Turkic peoples - Knowledge

9303: 15373:: "One of the issues that most occupied the travelers was the physiognomy of the Turks.120 Both mentally and physically, Turks appeared to the Arab authors as very different from themselves.121 The shape of these "broad faced people with small eyes" and their physique impressed the travelers crossing the Eurasian lands." "According to this explanation: Because of the Turks' distance from the course of the sun and from the sun's rising and descending, the snow in their lands is abundant and coldness and humidity dominate it. This caused the bodies of this land's inhabitants to become mellow and their epidermis thick.124 Their sleek hair is spare and its colour is pale with an inclination to red. Due to the cold weather of their surroundings, coldness dominates their temper. In effect, the cold climate breeds abundant flesh. The arctic temperature compresses the heat and makes it visible. This gives them their pink skin. It is noticeable among the people who have bulky bodies and pale colour. Whilst a chilly wind hits them, their faces, lips, fingers and legs became red. This is because while they were warm their blood expanded, and then the cold temperature caused it to amass." 9394: 8352: 10497:, p. 18: "Moreover, Turks do not all physically look alike. They never did. The Turks of Turkey are famous for their range of physical types. Given the Turks' ancient Inner Asian origins, it is easy to imagine that they once presented a uniform Mongoloid appearance. Such traits seem to be more characteristic in the eastern Turkic world; however, uniformity of type can never have prevailed there either. Archeological evidence indicates that Indo-Europeans, or certainly Europoid physical types, inhabited the oases of the Tarim basin and even parts of Mongolia in ancient times. In the Tarim basin, persistence of these former inhabitants' genes among the modern Uyghurs is both observable and scientifically demonstrable.32 Early Chinese sources describe the Kirghiz as blue-eyed and blond or red-haired. The genesis of Turkic ethnic groups from earliest times occurred in confederations of diverse peoples. As if to prove the point, the earliest surviving texts in Turkic languages are studded with terms from other languages." 4290: 8999: 4210: 6220: 8866: 9081: 9093: 9173: 9149: 9185: 9243: 6722: 5312: 10491:, p. 4: "It should also be noted that even the early Turkic peoples, including the Tiele and the Türks, were made up of heterogeneous elements. Importantly, DNA studies demonstrate that the expansion process of the Turkic peoples involved the Turkicization of various non-Turkic-speaking groups. The “Turks” intermixed with and Turkicized various indigenous groups across Eurasia: Uralic hunter-gatherers in northern Eurasia; Mongolic nomads in Mongolia; Indo-European-speaking nomads and sedentary populations in Xinjiang, Transoxiana, Iran, Kazakhstan, and South Siberia; and Indo-European elements (the Byzantine subjects, among others) in Anatolia and the Balkans.11" 12325:: "In contrast, the early West Xiongnu (earlyXiongnu_west) and late Sarmatian Xiongnu (lateXiongnu_Sarmatian) derived ancestry mainly from West Eurasian; for example, early West Xiongnu exhibited 68.4% Afanasievo‐related ancestry. Among the Central Steppe pastoralists, Wusun, Kangju, and Tianshan Hun derived a majority of their ancestry (62.4%–73%) from Western Steppe nomadic Afanasievo groups with the remainder (37.6%–27%) characterized as BMAC (the Bactria‐Margiana Archaeological Complex) and East Eurasian. The Turkic Karluk, Kipchak, and Karakhanid could be modeled derived 35%–50.6% of ancestry from Afanasievo, 10.5%–21.7% from BMAC, and 38.9%–49.4% from YR_IA." 9129: 12866::"Specifically, individuals from Iron Age steppe and Xiongnu have an ancestry related to present-day and ancient Iranian/Caucasus/Turan populations in addition to the ancestry components derived from the Late Bronze Age populations. We estimate that they derive between 5 and 25% of their ancestry from this new source, with 18% for Xiongnu (Table 2). We speculate that the introduction of this new western Eurasian ancestry may be linked to the Iranian elements in the Xiongnu linguistic material, while the Turkic-related component may be brought by their eastern Eurasian genetic substratum." Table 2: Sintashta_MLBA, 0.239; Khovsgol LBA, 0.582; Gonur1 BA 0.178 8975: 8650: 8987: 6844: 9338: 712: 1211: 400: 730: 6558: 19777: 9321: 4696: 19461: 2062: 1919: 1493: 1390: 1341: 12267:

Turkic-speaking populations (i.e., Kazakh, Uyghur, Turkmen, and Uzbek; 34.9–55.2%) higher than that to the Tajik populations (11.6–18.6%; fig. 4A), suggesting Tajiks suffer fewer impacts of the recent admixtures (Martínez-Cruz et al. 2011). Consequently, the Tajik populations generally present patterns of genetic continuity of Central Asians since the Bronze Age. Our results are consistent with linguistic and genetic evidence that the spreading of Indo-European speakers into Central Asia was earlier than the expansion of Turkic speakers (Kuz′mina and Mallory 2007; Yunusbayev et al. 2015).

3153: 182: 9355: 9045: 9161: 9302: 9057: 9419: 5745: 419: 5150: 14199: 9436: 8578: 12060:: "Although current genetic evidence is not adequate to track the exact time and location for the origin of the proto-Turkic language, it is clear that it probably originated somewhere in northeastern Asia given the fact that the nomadic groups, such as the Rouran, Xiongnu and the Xianbei, all share a substratum genetic ancestry that falls into or close to the northeast Asian gene pool (Ning et al., Reference Ning, Li, Wang, Zhang, Li, Wu and Cuiin press; Li et al., Reference Li, Zhang, Zhao, Chen, Ochir, Sarenbilige and Zhou2018)." 4702: 50: 9033: 2094: 10539:"Some DNA tests point to the Iranian connections of the Ashina and Ashide,133 highlighting further that the Turks as a whole 'were made up of heterogeneous and somatically dissimilar populations'.134 Geographically, the accounts cover the regions of Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, the Yenisei zone and the Altay, regions with Turkic, Indo-European (Iranian and Tokharian), Yeniseic, Uralic and other populations. Wusun elements, like most steppe polities of an ethno-linguistic mix, may have also played a substratal role." 5298: 1889: 1750: 1844: 4236: 5864: 9117: 9105: 499: 9453: 11229:, p. 305. "The origins of the Karamanlides have long been disputed, there being two basic theories on the subject. According to one, they are the remnants of the Greek-speaking Byzantine population which, though it remained Orthodox, was linguistically Turkified. The second theory holds that they were originally Turkish soldiers which the Byzantine emperors had settled in Anatolia in large numbers and who retained their language and Christian religion after the Turkish conquests..." 8661: 4632:

and linguistic groups. According to a study by Alexander Savelyev and Choongwon Jeong, published in 2020 in the journal Evolutionary Human Sciences by Cambridge University Press, "the predominant part of the Xiongnu population is likely to have spoken Turkic". However, genetic studies found a mixture of western and eastern Eurasian ancestries, suggesting a large genetic diversity within the Xiongnu. The Turkic-related component may be brought by eastern Eurasian genetic substratum.

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hypothesis that early Turkic was their major language37. Further migrations of East Asians westwards find a good linguistic correlate in the influence of Mongolian on Turkic and Iranian in the last millennium38. As such, the genomic history of the Eurasian steppe is the story of a gradual transition from Bronze Age pastoralists of western Eurasian ancestry, towards mounted warriors of increased East Asian ancestry – a process that continued well into historical times.

