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413:. The five buildings of the complex were converted in March or April 1976 into a prison and an interrogation center. Other buildings in town had already been used as prison S-21. The Khmer Rouge renamed the complex "Security Prison 21" (S-21) and construction began to adapt the prison for the inmates: the buildings were enclosed in electrified barbed wire, the classrooms converted into tiny prison and torture chambers, and all windows were covered with iron bars and barbed wire to prevent escapes and suicides.
529:(DK) policy. The perpetrators who were found out were executed. Although many prisoners died from this kind of abuse, killing them outright was discouraged, since the Khmer Rouge needed their confessions. The "Medical Unit" at Tuol Sleng, however, did kill at least 100 prisoners by bleeding them to death. It is proven that medical experiments were performed on certain prisoners. There is clear evidence that patients in Cambodia were sliced open and had organs removed with no anesthetic. The camp's director,
504:
778:
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559:("Crow's Feet Pond") extermination centre, fifteen kilometers from Phnom Penh. There, they were killed by a group of teenagers led by a Comrade Teng, being battered to death with iron bars, pickaxes, machetes and many other makeshift weapons owing to the scarcity and cost of ammunition. After the prisoners were executed, the soldiers who had accompanied them from S-21 buried them in graves that held between as few as 6 and as many as 100 bodies.
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interrogations, and they were expected to obey 30 regulations, which barred them from such things as taking naps, sitting down or leaning against a wall while on duty. They had to walk, guard, and examine everything carefully. Guards who made serious mistakes were arrested, interrogated, jailed and put to death. Most of the people employed at S-21 were terrified of making mistakes and feared being tortured and killed.
377:
64:
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Prisoners were routinely beaten and tortured with electric shocks, searing hot metal instruments and hanging, as well as through the use of various other devices. Some prisoners were cut with knives or suffocated with plastic bags. Other methods for generating confessions included pulling out fingernails while pouring alcohol on the wounds, holding prisoners' heads under water, and the use of the
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41:
1022:), the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum is included as a point of interest for those visiting Cambodia. Tuol Sleng also remains an important educational site as well as memorial for Cambodians. Since 2010, the ECCC brings Cambodians on a 'study tour' consisting of the Tuol Sleng, followed by the Choeung Ek, and finishing at the ECCC complex. The tour drew approximately 27,000 visitors in 2010.
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third section of the confession text described prisoners' thwarted conspiracies and supposed treasonous conversations. At the end, the confessions would list a string of traitors who were the prisoners' friends, colleagues, or acquaintances. Some lists contained over a hundred names. People whose names were in the confession list were often called in for interrogation.
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the walls or the concrete floor. Those who were held in the large mass cells were collectively shackled to long pieces of iron bar. The shackles were fixed to alternating bars; the prisoners slept with their heads in opposite directions. They slept on the floor without mats, mosquito nets, or blankets. They were forbidden to talk to each other.
626:. His confession was signed a week before the Vietnamese army invaded Cambodia and ousted the Khmer Rouge. In 1989, Deeds's brother, Karl Deeds, traveled to Cambodia in attempts to find his brother's remains, but was unsuccessful. On September 3, 2012, DeLance's photograph was identified among the caches of inmate portraits.
603:
Witnesses reported that a foreigner was burned alive; initially, it was suggested that this might have been John
Dewhirst, but a survivor would later identify Kerry Hamill as the victim of this particular act of brutality. Robert Hamill, his brother and a champion Atlantic rower, would years later make a documentary,
536:
In their confessions, the prisoners were asked to describe their personal background. If they were party members, they had to say when they joined the revolution and describe their work assignments in DK. Then the prisoners would relate their supposed treasonous activities in chronological order. The
494:
and other ailments. The prison's medical staff were untrained and offered treatment only to sustain prisoners' lives after they had been injured during interrogation. When prisoners were taken from one place to another for interrogation, they were blindfolded. Guards and prisoners were not allowed to
469:
and required to give detailed autobiographies, beginning with their childhood and ending with their arrest. After that, they were forced to strip to their underwear, and their possessions were confiscated. The prisoners were then taken to their cells. Those taken to the smaller cells were shackled to
839:
In 1979, Hồ Văn Tây, a
Vietnamese combat photographer, was the first journalist to document Tuol Sleng to the world. Hồ and his colleagues followed the stench of rotting corpses to the gates of Tuol Sleng. The photos of Tây documenting what he saw when he entered the site are exhibited in Tuol Sleng
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unit. The hot unit (sometimes called the cruel unit) was allowed to use torture. In contrast, the cold unit (sometimes called the gentle unit) was prohibited from using torture to obtain confessions. If they could not make prisoners confess, they would transfer them to the hot unit. The chewing unit
703:
The prison had a staff of 1,720 people throughout the whole period. Of those, approximately 300 were office staff, internal workforce and interrogators. The other 1,400 were general workers, including people who grew food for the prison. Several of these workers were children taken from the prisoner
602:
when their boat drifted into
Cambodian territory and was intercepted by Khmer patrol boats on August 13, 1978. Glass was killed during the arrest, while Dewhirst and Hamill were captured, blindfolded, and taken to shore. Both were executed after having been tortured for several months at Tuol Sleng.
