat, Axis convoys were switched to daylight when they could be protected by air cover, simultaneously denying the Allies the advantage of using radar in night surface combat. Night convoys resumed on completion of the extension of Axis
1701:
Once operations had commenced, despite clear intelligence reports regarding the Axis reaction, the Allies were slow to respond. It was not until nearly two weeks after the landings that air and naval plans were made to interdict Axis sea transport to Tunis. At the end of November, naval
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as Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Allied forces in French North Africa. This came into effect on 20 February and at the same time, in order better to co-ordinate the activities of his two armies in Tunisia, Eisenhower at AFHQ brought First and Eighth Armies under a new headquarters,
1796:, which had been the floating reserve for the Algiers landing, eastward by sea to occupy the Algerian ports of Bougie, Philippeville, and BĂŽne and the airfield at Djedjelli, preliminary to advancing into Tunisia. The Combined Chiefs of Staff had decided that with the forces available,
1908:
behind Axis lines to the newly activated airbase at Djedeida in the afternoon and destroyed more than 20 Axis planes but lacking infantry support, withdrew to Chouigui. The understrength tank Squadrons and three M3 GMC French 75s were to hold the pass. A mixed unit of
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to sink more Italian supply ships. Large quantities of supplies became available to the British from the United States and the supply situation of the Eighth Army eventually resolved. With the Eighth Army no longer constrained, the Axis were driven westwards from
3012:
A Victory March was held in Tunis on May 20, 1943, in which units of the First and Eighth Armies and representative detachments of the American and French forces marched past, with bands playing and generals Eisenhower, Alexander and Giraud taking the salute.
2230:, a brigade group made up of US and French units, was responsible for the defence of the pass. It had not had time to organise properly but was able to direct heavy artillery fire from the surrounding heights which brought the leading mechanised units of the
1513:
was contested by the British and Italian navies, which were equally matched and exerted a reciprocal constraint supply through Alexandria, Tripoli, Benghazi and Tobruk, although the British could supply Egypt via the long route through the Atlantic around the
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before they could be overcome. This delay was critical and as a result the British force was able to prepare a significant killing field at Hunts Gap (an area between Medjez and about 24 km (15 mi) north-east of BĂ©ja). In the Southern attack
2985:
Rommel and the Axis were lulled into a false impression of US capabilities, while the Americans learned valuable lessons, and made positive changes in their command structure and tactics. With North Africa in Allied hands, plans quickly turned to the
2275:
Brigade were able to withdraw in reasonable order to the next, final, defensive line in front of Thala. Fighting at this position started at 7pm and continued at close quarters for three hours with neither side able to gain a decisive advantage.
1728:
Tunisia is said to be shaped like a pregnant woman, with its northern and much of its eastern boundary (the head and belly) on the Mediterranean coast. Most of the inland western border with Algeria (the back) is astride the eastern line of the
2808:, it had become clear to both Montgomery and Alexander that an Eighth Army attack north from Enfidaville, into strongly-held and difficult terrain, would not succeed. General Alexander gave Montgomery a holding task and transferred the British
2408:
The Eighth Army had been consolidating in front of the Mareth defences since 17 February, and launched probes westward on 26 February. On 6 March 1943, three German armoured divisions, two light divisions and nine Italian divisions launched
1800:
would not include landings close to Tunisia. Anderson needed to get his limited force east quickly, before the Axis could reinforce Tunisia, but the Allies had only two brigade groups and some additional armour and artillery for the attack.
3391:
Churchill, Winston. "The Hinges of Fate: The Second World War, Volume IV". Houghton Mifflin Company, 1950. Page 697, quoting a telegram from General Alexander on 12 May 1943: "It appears that we have taken over 1,000 guns, of which 180 are
2584:(which was some 40 km (25 mi) west of Medjez) and the third group pushing west 25 miles (40 km) south of Medjez. The northern flank of Weber's corps was to be protected by the Manteuffel Division advancing west (Operation
2300:
2081:(although the 34th Division was attached to the British IX Corps to the north). Giraud refused to have the French XIX Corps under the command of the British First Army and so they, along with the US II Corps, remained under command of
1983:(CFLN) was formed under the joint chairmanship of Giraud and de Gaulle. De Gaulle quickly eclipsed Giraud, who openly disliked political responsibility and more or less willingly from then on deferred to the Leader of the Free French.
1816:
took command of the new XC Corps on 12 November and arrived on 17 November. The French military commander in Tunisia, General Barré, moved troops into the western mountains of Tunisia and formed a defensive line from Tebersouk through
2474:-held line and established a small bridgehead west of Zarat on 20/21 March. The terrain and rain however prevented the deployment of tanks, aircraft and anti-tank guns, which left the infantry isolated. A determined counter-attack by
2085:(AFHQ). New forward airfields were built to improve air support. The Americans also began bases in Algeria and Tunisia, to form a large forward base at Maknassy, on the eastern edge of the Atlas Mountains, well placed to cut off the
1668:
landed Allied forces in Algeria (at Oran and Algiers) and Morocco (at Casablanca) with the intention that once Vichy forces in Algeria had capitulated, an advance would be made to Tunis some 800 km (500 mi) to the east.
2309:
studied the battle and relieved several senior commanders while issuing several "lessons learned" publications to improve future performance. Most important, on 6 March 1943 command of the II US Corps passed from Fredendall to
9712:
3302:
was lost before it started. Eisenhower, when accepting the Combined Chiefs' ruling, pointed out that the decision not to land east of Algiers removed the early capture of Tunis "from the realm of the probable to the remotely
2384:
The Axis also created a combined command for their two armies. Hitler and the German General Staff (OKH) believed that Arnim should assume command but Kesselring argued for Rommel. Rommel was appointed to command the new
2222:
from the US dumps there. Although he was to have 10th and 21st Panzer Divisions transferred to his command, Rommel was concerned that the new plan would dilute his force concentration and expose his flanks to threat.
1537:
in 1940, advanced 97 km (60 mi) into Egypt and more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) in a straight line from Tripoli, 600 km (370 mi) from Benghazi and 320 km (200 mi) from Tobruk. The
2235:
Sbiba they were brought to a halt by 1st Guards Brigade and 18th Regimental Combat Team which had strong field and anti-tank artillery support and were joined by two infantry regiments from 34th Infantry Division.
1871:
forced US paratroopers to abandon Gafsa. The two Allied columns concentrated at Djebel Abiod and BĂ©ja, preparing for an assault on 24 November. The 36th Brigade was to advance from Djebel Abiod toward Mateur and
1734:
facing Libya to the east, between the Matmata Hills and the coast. The French had earlier constructed a 20 kilometres (12 mi) wide and 30 kilometres (19 mi) deep series of defensive works known as the
2738:) and large numbers of German transport aircraft were shot down between Sicily and Tunis. British destroyers operating from Malta prevented marine supply, reinforcement or evacuation of Tunisia by sea (
2110:
During the first half of January, Anderson had with mixed results kept constant pressure through limited attacks and reconnaissance in strength. Arnim did the same and on 18 January, launched Operation
2007:
General Eisenhower transferred further units from Morocco and Algeria eastward into Tunisia. In the north, the British First Army, over the next three months, received three more British divisions, the
2425:, to try to convince him to abandon Tunisia and return the Axis armies to Europe. Hitler refused and Rommel was placed, in strict secrecy, on sick leave. Arnim became commander of Army Group Africa.
1382:
1975:
had displayed considerable willingness to make a deal with Darlan and the Vichyists. Consequently, Darlan's death appeared to present an opportunity to bring together the French in North Africa and
1979:'s Free French. De Gaulle and Giraud met in late January but little progress was made in reconciling their differences or the constituencies they represented. It was not until June 1943 that the
1620:
2381:
and supplies, to provide tactical support to the army during the Run for Tunis. Coningham unified the British and American operational commands and trained them in new operational practices.
1896:
self-propelled anti-tank guns, was to strike across country on minor roads in the gap between the two infantry brigades towards Sidi Nsir and make flanking attacks on Terbourba and Djedeida.
8493:
1754:. Ships could deliver supplies at night, safe from RAF patrols and return the next night, while Libya was a full-day trip, making supply operations vulnerable to daylight air attacks. In
2280:
Broich prepared to launch his attack, his front was hit by a devastating artillery barrage. Rommel told Broich to regroup and assume a defensive posture, so surrendering the initiative.
1546:, a raid and counter-attack into Libya. The 10th Army was destroyed and the WDF occupied El Agheila, some 970 km (600 mi) from Alexandria. With the arrival of the German
5035:. Vol. VIII, The Eastern Front 1943â1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts. Translated by Barry Smerin; Barbara Wilson. Clarendon Press. pp. 1100â1163.
3056:
quotes 74,500 Germans captured in May 1943. There seems to be a distinction between the entire campaign and the last few weeks when the majority of the Axis forces were captured.
3149:
2341:...I am frankly shocked at the whole situation as I have found it...Real fault has been the lack of direction from above from very beginning resulting in no policy and no plan.
1991:
Nehring, considered by most to be an excellent commander, had continually infuriated his superiors with outspoken critiques. He was "replaced" when the command was renamed the
2576:("Spring Wind"). Weber's force was to advance in three groups: a central group moving west toward Medjez el Bab; a second to the north advancing south-west, on the route from
2769:
1529:
The chronic difficulty in the supply of military forces in the desert led to several indecisive victories by both sides and long fruitless advances along the coast. The
6979:
6724:
1648:, the main landings in 1943), but agreed that these operations were impractical and should be deferred. Instead it was agreed that landings would be made to secure the
6325:
8330:
6341:
4235:
2009:
9359:
9354:
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999:
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9456:
8519:
8309:
6988:
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5802:
2743:
2690:
Panzer Army. On 25 March, Alexander ordered a counter-attack on the V Corps front and on 28 March, Anderson attacked with the 46th Infantry Division, with the
2494:
around the inland end of the line. This would coincide with the wide left hook manoeuvre Montgomery was planning with a new operation called "Supercharge II".
2560:
On 26 February, Arnim, in the mistaken belief that the Kasserine battles had forced the Allies to weaken the north to reinforce the south, launched Operation
9661:
9423:
8552:
7291:
6654:
5956:
5581:
2304:
General Alexander, Deputy Commander in Chief Allied Forces in North Africa, discussing operations for Tunisia with the Supreme Commander, General Eisenhower
9364:
6297:
6243:
5429:
2678:
shot up an entire German transport column at a place called 'Steamroller' Farm. The final attack by Lang's battered force was stopped at Hunt's Gap by the
2856:
Six days after the fall of Tunis and Bizerte, the last Axis resistance in Africa ended with the surrender of over 230,000 Germans and Italians who became
6761:
6250:
5866:
3123:
aeroplanes were destroyed and 46 "operational aircraft and almost their entire remaining air transport fleet" was lost. From 22 April until the end, the
1867:, knocked out 11 tanks but their advance was halted while the fight at Djebel Abiod continued for nine days. On 22 November, tanks from the Italian
9309:
5276:
3144:
3027:
casualties; 2,156 killed, 10,276 wounded and 7,007 missing. American casualties amounted to 18,221 men; 2,715 killed, 8,978 wounded and 6,528 missing.
556:
8528:
6647:
6087:
5963:
3159:
3154:
3087:
flew 1,000 sorties and lost 37 aircraft, including nine on the ground, while the Italians recorded the loss of ten more. From 13 to 26 December, the
2720:
1136:
2840:
of the armoured force when the attack began. The final assault was launched at 3:30 a.m. on 6 May by IX Corps, commanded by Lieutenant-General
8686:
5940:
5320:
4523:
2471:
2226:
inexperienced defenders by surprise, he sent the light armour of the 3rd Reconnaissance Battalion racing into the pass. Colonel Alexander Stark's
6377:
5689:
3273:
Mitcham lists the following tank losses with no upper limit and no noted losses to mechanical breakdowns. 34 (20 German, 14 Italian) lost in the
2796:, Longstop was captured, which opened the way to Tunis and Anderson felt a breakthrough was imminent. On 30 April, after a failed attempt by the
9640:
8708:
8461:
6196:
5498:
3164:
2764:
2608:
2596:
1481:
were characterized by chronic supply shortages and transport problems. The North African coast has few natural harbors and the British base at
1437:
8202:
1358:
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8992:
6995:
6958:
6935:
6449:
5371:
5341:
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on 4 March and the 139th Infantry Brigade was pushed slowly back over the next three weeks some 24 km (15 mi) toward Djebel Abiod.
2357:
The Casablanca Conference had agreed to reorganise the air forces in the Mediterranean to integrate them more closely; Air Chief Marshal Sir
2329:
6710:
2900:, had surrendered unconditionally to the 2nd New Zealand Division, after threatening to fight till the last round. Arnim surrendered to the
1876:
was to move down the valley of the River Merjerda to take Majaz al Bab (shown on Allied maps as Medjez el Bab or just 'Medjez') and then to
7088:
6944:
6928:
6900:
6141:
5348:
4950:
2523:
The reorganised US II Corps advanced from the passes again and got behind the Axis lines; the 10th Panzer Division counter-attacked at the
8778:
7845:
6912:
6824:
6768:
6731:
6006:
992:
2876:, reported that German resistance in the American sector ceased on 6 May and German troops started surrendering en masse. On 8 May, the
2820:
from the Eighth Army to the First Army, joining the British 1st Armoured Division which had been transferred before the main offensive.
