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resistant), it is probable that their principal adaptation is their ability to sink to the bottom of a pond or lake when the water freezes. Because water expands anomalously at lower temperatures, water at 4 °C (39 °F) is denser than colder water, and thus stays at the bottom of the pond or
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lake. Turions overwinter in this denser, warmer water before rising again in the spring. Some turions of aquatic plants such as
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Sculthorpe, C. D. 1967. The
Biology of Aquatic Vascular Plants. Reprinted 1985 Edward Arnold, by London. p. 346-364.
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that is capable of growing into a complete plant. A turion may be an underground bud. Many members of the genus
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Adamec, Lubomír (2018). "Ecophysiological characteristics of turions of aquatic plants: A review".
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Hickey, M.; King, C. (2001), "The
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shoots grow from turions rather than directly from the main stem of the plant.
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enabling them to act as storage organs. Although they are hardy (
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Hitchcock, C. Leo (Charles Leo), 1902-1986 (17 September 2018).
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species produce overwintering turions, especially in the genera
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Flora of the
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are known to produce turions at or below ground level.
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