473:
The day began in the prison at 4:30 a.m. when prisoners were ordered to strip for inspection. The guards checked to see if the shackles were loose or if the prisoners had hidden objects they could use to commit suicide. Over the years, several prisoners managed to kill themselves, so the guards
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Other rooms contain only a rusting iron bedframe, beneath a black and white photograph showing the room as it was found by the
Vietnamese. In each photograph, the mutilated body of a prisoner is chained to the bed, killed by his fleeing captors only hours before the prison was captured. Other rooms
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Even though the vast majority of the victims were
Cambodian, some were foreigners, including 488 Vietnamese, 31 Thai, four French, two Americans, two Australians, one Laotian, one Arab, one Briton, one Canadian, one New Zealander, and one Indonesian. Khmers of Indian and Pakistani descent were also
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regime and included soldiers, government officials, as well as academics, doctors, teachers, students, factory workers, monks, engineers, etc. Later, the party leadership's paranoia turned on its own ranks and purges throughout the country saw thousands of party activists and their families brought
663:. All three said they were kept alive because they had skills their captors judged to be useful. Bou Meng, whose wife was killed in the prison, is an artist. Chum Mey was kept alive because of his skills in repairing machinery. Chim Meth was held in S-21 for two weeks and transferred to the nearby
590:
It is possible that a handful of French nationals who went missing after the 1975 evacuation of Phnom Penh also passed through S-21. Two
Americans were captured under similar circumstances. James Clark and Lance McNamara in April 1978 were sailing when their boat drifted off course and sailed into
520:
Most prisoners at S-21 were held there for two to three months. Within two or three days after they were brought to S-21, all prisoners were taken for interrogation. The torture system at Tuol Sleng was designed to make prisoners confess to whatever crimes they were charged with by their captors.
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The documentation unit was responsible for transcribing tape recorded confessions, typing the handwritten notes from prisoners' confessions, preparing summaries of confessions, and maintaining files. In the photography sub-unit, workers took mug shots of prisoners when they arrived, pictures of
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The prison had very strict regulations, and severe beatings were inflicted upon any prisoner who disobeyed. Almost every action had to be approved by one of the prison's guards. The prisoners were sometimes forced to eat human feces and drink human urine. The unhygienic living conditions in the
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and Chum Mey, confronting their former Khmer Rouge captors, including guards, interrogators, a doctor and a photographer. The focus of the film is the difference between the feelings of the survivors, who want to understand what happened at Tuol Sleng to warn future generations, and the former
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The Khmer Rouge required that the prison staff make a detailed dossier for each prisoner. Included in the documentation was a photograph. Since the original negatives and photographs were separated from the dossiers in the 1979–1980 period, most of the photographs remain anonymous to this day.
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in trucks. The few who remained were seen as a security risk. Though most of the foreign victims were either
Vietnamese or Thai, a number of Western prisoners, many picked up at sea by Khmer Rouge patrol boats, also passed through S-21 between April 1976 and December 1978. No foreign prisoners
416:
From 1976 to 1979, an estimated 20,000 people were imprisoned at Tuol Sleng (the precise number is unknown). At any one time, the prison held between 1,000 and 1,500 prisoners. They were repeatedly tortured and coerced into naming family members and close associates, who were in turn arrested,
963:
The buildings at Tuol Sleng are preserved, with some rooms still appearing just as they were when the Khmer Rouge were driven out in 1979. The regime kept extensive records, including thousands of photographs. Several rooms of the museum are now lined, floor to ceiling, with black and white
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has recently estimated that, in fact, at least 179 prisoners were freed from S-21 between 1975 and 1979 and approximately 23 prisoners (including 5 children, two of them siblings Norng
Chanphal and Norng Chanly) survived when the prison was liberated in January 1979. One child died shortly
552:. Physical torture was combined with sleep deprivation and deliberate neglect of the prisoners. The torture implements are on display in the museum. It is believed that the vast majority of prisoners were innocent of the charges against them and that the torture produced false confessions.
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The defense unit was the largest unit in S-21. The guards in this unit were mostly teenagers. Many guards found the unit's strict rules hard to obey. Guards were not allowed to talk to prisoners, to learn their names, or to beat them. They were also forbidden to observe or eavesdrop on
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were very careful in checking the shackles and cells. The prisoners received four small spoonfuls of rice porridge and a watery soup of leaves twice a day. Drinking water without asking the guards for permission resulted in serious beatings. The inmates were hosed down every four days.