2548:
6817:
5542:
4548:
779:
3298:
After the event, Anderson and Cunningham, the naval commander, expressed the view that without landings east of Algiers, the race for
2349:
8323:
6951:
5334:
5292:
5117:
2892:
British and Commonwealth forces reported 150,000 Axis POWs taken in the German-held sector from 5 May â 12 June. Major-General Count
2564:("Ox Head") against V Corps, across a wide front and commanded by General Weber. The main attacks were by Corps Weber which had the
8837:
8172:
5984:
5758:
5521:
5387:
5198:
2897:
2832:
2778:
2255:
3009:
writes that "it seems no exaggeration to say thatâin purely quantitative termsâTunisia was a second Stalingrad for the invaders".
8982:
7067:
6864:
6516:
5894:
5394:
5306:
5242:
4588:
2880:
surrendered to the British forces between Mateur and Tebourba. At 10:00 a.m. on 9 May, the US II Corps, under Major General
2679:
2025:
2017:
1980:
1789:
372:
3111:
lost another 100 aircraft but Italian losses are unknown. From 14 February to 28 March, 136 German aeroplanes were lost and the
2777:
The Allied forces had reorganised and during the night of 19/20 April, the Eighth Army captured Enfidaville against the Italian
2373:
had succeeded Kuter at the Allied Air Support Command, which became Northwest African Tactical Air Force under Spaatz, with the
2361:
was made commander of Mediterranean Air Command, responsible for all Allied air activity in the Mediterranean and Major General
8972:
7270:
6782:
5625:
5163:
2934:
2809:
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2533:
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2021:
2013:
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549:
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5998:
5972:
5829:
5535:
5452:
5068:
5049:
4850:
4786:
4729:
4493:
2865:
2691:
2467:
2070:
1129:
710:
700:
275:
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8099:
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7392:
6557:
6017:
6013:
5991:
5595:
2918:
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2439:
2238:
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1370:
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8014:
7478:
6810:
6796:
6002:
2877:
2565:
2033:
9105:
4593:"Official despatch by Kenneth Anderson, GOC-in-C First Army covering events in NW Africa, 8 November 1942 â 13 May 1943"
9559:
8701:
8454:
8223:
8092:
7970:
7548:
7263:
7214:
6972:
6527:
5772:
5611:
5459:
5313:
4767:
2475:
2000:
619:
4914:. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. IV. Uckfield: Naval & Military Press.
3093:
flew 1,030 sorties and lost 17 aircraft, while the Italians lost three. From 27 December 1942 to 17 January 1943, the
2682:
of the 46th Infantry Division with substantial artillery, RAF air cover and two squadrons of Churchill tanks from the
2250:
By the morning of 20 February, the bitter hand-to-hand fighting in the hills above Kasserine was continuing while the
8987:
8339:
7221:
7193:
7010:
6592:
6304:
6271:
5090:
5012:
4993:
4919:
4888:
4869:
4831:
4812:
4748:
4710:
4691:
4672:
4653:
4634:
4566:
3135:
observation aircraft and the Italians recorded the loss of 17 aeroplanes; 600+ aircraft were captured by the Allies.
829:
542:
9592:
8755:
8750:
8716:
5487:
1682:
1554:
and in April 1941 reached the limit of their supply capacity at the Egyptian border but failed to recapture Tobruk.
9692:
8939:
8622:
8376:
7534:
7471:
6606:
6435:
5558:
5031:
2599:. This attack by the Manteuffel Division made good progress across the French-held, lightly defended hills between
1930:
Axis advance and permitted a controlled withdrawal to the high ground on each side of the river west of Terbourba.
1926:
1122:
836:
8745:
8573:
6112:
9697:
9549:
8813:
8740:
8627:
7900:
7741:
7730:
7566:
7325:
7284:
7177:
7115:
6495:
5765:
5634:
5602:
2990:
2844:
who had taken over from Lieutenant-General John Crocker, who had been wounded. V Corps, under Lieutenant-General
2801:
2318:
Close air support had also been weak (although this had been hampered by the generally poor weather conditions).
1972:
6282:
5850:
9505:
9411:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8286:
8258:
8136:
7929:
7166:
6617:
6543:
6332:
5703:
5422:
5327:
5212:
2793:
2370:
1070:
86:
2588:) and forcing the Allies out of their advanced positions opposite Green Hill and the Axis-held Jefna Station.
92:
9564:
8827:
8808:
8694:
8601:
8447:
8346:
8279:
8230:
8161:
7986:
7492:
7443:
7207:
7200:
6803:
6564:
6348:
5401:
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to fight a battle of attrition under unfavourable conditions and it suffered losses that it could not afford.
2914:
2813:
2483:
2337:, which Alexander was to command. Shortly after taking up his new appointment, Alexander reported to London,
2063:
1445:
2734:
had been moved forward to airfields in Tunisia to prevent the aerial supply of Axis troops in North Africa (
1899:
1742:
were only a few easily defended passes through the Atlas Mountains. Tunisia has two big deep water ports at
9656:
9651:
8596:
8439:
8420:
8316:
7691:
7652:
6571:
6399:
6384:
6311:
6290:
6108:
5786:
5572:
5565:
5549:
5260:
5219:
5191:
3174:
2739:
2635:
2366:
1558:
1094:
964:
957:
943:
73:
9622:
2292:
formally terminated the operation. The Axis forces from Kasserine reached the Mareth line on 25 February.
9510:
9401:
8821:
8383:
7707:
7659:
7277:
7249:
7102:
6717:
6696:
6210:
5873:
5779:
5269:
4907:
4592:
4539:
3194:
2630:
1809:
1785:
1603:
1448:
forces but the massive supply interdiction efforts led to the decisive defeat of the Axis. Over 260,000
800:
2653:
Lang attacking in the northern sector were held up by a small force of artillery and a battalion of the
2130:
parts of the German-Italian Panzer Army on the Mareth defences were renamed First Italian Army (General
9702:
9212:
9041:
8944:
8181:
7677:
7596:
7541:
7429:
7385:
7035:
6661:
6585:
6480:
6357:
6229:
6222:
6182:
6155:
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5820:
5415:
5226:
5156:
5112:
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2536:
pursued the Germans 225 km (140 mi) northwards into defensive positions in the hills west of
2459:
1574:
1569:
and again reached El Agheila. The Eighth Army was soon pushed back to Gazala west of Tobruk and at the
1429:
1322:
1179:
850:
739:
8539:
2773:
Hawker Hurricanes Mark IIDs on a Tunisian airfield, preparing for a ground attack mission, April 1943.
2569:
8977:
8870:
8083:
8000:
7785:
7645:
7617:
7450:
7355:
7145:
6578:
5645:
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3253:
2986:
2455:
2434:
2369:
under Tedder, with responsibility for all air operations in Tunisia. By 23 February, Air Marshal Sir
2082:
2029:
1868:
1530:
1334:
1225:
1055:
918:
587:
5843:
3063:
lost 2,422+ aircraft in the Mediterranean theatre from November 1942 â May 1943 (41 per cent of the
2179:("morning air"), an Italian First Army battlegroup made up of the remains of the Afrika Korps under
9671:
9446:
8843:
7822:
7799:
7051:
6852:
6845:
6502:
6162:
6134:
6127:
5514:
5136:
4903:
4682:
Ceva, Lucio (1990). "The North African Campaign 1940â43: A Reconsideration". In Gooch, John (ed.).
3333:
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3237:
2893:
2654:
2529:
2498:
2326:
2193:
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2040:
1999:
arrived in Tunis unannounced on 8 December, to assume command. The Army consisted of the composite
1645:
1317:
1033:
901:
203:
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5836:
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The Bloody Road to Tunis: Destruction of the Axis Forces in North Africa, November 1942 â May 1943
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1996:
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262:
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32:
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recovered, helped by the short supply distance from Alexandria to the front line and launched
9585:
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7993:
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7513:
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5149:
3257:
3189:
3047:
US troops with abandoned German equipment including a captured American M3 halftrack May 1943
2901:
2518:
2322:
1551:
1065:
928:
717:
641:
9243:
9129:
6038:
4572:
2047:) in commanding the expanded army. On their right flank, the basis of a two-division French
1242:
9520:
9300:
9279:
9274:
9002:
8924:
8724:
8251:
8106:
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6318:
5795:
5473:
3286:
3282:
3249:
3245:
2998:
2625:
2524:
2514:
1963:
While the battles wound down, factionalism among the French again erupted. On 24 December,
1590:
1539:
1191:
1060:
1043:
923:
906:
843:
812:
727:
9086:
5123:
The Irish Brigade: 38th (Irish) Brigade at Bou Arada and Medjez el-Bab, JanuaryâApril 1943
2823:
1346:
8:
9574:
9544:
9418:
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7977:
7499:
6633:
6392:
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5749:
5733:
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4243:
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1505:
were 1,050 km (650 mi) and 640 km (400 mi) west of Alexandria on the
1298:
1264:
1038:
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855:
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705:
679:
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336:
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3278:
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2403:
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1805:
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1534:
1310:
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938:
913:
862:
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686:
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360:
9349:
4879:
Murray, Williamson A. (1995). "The World at War, 1939â45". In Parker, Geoffrey (ed.).
4801:
British Intelligence in the Second World War, Its influence on Strategy and Operations
2951:
long time their defeat in May 1943 had their forces received the supplies they needed.
1964:
9616:
9390:
9385:
9329:
9124:
8929:
8909:
8899:
8865:
8783:
8353:
8237:
8127:
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7909:
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6214:
5675:
5654:
5364:
5127:
5086:
5064:
5045:
5022:
5008:
4989:
4960:
4938:
4915:
4884:
4865:
4846:
4827:
4808:
4782:
4763:
4744:
4725:
4706:
4687:
4668:
4649:
4630:
4600:
4562:
4531:
3006:
2962:
2943:
2885:
2683:
2386:
2207:
2120:
1976:
1952:
1543:
1515:
1509:(Via Balbia) running along a narrow corridor along the coast. Control of the central
1351:
1305:
1286:
1281:
784:
763:
693:
665:
658:
636:
604:
592:
414:
402:
270:
1542:(WDF) fought a delaying action as it fell back to Mersa Matruh (Matruh), then began
9499:
9475:
9441:
9395:
9289:
9284:
8949:
8934:
8272:
8265:
8209:
7873:
7638:
7624:
7527:
7464:
7415:
7228:
7081:
7028:
6838:
6789:
6703:
5926:
5903:
5436:
5131:
4843:
Churchill's Lions: A Biographical Guide to the Key British Generals of World War II
3261:
3169:
2869:
2374:
2310:
2066:
1922:
1860:
1570:
1489:
delta was some 2,100 km (1,300 mi) by road from the main Italian port at
1271:
1220:
1186:
1101:
1080:
770:
756:
722:
631:
614:
348:
50:
36:
8880:
5445:
2180:
1853:
Two Allied brigade groups advanced toward Djebel Abiod and BĂ©ja respectively. The
461:
443:
9253:
9192:
9076:
9022:
8652:
8649:
8645:
8295:
8007:
7922:
7880:
7778:
7721:
7589:
7371:
7362:
6891:
6466:
6442:
5696:
4665:
The Plain Cook and the Great Showman: The First and Eighth Armies in North Africa
4239:
3396:, 250 tanks and many thousands of motor vehicles, most of which are operational".
3075:
flew 1,084 sorties losing 63 aircraft, including 21 destroyed on the ground. The
3043:
2994:
2861:
2857:
2746:, Eisenhower's Naval Task Force commander, issued Nelsonian orders to his ships:
2699:
2694:, 128th Infantry Brigade in reserve and reinforced by the 36th Infantry Brigade,
2334:
2212:
1992:
1947:
1813:
1730:
1665:
1625:
1615:
1594:
1566:
1506:
1457:
1201:
1174:
1169:
1164:
820:
648:
8407:
4781:. The American Military Experience. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press.
2674:
force, Y Division was able to repel the Southern attack; particularly after two
2283:
The 21st Panzer battlegroup at Sbiba was making no progress. Further south, the
2267:). Their tanks outgunned, Gore Force sustained heavy losses but bought time for
44:
9467:
9202:
9116:
9097:
9068:
9033:
9014:
8561:
8302:
7838:
7764:
5809:
5668:
5078:
4912:
The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa
2841:
2735:
2675:
2612:
2502:
2131:
1971:
succeeded him as High Commissioner. To the frustration of the Free French, the
1830:
1758:'s view, Tunisia could be held indefinitely, upsetting Allied plans in Europe.
1661:
1657:
1653:
1490:
1425:
1087:
950:
653:
456:
367:
355:
343:
173:
9713:
Campaigns, operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
9515:
9295:
5106:
9686:
9451:
8567:
8113:
6031:
5880:
5719:
4964:
4942:
4796:
4604:
4535:
3069:). At least 1,045 aircraft were destroyed; from 22 to 30 November 1942, the
2487:
2358:
2052:
1767:
1510:
1433:
1329:
1247:
1196:
1023:
891:
805:
451:
397:
331:
295:
220:
107:
94:
69:
8469:
4722:
Monty's Marauders: The 4th and 8th Armoured Brigades in the Second World War
1712:
minefields which severely restricted the activities of Force K and Force Q.