1418: 263: 10477::"To sum up, the palaeolinguistic reconstruction points to a mixed subsistence strategy and complex economy of the Proto-Turkic-speaking community. It is likely that the subsistence of the Early Proto-Turkic speakers was based on a combination of hunting–gathering and agriculture, with a later shift to nomadic pastoralism as an economy basis, partly owing to the interaction of the Late Proto-Turkic groups with the Iranian-speaking herders of the Eastern Steppe." 243: 9286: 5380:, he elicited the help from Zhuye Chixin by giving Zhuye 300 horses, and together, they defeated Zhangxin Khan, who then committed suicide, precipitating the subsequent collapse of the Uyghur Khaganate. In the next few years, when Uyghur Khaganate remnants tried to raid Tang borders, the Shatuo participated extensively in counterattacking the Uyghur Khaganate with other tribes loyal to Tang. In 843, Zhuye Chixin, under the command of the Han Chinese officer 9470: 6434: 1481: 1318: 1290: 1243: 323: 283: 202: 162: 102: 7174: 6344: 1815: 1330: 1955: 9219: 2895: 1552: 1447: 221: 439: 1875: 1649: 1256: 6248: 2978: 9069: 6067: 4358:

indicating there was a genetic substructure of the Türkic empire." The early medieval Türk samples were modelled as having 37.8% West Eurasian ancestry and 62.2% Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry and historic Central Steppe Türk samples were also an admixture of West Eurasian and Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry, while historic Karakhanid, Kipchak and the Turkic Karluk samples had 50.6%-61.1% West Eurasian ancestry and 38.9%–49.4% Iron Age

479: 382: 459: 7203: 5480: 4193:, based on varying degrees of specific East Asian genetic substratum among modern Turkic speakers. According to historians, "the Proto-Turkic subsistence strategy included an agricultural component, a tradition that ultimately went back to the origin of millet agriculture in Northeast China". This view is however questioned by other geneticists, who found no evidence for a shared "Neolithic Hongshan ancestry", but in contrary primary 1717: 1681: 1199: 82: 7348: 5290: 8607: 363: 5209: 5570: 9200: 1781: 303: 122: 5044: 142: 9269: 8804: 8909: 6003: 8340: 17632: 5388: 4592: 7024:, whose men possess a high frequency of haplogroup C2's subclade C2b1b1 (59.7 to 78%). Lee and Kuang also suggest that the high frequency (63.9%) of the Y-DNA haplogroup R-M73 among Karakypshaks (a tribe within the Kipchaks) allows inference about the genetics of Karakypshaks' medieval ancestors, thus explaining why some medieval Kipchaks were described as possessing "blue eyes and red hair. 4317:-speaking groups with largely western Eurasian ancestry to increasing East Asian ancestry with Turkic and Mongolian groups in the past 4000 years, including extensive Turkic migrations out of Mongolia and slow assimilation of local populations. A 2022 suggested that Turkic and Mongolic populations in Central Asia formed via admixture events during the Iron Age between "local 12974:"The Türks, while still vassals of the Rouran, are first mentioned in the Zhoushu (chap. 50) in the early 540s when they came to the border seeking to obtain silk goods and establish a relationship with China. Shortly thereafter a series of embassies in 545 and 546 between the Türks and the Western Wei followed in which a Sogdian, An Nuopantuo (Nakbanda), represented China." 8858: 8854:

expressed towards Buddhism a hatred in his Diwan where he wrote the verse cycle on the war against Uighur Buddhists. Buddhist origin words like toyin (a cleric or priest) and Burxān or Furxan (meaning Buddha, acquiring the generic meaning of "idol" in the Turkic language of Kashgari) had negative connotations to Muslim Turks.

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suggest that many modern Turkic-speaking populations are not directly descended from early Turkic peoples. Lee and Kuang concluded that "both medieval Chinese histories and modern DNA studies point to the fact that the early and medieval Turkic peoples were made up of heterogeneous and somatically dissimilar populations."

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after the spread of Indo-European speakers into the area. Another 2022 study found that all Altaic‐speaking (Turkic, Tungusic, and Mongolic) populations "were a mixture of dominant Siberian Neolithic ancestry and non-negligible YRB ancestry", suggesting their origins were somewhere in Northeast Asia, most likely the

10420:: "Most linguists and historians agree that Proto-Turkic, the common ancestor of all ancient and contemporary Turkic languages, must have been spoken somewhere in Central-East Asia (e.g. Róna-Tas, Reference Róna-Tas1991, p. 35; Golden, Reference Golden1992, pp. 124–127; Menges, Reference Menges1995, pp. 16–19)." 9721:"Population: 17,948,816 (July 2014 est.)" "Ethnic groups: Kazakh (Qazaq) 63.1%, Russian 23.7%, Uzbek 2.9%, Ukrainian 2.1%, Uighur 1.4%, Tatar 1.3%, German 1.1%, other 4.4% (2009 est.)" Assuming Kazakh, Uzbek, Uighur and Tatar are included as Turks, 63.1% + 2.9% + 1.4% + 1.3% = 68.7%. 68.7% of 17.9m = 12.3m 15342:

Even then, the term 'Turk' was still applied in a loose sense, and we find for instance the Magyars (Majghari) or the Rus described as Turks by the same Muslim writers.70 And this is a fact which cannot be explained by assuming that these were people who were under the rule of the Turks, or, in other

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Dai, Shan-Shan; Sulaiman, Xierzhatijiang; Isakova, Jainagul; Xu, Wei-Fang; Abdulloevich, Najmudinov Tojiddin; Afanasevna, Manilova Elena; Ibrohimovich, Khudoidodov Behruz; Chen, Xi; Yang, Wei-Kang; Wang, Ming-Shan; Shen, Quan-Kuan; Yang, Xing-Yan; Yao, Yong-Gang; Aldashev, Almaz A; Saidov, Abdusattor

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identified here) and further experienced influence from Neolithic YRB farmers. All Altaic people but eastern and southern Mongolic-speaking populations possessed a high proportion of West Eurasian-related ancestry, in accordance with the linguistically documented language borrowing in Turkic language.