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When prisoners were first brought to Tuol Sleng, they were made aware of ten rules that they were to follow during their incarceration. What follows is what is posted today at the Tuol Sleng Museum; the imperfect grammar is a result of faulty translation from the original Khmer:
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Out of an estimated 20,000 people imprisoned at Tuol Sleng, there were only twelve known survivors: seven adults and five children. One child died shortly after the liberation. As of mid-September 2011, only three of the adults and four children are thought to still be alive:
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thereafter. Of the 179 prisoners who were released, most disappeared and only a few are known to have survived after 1979. It was found that at least 60 persons (out of the DC Cam list) who are listed as having survived were first released but later rearrested and executed.
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Some of the staff who worked in Tuol Sleng also ended up as prisoners. They confessed to being lazy in preparing documents, to having damaged machines and various equipment, and to having beaten prisoners to death without permission when assisting with interrogations.
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regime from 1975 until its fall in 1979. From 1976 to 1979, an estimated 20,000 people were imprisoned at Tuol Sleng and it was one of between 150 and 196 torture and execution centers established by the Khmer Rouge and the secret police known as the
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As of 1999, there were a total of 79 foreign victims on record, but former Tuol Sleng Khmer Rouge photographer Nim Im claims that the records are not complete. On top of that, there is also an eyewitness account of a
507:
Waterboard displayed at Tuol Sleng. Prisoners' legs were shackled to the bar on the right, their wrists were restrained to the brackets on the left and hot water was poured over their face using the blue watering
1403:
587:, where they had worked tending cattle. Another Frenchman named Andre Gaston Courtigne, a 30-year-old clerk and typist at the French embassy, was arrested the same month along with his Khmer wife in Siem Reap.
1045:(right) after having received a copy of the Duch verdict on August 12, 2010. They are three of only a handful of survivors from the secret Khmer Rouge prison S-21 where at least 12,273 people were
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For the first year of S-21's existence, corpses were buried near the prison. However, by the end of 1976, cadres ran out of burial spaces, and the prisoner and family members were taken to the
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To accommodate the victims of purges that were important enough for the attention of the Khmer Rouge, a new detention center was planned in the building that was formerly known as
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prisoners who had died while in detention, and pictures of important prisoners after they were executed. Thousands of photographs have survived, but thousands are still missing.
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Typical confessions ran into thousands of words in which the prisoner would interweave true events in their lives with imaginary accounts of their espionage activities for the
2714:
1395:
1834:
598:, a British tourist, was one of the youngest foreigners to die in the prison. He was sailing with his New Zealand companion, Kerry Hamill, and their Canadian friend
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Cambodian waters. They were arrested by Khmer patrol boats, taken ashore, where they were blindfolded, placed on trucks, and taken to the then-deserted Phnom Penh.
1334:
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on April 27, 2009, Duch claimed the ten security regulations were a fabrication of the
Vietnamese officials that first set up the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum.
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Do nothing, sit still and wait for my orders. If there is no order, keep quiet. When I ask you to do something, you must do it right away without protesting.
611:
679:, who was spared because of his ability to paint, died on September 5, 2011. Norng Chan Phal, one of the surviving children, published his story in 2018.
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87:
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1360:""Keeping Them Alive, One Gets Nothing; Killing Them, One Loses Nothing": Prosecuting Khmer Rouge Medical Practices as Crimes against Humanity"
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1939:(A first-person encounter with Comrade Duch, who ran S-21. The author's discovery of Duch led to the latter's arrest, and imprisonment.)
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Pon (interrogator). Pon was the person who interrogated important people such as Keo Meas, Nay Sarann, Ho Nim, Tiv Ol, and Phok Chhay.
56:
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352:(literally "keeper of peace"). On 26 July 2010, the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia convicted the prison's chief,
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converse. Moreover, within the prison, people who were in different groups were not allowed to have contact with one another.
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1985:
1947:
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1066:, a Cambodian-born, French-trained filmmaker who lost his family when he was 11. The film features two Tuol Sleng survivors,
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1907:(An eyewitness report. The author's paintings of many scenes from the prison are on display in the Tuol Sleng museum today.)
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1999:
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434:. Although the official reason for their arrest was "espionage", these men may have been viewed by Khmer Rouge leader
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showing people being tortured, which were added by the post-Khmer Rouge regime installed by the
Vietnamese in 1979.
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was born. She intentionally distinguished herself by emphasising her provincial accent during her interrogations.
533:, has acknowledged that "live prisoners were used for surgical study and training. Draining blood was also done."
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If you disobey any point of my regulations you shall get either ten lashes or five shocks of electric discharge.
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dealt with tough and important cases. Those who worked as interrogators were literate and usually in their 20s.