9481:
9406:
8919:
8668:
8545:
8412:
8216:
6509:
6414:
6045:
5408:
5172:
3351:
2881:
2418:
2417:
in Rome. Finding no support for his ideas, he travelled on 10 March to see
2314:
2126:
2036:
1968:
1956:
1818:
1755:
1649:
1582:
1547:
1519:
1461:
1441:
1413:
599:
433:
426:
421:
409:
384:
310:
5027:"The End of the North African Campaign and the War in Italy, 1943 to 1945"
2725:
2152:
1772:
1707:
late to affect the fighting on land because the armoured elements of 10th
9666:
9599:
8904:
8719:
8479:
8051:
8037:
7699:
6368:
6189:
6174:
5528:
4554:
3053:
2828:
2537:
2447:
1735:
1417:
1146:
534:
379:
233:
188:
1114:
8674:
7406:
7159:
7138:
6024:
5357:
5285:
3129:
lost 273 aircraft; 42 bombers, 166 fighters, 52 transport aircraft, 13
2600:
2553:
2479:
2198:
1909:
1578:
1482:
4929:
Roche, Jean P. (2006). "Question 19/05: French Surrender of Tunisia".
2478:
and the Giovani Fascisti Division on 22 March, recaptured much of the
7669:
7074:
6871:
6682:
6473:
6428:
2970:
Stalingrad, there would be no escape. Moreover, Hitler committed the
2917:
formally surrendered to British and New Zealand forces under General
2658:
2604:
2353:
Hans-JĂŒrgen von Arnim (right) Commander-in-Chief of Army Group Africa
1913:
1889:
1855:
1449:
1424:
forces from 17 November 1942 to 13 May 1943. The Allies consisted of
247:
5949:
4724:(Pen and Sword Military, Barnsley ed.). Brighton: Tom Donovan.
3312:
Previously von Broich battlegroup, renamed after a change of command
2938:
Churchill tank moves through Tunis during the liberation, 8 May 1943
977:
5933:
5661:
3218:
2/3 of the combat troops and 1/3 of the support troops were Germans
2670:
Audorff made some progress west toward Medjez el Bab but a British
2607:. Costly counter-attacks on February 27 and 2 March by part of the
2572:
and the part of the 10th Panzer Division not involved in Operation
2243:
1881:
1877:
1738:
along the plain, to defend against an Italian invasion from Libya.
1720:
1498:
5044:. Stackpole Military History. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books.
3031:
2703:
2422:
2162:
2102:
1747:
1703:
1686:
1523:
1405:
5122:
4762:. Modern War Studies. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
2889:
11 May and surrendered with their equipment to the Free French.
2581:
2482:. XXX Corps prepared a new attack towards Tallouf, in which the
2089:
in the south from Tunis and the Fifth Panzer Army in the north.
1784:
landings had ceased, creating a military vacuum in Tunisia. The
8471:
6550:
5141:
5108:
The last phases of the Tunisian campaign in an Italian newsreel
4471:
4469:
3150:
List of equipment of the United States Army during World War II
2671:
2577:
1893:
1846:
1751:
1585:
were still disputing the Mediterranean but the British hold on
1577:, only 160 km (100 mi) from Alexandria. In 1942, the
1502:
4906:; Molony, C. J. C.; Flynn, F. C. & Gleave, T. P. (2004) .
6738:
3299:
2805:
1743:
1599:
1586:
1494:
54:
4466:
2595:("Outward thrust") was to gain control of the vital town of
1841:
1825:
airfield was occupied following a parachute drop by British
5118:
The Green Howards Regimental History, â Bill Cheall's Story
4804:
4779:
Dogface Soldier: The Life of General Lucian K. Truscott, Jr
4456:
4454:
4441:
4439:
4426:
4424:
4411:
4409:
4396:
4394:
4381:
4379:
4366:
4364:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4030:
3504:
2446:
troops evacuate an injured soldier during an attack on the
1776:
Tunisia campaign operations 25 November to 10 December 1942
1486:
4862:
Blitzkrieg No Longer: The German Wehrmacht in Battle, 1943
4298:
4296:
4294:
2458:
against the Mareth Line on the night of 19/20 March 1943.
4799:; Thomas, E. E.; Ransom, C. F. G.; Knight, R. C. (1981).
4795:
4308:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4077:
4075:
2997:
wrote that it was on the same scale as the defeat in the
2639:
2134:), separate from the units (including the remains of the
1888:, an armoured regimental group made up of 37 mm gun
4500:
4451:
4436:
4421:
4406:
4391:
4376:
4361:
4349:
4332:
4249:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3105:
losses are unknown. From 18 January to 13 February, the
2908:, held the line north of Takrouna and on 12 May, cabled
1967:
was assassinated by an anti-Vichy French monarchist and
1750:, only a few hundred miles from Italian supply bases in
138:
Expulsion of German and Italian forces from North Africa
16:
Series of battles in Tunisia during the Second World War
4320:
4291:
3584:
3516:
3492:
2377:
supporting Eighth Army, under its operational control.
1834:
advanced to take the airfield at Gafsa on 17 November.
5803:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
4481:
4214:
4202:
4181:
4169:
4143:
4126:
4072:
3081:
recorded the loss of four. From 1 to 12 December, the
2913:
Army surrendered to the Eighth Army. Messe along with
2263:
regimental armoured group from 26th Armoured Brigade (
1573:
in May 1942, the Axis pushed them all the way back to
4955:. American Forces in Action Series. Washington D.C.:
4270:
3867:
3865:
3848:
Mussolini Warlord: Failed Dreams of Empire, 1940-1943
3819:
3751:
3739:
3596:
3528:
4952:
To Bizerte with the II Corps 23 April to 13 May 1943
4760:
When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler
2729:
Tunisia Campaign operations, 20 April to 13 May 1943
4629:. Liberation Trilogy. Vol. I. London: Abacus.
4627:
An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942â1943
1863:, with Luftwaffe and Italian fire support from the
1724:
Sketch map of Tunisia during the 1942â1943 campaign
4897:TORCH: North Africa and the Allied Path to Victory
4620:(Supplement). 5 November 1946. pp. 5449â5464.
3862:
3145:List of British military equipment of World War II
1903:Crusader Mk III tanks in Tunisia, 31 December 1942
1812:, and two Italian infantry divisions had arrived.
1440:. The campaign opened with initial success by the
5137:The 166th (Newfoundland) Field Artillery Regiment
3160:List of German military equipment of World War II
3155:List of French military equipment of World War II
2721:British First Army order of battle, 20 April 1943
2540:, which were held until the end of the campaign.
2202:American troops moving through the Kasserine Pass
1624:American troops land on an Algerian beach during
9684:
4233:I Was There! - How Von Arnim Surrendered at Last
3030:From 22 to 30 November 1942, the RAF flew 1,710
2748:"Sink, burn, capture, destroy. Let nothing pass"
2156:8th Army operations, 30 January to 10 April 1943
2804:, which had just arrived over 3,300 miles from
2751:little hope of continuing the battle for long.
4065:
4063:
3969:
3967:
3458:
3456:
3165:List of Italian Army equipment in World War II
2765:British First Army order of battle, 4 May 1943
194:
9708:Military history of Italy during World War II
8702:
8455:
5157:
4957:United States Army Center of Military History
4559:United States Army Center of Military History
3180:Military history of Italy during World War II
3117:lost 22 more. From 29 March to 21 April, 270
3112:
3100:
3076:
2827:German troops surrender to British crew of a
1404:) was a series of battles that took place in
1130:
993:
550:
253:
77:(5 months, 3 weeks and 5 days)
3285:, 71 (all German) lost in Operation Oxhead (
3130:
3124:
3118:
3106:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3070:
3064:
2792:The fighting was mutually costly but in the
2428:
5042:Exit Rommel: The Tunisian Campaign, 1942â43
4986:Last Stand: Famous Battles Against The Odds
4703:Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings
4193:
4060:
4042:
3976:
3964:
3812:
3810:
3800:
3798:
3577:
3575:
3453:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
2187:
238:
8709:
8695:
8462:
8448:
5164:
5150:
5058:
4899:Naval Institute Press ISBN 978-1612518237
4824:Eagle in Flames: The Fall of the Luftwaffe
4684:Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War
4220:
4101:
4099:
4087:
2472:136th Armoured Division "Giovani Fascisti"
1137:
1123:
1000:
986:
564:
557:
543:
518:290,000â362,000 (238,000-300,000 captured)
5021:
4883:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4719:
4644:Bauer, Eddy (2000) . Young, Peter (ed.).
4521:
4492:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMosier2010 (
4314:
4255:
3277:, 55 (40 German, 15 Italian) lost in the
3005:was coined for the defeat. The historian
2141:
1780:By 10 November, French opposition to the
1144:
301:
4902:
4881:Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare
4662:
4624:
4587:
4546:
4524:"Battle of Sidi Nsir a Personal Account"
4475:
4460:
4445:
4430:
4415:
4400:
4385:
4370:
4355:
4343:
4326:
4302:
4187:
4175:
4154:
4137:
4081:
4036:
3825:
3807:
3795:
3762:
3745:
3607:
3590:
3572:
3539:
3522:
3510:
3498:
3358:
3042:
2942:In 1966, the British Official Historian
2933:
2822:
2768:
2724:
2629:
2547:
2438:
2348:
2299:
2237:
2197:
2151:
2101:
1946:
1898:
1840:
1771:
1719:
1681:
1640:to land in northern France during 1942 (
1619:
150:Tunisia returns to French administration
8983:French Committee of National Liberation
5077:
4983:
4864:. Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books.
4859:
4776:
4700:
4550:Tunisia 17 November 1942 to 13 May 1943
4208:
4117:
4096:
3331:
3264:and several more lost in minor battles.
2619:
2462:of the Eighth Army commenced Operation
1981:French Committee of National Liberation
286:
179:
9685:
8973:French Civil and Military High Command
7018:
6996:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
5039:
4878:
4821:
4757:
4506:
4487:
4276:
1849:tank at Souk el Arba, 23 November 1942
1792:) was immediately ordered to send the
8690:
8443:
7867:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
7299:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
6945:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
6901:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
5999:Rape during the occupation of Germany
5145:
4928:
4643:
2556:tanks advance through a Tunisian town
2468:50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division
2397:
2123:, for the whole front on 21 January.
1118:
1007:
981:
538:
9718:Military campaigns involving Germany
9058:Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
6989:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
6014:Rape during the liberation of France
5002:
4840:
4738:
4681:
4826:. London: Arms & Armour Press.
13:
8879:
8653:Luang Prabang and Champasak (Laos)
8646:Battambang and Sisophon (Cambodia)
7215:German invasion of the Netherlands
5488:Weather events during World War II
5083:Luftwaffe Airborne and Field Units
2543:
2256:131st Armoured Division "Centauro"
2039:) had arrived to join the British
1986:
1942:
1609:
14:
9729:
8988:Provisional Consultative Assembly
8494:Military Administration in France
7846:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
5100:
4553:. WWII Campaigns. CMH Pub 72-12.
3281:, 45 (mostly German) lost in the
2851:
2779:16th Motorized Division "Pistoia"
2714:
2709:
2638:firing on targets spotted by the
2392:
2325:, it had been decided to appoint
1689:tank in a Tunisian village, 1943.
1636:discussed relatively small-scale
1472:
8718:
8406:
5171:
5032:Germany and the Second World War
4648:(rev. ed.). London: Orbis.
4528:Royal Hampshire Regiment Journal
2568:, newly arrived elements of the
2490:) was to make a night attack on
2210:, the new Chief-of-Staff of the
1959:saluting at Tunis, Tunisia, 1943
1804:The French governor in Tunisia,
1761:
460:
450:
442:
432:
420:
408:
396:
378:
366:
354:
342:
330:
303:
288:
269:
255:
240:
226:
213:
196:
181:
166:
43:
4967:. CMH Pub 100-6. Archived from
4282:
4261:
4226:
4160:
4108:
4051:
4021:
4012:
4003:
3994:
3985:
3955:
3946:
3937:
3928:
3919:
3910:
3901:
3892:
3883:
3874:
3853:
3840:
3831:
3786:
3777:
3768:
3730:
3721:
3712:
3703:
3694:
3685:
3676:
3667:
3658:
3649:
3640:
3631:
3622:
3613:
3563:
3554:
3545:
3483:
3474:
3465:
3444:
3435:
3426:
3417:
3408:
3399:
3306:
3292:
3248:, 16 lost in Operation Oxhead (
2802:56th (London) Infantry Division
1865:1st Infantry Division "Superga"
1677:
1550:, the Axis counter-attacked in
8093:Vietnamese famine of 1944â1945
5796:Territorial changes of Germany
5704:Indonesian National Revolution
3385:
3376:
3344:
3338:Newfoundland Heritage Web Site
3325:
3267:
3230:
3221:
3212:
2924:
2295:
2106:Italian General Giovanni Messe
1644:, which was the forerunner of
1:
9662:Mediterranean and Middle East
9565:End of World War II in Europe
8828:French Forces of the Interior
7493:Japanese invasion of Thailand
7444:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
7208:German invasion of Luxembourg
5582:Mediterranean and Middle East
5040:Watson, Bruce Allen (2007) .