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The genetic distances between the different populations of Uzbeks scattered across Uzbekistan is no greater than the distance between many of them and the Karakalpaks. This suggests that Karakalpaks and Uzbeks have very similar origins. The Karakalpaks have a somewhat greater bias towards the eastern

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eyes. It also states that they had a "vile" and "peculiar" appearance, and that some Chinese people would not want to marry them. Russian anthropologist Oshanin (1964: 24, 32) notes that "the 'Mongoloid' phenotype, characteristic of modern Kazakhs and Qirghiz, prevails among the skulls of the Qipchaq

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origin, while roughly 2-4% was of West Eurasian origin, indicating ancient admixture. This study weakened the "western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses". However, they also noted that "Central Steppe and early Medieval Türk exhibited a high but variable degree of West Eurasian ancestry,

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From the late first millennium BCE onward, a series of hierarchical and centrally organized empires arose on the Eastern Steppe, notably the Xiongnu (209 BCE–98 CE), Türkic (552–742 CE), Uyghur (744–840 CE), and Khitan (916–1125 CE) empires...Genetic data for the subsequent Early Medieval period are

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All Altaic-speaking populations were a mixture of dominant Siberian Neolithic ancestry and non-negligible YRB ancestry, suggesting that Altaic-people and their language were more likely to originate from the Northeast Asia (mostly likely the ARB and surrounding regions as the primary common ancestry

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speakers. The Turks may ultimately have been of Xiongnu descent. Although little is known for certain about the Xiongnu language(s), it seems likely that at least a considerable part of Xiongnu tribes spoke a Turkic language. Some scholars believe they were probably a confederation of various ethnic

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form an outlier among Central Asian Turkic-speakers with a lower frequency of the Baikal component (c. 22%) and a lack of the Han-like component, being closer to other Indo-Iranian groups. A subsequent study in 2022 also found that the spread of Turkic-speaking populations into Central Asia happened

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According to Uchiyama et al. 2020 the "ultimate Proto-Turkic homeland may have been located in a more compact area, most likely in Eastern Mongolia, that is, close to the ultimate Proto-Mongolic homeland in Southern Manchuria and the ultimate Proto-Tungusic homeland in the present-day borderlands of

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referred to the people of Tibet and the mountains between Tibet and Bengal as "Turks" and "people with Turkish features." Medieval Arab and Persian descriptions of Turks state that they looked strange from their perspective and were extremely physically different from Arabs. Turks were described as

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Every year, one city in the Turkic world is selected as the "Cultural Capital of the Turkic World". Within the framework of events to celebrate the Cultural Capital of the Turkic World, numerous cultural events are held, gathering artists, scholars and intellectuals, giving them the opportunity to

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origin, weakening the "western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses". Lee and Kuang believe it is likely "early and medieval Turkic peoples themselves did not form a homogeneous entity and that some of them, non-Turkic by origin, had become Turkicised at some point in history." They also

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Genetic data found that almost all modern Turkic peoples retained at least some shared ancestry associated with populations in "South Siberia and Mongolia" (SSM), supporting this region as the "Inner Asian Homeland (IAH) of the pioneer carriers of Turkic languages" which subsequently expanded into

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China, Russia and North Korea. This hypothesis would explain the tight connections of Proto-Turkic with Proto-Mongolic and Proto-Tungusic, regardless of whether one interprets the numerous similarities between the three Altaic families as partly inherited or obtained owing to long-lasting contact."

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Lee & Kuang (2017) "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples", Inner Asia 19. p. 207-208 of 197–239 Quote: "The Chinese histories also depict the Turkic-speaking peoples as typically possessing East/Inner Asian

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The collapse of the Hephthalite domains made neighbours of the Türk Khāqānate and the Sasanian Empire, both sharing a border that ran the length of the River Oxus. Further Turkish expansion to the west and around the Caspian Sea saw them dominate the western steppes and its people and extend this

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in 751, in which Turkic tribes sided with the Arabs against Chinese forces, which marked a significant milestone in the history of Islam in the region. From then onwards much of the Turkic heartland became Muslim. In the 19th century, Turkic Muslim progressives in the Russian Empire spearheaded a

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further East. Historical data suggests that the Mongol Empire period acted as secondary force of "turkification", as the Mongol conquest "did not involve massive re-settlements of Mongols over the conquered territories. Instead, the Mongol war machine was progressively augmented by various Turkic

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Damgaard, Peter de Barros; Marchi, Nina; Rasmussen, Simon; Peyrot, Michaël; Renaud, Gabriel; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Pedersen, Mikkel Winther; Goldberg, Amy; Usmanova, Emma; Baimukhanov, Nurbol; Loman, Valeriy; Hedeager, Lotte; Pedersen, Anders Gorm; Nielsen, Kasper (May

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Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; Valeev, Albert; Litvinov, Sergei; Valiev, Ruslan; Akhmetova, Vita; Balanovska, Elena; Balanovsky, Oleg; Turdikulova, Shahlo; Dalimova, Dilbar; Nymadawa, Pagbajabyn; Bahmanimehr, Ardeshir; Sahakyan, Hovhannes; Tambets, Kristiina (21 April 2015).

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for the most part in the second half of the 19th century. As a result, festivals and rites were made to coincide with Orthodox feasts, and Christian rites replaced their traditional counterparts. A minority of the Chuvash still profess their traditional faith. Between the 9th and 14th centuries,

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Like Chinese historians, Medieval Muslim writers generally depicted the Turks as having an East Asian appearance. Unlike Chinese historians, Medieval Muslim writers used the term "Turk" broadly to refer to not only Turkic-speaking peoples but also various non-Turkic speaking peoples, such as the

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starting with Later Tang. The Shatuo chief Zhuye Chixin's family was adopted by the Tang dynasty and given the title prince of Jin and the Tang dynasty imperial surname of Li, which is why the Shatuo of Later Tang claimed to be restoring the Tang dynasty and not founding a new one. The official

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The ancient Turkic Urheimat appears to have been located in Southern Siberia from the Lake Baikal region to Eastern Mongolia. The "Proto-Turks" in their Southern Siberian-Mongolian "homeland" were in contact with speakers of Eastern Iranian (Scytho-Sakas, who were also in Mongolia), Uralic and

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insulted the Uyghur Buddhists as "Uighur dogs" and called them "Tats", which referred to the "Uighur infidels" according to the Tuxsi and Taghma, while other Turks called Persians "tat". While Kashgari displayed a different attitude towards the Turks diviners beliefs and "national customs", he

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Even though Chinese historians routinely ascribed Xiongnu origin to various nomadic peoples, such ascriptions do not necessarily indicate the subjects' exact origins; for examples, Xiongnu ancestry was ascribed to Turkic-speaking Göktürks and Tiele as well as Para-Mongolic-speaking Kumo Xi and

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described them as having blue eyes, light skin, and reddish hair. Istakhri mentions that there were "Black Khazars" and "White Khazars." Most scholars believe these were political designations: black being lower class while white being higher class. Constantin Zuckerman argues that these "had

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The diversification within the Turkic languages suggests that several waves of migrations occurred35, and on the basis of the impact of local languages gradual assimilation to local populations were already assumed36. The East Asian migration starting with the Xiongnu complies well with the

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By contrast, the Kyrgyz, together with other Turkic-speaking populations, originated from the admixture since the Iron Age. The Historical Era gene flow derived from the Eastern Steppe with the representative of Mongolia_Xiongnu_o1 made a more substantial contribution to Kyrgyz and other

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Modern DNA studies suggested that the Indo-Iranian group was present in Central Asia before the Turko-Mongol group11, maybe as early as Neolithic times; the Turko-Mongol group emerged later from the admixture between a group related to local Indo-Iranian and a South-Siberian or Mongolian

4562:, often viewed Inner Asian tribes, "as forming a single entity regardless of their linguistic affiliation" commonly used Turk as a generic name for Inner Asians (whether Turkic- or Mongolic-speaking). Only in modern era do modern historians use Turks to refer to all peoples speaking 6671:

According to historians Joo-Yup Lee and Shuntu Kuang, Chinese official histories do not depict Turkic peoples as belonging to a single uniform entity called "Turks". However "Chinese histories also depict the Turkic-speaking peoples as typically possessing East/Inner Asian