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1611:"Three men disappeared on a gap year in South East Asia in 1978. Now we finally know what happened to them"
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80:
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Almost all non-Cambodians had left the country by early May 1975, following an overland evacuation of the
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tortured and killed. In the early months of S-21's existence, most of the victims were from the previous
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Don't try to hide the facts by making pretexts this and that, you are strictly prohibited to contest me.
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1950:(Original photographs from S-21 prison, printed from original negatives by two American photographers.)
708:(also known as Comrade Duch), a former mathematics teacher who worked closely with Khmer Rouge leader
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1925:(A general account of S-21 drawing heavily from the documentation maintained by the prison's staff.)
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brothers named Rovin and Harad Bernard were detained in April 1976 after they were transferred from
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to Tuol Sleng and murdered. Those arrested included some of the highest ranking politicians such as
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preserve leg-irons and instruments of torture. They are accompanied by paintings by former inmate
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technique. Women were sometimes raped by the interrogators, even though sexual abuse was against
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1396:"Propaganda, Torture and French Colonial Heritage: Looking into the Methods of the Khmer Rouge"
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1809:"Cambodian genocide defendant says infamous sign detailing prison regulations a fabrication"
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p.m. On weekdays, visitors have the opportunity of viewing a 'survivor testimony' from 2:30
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S-21 as institution = August 1975, The buildings of the former high school = beginning 1976
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8:
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A holds the large cells in which the bodies of the last victims were discovered. Building
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1994:
Piergiorgio Pescali: "S-21 Nella prigione di Pol Pot". La Ponga Edizioni, Milan, 2015.
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453:. At some point between 1979 and 1980 the prison was reopened by the government of the
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as potential leaders of a coup against him. Prisoners' families were sometimes brought
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photographs of some of the estimated 20,000 prisoners who passed through the prison.
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If you don't follow all the above rules, you shall get many lashes of electric wire.
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1931:: "The Lost Executioner: A Story of the Khmer Rouge". Walker & Company, 2006.
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1942:
Douglas Niven & Chris Riley: "The Killing Fields". Twin Palms Press, 1996.
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State Violence in Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979) and Retribution (1979–2004)
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Don't tell me either about your immoralities or the essence of the revolution.
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18,133 (source: ECCC list of the inmates by the co-prosecutors in Case 001/01)
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1723:
1335:"Khmer Rouge executioner found guilty, but Cambodians say sentence too light"
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as a historical museum memorializing the actions of the Khmer Rouge regime.
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jailers, who cannot escape the horror of the genocide they helped create.
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1180:"Case 001 | Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)"
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You must immediately answer my questions without wasting time to reflect.
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Genocide in Cambodia: documents from the trial of Pol Pot and Ieng Sary
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Howard J. De Nike; John B. Quigley; Kenneth Jay Robinson, eds. (2000).
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The Lost Executioner – A Journey into the Heart of the Killing Fields
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C holds the rooms subdivided into small cells for prisoners. Building
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Don't be a fool for you are a chap who dare to thwart the revolution.
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who passed through the prison, though no official records are shown.
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619:
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1980:. Phnom Penh: Documentation Center of Cambodia. pp. 108 pages.
1419:"Cambodia: Trial gives killing fields survivors a chance of justice"
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667:. She may have been spared because she was from Stoeung district in
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Voices from S-21. Terror and history inside Pol Pot's secret prison
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One of the last foreign prisoners to die was 29-year-old American
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You must answer accordingly to my question. Don't turn them away.
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Victims or Perpetrators? Testimony of Young Khmer Rouge Comrades
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While getting lashes or electrification you must not cry at all.
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1897:
A Cambodian Prison Portrait. One Year in the Khmer Rouge's S-21
1835:"Khmer Rouge jailer: infamous regulations sign fake – Cambodia"
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The quality of mercy: Cambodia, holocaust and modern conscience
1210:"Cambodia genocide: Khmer Rouge prison chief Comrade Duch dies"
635:
623:
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2013:
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1752:(First ed.). Phnom Penh: Kok-Thay Eng, Dr. p. 103.
1454:. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: The Documentation Center of Cambodia.
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The interrogation unit was split into three separate groups:
512:
360:. He died on 2 September 2020 while serving a life sentence.
356:, for crimes against humanity and grave breaches of the 1949
40:
2020:
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A number of images from Tuol Sleng are featured in the 1992
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D holds other memorabilia including instruments of torture.
2023:– The original prisoner photographs from Tuol Sleng (S-21).
1673:"Photographers claim foreigners killed in Pol Pot's prison"
1521:. Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corp. 1982
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1452:
Fact Sheet: Pol Pot and his Prisoners at Secret Prison S-21
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1724:"How two men survived a prison where 12,000 were killed"
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1261:. Documentation Center of Cambodia. 2007. p. 74.
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208:, ethnic minorities, religious minorities and leaders.