4589:Anderson, Lt.-General Kenneth
4547:Anderson, Charles R. (1993).
4515:
3016:
2915:Kurt Freiherr von Liebenstein
2698:and French units including a
1467:
8516:Belgium and Northern France
7400:Invasion of the Soviet Union
7089:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
6400:Independent State of Croatia
4758:Glantz, David (1995). "10".
4720:Delaforce, Patrick (2008) .
4530:. Winchester: The Regiment.
3319:
3205:
3175:List of World War II Battles
2814:4th Indian Infantry Division
2484:4th Indian Infantry Division
2367:Northwest African Air Forces
2097:
2092:
2028:. By late March the British
1937:
529:Thousands of trucks captured
7:
8822:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
8384:End of World War II in Asia
8224:Western invasion of Germany
7731:Chinese famine of 1942â1943
7708:Second Battle of El Alamein
7278:Hundred Regiments Offensive
7250:Battle of the Mediterranean
7103:Italian invasion of Albania
5270:Air warfare of World War II
5059:Williamson, Gordon (2012).
4777:Heefner, Wilson A. (2010).
4646:The History of World War II
4522:Abramides, John A. (2011).
4027:Watson (2007), pp. 121, 123
3252:), at least 51 lost in the
3195:US Naval Bases North Africa
3138:
2961:In 1995 American historian
2929:
2175:To the south, in Operation
1892:light tanks and 75 mm
1794:36th Infantry Brigade Group
1604:Second Battle of El Alamein
1477:The first two years of the
10:
9734:
9213:Oradour-sur-Glane massacre
8945:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny
8838:French Expeditionary Corps
8310:Naval bombardment of Japan
7678:First Battle of El Alamein
7597:Battle of Christmas Island
7542:Japanese invasion of Burma
7306:Italian invasion of Greece
7222:German invasion of Belgium
7194:German invasion of Denmark
7167:1939â1940 Winter Offensive
7036:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
5293:Comparative military ranks
4705:. New York: Enigma Books.
4663:Blaxland, Gregory (1977).
4288:Westrate (1944), pp. 91â92
4018:Watson (2007), pp. 110â111
3952:Watson (2007), pp. 109â110
3943:Watson (2007), pp. 106â107
2904:. Messe, commander of the
2818:201st Guards Motor Brigade
2762:
2718:
2623:
2611:, 46th Infantry Division,
2512:
2432:
2401:
2191:
2145:
1765:
1715:
1672:
1613:
9636:
9606:1946 legislative election
9535:
9492:
9465:
9432:
9373:
9262:
9236:
9170:
9154:
9138:
9114:
9095:
9066:
9050:
9031:
9012:
9001:
8978:French National Committee
8958:
8890:
8877:
8871:French Forces of the West
8764:
8731:
8661:
8638:
8615:
8589:
8486:
8399:
8231:BratislavaâBrno offensive
8171:
8162:Dutch famine of 1944â1945
7899:
7786:Allied invasion of Sicily
7740:
7646:Aleutian Islands campaign
7618:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
7565:
7556:Greek famine of 1941â1944
7451:Second Battle of Changsha
7356:German invasion of Greece
7324:
7201:Battle of ZaoyangâYichang
7176:
7114:
7009:
6890:
6616:
6526:
6367:
6070:
6061:
5819:
5644:
5536:North and Central Pacific
5497:
5259:
5252:
5179:
5063:. Elite. Oxford: Osprey.
3254:Battle of the Mareth Line
3021:
2884:, cornered Major-General
2758:
2649:led to fierce fighting -
2435:Battle of the Mareth Line
2429:Battle of the Mareth Line
2254:and a battalion from the
2083:Allied Force Headquarters
1829:and this was followed by
1531:Italian invasion of Egypt
1371:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1155:
1019:
576:
520:2,422+ aircraft destroyed
504:
471:
320:
158:
61:
42:
30:
25:
9623:Trial of Philippe PĂ©tain
9550:1945 municipal elections
9447:Liberation of Strasbourg
7823:Allied invasion of Italy
7800:Solomon Islands campaign
7549:Third Battle of Changsha
7146:First Battle of Changsha
7052:Second Sino-Japanese War
5985:German military brothels
5851:United States war crimes
4860:Mitcham, Samuel (2010).
4803:. Vol. II. London:
4625:Atkinson, Rick (2004) .
4093:Perrett (2012) pp 139-40
3898:Watson (2007), pp. 89â93
3889:Watson (2007), pp. 86â87
3859:Watson (2007), pp. 80â81
3691:Watson (2007), pp. 62â63
3275:Battle of Kasserine Pass
3238:Battle of Kasserine Pass
3200:
2866:US 3rd Infantry Division
2800:of the recently arrived
2603:and the railway town of
2530:2nd New Zealand Division
2508:
2365:became commander of the
2252:Afrika Korps Kampfgruppe
2194:Battle of Kasserine Pass
2188:Battle of Kasserine Pass
1589:, and intelligence from
1460:, including most of the
9693:Tunisia in World War II
9340:Liberation of Marseille
8520:Military Administration
8245:Second Guangxi campaign
8100:Philippines (1944â1945)
7604:Battle of the Coral Sea
7507:Fall of the Philippines
7153:Battle of South Guangxi
7059:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
6458:Italian Social Republic
4984:Perrett, Bryan (2012).
4822:Hooton, E. R. (1999) .
4701:Corvaja, Santi (2001).
3332:Higgins, Jenny (2007).
3038:
2874:US 1st Armored Division
2794:Battle of Longstop Hill
2702:of specialist mountain
2570:Hermann Göring Division
2566:334th Infantry Division
2421:at his headquarters in
2075:34th Infantry Divisions
2026:78th Infantry Divisions
2018:46th Infantry Divisions
1827:3rd Parachute Battalion
1426:British Imperial Forces
581:Western Desert campaign
9698:North African campaign
9580:Provisional Government
9244:Liberation of Saint-LĂŽ
9218:Maquis de Saint-Marcel
9198:Liberation of Limousin
9162:Battle of Mont Mouchet
9146:Liberation of Limousin
9042:SyriaâLebanon campaign
8993:Provisional Government
8968:Empire Defense Council
8884:
8833:French Liberation Army
7830:Armistice of Cassibile
7632:Battle of Dutch Harbor
7583:Battle of the Java Sea
7486:Attack on Pearl Harbor
7386:SyriaâLebanon campaign
7379:Battle of South Shanxi
7349:Invasion of Yugoslavia
7132:Battle of the Atlantic
6746:Korean Liberation Army
6452:(until September 1943)
6409:(until September 1944)
6387:(until September 1944)
4895:O'Hara, Vince (2015).
4845:. Stroud: Spellmount.
4841:Mead, Richard (2007).
3783:Playfair, pp. 278â279.
3736:Playfair, pp. 258â259.
3709:Ford (1999), pp. 53â54
3682:Ford (1999), pp. 37â38
3646:Ford (1999), pp. 23â25
3628:Ford (1999), pp. 19â22
3441:Playfair, pp. 117â118.
3423:Playfair, pp. 151â152.
3382:Mitcham, pp. 56 to 84.
3227:Operational tanks only
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3048:
2982:
2959:
2939:
2860:(POWs). Major General
2846:Charles Walter Allfrey
2836:
2798:169th Infantry Brigade
2774:
2730:
2692:138th Infantry Brigade
2680:128th Infantry Brigade
2642:
2609:139th Infantry Brigade
2557:
2470:. They penetrated the
2451:
2444:Indian Medical Service
2354:
2343:
2305:
2247:
2203:
2157:
2148:Battle of Sidi Bou Zid
2142:Battle of Sidi Bou Zid
2107:
2001:von Broich battlegroup
1960:
1904:
1850:
1777:
1725:
1690:
1642:Operation Sledgehammer
1629:
1410:North African campaign
1159:Africa and Middle East
568:North African campaign
523:600+ aircraft captured
512:849 aircraft destroyed
321:Commanders and leaders
134:North African campaign
53:following the fall of
33:North African campaign
9570:Victory in Europe Day
9249:Battle of Mont Gargan
9106:Liberation of Corsica
8883:
8859:4th Moroccan Mountain
8854:3rd Algerian Infantry
8849:2nd Moroccan Infantry
7994:Second Battle of Guam
7890:Bengal famine of 1943
7860:Second Battle of Kiev
7816:Battle of the Dnieper
7521:Battle of Wake Island
7393:East African campaign
7335:Battle of South Henan
6980:atrocities by Germans
6753:Korean Volunteer Army
5727:Occupation of Germany
5481:Music in World War II
4931:Warship International
4686:. London: Routledge.
4105:Rolf (2001) pp 152-53
4009:Playfair, pp. 307â311
3991:Playfair, pp. 315â316
3934:Watson (2007), p. 105
3925:Watson (2007), p. 104
3916:Watson (2007), p. 103
3907:Watson (2007), p. 102
3258:Battle of Wadi Akarit
3190:Italian Service Units
3046:
2967:
2948:
2937:
2902:Royal Sussex Regiment
2826:
2810:7th Armoured Division
2772:
2740:Operation Retribution
2728:
2696:1st Parachute Brigade
2633:
2624:Further information:
2591:The aim of Operation
2551:
2534:1st Armoured Division
2519:Battle of Wadi Akarit
2513:Further information:
2442:
2352:
2339:
2323:Casablanca Conference
2303:
2241:
2201:
2155:
2146:Further information:
2105:
2069:), consisting of the
2058:In the south was the
1997:Hans-JĂŒrgen von Arnim
1950:
1902:
1844:
1775:
1723:
1685:
1638:amphibious operations
1623:
1557:In November 1941 the
1552:Operation Sonnenblume
1456:troops were taken as
1341:Indian Ocean and Asia
505:Casualties and losses
500:Thousands of aircraft
487:Thousands of aircraft
9555:Advance to the Rhine
9360:Battle of Montélimar
9355:Liberation of Guéret
9335:Liberation of Toulon
9208:Liberation of Guéret
8925:Dwight D. Eisenhower
8725:Liberation of France
8280:Surrender of Germany
7758:Battle of West Hubei
7715:Guadalcanal campaign
7685:Battle of Stalingrad
7611:Battle of Madagascar
6378:Albania protectorate
6165:(formerly Swaziland)
5874:Wehrmacht war crimes
5690:Expulsion of Germans
5474:Art and World War II
5372:British contribution
5321:Governments in exile
5003:Rolf, David (2001).
4575:on 17 September 2017
3880:Watson (2007), p. 84
3871:Watson (2007), p. 82
3804:Watson (2007), p. 68
3774:Watson (2007), p. 67
3727:Watson (2007), p. 64
3581:Watson (2007), p. 60
3489:Hinsley, pp. 495â496
3450:Hinsley, pp. 472â473
3287:Operation Ochsenkopf
3283:Battle of El Guettar
3250:Operation Ochsenkopf
3246:Battle of El Guettar
3099:lost 47 aeroplanes;
2999:Battle of Stalingrad
2645:The main offensive,
2626:Operation Ochsenkopf
2620:Operation Ochsenkopf
2525:Battle of El Guettar
2515:Battle of El Guettar
2501:(Lieutenant-General
2476:15th Panzer Division
2454:Montgomery launched
2330:Sir Harold Alexander
2079:1st Armored Division
2043:(Lieutenant-General
1995:and Colonel-General
1927:10th Panzer Division
1810:10th Panzer Division
1788:(Lieutenant-General
1540:Western Desert Force
527:1,000+ guns captured
9560:Invasion of Germany
9424:Battle of Meximieux
9419:Battle of Arracourt
9381:Liberation of Nancy
9345:Liberation of Paris
9325:Battle of La Ciotat
9320:Battle of Port Cros
9285:Liberation of Brest
9270:Battle for Brittany
9188:Battle of Cherbourg
8616:Japanese occupation
8553:Reichsgau Oberrhein
8370:Potsdam Declaration
8259:Italy (Spring 1945)
8022:Liberation of Paris
7479:Siege of Sevastopol
6490:(until August 1944)
6393:Wang Jingwei regime
6215:from September 1943
6175:from September 1944
6113:from September 1944
5973:Romanian war crimes
5964:Persecution of Jews
5950:Croatian war crimes
5920:Japanese war crimes
5734:Occupation of Japan
5683:First Indochina War
5395:Military production
5307:Declarations of war
5061:Afrikakorps 1941â43
5007:. Greenhill Books.
4478:, pp. 460â461.
4244:The War Illustrated
4039:, pp. 337â342.
3816:Watson (2007), p.77
3513:, pp. 117â119.