4577:. The Tiele however were probably one of many early Turkic groups, ancestral to later Turkic populations. However, according to Lee & Kuang (2017), Chinese histories do not describe the Ashina and the Göktürks as descending from the Dingling or the Tiele confederation. 1070:

was originally a noun and meant "'the culminating point of maturity' (of a fruit, human being, etc.), but more often used as an meaning (of a fruit) 'just fully ripe'; (of a human being) 'in the prime of life, young, and vigorous'". Hakan Aydemir (2022) also contends that

6676:, as well as occasionally having West Eurasian physiognomy." According to "fragmentary information on the Xiongnu language that can be found in the Chinese histories, the Xiongnu were Turkic", however historians have been unable to confirm whether or not they were Turkic. 15356: 11789:

Wang, Chuan-Chao; Yeh, Hui-Yuan; Popov, Alexander N.; Zhang, Hu-Qin; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Sirak, Kendra; Cheronet, Olivia; Kovalev, Alexey; Rohland, Nadin; Kim, Alexander M.; Mallick, Swapan; Bernardos, Rebecca; Tumen, Dashtseveg; Zhao, Jing; Liu, Yi-Chang (March 2021).

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Kashgari claimed that the Prophet assisted in a miraculous event where 700,000 Yabāqu infidels were defeated by 40,000 Muslims led by Arslān Tegīn claiming that fires shot sparks from gates located on a green mountain towards the Yabāqu. The Yabaqu were a Turkic people.

9642:"Population: 34,600,000 (January 2021 est.)" "Ethnic groups: Uzbek 84.6%, Russian 2.1%, Tajik 4.9%, Kazakh 2.4%, Karakalpak 2.2%, other 4.1% (2021 est.)" Assuming Uzbek, Kazakh and Karakalpak are included as Turks, 84.6% + 2.4% + 2.2% = 89.2%. 89.2% of 34.6m = 31.9m 1117:" living on the Pontic-Caspian Steppe who were not related to the actual Scythians. Medieval European chroniclers subsumed various Turkic peoples of the Eurasian steppe as "Scythians". Between 400 CE and the 16th century, Byzantine sources use the name Σκύθαι ( 15674:"To illustrate the complexity of the Ming-Muslim relationship, consider a legal statute" "...Kipchaks have light hair and blue eyes. Their appearance is vile and peculiar, so there are those who do not wish to marry them." (Da Ming lü jijie fuli 6.36b) 7091:, a medieval Turkic people, as resembling Kyrgyzes who were "all tall, red-haired, pale-faced, green-irised"; New Book of Tang also states that Kyrgyzes regarded black hair as "infelicitous" and insisted that black-eyed individuals were descendants of 5364:

In 808, 30,000 Shatuo under Zhuye Jinzhong defected from the Tibetans to Tang China and the Tibetans punished them by killing Zhuye Jinzhong as they were chasing them. The Uyghurs also fought against an alliance of Shatuo and Tibetans at Beshbalik.

15270:, had frankly Mongoloid features. Perhaps in the hope of finding an occasion to claim rulership over China, or because the high birth of the mother warranted seniority, the Inner Asian monarchs sought alliances165 with dynasties reigning in China." 5040:), the first recorded use of "Turk" as a political name. In the 6th-century, Ashina's power had increased such that they conquered the Tiele on their Rouran overlords' behalf and even overthrew Rourans and established the First Turkic Khaganate. 5645:

are descended from Turkmen who migrated from Central Asia and settled in a Tibetan area of Qinghai under Ming Chinese rule. The Salar ethnicity formed and underwent ethnogenesis from a process of male Turkmen migrants from Central Asia marrying

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relatively sparse and uneven, and few Xianbei or Rouran sites have yet been identified during the 400-year gap between the Xiongnu and Türkic periods. We observed high genetic heterogeneity and diversity during the Türkic and Uyghur periods...

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played an important role in the history of Turkic peoples, with the first Turkic state adopting and supporting the spread of Buddhism being the Turkic Shahis and the Göktürks. The Göktürks syncretized Buddhism with their traditional religion

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coins "the faces of the governor and governess are clearly Mongoloid (a roundish face, narrow eyes), and the portrait have definite old Türk features (long hair, absence of headdress of the governor, a tricorn headdress of the governess)".

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The Uyghur Turks, who once belonged to a variety of religions, were gradually Islamized during a period spanning the 10th and 13th centuries. Some scholars have linked the phenomenon of recently Islamized Uyghur soldiers recruited by the

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Bregel, Y. The new Uzbek states: Bukhara, Khiva and Khoqand: C. 1750–1886. In N. Di Cosmo, A. Frank, & P. Golden (Eds.), The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age (pp. 392–411). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

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also states that the neighboring Boma tribe resembled the Kyrgyz but their language was different, which may imply the Kyrgyz were originally a non-Turkic people, who were later Turkicized through inter-tribal marriages. According to

6934:(Genealogy of the Turkmens) that "their chin started to become narrow, their eyes started to become large, their faces started to become small, and their noses started to become big' after five or six generations". Ottoman historian 9393: 13595:

ancestors all had Chinese names here indicates that these names were probably all created posthumously after Shi Jingtang became a "Chinese" emperor. Shi Jingtang actually claimed to be a descendant of Chinese historical figures

6040:, as well as newfound economic growth. The cultural progress of the Timurid period ended as soon as the empire collapsed in the early 16th century, leaving many intellecuals and artists to turn elsewhere in search of employment. 2706:

Figure combines population of Turkmen and Uzbeks only. Population estimates of Turkmenistan's minority groups often widely vary. Some sources have cast doubt on the reliability of official government data for minority population

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frontier down to the Caucasus where they also shared a border with the Sasanians. Khusrow is noted at the time for improving the fortifications on either side of the Caspian, Bāb al-Abwāb at Derbent and the Great Wall of Gorgān.

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words, by assuming that the word is always used as a political-territorial ethnonym.71 Tibetans are also frequently confused with Turks, for instance by Al-Biruni, who speaks of 'Turks from Tibet' and 'Turks of Tibetan origin'

10090:): Presseausschnitte zu Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in Nordafrika und dem Nahen und Mittleren Osten. Autors: Deutsches Orient–Institut; Deutsches Übersee–Institut. Hamburg: Deutsches Orient–Institut, 1996, seite 33. 13765: 8998: 13315:"The Kipchak Turkic - speaking khans of Sibir had ruled there from the thirteenth century to the sixteenth , and their realm represented the northernmost position ever occupied by an Islamic state." 18050:

Mukhamadiev A., "Turanian Writing", in "Problems Of Lingo-Ethno-History Of The Tatar People", Kazan, 1995 (Азгар Мухамадиев, "Туранская Письменность", "Проблемы лингвоэтноистории татарского народа", Казань, 1995) (in