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Location of Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum within Cambodia
1542:"Rare Photo Found of Westerner Killed by Khmer Rouge"
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1958:. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp. 200 pages.
45:
The exterior of the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, 2006
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The site has four main buildings, known as Building
719:Ho (deputy chief of S-21), Peng (chief of guards),
289:
1675:. Monsters and Critics. 2007-09-12. Archived from
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291:Saromontir Ukredth Kamm Braly Pouchsasa Tuol Sleng
63:
1305:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 375.
3027:
3005:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
1288:. Boston, MA, USA: South End Press. p. 151.
1184:Extraordinary Chambers of the Courts of Cambodia
372:Most of the school rooms were divided into cells
1750:Norng Chan Phal: The mystery of the boy at S-21
1741:
1133:
1773:
1771:
1769:
2629:
2194:
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1652:"Western inmate identified in S-21 portraits"
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1258:A History of Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979)
442:to be interrogated and later executed at the
1463:
1461:
884:introducing citations to additional sources
726:Chan (chief of the Interrogation Unit), and
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2579:Lycée français René Descartes de Phnom Penh
2552:Canadian International School of Phnom Penh
2144:Canadian International School of Phnom Penh
1766:
465:Upon arrival at the prison, prisoners were
303:
280:សារមន្ទីរឧក្រិដ្ឋកម្មប្រល័យពូជសាសន៍ទួលស្លែង
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2547:British International School of Phnom Penh
2201:
2187:
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998:The museum is open to the public from 8:00
979:B holds galleries of photographs. Building
959:Cambodian school students tour the museum.
562:
16:Museum dedicated to the Cambodian Genocide
2594:Northbridge International School Cambodia
1747:
1558:
1458:
1169:, Vol. 12, No. 1, March 2005, pp.121–143.
618:on November 24, 1978, while sailing from
449:In 1979, the prison was uncovered by the
313:; lit. "Hill of the Poisonous Trees" or "
1917:. University of California Press, 1999.
1416:
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946:
874:Relevant discussion may be found on the
816:in order to hide your secret or traitor.
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2499:Preah Sihanouk Raja Buddhist University
2166:were in Chamkar Mon Section until 2019.
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772:
409:, named after a royal ancestor of King
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2037:Photographic archive of S-21 prisoners
1899:. White Lotus Co. Ltd., Bangkok 1998,
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704:families. The chief of the prison was
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2514:Royal University of Law and Economics
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2049:
1953:
1539:
1518:Summary of world broadcasts: Far East
1059:S-21: The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine
1025:
712:. Other leading figures of S-21 were
607:, about his brother's incarceration.
308:
3111:Medical experimentation on prisoners
3091:Reportedly haunted locations in Asia
2564:Home of English International School
2171:was formerly in Chamkar Mon Section.
2147:Koh Pich and Bassac Garden Preschool
1597:"Brother Number One | the Film"
1485:Meng-Try Ea & Sorya Sim (2001).
851:
317:Hill"), is a museum chronicling the
2474:Institute of Technology of Cambodia
1972:
1100:See ECCC Court Report January 2011.
614:, who was captured with his friend
13:
2569:International School of Phnom Penh
2494:Phnom Penh Institute of Technology
2484:Paññāsāstra University of Cambodia
2169:International School of Phnom Penh
1889:
1787:. Walker & Company, New York.
14:
3127:
2479:National University of Management
2469:American University of Phnom Penh
2005:
1406:from the original on May 6, 2023.
1357:
694:Photographs of victims on display
516:Cabinets filled with human skulls
29:Former Security Prison 21 by the
3010:Documentation Center of Cambodia
2489:Paragon International University
2441:Phnom Penh International Airport
1864:Brouwer, Andy (April 28, 2009).
1841:. April 27, 2009. Archived from
1722:Brewer, Kirstie (11 June 2015).
1698:"Khmer Rouge survivor testifies"
1493:Documentation Center of Cambodia
1367:Documentation Center of Cambodia
1139:
1122:Murambi Genocide Memorial Centre
867:relies largely or entirely on a
856:
684:Documentation Center of Cambodia
62:
55:
39:
3000:People's Revolutionary Tribunal
2504:Royal University of Agriculture
1857:
1827:
1801:
1715:
1690:
1665:
1654:. Phnompenhpost.com. 2013-02-01
1644:
1623:
1603:
1589:
1552:
1410:
1387:
1094:
216:18,145 prisoners, probably more
3081:People's Republic of Kampuchea
2700:Killing caves of Phnom Sampeau
2519:Royal University of Phnom Penh
2208:
1394:Murgier, Alice (16 Jun 2016).