3352:"Tunisian Campaign"
2965:was more critical:
2898:90th Light Division
2896:, commander of the
2894:Theodor von Sponeck
2872:, commander of the
2864:, commander of the
2657:for a whole day at
2636:4.5 inch medium gun
1861:German paratroopers
1559:British Eighth Army
1497:. Smaller ports at
1479:war in North Africa
1400:(also known as the
706:Battle of Point 175
337:Dwight D Eisenhower
104: /
49:German and Italian
9628:Klaus Barbie trial
9365:Liberation of Nice
9183:Battle of Carentan
9178:Operation Overlord
8915:Bernard Montgomery
8885:
8590:Italian occupation
8529:Reichskommissariat
8363:Surrender of Japan
8196:Battle of Iwo Jima
8045:Belgrade offensive
7458:Siege of Leningrad
7342:Battle of Shanggao
7271:British Somaliland
7236:Dunkirk evacuation
7187:Norwegian campaign
7125:Invasion of Poland
6952:Japanese prisoners
5913:Italian war crimes
5844:British war crimes
5759:Soviet occupations
5543:South-West Pacific
5430:Allied cooperation
5388:Military equipment
5023:Schreiber, Gerhard
4904:Playfair, I. S. O.
4743:. Stroud: Sutton.
4741:Battleaxe Division
4739:Ford, Ken (1999).
4667:. London: Kimber.
4617:The London Gazette
4557:, Washington, DC:
4238:2009-01-06 at the
3846:H. James Burgwyn,
3700:Ford (1999), p. 50
3673:Ford (1999), p. 40
3637:Ford (1999), p. 23
3619:Ford (1999), p. 17
3279:Battle of Medenine
3242:Battle of Medenine
3185:Panzer Army Africa
3049:
2987:invasion of Sicily
2940:
2868:and Major General
2837:
2787:Battle of Hill 609
2775:
2731:
2655:Hampshire Regiment
2643:
2558:
2456:Operation Pugilist
2452:
2404:Battle of Medenine
2398:Battle of Medenine
2355:
2306:
2248:
2204:
2158:
2108:
2055:) was assembling.
2034:Lieutenant-General
1961:
1905:
1851:
1778:
1726:
1691:
1632:In July 1942, the
1630:
1606:in November 1942.
1563:Operation Crusader
361:Bernard Montgomery
9703:Tunisian campaign
9680:
9679:
9617:Trente Glorieuses
9593:Ăpuration sauvage
9531:
9530:
9391:Operation Undergo
9386:Operation Astonia
9330:Provence landings
9130:Battle of GliĂšres
9125:Battle of Vercors
9087:Battle of RĂ©union
9082:Tunisian campaign
8930:Raymond O. Barton
8910:Winston Churchill
8900:Charles de Gaulle
8684:
8683:
8499:zone occupée/nord
8487:German occupation
8437:
8436:
8395:
8394:
8238:Battle of Okinawa
8137:Burma (1944â1945)
7971:Mariana and Palau
7751:Tunisian campaign
7576:Fall of Singapore
7500:Fall of Hong Kong
7243:Battle of Britain
7096:Operation Himmler
7005:
7004:
6669:Dutch East Indies
6305:Southern Rhodesia
6057:
6056:
5957:Genocide of Serbs
5860:German war crimes
5837:Soviet war crimes
5830:Allied war crimes
5676:Division of Korea
5655:Chinese Civil War
5453:Strategic bombing
5365:Manhattan Project
5128:Tunisian campaign
5070:978-1-78096-982-4
5051:978-0-8117-3381-6
4852:978-1-86227-431-0
4788:978-0-82621-882-7
4731:978-1-84415-630-6
4069:Playfair, p. 327.
4057:Playfair, p. 306.
4048:Playfair, p. 326.
3982:Playfair, p. 305.
3718:Playfair, p. 266.
3664:Ford (1999), p.28
3655:Ford (1999), p.25
3569:Playfair, p. 152.
3560:Eisenhower, p. 90
3462:Playfair, p. 239.
3432:Playfair, p. 116.
3414:Playfair, p. 114.
3405:Playfair, p. 111.
3334:"Royal Artillery"
3256:, 32 lost in the
3244:, 40 lost in the
3114:Regia Aeronautica
3102:Regia Aeronautica
3078:Regia Aeronautica
3007:Gerhard Schreiber
2979:Williamson Murray
2963:Williamson Murray
2944:I. S. O. Playfair
2886:Gustav von Vaerst
2684:North Irish Horse
2387:Army Group Africa
2208:Vittorio Ambrosio
2121:Laurence S. Kuter
1977:Charles de Gaulle
1953:Charles de Gaulle
1869:L Special Brigade
1821:(Medjez el Bab).
1652:in North Africa (
1650:Vichy territories
1646:Operation Roundup
1544:Operation Compass
1516:Cape of Good Hope
1402:Battle of Tunisia
1398:Tunisian campaign
1391:
1390:
1383:Wallis and Futuna
1112:
1111:
1011:Tunisian campaign
975:
974:
588:Invasion of Egypt
533:
532:
498:1,000+ field guns
485:1,200+ field guns
415:Albert Kesselring
403:Vittorio Ambrosio
154:
153:
26:Tunisian campaign
9725:
9586:Ăpuration lĂ©gale
9538:
9500:Atlantic pockets
9476:Atlantic pockets
9442:Battle of Alsace
9396:Atlantic pockets
9290:Atlantic pockets
9228:Battle of Ushant
9223:Maquis de Saffré
9010:
9009:
8961:
8950:Philippe Kieffer
8940:Philippe Leclerc
8935:George S. Patton
8893:
8779:Commando Kieffer
8767:
8723:
8722:
8711:
8704:
8697:
8688:
8687:
8623:French Indochina
8534:
8524:
8511:
8503:
8464:
8457:
8450:
8441:
8440:
8430:
8423:
8416:
8413:World portal
8411:
8410:
8386:
8379:
8372:
8365:
8356:
8349:
8342:
8333:
8326:
8319:
8312:
8305:
8298:
8289:
8282:
8275:
8273:Prague offensive
8268:
8266:Battle of Berlin
8261:
8254:
8247:
8240:
8233:
8226:
8219:
8212:
8210:Vienna offensive
8205:
8198:
8191:
8189:Battle of Manila
8184:
8164:
8155:
8146:
8139:
8130:
8123:
8116:
8109:
8102:
8095:
8088:
8079:
8070:
8063:
8054:
8047:
8040:
8033:
8024:
8017:
8010:
8003:
7996:
7989:
7982:
7973:
7966:
7957:
7948:
7939:
7932:
7930:KorsunâCherkassy
7925:
7914:
7892:
7883:
7876:
7869:
7862:
7855:
7848:
7841:
7832:
7825:
7818:
7811:
7802:
7795:
7788:
7781:
7774:
7772:Bombing of Gorky
7767:
7760:
7753:
7733:
7726:
7717:
7710:
7703:
7694:
7687:
7680:
7673:
7662:
7655:
7648:
7641:
7639:Battle of Midway
7634:
7627:
7625:Battle of Gazala
7620:
7613:
7606:
7599:
7592:
7585:
7578:
7558:
7551:
7544:
7537:
7535:Battle of Borneo
7530:
7528:Malayan campaign
7523:
7516:
7509:
7502:
7495:
7488:
7481:
7474:
7472:Bombing of Gorky
7467:
7465:Battle of Moscow
7460:
7453:
7446:
7439:
7432:
7425:
7409:
7402:
7395:
7388:
7381:
7374:
7365:
7358:
7351:
7344:
7337:
7317:
7308:
7301:
7294:
7287:
7280:
7273:
7266:
7259:
7252:
7245:
7238:
7231:
7229:Battle of France
7224:
7217:
7210:
7203:
7196:
7189:
7169:
7162:
7155:
7148:
7141:
7134:
7127:
7105:
7098:
7091:
7084:
7082:Munich Agreement
7077:
7070:
7061:
7054:
7047:
7038:
7031:
7016:
7015:
6998:
6991:
6982:
6975:
6968:
6967:Soviet prisoners
6961:
6954:
6947:
6938:
6931:
6922:
6915:
6908:
6907:German prisoners
6903:
6883:
6874:
6867:
6860:
6855:
6848:
6841:
6834:
6827:
6820:
6813:
6806:
6799:
6792:
6785:
6778:
6771:
6764:
6755:
6748:
6741:
6734:
6727:
6720:
6713:
6706:
6699:
6692:
6685:
6678:
6671:
6664:
6657:
6650:
6643:
6636:
6629:
6609:
6602:
6595:
6588:
6581:
6574:
6567:
6560:
6553:
6546:
6539:
6519:
6512:
6505:
6498:
6491:
6483:
6476:
6469:
6460:
6453:
6445:
6438:
6436:French Indochina
6431:
6424:
6417:
6410:
6402:
6395:
6388:
6380:
6360:
6351:
6344:
6335:
6328:
6321:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6286:
6283:from August 1944
6274:
6267:
6260:
6253:
6246:
6239:
6232:
6225:
6218:
6206:
6199:
6192:
6185:
6178:
6166:
6158:
6151:
6144:
6137:
6130:
6123:
6116:
6104:
6097:
6090:
6083:
6068:
6067:
6048:
6041:
6034:
6027:
6020:
6009:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5975:
5966:
5959:
5952:
5943:
5936:
5929:
5927:Nanjing Massacre
5922:
5915:
5906:
5904:Nuremberg trials
5897:
5890:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5862:
5853:
5846:
5839:
5832:
5812:
5805:
5798:
5789:
5782:
5775:
5768:
5761:
5754:
5745:
5736:
5729:
5722:
5715:
5706:
5699:
5692:
5685:
5678:
5671:
5664:
5657:
5637:
5628:
5621:
5614:
5605:
5598:
5591:
5584:
5575:
5568:
5561:
5552:
5545:
5538:
5531:
5524:
5517:
5510:
5508:Asia and Pacific
5490:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5439:
5437:Mulberry harbour
5432:
5425:
5418:
5411:
5404:
5397:
5390:
5383:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5330:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5302:
5295:
5288:
5279:
5272:
5257:
5256:
5245:
5238:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5143:
5142:
5132:Internet Archive
5109:
5096:
5074:
5055:
5036:
5018:
4999:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4946:
4925:
4908:Butler, J. R. M.
4894:
4875:
4856:
4837:
4818:
4792:
4773:
4754:
4735:
4716:
4697:
4678:
4659:
4640:
4621:
4608:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4571:. Archived from
4543:
4538:. Archived from
4510:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4485:
4479:
4473:
4464:
4458:
4449:
4443:
4434:
4428:
4419:
4413:
4404:
4398:
4389:
4383:
4374:
4368:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4330:
4324:
4318:
4312:
4306:
4300:
4289:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4267:Playfair, p. 419
4265:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4246:, June 11, 1943.
4230:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4141:
4135:
4124:
4121:
4115:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4094:
4091:
4085:
4079:
4070:
4067:
4058:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4019:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4001:
4000:Playfair, p. 271
3998:
3992:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3974:
3973:Playfair, p. 304
3971:
3962:
3961:Playfair, p. 303
3959:
3953:
3950:
3944:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3908:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3860:
3857:
3851:
3844:
3838:
3837:Playfair, p. 294
3835:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3805:
3802:
3793:
3792:Playfair, p. 279
3790:
3784:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3570:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3451:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3397:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3329:
3313:
3310:
3304:
3296:
3290:
3271:
3265:
3262:Operation Vulcan
3240:, 6 lost in the
3236:183 lost in the
3234:
3228:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3170:Tunisian Victory
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
2980:
2957:
2919:Bernard Freyberg
2870:Ernest N. Harmon
2858:prisoners of war
2493:
2389:on 23 February.