14038:"The sedentary ruling stratum (the Kangar) was of Iranian origin" ... "The ruling elite spoke Iranian, whereas most of the population spoke Turkic with a significant admixture of Hunno-Bulgar elements." 6651:. Immediately after the independence of the Turkic states, Turkey began seeking diplomatic relations with them. Over time political meetings between the Turkic countries increased and led to the establishment of 11779:, p. 203: "There is, indeed, reason to assume that Mongolia is primarily the source region of the Turkic language family, while the Mongolic homeland was located further to the east, in western Manchuria." 5419:. They adopted Chinese names and united Turkic and Chinese traditions. Later Tang fell in 937 but the Shatuo rose to become a powerful faction of northern China. They created two other dynasties, including the 12301:: "The early Medieval Türk (earlyMed_Turk) derived the major ancestry from ANA at a proportion of 62.2%, the remainder from BMAC (10.7%) and Western Steppe Afanasievo nomad (27.1%) (Figs. 1C, 1D; Table S2E)." 10886:

Peter B. Golden, Introduction to the History of the Turkic People, p. 12: "... source (Herod.IV.22) and other authors of antiquity, Togarma of the Old Testament, Turukha/Turuska of Indic sources, Turukku of

4330:. Except Eastern and Southern Mongolic-speakers, all "possessed a high proportion of West Eurasian-related ancestry, in accordance with the linguistically documented language borrowing in Turkic languages". 15553:

txt: "又有駁馬者，或曰弊剌，曰遏羅支，人貌多似結骨，而語不相通。" tr: "There are also Piebald-Horse folk, also called either Bila or Eluozhi . peoples' faces much resemble Kyrghyzes', yet the languages are not mutually intelligible."

8599:. Alevi Turks, who were once primarily dwelling in eastern Anatolia, are today concentrated in major urban centers in western Turkey with the increased urbanism. Turkic Sunni Muslims generally follow the 4293:

Population structure of Turkic-speaking populations in the context of their geographic neighbors across Eurasia. Turkic-speaking populations are shown in red. The upper barplot shows only Turkic-speaking

10761: 7263:

Türksoy carries out activities to strengthen cultural ties between Turkic peoples. One of the main goals to transmit their common cultural heritage to future generations and promote it around the world.

15023:"But the only countries that make full use of the economic potential of the Turkish World -with the exception of the only independent country of this area , namely Turkey- are Soviet Russia and China." 5408:

language of these dynasties was Chinese and they used Chinese titles and names. Some Shaotuo Turk emperors (of the Later Jin, Later Han and Northern Han) also claimed patrilineal Han Chinese ancestry.

15215:"Some DNA tests point to the Iranian connections of the Ashina and Ashide,133 highlighting further that the Turks as a whole 'were made up of heterogeneous and somatically dissimilar populations'.134" 10465:: "The best candidate for the Turkic Urheimat would then be northern and western Mongolia and Tuva, where all these haplogroups could have intermingled, rather than eastern and southern Mongolia..." 7016:

and Pecheneg nomads found in the kurgans in eastern Ukraine"; Lee & Kuang (2017) propose that Oshanin's discovery is explainable by assuming that the historical Kipchaks' modern descendants are

12398:"後北服渾庾、屈射、丁零、鬲昆、薪犁之國。於是匈奴貴人大臣皆服，以冒頓單于爲賢。" tr. "Later north subjugated the nations of Hunyu, Qushe, Dingling, Gekun, and Xinli. Therefore, the Xiongnu nobles and dignitaries all admired regarded 10235: 6454:. The main migration of the Oghuz Turks occurred in medieval times, when they spread across most of Asia and into Europe and the Middle East. They also took part in the military encounters of the 4117: 6896:"are distinguished from other Turks by their valour, their slanted eyes, and the smallness of their stature." Later Muslim writers noted a change in the physiognomy of Oghuz Turks. According to 4957:. In the 540s AD, this text mentions that the Turks came to China's border seeking silk goods and a trade relationship. A Sogdian diplomat represented China in a series of embassies between the 10053: 15262:

period describe the turcophone Kirgiz with green eyes and red hair. They must have been in majority Europeoids although intermarriages with the Chinese had begun long ago. The Kök-Türk kagan

13799: 15883: 14617:, Vol. IV: "The Age of Achievement: AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century", Part One: "The Historical, Social and Economic Setting". Multiple History Series. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. 13705:

Liu Zhiyuan's great-great-grandfather Liu Tuan (劉湍) (titled as Emperor Mingyuan posthumously, granted the temple name of Wenzu) descended from Liu Bing (劉昞), Prince of Huaiyang, a son of

2785:

quote: "悅般國其風俗言語與高車同" translation: "Yueban nation Their customs and language are the same as the Gaoche"; Gaoche (高車; lit. "High-Carts") was another name of the Turkic-speaking Tiele

600:

Turkic groups exhibited a wide range of both East Asian and West-Eurasian physical appearances and genetic origins, in part through long-term contact with neighboring peoples such as

15468:

Lee & Kuang (2017) "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples", Inner Asia 19. p. 208 of 197–239

12313:: "Central Steppe Türk (Kyrgyzstan_Turk and Kazakhstan_Turk) could be modeled as an admixture of ANA (Mongolia_N_North), BMAC, and West Steppe pastoralists (Afanasievo) (P = 0.0196)" 16943:

The Turcophone Orthodox Christians from Coexistence to Ethno-religious Homogenisation: A study of the 'Karamanlidhika' Press during the Greek-Turkish War and the Population Exchange

9579:

Approximately 200 million people,... speak nearly 40 Turkic languages and dialects. Turkey is the largest Turkic state, with about 60 million ethnic Turks living in its territories.

6966:

sources called the Khazars the "White Ugry" and the Magyars the "Black Ugry." Soviet excavated Khazar remains show Slavic-type, European-type, and a minority Mongoloid-type skulls.

6874:, there survives a partially conserved portrait depicting a turbaned and haloed adolescent figure with full cheeks, slanted eyes, and a small, sinuous mouth. The Armenian historian 8930:

Horses have been essential and even sacred animals for Turks living as nomadic tribes in the Central Asian steppes. Turks were born, grew up, lived, fought and died on horseback.

8496:

coexisted, with several Buddhist temples, monasteries, figures and steles, with images of Buddhist characters and sceneries, were constructed by various Turkic tribes. Throughout

15266:

was also depicted with blue eyes and an elongated ruddy face. Probably as a result of the repeated marriages, the members of the Kök-Türk dynasty (pl. XLVII/a), and particularly

8504:, and the spread of Islam among locals, Buddhism (and Tengrism) started to lose ground, however a certain influence of the Buddhist teachings remained during the next centuries. 7127: 5114:. The Khaganate was also the first state known as "Turk". It eventually collapsed due to a series of dynastic conflicts, but many states and peoples later used the name "Turk". 13051:

quote: "突厥者，其先居西海之右，獨為部落，蓋匈奴之別種也。" translation: "The Tujue, their ancestors dwelt on the right bank of the Western Sea; a lone tribe, probably a separate branch of the Xiongnu"

8351: 5218:

The Volga Bulgaria became an Islamic state in 922 and influenced the region as it controlled many trade routes. In the 13th century, Mongols invaded Europe and established the

2794:

Merkits were always counted as a part of the Mongols within the Mongol Empire, however, some scholars proposed additional Turkic ancestry for Merkits; Christopher P. Atwood –

7043:, and described him in the following terms: "In the first place, as I have seen him frequently, I shall say that he is a little, short, thick man, with the physiognomy of a 6680:'s description of their legendary origins suggest their physiognomy was "not too different from that of... Han (漢) Chinese population", but a subset of Xiongnu known as the 6481:

emerged as the new important Turkic state, that came to dominate not only the Middle East, but even southeastern Europe, parts of southwestern Russia, and northern Africa.