1351:
1292:
1275:
1202:
1172:
1148:
847:
455:People's Republic of Kampuchea
152:St.113, Boeung Keng Kang III,
1:
2574:Japanese School of Phnom Penh
2559:Harrods International Academy
2524:University of Health Sciences
2509:Royal University of Fine Arts
1540:Lipin, Michael (2012-08-24).
1127:
3066:Memory of the World Register
2800:Liberation Army of Kampuchea
2795:Communist Party of Kampuchea
2239:2013–2014 Cambodian protests
1631:"Cambodian mass grave found"
1417:Fawthrop, Tom (2009-07-16).
1333:Ferrie, Jared (2010-07-26).
895:"Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum"
834:
645:
572:survived captivity in S-21.
7:
3116:History museums in Cambodia
3071:Museums established in 1980
3051:Defunct prisons in Cambodia
3036:1980 establishments in Asia
1107:
304:
290:
10:
3132:
3096:Reportedly haunted prisons
2599:Zaman International School
2403:Phnom Penh Olympic Stadium
2128:Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum
1167:European Review of History
460:
407:Tuol Svay Prey High School
363:
272:Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum
22:Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum
2992:
2941:
2830:
2743:
2692:
2651:
2589:Mengly J. Quach Education
2537:
2529:University of Puthisastra
2461:
2454:
2421:
2393:Chaktomuk Conference Hall
2375:
2359:
2247:
2216:
2155:
2136:
2115:
2099:
2083:
2032:Cambodia Tribunal Monitor
2027:The horrors of Tuol Sleng
1956:Museums of Southeast Asia
1748:Chan Phal, Norng (2018).
1472:October 12, 2008, at the
1400:Cambodia Tribunal Monitor
1339:Christian Science Monitor
1282:Vickery, Michael (1984).
812:Don't make pretext about
499:Torture and extermination
338:
299:
279:
256:
238:
228:
220:
212:
204:Political enemies of the
200:
192:
184:
174:
164:
148:
126:
118:
79:
50:
38:
27:Cambodian National Museum
26:
21:
2408:Royal Palace of Cambodia
2157:This list is incomplete.
1087:
971:A, B, C, and D. Building
951:"Cambodia Map of Skulls"
827:During testimony at the
781:Concentration camp rules
698:
451:invading Vietnamese army
233:People's Army of Vietnam
2715:Thổ Chu Island massacre
2041:University of Minnesota
1568:. Fontana. p. 42.
748:or the political unit,
563:Non-Cambodian prisoners
325:, the site is a former
3086:Prison museums in Asia
2725:Eastern Zone massacres
2383:Landmarks in Doun Penh
1633:. BBC News. 2000-06-02
1054:
960:
952:
825:
782:
695:
616:Christopher E. DeLance
517:
509:
446:extermination center.
402:
394:
383:
373:
103:11.54944°N 104.91778°E
3076:Museums in Phnom Penh
2446:Royal railway station
2229:2003 Phnom Penh riots
2021:Photographs from S-21
1115:Enemies of the People
1033:
958:
950:
788:
780:
693:
515:
506:
400:
389:
379:
371:
3046:Defunct high schools
2858:John Dawson Dewhirst
1954:Lenzi, Iola (2004).
1190:on December 23, 2016
1014:p.m. Along with the
880:improve this article
829:Khmer Rouge Tribunal
773:Security regulations
594:Twenty-six-year-old
527:Democratic Kampuchea
393:around the perimeter
154:Khan Boeng Keng Kang
3106:Torture in Cambodia
2863:Joseph Chhmar Salas
2429:Phnom Penh City Bus
2413:Vann Molyvann House
2234:Phnom Penh stampede
2077:Chamkar Mon Section
1285:Cambodia, 1975-1982
1216:. 2 September 2020.