2375:Desert Air Force
2371:Arthur Coningham
2311:George S. Patton
2242:Germans fire an
2067:Lloyd Fredendall
1923:Wolfgang Fischer
1790:Kenneth Anderson
1571:Battle of Gazala
1565:, relieving the
1458:prisoners of war
1430:Greek contingent
1414:Second World War
1150:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1014:
1012:
1002:
995:
988:
979:
978:
571:
569:
559:
552:
545:
536:
535:
464:
455:
454:
446:
437:
436:
425:
424:
413:
412:
401:
400:
383:
382:
373:Kenneth Anderson
371:
370:
359:
358:
349:Harold Alexander
347:
346:
335:
334:
313:
309:
307:
306:
298:
294:
292:
291:
274:
273:
265:
261:
259:
258:
250:
246:
244:
243:
232:
230:
229:
219:
217:
216:
206:
202:
200:
199:
191:
187:
185:
184:
172:
170:
169:
119:
118:
116:
115:
114:
109:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
70:17 November 1942
63:
62:
51:prisoners of war
47:
37:Second World War
23:
22:
9733:
9732:
9728:
9727:
9726:
9724:
9723:
9722:
9683:
9682:
9681:
9676:
9632:
9611:Fourth Republic
9536:
9527:
9488:
9461:
9434:
9428:
9369:
9350:Maillé massacre
9258:
9254:Operation Cobra
9232:
9193:Battle for Caen
9166:
9150:
9134:
9110:
9091:
9077:Operation Torch
9062:
9046:
9027:
9023:Battle of Gabon
9004:
8997:
8959:
8954:
8891:
8886:
8875:
8844:1st Free French
8765:
8760:
8727:
8717:
8715:
8685:
8680:
8657:
8639:Thai occupation
8634:
8611:
8597:Mainland France
8585:
8574:settlement zone
8540:Alsace-Lorraine
8532:
8522:
8509:
8501:
8482:
8468:
8438:
8433:
8426:
8419:
8405:
8403:
8391:
8382:
8375:
8368:
8361:
8352:
8345:
8338:
8329:
8324:Atomic bombings
8322:
8315:
8308:
8301:
8294:
8285:
8278:
8271:
8264:
8257:
8250:
8243:
8236:
8229:
8222:
8215:
8208:
8201:
8194:
8187:
8180:
8167:
8160:
8149:
8142:
8135:
8126:
8119:
8112:
8105:
8098:
8091:
8082:
8073:
8066:
8057:
8050:
8043:
8036:
8027:
8020:
8015:Eastern Romania
8013:
8008:Warsaw Uprising
8006:
8001:Tannenberg Line
7999:
7992:
7987:Western Ukraine
7985:
7976:
7969:
7960:
7951:
7942:
7935:
7928:
7917:
7908:
7895:
7888:
7879:
7872:
7865:
7858:
7851:
7844:
7837:
7828:
7821:
7814:
7805:
7798:
7791:
7784:
7779:Battle of Kursk
7777:
7770:
7763:
7756:
7749:
7736:
7729:
7720:
7713:
7706:
7697:
7690:
7683:
7676:
7667:
7658:
7651:
7644:
7637:
7630:
7623:
7616:
7609:
7602:
7595:
7590:St Nazaire Raid
7588:
7581:
7574:
7561:
7554:
7547:
7540:
7533:
7526:
7519:
7512:
7505:
7498:
7491:
7484:
7477:
7470:
7463:
7456:
7449:
7442:
7435:
7428:
7414:
7405:
7398:
7391:
7384:
7377:
7372:Anglo-Iraqi War
7370:
7363:Battle of Crete
7361:
7354:
7347:
7340:
7333:
7320:
7311:
7304:
7297:
7292:Eastern Romania
7290:
7283:
7276:
7269:
7262:
7255:
7248:
7241:
7234:
7227:
7220:
7213:
7206:
7199:
7192:
7185:
7172:
7165:
7158:
7151:
7144:
7137:
7130:
7123:
7110:
7101:
7094:
7087:
7080:
7073:
7066:
7057:
7050:
7043:
7034:
7027:
7001:
6994:
6987:
6978:
6971:
6966:
6957:
6950:
6943:
6934:
6927:
6918:
6911:
6906:
6899:
6886:
6879:
6870:
6863:
6858:
6853:Western Ukraine
6851:
6844:
6837:
6830:
6823:
6816:
6809:
6802:
6797:Northeast China
6795:
6788:
6781:
6774:
6767:
6760:
6751:
6744:
6737:
6730:
6723:
6716:
6709:
6702:
6695:
6688:
6681:
6674:
6667:
6660:
6653:
6646:
6639:
6632:
6625:
6612:
6605:
6598:
6591:
6584:
6577:
6570:
6563:
6556:
6549:
6542:
6535:
6522:
6515:
6508:
6501:
6496:Slovak Republic
6494:
6486:
6479:
6472:
6467:Empire of Japan
6465:
6456:
6448:
6441:
6434:
6427:
6420:
6413:
6405:
6398:
6391:
6383:
6376:
6363:
6356:
6347:
6340:
6331:
6324:
6317:
6310:
6303:
6296:
6289:
6277:
6270:
6263:
6256:
6249:
6242:
6235:
6228:
6221:
6209:
6202:
6195:
6188:
6181:
6169:
6161:
6154:
6147:
6140:
6133:
6126:
6119:
6107:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6053:
6044:
6037:
6030:
6023:
6012:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5979:Sexual violence
5978:
5971:
5962:
5955:
5948:
5939:
5932:
5925:
5918:
5911:
5902:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5865:
5858:
5849:
5842:
5835:
5828:
5815:
5808:
5801:
5794:
5785:
5778:
5771:
5764:
5757:
5748:
5739:
5732:
5725:
5718:
5709:
5702:
5697:Greek Civil War
5695:
5688:
5681:
5674:
5667:
5660:
5653:
5640:
5633:
5624:
5617:
5610:
5601:
5594:
5587:
5580:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5548:
5541:
5534:
5527:
5522:South-East Asia
5520:
5513:
5506:
5493:
5486:
5479:
5472:
5465:
5458:
5451:
5444:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5381:Military awards
5379:
5370:
5363:
5356:
5347:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5275:
5268:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5206:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5175:
5170:
5107:
5103:
5093:
5079:Windrow, Martin
5071:
5052:
5015:
4996:
4974:
4972:
4971:on 26 July 2012
4949:
4922:
4891:
4872:
4853:
4834:
4815:
4789:
4770:
4751:
4732:
4713:
4694:
4675:
4656:
4637:
4610:
4578:
4576:
4569:
4518:
4513:
4505:
4501:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4474:
4467:
4459:
4452:
4444:
4437:
4429:
4422:
4414:
4407:
4399:
4392:
4384:
4377:
4369:
4362:
4354:
4350:
4342:
4333:
4325:
4321:
4317:, p. 1109.
4313:
4309:
4301:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4254:
4250:
4240:Wayback Machine
4231:
4227:
4221:Williamson 2012
4219:
4215:
4207:
4203:
4199:Playfair, p.460
4198:
4194:
4186:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4153:
4144:
4136:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4080:
4073:
4068:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3808:
3803:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3761:
3752:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3606:
3597:
3593:, pp. 4â6.
3589:
3585:
3580:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3551:Hinsley, p. 492
3550:
3546:
3538:
3529:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3480:Hinsley, p. 493
3479:
3475:
3471:Hinsley, p. 487
3470:
3466:
3461:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3359:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3293:
3272:
3268:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3141:
3041:
3024:
3019:
2995:Joseph Goebbels
2981:
2978:
2958:
2955:
2932:
2927:
2910:Comando Supremo
2862:Lucian Truscott
2854:
2767:
2761:
2723:
2717:
2712:
2686:under command.
2676:Churchill tanks
2628:
2622:
2546:
2544:Northern sector
2521:
2511:
2491:
2486:(Major-General
2466:along with the
2437:
2431:
2415:Comando Supremo
2411:Operation Capri
2406:
2400:
2395:
2335:18th Army Group
2298:
2290:Comando Supremo
2219:Comando Supremo
2213:Comando Supremo
2196:
2190:
2150:
2144:
2100:
2095:
2045:Charles Allfrey
1993:5th Panzer Army
1989:
1987:Command changes
1965:François Darlan
1945:
1943:French politics
1940:
1814:Walther Nehring
1770:
1764:
1731:Atlas Mountains
1718:
1680:
1675:
1666:Operation Torch
1626:Operation Torch
1618:
1616:Operation Torch
1612:
1610:Operation Torch
1595:Royal Air Force
1567:Siege of Tobruk
1507:Litoranea Balbo
1475:
1470:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1113:
1108:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1006:
976:
971:
888:
881:
826:
817:
711:2nd Bir el Gubi
701:1st Bir el Gubi
584:
572:
567:
565:
563:
528:
526:
525:450+ tanks lost
524:
521:
519:
514:340+ tanks lost
513:
511:
499:
497:
495:
493:
486:
484:
482:
480:
467:
449:
439:H. J. von Arnim
431:
419:
407:
395:
389:
377:
365:
353:
341:
329:
316:
304:
302:
289:
287:
280:
268:
256:
254:
241:
239:
227:
225:
214:
212:
197:
195:
182:
180:
167:
165:
146:
128:Allied victory
112:
110:
106:
103:
98:
95:
93:
91:
90:
89:
76:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9731:
9721:
9720:
9715:
9710:
9705:
9700:
9695:
9678:
9677:
9675:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9641:WW II theatres
9637:
9634:
9633:
9631:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9596:
9589:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9541:
9539:
9533:
9532:
9529:
9528:
9526:
9525:
9524:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9496:
9494:
9490:
9489:
9487:
9486:
9485:
9484:
9472:
9470:
9463:
9462:
9460:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9438:
9436:
9430:
9429:
9427:
9426:
9421:
9416:
9415:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9377:
9375:
9371:
9370:
9368:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9306:
9305:
9304:
9303:
9298:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9266:
9264:
9260:
9259:
9257:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9240:
9238:
9234:
9233:
9231:
9230:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9203:Tulle massacre
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9174:
9172:
9168:
9167:
9165:
9164:
9158:
9156:
9152:
9151:
9149:
9148:
9142:
9140:
9136:
9135:
9133:
9132:
9127:
9121:
9119:
9112:
9111:
9109:
9108:
9102:
9100:
9093:
9092:
9090:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9073:
9071:
9064:
9063:
9061:
9060:
9054:
9052:
9048:
9047:
9045:
9044:
9038:
9036:
9029:
9028:
9026:
9025:
9019:
9017:
9007:
8999:
8998:
8996:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8964:
8962:
8960:Administration
8956:
8955:
8953:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8896:
8894:
8888:
8887:
8878:
8876:
8874:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8862:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8818:
8817:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8794:3rd Army Corps
8791:
8781:
8776:
8774:Army of Africa
8770:
8768:
8762:
8761:
8759:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8732:
8729:
8728:
8714:
8713:
8706:
8699:
8691:
8682:
8681:
8679:
8678:
8671:
8665:
8663:
8659:
8658:
8656:
8655:
8648:
8642:
8640:
8636:
8635:
8633:
8632:
8631:
8630:
8619:
8617:
8613:
8612:
8610:
8609:
8607:French Tunisia
8604:
8599:
8593:
8591:
8587:
8586:
8584:
8583:
8581:French Tunisia
8578:
8577:
8576:
8571:
8562:Zone interdite
8558:
8557:
8556:
8549:
8537:
8536:
8535:
8525:
8514:
8513:
8512:
8504:
8490:
8488:
8484:
8483:
8470:Occupation of
8467:
8466:
8459:
8452:
8444:
8435:
8434:
8432:
8431:
8424:
8417:
8400:
8397:
8396:
8393:
8392:
8390:
8389:
8388:
8387:
8380:
8373:
8359:
8358:
8357:
8343:
8340:South Sakhalin
8336:
8335:
8334:
8320:
8313:
8306:
8299:
8292:
8291:
8290:
8276:
8269:
8262:
8255:
8248:
8241:
8234:
8227:
8220:
8213:
8206:
8199:
8192:
8185:
8177:
8175:
8169:
8168:
8166:
8165:
8158:
8157:
8156:
8140:
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5669:Decolonization
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5101:External links
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4797:Hinsley, F. H.
4793:
4787:
4774:
4769:0-7006-071-7-X
4768:
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4597:London Gazette
4585:
4567:
4544:
4542:on 2013-05-09.
4517:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4499:
4490:, p. 208.
4480:
4465:
4463:, p. 401.
4450:
4448:, p. 355.
4435:
4433:, p. 284.
4420:
4418:, p. 278.
4405:
4403:, p. 189.
4390:
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4375:
4373:, p. 179.
4360:
4358:, p. 536.
4348:
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4331:
4329:, p. 461.
4319:
4315:Schreiber 2017
4307:
4305:, p. 537.
4290:
4281:
4279:, p. 322.
4269:
4260:
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4256:Delaforce 2008
4248:
4225:
4213:
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3527:
3525:, p. 171.