8163:

was borrowed from the Persians for frying, but traditionally nomadic Turks did most of their cooking using the qazan, saj and shish. Meals were served in a bowl, called a

7327:

has announced to be interested in joining the Organization of Turkic States. Since August 2018, Hungary has official observer status in the Organization of Turkic States.

5051:

warrior from the Göktürk period. The horse's tail is knotted in Turkic style. His hair is long, braided and his big-collared caftan and boots are Turkic clothing features.

4281:

period. Based on single-path IBD tracts, the common Turkic ancestral population lived prior to these migration events, and likely stem from a similar source population as

4110: 5431:(Later Han and Northern Han were ruled by the same family, with the latter being a rump state of the former). The Shatuo Liu Zhiyuan was a Buddhist and he worshipped the 8896:, described a game called "tepuk" among Turks in Central Asia. In the game, people try to attack each other's castle by kicking a ball made of sheep leather. (see also: 20783:

These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.

13655:

Liu Zhiyuan's great-great-grandfather Liu Tuan (劉湍) (titled as Emperor Mingyuan posthumously, granted the temple name of Wenzu) descended from Liu Bing (劉昞), Prince of

10209: 3058:

runiform scripts, noted for their exceptional uniformity of language and paleography. The Turkic alphabets are divided into four groups, the best known of which is the

2946:; as well as in Western Europe, Australia and the Americas as a result of immigration. The remainder of the Turkic people are concentrated in Central Asia, Russia, the 12540:

Lee, Joo-Yup (2016). "The Historical Meaning of the Term Turk and the Nature of the Turkic Identity of the Chinggisid and Timurid Elites in Post-Mongol Central Asia".

11464:

Lee, Joo-Yup (2016). "The Historical Meaning of the Term Turk and the Nature of the Turkic Identity of the Chinggisid and Timurid Elites in Post-Mongol Central Asia".

10650:

Lee, Joo-Yup (2016). "The Historical Meaning of the Term Turk and the Nature of the Turkic Identity of the Chinggisid and Timurid Elites in Post-Mongol Central Asia".

9128: 2922:

and through to the Middle East. Some 170 million people have a Turkic language as their native language; an additional 20 million people speak a Turkic language as a

15970: 8274:

Herd animals were usually slaughtered during the winter months and various types of sausages were prepared to preserve the meats, including a type of sausage called

10194: 9080: 18018:

Karatay, Osman. The Genesis of the Turks: An Ethno-Linguistic Inquiry into the Prehistory of Central Eurasia. United Kingdom, Cambridge Scholars Publishing., 2022.

9354: 8839:

The Basmil, Yabāḳu and Uyghur states were among the Turkic peoples who fought against the Kara-Khanids spread of Islam. The Islamic Kara-Khanids were made out of

4289: 10006: 9092: 7191:

There are several international organizations created with the purpose of furthering cooperation between countries with Turkic-speaking populations, such as the

5531:

Army. The Pecheneg state was established by the 11th century and at its peak carried a population of over 2.5 million, composed of many different ethnic groups.

4269:

share underlying genetic ancestry "that falls into or close to the northeast Asian gene pool", the proto-Turkic language likely originated in northeastern Asia.

4103: 12879: 9172: 8946:

began with the nomadic Turkic peoples who have come from farther north and east spreading westward from China and Mongolia between the 10th and 15th centuries.

9148: 6765:

of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and that their appearance shifted to an East Asian one due to intermarriage with foreign nobility. As a result, by the time of

5384:

with Tuyuhun, Tangut and Han Chinese troops, participated in a raid against the Uyghur khaganate that led to the slaughter of Uyghur forces at Shahu mountain.

5137:

ruled large parts of the former Göktürk area. After several wars between Turks, Chinese and Tibetans, the weakened Second Turkic Khaganate was replaced by the

1927: 1124:

In the modern Turkish language as used in the Republic of Turkey, a distinction is made between "Turks" and the "Turkic peoples" in loosely speaking: the term

18061:Öztopçu, Kurtuluş. 1996. Dictionary of the Turkic languages: English, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek. London: Routledge. 10794: 5545:

The Yatuks, a tribe within the Kangar state who could not accompany the Kangars as they migrated West, remained in the old lands, where they are known as the

5454:

in central Mongolia, leaving much of the Uyghur civilization in ruins. Much of the Uyghur population relocated to the southwest of Mongolia, establishing the

8248: 6803:"broad faced people with small eyes", having light-colored, often reddish hair, and with pink skin, as being "short, with small eyes, nostrils, and mouths" ( 5354:. The Uyghur Khaganate was tolerant of religious diversity and practiced variety of religions including Buddhism, Christianity, shamanism and Manichaeism. 1128:

corresponds specifically to the "Turkish-speaking" people (in this context, "Turkish-speaking" is considered the same as "Turkic-speaking"), while the term

9242: 12414:

Peter Zieme: The Old Turkish Empires in Mongolia. In: Genghis Khan and his heirs. The Empire of the Mongols. Special tape for Exhibition 2005/2006, p. 64

9032: 5538:

origin, and they likely spoke an Iranian language, while most of the Pecheneg population spoke a Turkic language, with a significant percentage speaking

4362:

farmer ancestry. A 2020 study also found "high genetic heterogeneity and diversity during the Türkic and Uyghur periods" in the early medieval period in

12570:"A Brief Description of the Early and Medieval Türks" in Turkic Christians in Central Asia and China (5th – 14th Centuries), Studies in Turkic philology 5281:

and indigenous Uralic peoples. It was the northernmost Islamic state in recorded history and it survived up until 1598 when it was conquered by Russia.

19416:) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former 15160:"The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012–2013 exhibit: 13. THE TURK SHAHIS IN KABULISTAN" 9556: 5133:

during a civil war. The Han-Chinese successfully overthrew the Eastern Turks in 630 and created a military Protectorate until 682. After that time the

10061: 9184: 11163:, p. 1346: "Greek authors frequently applied the name Scythians to later nomadic groups who had no relation whatever to the original Scythians" 10243: 9592: 6570: 16304: 13818: 12908:

N. Ishjatms, "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia", in the "History of civilizations of Central Asia", Volume 2, Fig 6, p. 166, UNESCO Publishing, 1996,

12896: 8974: 4174:, has received support but also criticism, with opponents attributing similarities to long-term contact. The proto-Turkic-speakers may be linked to 16743: 15807: 13084:. "突厥阿史那氏, 蓋古匈奴北部也." "The Ashina family of the Turk probably were the northern tribes of the ancient Xiongnu." quoted and translated in Xu (2005), 8501: 16414:

Islamic peoples of the Soviet Union: with an appendix on the non-Muslim Turkic peoples of the Soviet Union: an historical and statistical handbook

5020:

confederation. Göktürks were also posited as having originated from an obscure Suo state (索國), north of the Xiongnu. The Ashina tribe were famed

11367: 8603:

rite. Azeris are traditionally Shiite Muslims. Religious observance is less strict in the Republic of Azerbaijan compared to Iranian Azerbaijan.