1016:Choeung Ek Memorial
310:[tuəlslaeŋ]
108:11.54944; 104.91778
99: /
3041:Cambodian genocide
2974:Mengly Jandy Quach
2645:Cambodian genocide
2434:Lines and stations
2260:Boeung Keng Kang I
2224:Fall of Phnom Penh
2160:Boeung Keng Kang I
1866:"Fake regulations"
1560:Shawcross, William
1161:2013-10-30 at the
1062:is a 2003 film by
1055:
1026:In popular culture
961:
953:
783:
696:
605:Brother Number One
518:
510:
403:
395:
384:
374:
358:Geneva Conventions
331:Security Prison 21
329:which was used as
319:Cambodian genocide
141:of enemies of the
3023:
3022:
2918:Paul Tep Im Sotha
2679:Khmer nationalism
2611:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2265:Tuol Svay Prey II
2176:
2175:
2164:Tuol Svay Prey II
2148:
1987:978-99950-60-24-4
1948:978-0-944092-39-2
1759:978-99963-900-6-7
1728:BBC News Magazine
1616:Independent.co.uk
1575:978-0-00-636972-1
1312:978-0-8122-3539-5
1268:978-99950-60-04-6
945:
944:
930:
581:Franco-Vietnamese
557:Boeung Choeung Ek
401:Inside the museum
288:
268:
267:
213:Number of inmates
3123:
3061:Internment camps
3056:Genocide museums
2888:Michael S. Deeds
2735:Dangrek genocide
2710:Ba Chúc massacre
2664:Marxism–Leninism
2638:
2631:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2459:
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2203:
2196:
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2180:
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2017:
2016:
2014:Official website
1991:
1969:
1884:
1883:
1881:
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1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1845:on April 1, 2012
1831:
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1815:. April 27, 2009
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1369:. Archived from
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1186:. Archived from
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612:Michael S. Deeds
596:John D. Dewhirst
411:Norodom Sihanouk
340:
327:secondary school
312:
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262:tuolsleng.gov.kh
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2255:Boeng Keng Kang
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2012:
2011:
2008:
1988:
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1911:Chandler, David
1892:
1890:Further reading
1887:
1877:
1875:
1873:Andy's Cambodia
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1154:Locard, Henri,
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665:Prey Sar prison
648:
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239:Notable inmates
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2993:Investigations
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2006:External links
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1965:981-4068-96-9
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1679:on 2012-09-05
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1376:on 2014-04-07
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1041:(center) and
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897: –
896:
892:
891:Find sources:
885:
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870:
869:single source
865:This section
863:
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854:
853:
845:
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832:
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728:Tang Sin Hean
725:
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523:waterboarding
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480:skin diseases
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321:. Located in
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294:), or simply
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49:
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37:
34:
33:
25:
20:
2908:Tauch Phoeun
2873:Kerry Hamill
2810:Kang Kek Iew
2744:Perpetrators
2719:
2462:Universities
2127:
2091:Tonle Bassac
1977:
1955:
1914:
1896:
1876:. Retrieved
1872:
1859:
1847:. Retrieved
1843:the original
1838:
1829:
1817:. Retrieved
1812:
1803:
1783:
1749:
1743:
1731:. Retrieved
1727:
1717:
1706:. Retrieved
1704:. 2009-06-29
1701:
1692:
1681:. Retrieved
1677:the original
1667:
1656:. Retrieved
1646:
1635:. Retrieved
1625:
1614:
1605:
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1564:
1554:
1545:
1535:
1523:. Retrieved
1517:
1496:. Retrieved
1487:
1480:
1451:
1428:. Retrieved
1424:The Guardian
1422:
1412:
1399:
1389:
1378:. Retrieved
1371:the original
1366:
1353:
1342:. Retrieved
1338:
1328:
1316:. Retrieved
1301:
1294:
1284:
1277:
1257:
1213:
1204:
1194:September 5,
1192:. Retrieved
1188:the original
1183:
1174:
1166:
1150:
1141:
1135:
1114:
1096:
1079:
1073:
1057:
1056:
1010:p.m. to 3:00
1002:a.m. to 5:00
997:
989:
966:
962:
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923:
916:
909:
902:
890:
866:
842:
838:
826:
784:
767:
761:
758:Krom Angkiem
757:
753:
749:
746:Krom Noyobai
745:
743:
739:
735:
730:
723:
716:
702:
681:
673:Comrade Duch
669:Kampong Thom
649:
628:
609:
604:
600:Stuart Glass
593:
589:
578:
574:
566:
554:
539:
535:
531:Kang Kek Iew
519:
476:
472:
467:photographed
464:
448:
439:
415:
406:
404:
354:Kang Kek Iew
347:
334:
330:
295:
271:
269:
229:Liberated by
185:Original use
179:Kang Kek Iew
30:
2969:Kim Sathavy
2913:Trinh Hoanh
2903:Phouk Chhay
2838:Bun Chanmol
2790:Khmer Rouge
2538:Primary and
2336:Pou Senchey
2282:Chbar Ampov
2277:Chamkar Mon
1929:Dunlop, Nic
1895:Vann Nath:
1849:February 5,
1819:February 5,
1142:Case 001/01
848:Description
343:Khmer Rouge
206:Khmer Rouge
193:Operational
188:High school
169:Khmer Rouge
165:Operated by
143:Khmer Rouge
135:mass murder
119:Other names
106: /
94:104°55′04″E
81:Coordinates
3030:Categories
2893:Ney Sarann
2730:Choeung Ek
2669:New People
2652:Ideologies
2398:Choeung Ek
2341:Russey Keo
2210:Phnom Penh
2123:Naga World
1779:Nic Dunlop
1708:2010-09-20
1683:2013-02-05
1658:2013-02-05
1637:2013-02-05
1581:12 October
1525:12 October
1430:2020-05-18
1380:2018-09-25
1344:2010-07-26
1318:12 October
1128:References
1076:Ron Fricke
1064:Rithy Panh
906:newspapers
444:Choeung Ek
424:Khoy Thoun
391:Razor wire
339:មន្ទីរស-២១
323:Phnom Penh
315:Strychnine
305:Tuŏl Slêng
296:Tuol Sleng
175:Commandant
160:, Cambodia
158:Phnom Penh
91:11°32′58″N
2984:Vann Nath
2979:Prum Manh
2959:Dith Pran
2942:Survivors
2878:Koy Thuon
2848:Chou Chet
2843:Chau Seng
2768:Ieng Sary
2763:Nuon Chea
2684:Stalinism
2674:Year Zero
2659:Communism
2540:secondary
2455:Education
2422:Transport
2376:Landmarks
2360:Geography
2351:Tuol Kouk
2331:Prek Pnov
2314:Mean Chey
2297:Doun Penh
2272:Boeng Kak
2248:Districts
2137:Education
2116:Landmarks
2100:Geography
1974:Mey, Chum
1878:August 1,
1068:Vann Nath
1043:Vann Nath
993:Vann Nath
936:June 2023
876:talk page
835:Discovery
760:, or the
756:unit and
750:Krom Kdao
677:Vann Nath
661:Chim Meth
646:Survivors
620:Singapore
585:Siem Reap
576:victims.