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3373:Mitcham, p. 78
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2878:334th Division
2853:
2852:Axis surrender
2850:
2842:Brian Horrocks
2760:
2757:
2736:Operation Flax
2716:
2713:
2711:
2710:Allied victory
2708:
2663:Hampshire Farm
2621:
2618:
2613:No. 1 Commando
2545:
2542:
2510:
2507:
2503:Brian Horrocks
2433:Main article:
2430:
2427:
2402:Main article:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2393:Southern front
2391:
2297:
2294:
2192:Main article:
2189:
2186:
2143:
2140:
2132:Giovanni Messe
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2020:, joining the
1988:
1985:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1845:US crew of an
1831:No. 6 Commando
1806:Admiral Esteva
1766:Main article:
1763:
1760:
1717:
1714:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1614:Main article:
1611:
1608:
1602:following the
1593:, allowed the
1474:
1473:Western Desert
1471:
1469:
1466:
1428:, including a
1389:
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1034:Kasserine Pass
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902:Kasserine Pass
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654:Raid on Bardia
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494:350,000 troops
488:
481:500,000 troops
474:
473:
469:
468:
466:
465:
457:Giovanni Messe
447:
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417:
405:
392:
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375:
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339:
326:
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87:French Tunisia
85:
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67:
59:
58:
57:on 12 May 1943
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9652:Western Front
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8814:32nd Infantry
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8807:
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8789:Cavalry Corps
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8568:Atlantic Wall
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8347:Kuril Islands
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8170:
8163:
8159:
8154:
8153:
8148:
8147:
8145:
8141:
8138:
8134:
8129:
8125:
8124:
8122:
8118:
8115:
8114:Syrmian Front
8111:
8108:
8104:
8101:
8097:
8094:
8090:
8087:
8086:
8081:
8078:
8077:
8072:
8069:
8065:
8062:
8061:
8060:Market Garden
8056:
8053:
8049:
8046:
8042:
8039:
8035:
8032:
8031:
8026:
8023:
8019:
8016:
8012:
8009:
8005:
8002:
7998:
7995:
7991:
7988:
7984:
7981:
7980:
7975:
7972:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7959:
7956:
7955:
7950:
7947:
7946:
7941:
7938:
7934:
7931:
7927:
7924:
7920:
7919:Monte Cassino
7916:
7913:
7912:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7902:
7898:
7891:
7887:
7882:
7878:
7875:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7864:
7861:
7857:
7854:
7850:
7847:
7843:
7840:
7836:
7831:
7827:
7826:
7824:
7820:
7817:
7813:
7810:
7809:
7804:
7801:
7797:
7794:
7790:
7787:
7783:
7780:
7776:
7773:
7769:
7766:
7762:
7759:
7755:
7752:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7743:
7739:
7732:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7719:
7716:
7712:
7709:
7705:
7702:
7701:
7696:
7693:
7689:
7686:
7682:
7679:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7657:
7654:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7643:
7640:
7636:
7633:
7629:
7626:
7622:
7619:
7615:
7612:
7608:
7605:
7601:
7598:
7594:
7591:
7587:
7584:
7580:
7577:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7568:
7564:
7557:
7553:
7550:
7546:
7543:
7539:
7536:
7532:
7529:
7525:
7522:
7518:
7515:
7511:
7508:
7504:
7501:
7497:
7494:
7490:
7487:
7483:
7480:
7476:
7473:
7469:
7466:
7462:
7459:
7455:
7452:
7448:
7445:
7441:
7438:
7434:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7422:
7417:
7413:
7408:
7404:
7403:
7401:
7397:
7394:
7390:
7387:
7383:
7380:
7376:
7373:
7369:
7364:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7353:
7350:
7346:
7343:
7339:
7336:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7327:
7323:
7316:
7315:
7310:
7307:
7303:
7300:
7296:
7293:
7289:
7286:
7285:Baltic states
7282:
7279:
7275:
7272:
7268:
7265:
7261:
7258:
7254:
7251:
7247:
7244:
7240:
7237:
7233:
7230:
7226:
7223:
7219:
7216:
7212:
7209:
7205:
7202:
7198:
7195:
7191:
7188:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7179:
7175:
7168:
7164:
7161:
7157:
7154:
7150:
7147:
7143:
7140:
7136:
7133:
7129:
7126:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7113:
7104:
7100:
7097:
7093:
7090:
7086:
7083:
7079:
7076:
7072:
7071:
7069:
7065:
7060:
7056:
7053:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7042:
7037:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7021:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7008:
6997:
6993:
6990:
6986:
6981:
6977:
6974:
6970:
6969:
6965:
6960:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6949:
6946:
6942:
6937:
6933:
6930:
6929:United States
6926:
6921:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6910:
6909:
6905:
6902:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6893:
6889:
6882:
6878:
6873:
6869:
6866:
6865:Quá»c dĂąn ÄáșŁng
6862:
6861:
6857:
6854:
6850:
6847:
6843:
6840:
6836:
6833:
6829:
6826:
6822:
6819:
6815:
6812:
6808:
6805:
6801:
6798:
6794:
6791:
6787:
6784:
6780:
6777:
6773:
6770:
6766:
6763:
6759:
6754:
6750:
6747:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6736:
6733:
6729:
6726:
6722:
6719:
6715:
6712:
6708:
6705:
6701:
6698:
6694:
6691:
6687:
6684:
6680:
6677:
6673:
6670:
6666:
6663:
6659:
6656:
6652:
6649:
6645:
6642:
6638:
6635:
6631:
6628:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6619:
6615:
6608:
6604:
6601:
6597:
6594:
6590:
6587:
6583:
6580:
6576:
6573:
6569:
6566:
6565:Liechtenstein
6562:
6559:
6555:
6552:
6548:
6545:
6541:
6538:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6529:
6525:
6518:
6517:Collaboration
6514:
6511:
6507:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6482:
6478:
6475:
6471:
6468:
6464:
6459:
6455:
6454:
6451:
6447:
6444:
6440:
6437:
6433:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6419:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6401:
6397:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6359:
6355:
6350:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6342:United States
6339:
6334:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6316:
6313:
6309:
6306:
6302:
6299:
6295:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6273:
6269:
6266:
6262:
6259:
6255:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6241:
6238:
6234:
6231:
6227:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6205:
6201:
6198:
6194:
6191:
6187:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6157:
6153:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6139:
6136:
6132:
6129:
6125:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6092:
6089:
6085:
6082:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6060:
6047:
6043:
6040:
6036:
6033:
6032:Comfort women
6029:
6026:
6022:
6019:
6016: /
6015:
6011:
6008:
6005: /
6004:
6001: /
6000:
5996:
5993:
5992:Camp brothels
5989:
5986:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5974:
5970:
5965:
5961:
5958:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5942:
5938:
5935:
5931:
5928:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5917:
5914:
5910:
5905:
5901:
5896:
5892:
5889:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5881:The Holocaust
5878:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5867:forced labour
5864:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5841:
5838:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5811:
5807:
5804:
5800:
5797:
5793:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5777:
5774:
5770:
5767:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5738:
5735:
5731:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5720:Marshall Plan
5717:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5687:
5684:
5680:
5677:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5636:
5632:
5627:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5604:
5600:
5597:
5593:
5590:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5574:
5573:Eastern Front
5570:
5567:
5566:Western Front
5563:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5551:
5547:
5544:
5540:
5537:
5533:
5530:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5489:
5485:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5464:
5461:
5460:Puppet states
5457:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5402:Naval history
5399:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5373:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5359:
5355:
5350:
5349:United States
5346:
5343:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5233:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5200:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5181:
5178:
5174:
5167:
5162:
5160:
5155:
5153:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130: at the
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5105:
5104:
5094:
5092:9780850451146
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5066:
5062:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5043:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5014:9781853674457
5010:
5006:
5001:
4997:
4995:9781780225265
4991:
4987:
4982:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4927:
4923:
4921:1-84574-068-8
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4892:
4890:0-521-79431-5
4886:
4882:
4877:
4873:
4871:9780811742061
4867:
4863:
4858:
4854:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4833:1-86019-995-X
4829:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4814:0-11-630934-2
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4761:
4756:
4752:
4750:0-7509-1893-4
4746:
4742:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4714:
4712:1-92963-100-6
4708:
4704:
4699:
4695:
4693:0-7146-3369-0
4689:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4674:0-7183-0185-4
4670:
4666:
4661:
4657:
4655:1-85605-552-3
4651:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4636:0-349-11636-9
4632:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4609:published in
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4574:
4570:
4568:0-16-038106-1
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4519:
4508:
4503:
4495:
4489:
4484:
4477:
4476:Playfair 2004
4472:
4470:
4462:
4461:Playfair 2004
4457:
4455:
4447:
4446:Playfair 2004
4442:
4440:
4432:
4431:Playfair 2004
4427:
4425:
4417:
4416:Playfair 2004
4412:
4410:
4402:
4401:Playfair 2004
4397:
4395:
4387:
4386:Playfair 2004
4382:
4380:
4372:
4371:Playfair 2004
4367:
4365:
4357:
4356:Atkinson 2004
4352:
4345:
4344:Playfair 2004
4340:
4338:
4336:
4328:
4327:Playfair 2004
4323:
4316:
4311:
4304:
4303:Atkinson 2004
4299:
4297:
4295:
4285:
4278:
4273:
4264:
4257:
4252:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4229:
4222:
4217:
4210:
4205:
4196:
4190:, p. 14.
4189:
4188:Anderson 1946
4184:
4178:, p. 13.
4177:
4176:Anderson 1946
4172:
4163:
4157:, p. 12.
4156:
4155:Anderson 1946
4151:
4149:
4147:
4140:, p. 11.
4139:
4138:Anderson 1946
4134:
4132:
4130:
4120:
4111:
4102:
4100:
4090:
4084:, p. 10.
4083:
4082:Anderson 1946
4078:
4076:
4066:
4064:
4054:
4045:
4038:
4037:Playfair 2004
4033:
4024:
4015:
4006:
3997:
3988:
3979:
3970:
3968:
3958:
3949:
3940:
3931:
3922:
3913:
3904:
3895:
3886:
3877:
3868:
3866:
3856:
3849:
3843:
3834:
3827:
3826:Anderson 1946
3822:
3813:
3811:
3801:
3799:
3789:
3780:
3771:
3764:
3763:Anderson 1946
3759:
3757:
3755:
3747:
3746:Anderson 1946
3742:
3733:
3724:
3715:
3706:
3697:
3688:
3679:
3670:
3661:
3652:
3643:
3634:
3625:
3616:
3609:
3608:Anderson 1946
3604:
3602:
3600:
3592:
3591:Anderson 1946
3587:
3578:
3576:
3566:
3557:
3548:
3541:
3540:Anderson 1946
3536:
3534:
3532:
3524:
3523:Playfair 2004
3519:
3512:
3511:Playfair 2004
3507:
3500:
3499:Playfair 2004
3495:
3486:
3477:
3468:
3459:
3457:
3447:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3411:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3379:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3353:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3324:
3309:
3301:
3295:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3263:
3260:, 12 lost in
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3224:
3215:
3211:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3055:
3045:
3036:
3033:
3028:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2975:
2973:
2966:
2964:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2936:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2835:, 6 May 1943.
2834:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2771:
2766:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2722:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2574:FrĂŒhlingswind
2571:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2550:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2497:On 26 March,
2495:
2489:
2488:Francis Tuker
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2359:Arthur Tedder
2351:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2293:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2200:
2195:
2185:
2182:
2181:Karl BĂŒlowius
2178:
2173:
2171:
2170:FrĂŒhlingswind
2168:In Operation
2166:
2164:
2154:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2104:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2064:Major General
2061:
2056:
2054:
2053:Alphonse Juin
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1973:US government
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
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1848:
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1835:
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1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1774:
1769:
1768:Run for Tunis
1762:Run for Tunis
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1732:
1722:
1713:
1710:
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1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1511:Mediterranean
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1465:
1463:
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1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1365:North America
1364:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1330:Colmar Pocket
1328:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
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1300:
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1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1238:Monte Cassino
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1221:Eastern Front
1219:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1197:Run for Tunis
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1176:
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1171:
1168:
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1128:
1126:
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1120:
1117:
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1100:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1071:Longstop Hill
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1024:Run for Tunis
1022:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1003:
998:
996:
991:
989:
984:
983:
980:
968:
967:
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961:
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956:
954:
953:
949:
947:
946:
942:
940:
937:
935:
934:Longstop Hill
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
909:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
892:Run for Tunis
890:
889:
887:
886:
878:
877:
873:
871:
868:
866:
865:
861:
859:
858:
854:
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849:
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840:
839:
835:
833:
832:
828:
827:
825:
824:
823:
814:
811:
807:
806:Outpost Snipe
804:
803:
802:
799:
797:
796:
792:
788:
787:
783:
782:
781:
778:
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769:
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748:
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623:
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583:
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553:
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541:
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522:
516:
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508:
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492:
489:
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463:
458:
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448:
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435:
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297:
285:
284:
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277:
272:
267:
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252:
249:
237:
235:
224:
222:
221:United States
211:
210:
205:
193:
190:
178:
177:
176:
175:
163:
162:
157:
149:
144:
143:
137:
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131:
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117:
88:
84:
81:
80:
75:
71:
68:
65:
64:
60:
56:
52:
46:
41:
38:
34:
29:
24:
19:
9615:
9598:
9591:
9584:
9545:End of Vichy
9081:
8920:Henri Giraud
8820:
8673:
8669:Vichy France
8606:
8580:
8570:coastal zone
8560:
8551:
8546:Gau Westmark
8544:
8527:
8506:
8498:
8476:its colonies
8421:Bibliography
8404:
8217:Project Hula
8182:VistulaâOder
8151:
8084:
8075:
8059:
8029:
7978:
7962:
7953:
7944:
7910:
7807:
7750:
7722:
7698:
7668:
7419:
7312:
7257:North Africa
6959:Soviet Union
6913:Soviet Union
6839:Soviet Union
6607:Vatican City
6510:Vichy France
6415:German Reich
6312:Soviet Union
6298:South Africa
6291:Sierra Leone
6244:Newfoundland
6063:Participants
6046:Marocchinate
5750:
5741:
5711:
5589:North Africa
5550:Indian Ocean
5409:Nazi plunder
5300:Cryptography
5173:World War II
5082:
5060:
5041:
5030:
5004:
4988:. Hachette.
4985:
4973:. Retrieved
4969:the original
4951:
4934:
4930:
4911:
4896:
4880:
4861:
4842:
4823:
4800:
4778:
4759:
4740:
4721:
4702:
4683:
4664:
4645:
4626:
4615:
4596:
4577:. Retrieved
4573:the original
4549:
4540:the original
4527:
4502:
4483:
4351:
4322:
4310:
4284:
4272:
4263:
4251:
4228:
4216:
4209:Heefner 2010
4204:
4195:
4183:
4171:
4162:
4123:Windrow p 23
4119:
4114:Watson p 113
4110:
4089:
4053:
4044:
4032:
4023:
4014:
4005:
3996:
3987:
3978:
3957:
3948:
3939:
3930:
3921:
3912:
3903:
3894:
3885:
3876:
3855:
3847:
3842:
3833:
3828:, p. 9.
3821:
3788:
3779:
3770:
3765:, p. 8.
3748:, p. 7.