7192: 7178: 956:'lid', semantically stretchable to 'helmet', as a possible source for this folk etymology, yet Golden thinks this connection requires more data. 8986: 8175:). Both bowl and spoon were historically made from wood. Other traditional utensils used in food preparation included a thin rolling pin called 17921:

An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East

17905:

An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples: Ethnogenesis and state-formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East

13786:

From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (orientalia - patristica - oecumenica)

12399: 11111:

Pulleyblank, Edwin G. "The Name of the Kirghiz" in Central Asiatic Journal, Vol. 34, No. 1/2 (1990). Harrassowitz Verlag. page 98-99 of 98–108.

10545:: "Both Chinese histories and modern dna studies indicate that the early and medieval Turkic peoples were made up of heterogeneous populations" 9782: 5443:

Turks living in Inner Mongolia after the Song dynasty conquered the last Shatuo dynasty of Northern Han. The Ongud assimilated to the Mongols.

10319: 8771:

during the 16th century, and continued to Christianized under subsequent Russian rulers and Orthodox clergy up to the mid-eighteenth century.

8194:

Medieval grain dishes included preparations of whole grains, soups, porridges, breads and pastries. Fried or toasted whole grains were called

7548:

The following incomplete list of Turkic people shows the respective groups' core areas of settlement and their estimated sizes (in millions):

4442:

The Tiele were first mentioned in Chinese literature from the 6th to 8th centuries. Some scholars (Haneda, Onogawa, Geng, etc.) proposed that

3152: 20367: 8259: 3113: 16328: 16046: 15858:

Substantial numbers (possibly several millions) of maghrebis of the former Ottoman colonies in North Africa are of Ottoman Turkish descent.

15383:

physiognomy, as well as occasionally having West Eurasian physiognomy. DNA studies corroborate such characterisation of the Turkic peoples."

8492:

region. Buddhism had also considerable impact and influence onto various other historical Turkic groups. In pre-Islamic times, Buddhism and

20752: 16072: 14050:, p. 318"According to Pritsak, the Pecheneg ruling elite (i.e the Kangar tribes) were Iranian speakers." 12486: 11286: 9320: 6900:, "because of the climate their features gradually changed into those of Tajiks. Since they were not Tajiks, the Tajik peoples called them 6652: 16249: 15833: 10929:(Bŭlgarska akademii︠a︡ na naukite. Otdelenie za ezikoznanie/ izkustvoznanie/ literatura, Linguistique balkanique, Vol. 27–28, 1984, p. 17 9044: 7508:

branches. The Oghuz have been termed Western Turks, while the remaining five, in such a classificatory scheme, are called Eastern Turks.

6335:, on his mother's side. A further distinction was the attempt of the Mughals to integrate Hindus and Muslims into a united Indian state. 17872: 17536: 16499: 15033: 14831: 10872: 4695: 2965:

were found to be converging rather than diverging over the centuries. Opponents of the theory proposed that the similarities are due to

19734: 17061: 16744:"Harvard Ukrainian Studies Eucharisterion: Essays Presented to Omeljan Pritsak on his Sixtieth Birthday by his Colleagues and Students" 16354: 15762: 11997:"Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity at the crossroads of North China and South Siberia reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity" 9934: 9916: 9337: 9056: 8550: 3019:

The earliest positively dated and read Turkic inscriptions date from the 8th century, and the alphabets were generally replaced by the

2884: 15904: 14245:

Jonathan M. Bloom, Sheila Blair, The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture, Oxford University Press, 2009, Vol.2, p.163,

9160: 4655:

to the 19th century, and consists mainly of engraved signs (petroglyphs) and few painted images. Excavations done during 1924–1925 in

2782: 933:

and so on; but the information gap is so substantial that any connection of these ancient people to the modern Turks is not possible.

651:. Nevertheless, Turkic peoples share, to varying degrees, non-linguistic characteristics like cultural traits, ancestry from a common 17968:

Ishjatms N., "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia", in the "History of civilizations of Central Asia", Volume 2, UNESCO Publishing, 1996,

17561: 16188: 14328:; Blackwell Publishing, 1998; pg. 370: "Though Turkic in origin Alp Tegin, Sebuk Tegin, and Mahmud were all thoroughly Persianized". 13601: 13597: 9190: 7336: 6908:)." Ḥāfiẓ Tanīsh Mīr Muḥammad Bukhārī also related that the Oghuz' 'Turkic face did not remain as it was' after their migration into 17998: 18164: 16098: 9218: 5254:(the European section). The Golden Horde disintegrated into several khanates and hordes in the 15th and 16th century including the 4934: 4286:

tribes as they expanded, and in this way Turkic peoples eventually reinforced their expansion over the Eurasian steppe and beyond."

16689: 15789: 11404:

The Making of the Tuoba Northern Wei: Constructing Material Cultural Expressions in the Northern Wei Pingcheng Period (398–494 CE)

6588:

The Turkic peoples of Central Asia were not organized in nation-states during most of the 20th century, after the collapse of the

4209: 20785: 19449: 16604: 14865: 10896:

German Archaeological Institute. Department Teheran, Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, Vol. 19, Dietrich Reimer, 1986, p. 90

4162:

A possible genealogical link of the Turkic languages to Mongolic and Tungusic languages, specifically a hypothetical homeland in

11995:

He, Guang-Lin; Wang, Meng-Ge; Zou, Xing; Yeh, Hui-Yuan; Liu, Chang-Hui; Liu, Chao; Chen, Gang; Wang, Chuan-Chao (January 2022).

10293: 9418: 8759:

are an indigenous Turkic people in Russia, most Nağaybäk are Christian and were largely converted during the 18th century. Many

5331:

became a wealthy center of commerce, and a significant portion of the Uyghur population abandoned their nomadic lifestyle for a

17336:"Millet agriculture dispersed from Northeast China to the Russian Far East: Integrating archaeology, genetics, and linguistics" 15696:

The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century

12838: 10627: 6996:

states that the Kyrgyz "intermixed with the Dingling." The Kyrgyz "regarded those with black eyes as descending from Ling," a

5404: 6721: 4363: 18090: 17947: 17929: 17815: 17715: 17655: 17574: 17550: 17455: 17384: 17324: 17263:"A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples" 17251: 17151: 17132: 17107: 17079: 16898: 16848: 16807: 16726: 16699: 16614: 16587: 16560: 16449: 16380: 16215: 16156: 15947: 15667: 15631: 15366: 15335: 15236: 14805: 14701: 14674: 14647: 14541: 14084: 14031: 14004: 13977: 13950: 13923: 13896: 13849: 13569: 13542: 13483: 13456: 13429: 13402: 13375: 13336: 13308: 13281: 13254: 13214: 13190: 12967: 12936: 12848: 12796: 11741: 11507: 11338: 10771: 10149: 10125: 9990: 9900: 9873: 9846: 9606: 9572: 8622:

the year before. Some of the earliest rulers to convert to Islam were the Turkic princes of the city-states in the region of

5165:

established themselves in between the Caspian and Black Seas in the 5th and 6th centuries, followed by their conquerors, the

2802: 15737: 10213: 16672: 15939: 15694: 11439:. vol 95. "芮芮一號大檀，又號檀檀，亦匈奴別種" tr. "Ruìruì, one appellation is Dàtán, also called Tántán, likewise a Xiōngnú splinter stock" 7225:– Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status, was established on 25 January 2013. It is an 1497: 15995: 8865: 6219: 14989: 12876: 10190: 9376: 9104: 7332: 2097: 16205: 9116: 6130:. Nader belonged to the Qereqlu branch of the Afshars. During Nader's reign, Iran reached its greatest extent since the 5335:

one. The Uyghur Khaganate produced extensive literature, and a relatively high number of its inhabitants were literate.