341:) by the
337:; Khmer:
285:romanized
251:Vann Nath
127:Known for
2954:Chum Mey
2949:Bou Meng
2933:Vorn Vet
2898:Non Suon
2868:Keo Meas
2805:Santebal
2367:Koh Pich
2302:template
2107:Koh Pich
2084:Sangkats
1978:Survivor
1976:(2012).
1781:(2005).
1702:BBC News
1562:(1985).
1470:Archived
1404:Archived
1214:BBC News
1159:Archived
1108:See also
1051:executed
1047:tortured
1039:Chum Mey
1037:(left),
1035:Bou Meng
657:Bou Meng
653:Chum Mey
632:Filipino
492:ringworm
440:en masse
428:Vorn Vet
349:Santebal
300:ទួលស្លែង
298:(Khmer:
247:Chum Mey
243:Bou Meng
149:Location
131:Genocide
32:Santebal
3101:Torture
2923:So Phim
2831:Victims
2815:Mam Nai
2778:Son Sen
2758:Pol Pot
2346:Sen Sok
2309:Kamboul
2292:Dangkao
2217:History
1733:12 June
1498:7 March
920:scholar
840:today.
762:chewing
752:or the
721:Mam Nai
714:Kim Vat
710:Pol Pot
550:Vietnam
461:Routine
436:Pol Pot
419:Lon Nol
364:History
287::
257:Website
201:Inmates
139:torture
2928:Tiv Ol
2853:Hu Nim
2783:Ta Mok
2752:Angkar
2693:Crimes
1998:
1984:
1962:
1946:
1935:
1921:
1903:
1869:(blog)
1839:Zimbio
1791:
1756:
1572:
1309:
1265:
1140:ECCC.
1117:(film)
1081:Baraka
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
922:
915:
908:
901:
893:
671:where
659:, and
638:and a
624:Hawaii
544:, the
488:rashes
432:Hu Nim
249:, and
221:Killed
1374:(PDF)
1363:(PDF)
1088:Notes
1078:film
1018:(the
927:JSTOR
913:books
699:Staff
640:Swiss
636:Cuban
548:, or
381:Cells
276:Khmer
2720:S-21
2162:and
1996:ISBN
1982:ISBN
1960:ISBN
1944:ISBN
1933:ISBN
1919:ISBN
1901:ISBN
1880:2020
1851:2013
1821:2013
1789:ISBN
1754:ISBN
1735:2015
1583:2010
1570:ISBN
1527:2010
1500:2012
1320:2010
1307:ISBN
1263:ISBN
1196:2017
1049:and
899:news
682:The
634:, a
579:Two
508:can.
484:lice
430:and
335:S-21
270:The
137:and
122:S-21
882:by
754:hot
731:aka
724:aka
717:aka
622:to
546:KGB
542:CIA
3032::
2754:"
2039:–
1913::
1871:.
1837:.
1811:.
1768:^
1726:.
1700:.
1613:.
1544:.
1508:^
1491:.
1460:^
1439:^
1421:.
1402:.
1398:.
1365:.
1337:.
1222:^
1212:.
1182:.
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486:,
482:,
426:,
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2188:v
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2062:t
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1990:.
1968:.
1882:.
1853:.
1823:.
1797:.
1762:.
1737:.
1711:.
1686:.
1661:.
1640:.
1599:.
1585:.
1548:.
1529:.
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1433:.
1383:.
1347:.
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1271:.
1198:.
1144:.
1053:.
938:)
934:(
924:·
917:·
910:·
903:·
886:.
872:.
333:(
274:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