3741:
3732:
3723:
3714:
3705:
3696:
3687:
3678:
3669:
3660:
3651:
3642:
3633:
3624:
3615:
3610:, p. 6.
3586:
3565:
3556:
3547:
3542:, p. 2.
3518:
3506:
3494:
3485:
3476:
3467:
3446:
3437:
3428:
3419:
3410:
3401:
3387:
3378:
3346:
3337:
3327:
3308:
3294:
3269:
3232:
3223:
3214:
3060:
3058:
3050:
3029:
3025:
3011:
3002:
2983:
2971:
2968:
2960:
2949:
2941:
2909:
2891:
2882:Omar Bradley
2855:
2838:
2791:
2783:
2776:
2753:
2747:
2732:
2715:Allied plans
2688:
2667:
2662:
2650:
2646:
2644:
2597:Djebel Abiod
2592:
2590:
2585:
2573:
2561:
2559:
2522:
2496:
2492:23/24 March,
2463:
2453:
2414:
2407:
2383:
2379:
2356:
2344:
2340:
2320:
2315:Omar Bradley
2307:
2289:
2285:Afrika Korps
2284:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2232:Afrika Korps
2231:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2211:
2205:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2159:
2136:Afrika Korps
2135:
2127:Erwin Rommel
2125:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2086:
2057:
2037:John Crocker
2022:6th Armoured
2006:
1990:
1969:Henri Giraud
1962:
1957:Charles Mast
1955:and General
1932:
1919:
1906:
1885:
1874:11th Brigade
1854:
1852:
1836:
1823:
1819:Majaz al Bab
1803:
1797:
1781:
1779:
1740:
1727:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1678:Allied plans
1631:
1583:Italian Navy
1556:
1548:Afrika Korps
1528:
1520:Indian Ocean
1476:
1462:Afrika Korps
1438:French corps
1401:
1397:
1395:
1352:
1323:
1287:
1277:Saint-Marcel
1258:
1253:Mont Mouchet
1226:
1208:
1202:
1180:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1044:
1029:Sidi Bou Zid
1009:
965:
958:
951:
944:
907:
897:Sidi Bou Zid
884:
883:
875:
870:Port Lyautey
863:
856:
844:
837:
830:
821:
819:
794:
785:
771:
764:
757:
750:
735:Mersa Matruh
694:
687:
680:
673:
666:
659:Twin Pimples
642:
610:Sidi Barrani
600:Fort Capuzzo
593:
579:
517:
490:
483:1,800+ tanks
477:
427:Erwin Rommel
385:Henri Giraud
204:Newfoundland
164:
159:Belligerents
127:
31:Part of the
18:
9600:Tripartisme
9575:Victory Day
9511:La Rochelle
9402:La Rochelle
8905:Jean Moulin
8866:Second Army
8840:Divisions:
8809:1st Armored
8751:Netherlands
8480:Axis powers
8152:Bodenplatte
8038:Gothic Line
7264:West Africa
6811:Philippines
6790:Netherlands
6655:Czech lands
6593:Switzerland
6537:Afghanistan
6481:Philippines
6349:Puerto Rico
6265:Philippines
6251:New Zealand
6237:Netherlands
6190:Free France
5941:Prosecution
5742:Osoaviakhim
5612:West Africa
5596:East Africa
5243:Conferences
4612:"No. 37779"
4555:Fort McNair
4507:Glantz 1995
4488:Mosier 2010
4277:Murray 1995
4166:Mead, p. 44
3054:John Mosier
2946:wrote that
2829:Stuart tank
2742:). Admiral
2668:Kampfgruppe
2651:Kampfgruppe
2538:Enfidaville
2448:Mareth Line
2363:Carl Spaatz
2228:Stark Force
2087:Panzerarmee
2060:US II Corps
1886:Blade Force
1884:and Tunis.
1736:Mareth Line
1518:and by the
1408:during the
1147:Free French
1096:Retribution
1066:Wadi Akarit
1056:Mareth Line
959:Retribution
929:Wadi Akarit
919:Mareth Line
801:2nd Alamein
740:1st Alamein
643:Sonnenblume
263:New Zealand
234:Free France
145:Territorial
132:End of the
111: /
74:13 May 1943
9687:Categories
9435:March 1945
9433:Nov 1944 -
9280:Saint-Malo
9139:March 1944
8784:First Army
8746:Luxembourg
8675:Zone libre
8252:West Hunan
8085:Pointblank
7421:Silver Fox
7407:Summer War
7160:Winter War
7139:Phoney War
6920:Azerbaijan
6881:Yugoslavia
6776:Luxembourg
6618:Resistance
6358:Yugoslavia
6223:Luxembourg
6025:Sook Ching
5821:War crimes
5423:Technology
5416:Opposition
5358:Lend-Lease
5335:Australian
5328:Home front
5286:Blitzkrieg
5236:Casualties
5227:Commanders
5199:Operations
5085:. Osprey.
4599:. London.
4516:References
3303:possible".
3017:Casualties
2763:See also:
2744:Cunningham
2719:See also:
2647:Ochsenkopf
2634:A British
2601:Cap Serrat
2562:Ochsenkopf
2554:Panzer III
2480:bridgehead
2277:Nick Force
2269:Nick Force
2265:Gore Force
2246:in Tunisia
2177:Morgenluft
1914:Panzer IVs
1910:Panzer III
1786:First Army
1579:Royal Navy
1575:El Alamein
1483:Alexandria
1468:Background
1416:, between
1318:Strasbourg
1299:Marseilles
1192:Bir Hakeim
1061:El Guettar
1045:Ochsenkopf
924:El Guettar
908:Ochsenkopf
851:Casablanca
845:Blackstone
813:El Agheila
780:Camouflage
745:Alam Halfa
728:Bir Hakeim
496:200+ tanks
9537:Aftermath
9374:Sept 1944
9237:July 1944
8317:Manchuria
8203:Indochina
7979:Bagration
7430:Lithuania
7075:Anschluss
6872:Viet Minh
6769:Lithuania
6711:Hong Kong
6474:Manchukuo
6429:Azad Hind
6088:Australia
5888:Aftermath
5751:Paperclip
5646:Aftermath
5446:Total war
5314:Diplomacy
5277:In Europe
4965:835824109
4959:. 1990 .
4943:0043-0374
4605:0374-3721
4536:221485318
3320:Citations
3206:Footnotes
3126:Luftwaffe
3120:Luftwaffe
3108:Luftwaffe
3096:Luftwaffe
3090:Luftwaffe
3084:Luftwaffe
3072:Luftwaffe
3066:Luftwaffe
3061:Luftwaffe
3003:Tunisgrad
2972:Luftwaffe
2925:Aftermath
2659:Sidi Nsir
2605:Sedjenane
2593:Ausladung
2586:Ausladung
2460:XXX Corps
2296:Aftermath
2113:Eilbote I
2093:Kasserine
2051:(General
2049:XIX Corps
1938:Aftermath
1890:M3 Stuart
1856:Luftwaffe
1535:10th Army
1522:into the
1359:Indochina
1149:campaigns
1039:Sedjenane
876:Brushwood
857:Reservist
751:Agreement
718:Fort Lamy
681:Battleaxe
625:Beda Fomm
248:Australia
9647:Atlantic
9493:May 1945
9315:Ăgletons
9263:Aug 1944
9171:Jun 1944
9155:May 1944
9051:Dec 1941
9005:campaign
8662:See also
8628:Cambodia
8523:(1940â4)
8510:(1942â4)
8507:zone sud
8502:(1940â4)
8428:Category
8377:document
8287:document
8144:Ardennes
8128:Budapest
8076:Crossbow
7954:Overlord
7793:Smolensk
7011:Timeline
6846:Slovakia
6832:Thailand
6683:Ethiopia
6648:Bulgaria
6572:Portugal
6503:Thailand
6385:Bulgaria
6163:Eswatini
6156:Ethiopia
6109:Bulgaria
5934:Unit 731
5895:Response
5712:Keelhaul
5662:Cold War
5635:Americas
5626:timeline
5619:Atlantic
5499:Theaters
5081:(1972).
5025:(2017).
4591:(1946).
4509:, ch 10.
4236:Archived
3139:See also
2977:â
2956:Playfair
2954:â
2930:Analysis
2906:1st Army
2816:and the
2704:Goumiers
2464:Pugilist
2244:88mm gun
2206:General
2077:and the
2030:IX Corps
1951:General
1925:, whose
1882:Djedeida
1878:Tebourba
1499:Benghazi
1434:American
1324:Nordwind
1311:Dompaire
1306:Lorraine
1259:Overlord
1181:Exporter
1076:Hill 609
1051:Medenine
939:Hill 609
914:Medenine
864:Terminal
831:Flagpole
795:Braganza
688:Crusader
674:Skorpion
637:Giarabub
472:Strength
108:34°N 9°E
82:Location
9667:Pacific
9516:Lorient
9506:Dunkirk
9412:Dunkirk
9296:Lorient
8892:Leaders
8736:Belgium
8602:Corsica
8478:by the
8354:Shumshu
8121:Hungary
8068:Estonia
8052:Lapland
8030:Dragoon
7963:Neptune
7945:Ichi-Go
7911:Tempest
7853:Changde
7808:Cottage
7700:Jubilee
7416:Finland
7314:Compass
7020:Prelude
6973:Finland
6859:Vietnam
6825:Romania
6697:Germany
6676:Estonia
6662:Denmark
6641:Belgium
6634:Austria
6627:Albania
6558:Ireland
6544:Andorra
6528:Neutral
6488:Romania
6422:Hungary
6407:Finland
6279:Romania
6171:Finland
6149:Denmark
6095:Belgium
6081:Algeria
5787:Romania
5773:Hungary
5529:Pacific
5253:General
5207:Leaders
5192:Battles
5185:Outline
5113:YouTube
4975:13 July
4910:(ed.).
4579:14 June
3850:, p.277
3032:sorties
2552:German
2499:X Corps
2423:Ukraine
2327:General
2321:At the
2313:, with
2163:Sbeitla
2098:Prelude
2041:V Corps
1748:Bizerte
1716:Tunisia
1704:Force K
1673:Prelude
1662:Tunisia
1658:Algeria
1654:Morocco
1533:by the
1524:Red Sea
1491:Tripoli
1485:on the
1454:Italian
1446:Italian
1432:, with
1412:of the
1406:Tunisia
1377:Oceania
1353:Crimson
1347:RĂ©union
1288:Dragoon
1282:Vercors
1243:GliĂšres
1233:Corsica
1209:Tunisia
885:Tunisia
838:Kingpin
786:Bertram
765:Caravan
695:Flipper
667:Brevity
620:Mechili
605:Nibeiwa
594:Compass
311:Germany
147:changes
35:of the
9457:Bitche
9310:Lioran
9275:Rennes
9003:French
8766:Forces
8756:Norway
8533:(1944)
8472:France
8331:Debate
8303:Taipei
8296:Borneo
7874:Tarawa
7068:Europe
7029:Africa
6818:Poland
6804:Norway
6783:Malaya
6762:Latvia
6704:Greece
6690:France
6586:Sweden
6551:Bhutan
6272:Poland
6258:Norway
6230:Mexico
6197:Greece
6183:France
6121:Canada
6102:Brazil
6072:Allies
6018:Serbia
6007:Poland
5780:Poland
5766:Baltic
5559:Europe
5261:Topics
5213:Allied
5089:
5067:
5048:
5011:
4992:
4963:
4941:
4918:
4887:
4868:
4849:
4830:
4811:
4785:
4766:
4747:
4728:
4709:
4690:
4671:
4652:
4633:
4603:
4565:
4534:
3132:Storch
3022:Allied
2833:Frendj
2812:, the
2759:Battle
2672:ad hoc
2578:Mateur
2419:Hitler
2016:, and
1894:M3 GMC
1847:M3 Lee
1756:Hitler
1752:Sicily
1709:Panzer
1634:Allies
1503:Tobruk
1450:German
1442:German
1422:Allied
1294:Toulon
1215:Europe
1103:Strike
1082:Vulcan
966:Strike
945:Vulcan
772:Nicety
758:Bigamy
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615:Bardia
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7937:Narva
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7881:Makin
7839:Burma
7723:Torch
7692:Rzhev
7653:Kiska
6739:Korea
6725:Japan
6718:Italy
6600:Tibet
6579:Spain
6450:Italy
6211:Italy
6204:India
6128:China
6003:Japan
5603:Italy
5515:China
5467:Women
4935:XLIII
3394:88-mm
3300:Tunis
3201:Notes
2991:Italy
2831:near
2806:Syria
2700:tabor
2509:GabĂšs
1798:Torch
1782:Torch
1744:Tunis
1687:Tiger
1600:Egypt
1591:Ultra
1587:Malta
1495:Libya
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1203:Torch
1187:Kufra
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632:Kufra
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9468:1945
9466:Apr
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9098:1943
9069:1942
9067:Nov
9034:1941
9032:Jun
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8474:and
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7670:Blue
7660:Attu
7567:1942
7326:1941
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7116:1939
7045:Asia
6892:POWs
6732:Jews
6443:Iraq
6369:Axis
6319:Tuva
6135:Cuba
5220:Axis
5087:ISBN
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4977:2010
4961:OCLC
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