20820: 20475: 16232: 13518: 13502: 13061: 10266: 10014: 9435: 7362:, across Central Asia, to Southern Europe. As of 2011 the largest groups of Turkic people live throughout Central Asia— 6992:, the Kyrgyz were mixed with "Saqlabs" (Slavs), which explains the red hair and white skin among the Kyrgyz, while the 6946:

are of confused ethnic origin. Among its notables there are few whose lineage does not go back to a convert to Islam."

19427: 17183: 16288: 10954:

Faruk Suümer, Oghuzes (Turkmens): History, Tribal organization, Sagas, Turkish World Research Foundation, 1992, p. 16)

8958:" is used in the Caucasus and Central Asia to describe a skillful and brave equestrian, or a brave person in general. 8779:

Today there are several groups that support a revival of the ancient traditions. Especially after the collapse of the

8557:

attributed with a rapid and almost total disappearance of it and other religions in North India and Central Asia. The

5266:(among others), which were one by one conquered and annexed by the Russian Empire in the 16th through 19th centuries. 1349: 18066: 18041: 18026: 17988: 17973: 17962: 17912: 17897: 17889: 17830: 17788: 17232: 16482: 16421: 14875: 14841: 14607: 14566: 14533: 13873: 13812: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13155: 12913: 12899:(Paper presented at the First International Conference of Eurasian Archaeology, University of Chicago, 3–4 May 2002.) 12671: 11226: 6745:

has reported that genetic testing of the proposed descendants of the Ashina tribe does seem to confirm a link to the

5230:

were absorbed by the Golden Horde in the 13th century; in the 14th century, Islam became the official religion under

5006: 3040: 2934:

Turkish, the speakers of which account for about 40% of all Turkic speakers. More than one third of these are ethnic

16888: 16797: 13473: 11328: 10450:: "The ultimate Proto-Turkic homeland may have been located in a more compact area, most likely in Eastern Mongolia" 7027:

Byzantine historians of the 11th-12th centuries provided description of Turkmens as very different from the Greeks.

5361:

Turks emerged as power factor in Northern and Central China and were recognized by the Tang Empire as allied power.

5197:

in the 13th century. Other Bulgars settled in Southeastern Europe in the 7th and 8th centuries, and mixed with the

16670: 14416:

The Cambridge History of Islam (Volume IA): The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War

10850:

Prof. Dr. Ercümend Kuran, Türk Adı ve Türklük Kavramı, Türk Kültürü Dergisi, Yıl, XV, S. 174, Nisan 1977. s. 18–20.

10798: 6692:

affiliation, and regardless of whether or not the Xiongnu were Turkic, they were a hybrid people. According to the

4998:

seeking inclusion in their confederacy and protection from the prevailing dynasty. Alternatively, according to the

1345: 16973: 16671:

Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb; Bernard Lewis; Johannes Hendrik Kramers; Charles Pellat; Joseph Schacht (1998).

10408:, p. 1. "The Turkic peoples represent a diverse collection of ethnic groups defined by the Turkic languages." 6962:

physical and racial differences and explained that they stemmed from the merger of the Khazars with the Barsils."

6517:. Some groups of Turkic people practice other religions, including their original animistic-shamanistic religion, 20810: 20076: 18443: 17399:"Tracing population movements in ancient East Asia through the linguistics and archaeology of textile production" 15186: 13784:

Paulillo, Mauricio. "White Tatars: The Problem of the Öngũt conversion to Jingjiao and the Uighur Connection" in

6597: 6400:), particularly after the 10th century. Examples of regional de facto independent states include the short lived 5633:

valley (see map). The Oguz political association developed in the 9th and 10th centuries in the Syr Darya basin.

3794: 1075:

originally did not mean "strong, powerful" but "gathered; united, allied, confederated" and was derived from Pre-

13559: 13448:

From the Khitans to the Jurchens & Mongols: A History of Barbarians in Triangle Wars & Quartet Conflicts

13446: 8966: 5071:, "sky, sky-coloured, blue, blue-grey". Unlike its Xiongnu predecessor, the Göktürk Khaganate had its temporary 944:

as derived from 'helmet', explaining that this name comes from the shape of a mountain where they worked in the

20528: 14620:

Dani, A. H., Masson, V. M. (Eds), Asimova, M. S. (Eds), Litvinsky, B. A. (Eds), Boaworth, C. E. (Eds). (1999).

14593: 14588:

Dani, A. H., Masson, V. M. (Eds), Asimova, M. S. (Eds), Litvinsky, B. A. (Eds), Boaworth, C. E. (Eds). (1999).

13532: 12391: 10979:

Golden, Peter B. "Some Thoughts on the Origins of the Turks and the Shaping of the Turkic Peoples". (2006) In:

10141:

Reconciling Cultural and Political Identities in a Globalized World: Perspectives on Australia-Turkey Relations

9561:

Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts

9452: 9019: 7226: 7047:. He has a broad and brown face, high cheek bones, a round beard, a great and crooked nose, with little eyes". 6382: 5323:

had established itself by the year 744 AD. Through trade relations established with China, its capital city of

4302: 3129: 1923: 14391:, ed. by P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970). pg 147. 14249:, "Turkish dominated mamluk regiments...dynasty of mamluk origin (the GHAZNAVID line) carved out an empire..." 12148:

Guarino-Vignon, Perle; Marchi, Nina; Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio; Heyer, Evelyne; Bon, Céline (14 January 2022).

20815: 20747: 20362: 19776: 16838: 16780: 16171: 10396:. "Turkic peoples, any of various peoples whose members speak languages belonging to the Turkic subfamily..." 9268: 8721: 8500:, there exist various historical Buddhist sites, including an underground Buddhist cave monastery. After the 7277: 6660: 6648: 6593: 4889: 3863: 3856: 2066: 1686: 1353: 16146: 15159: 14920: 11595:"Review of Robbeets, Martine (2015): Diachrony of verb morphology. Japanese and the Transeurasian languages" 8078:. Dairy was a staple of the nomadic diet and there are many Turkic words for various dairy products such as 7028: 5311: 909:. There are references to certain groups in antiquity whose names might have been foreign transcriptions of 821: 20410: 18978: 18157: 17643: 16716: 16524: 15158:

Alram, Michael; Filigenzi, Anna; Kinberger, Michaela; Nell, Daniel; Pfisterer, Matthias; Vondrovec, Klaus.

15131:

Alram, Michael; Filigenzi, Anna; Kinberger, Michaela; Nell, Daniel; Pfisterer, Matthias; Vondrovec, Klaus.

14526:

Possessors and possessed: museums, archaeology, and the visualization of history in the late Ottoman Empire

14501: 10963: 10101:"All-Ukrainian population census 2001 – General results of the census – National composition of population" 5849:

in terms of language, culture, literature and habits and hence is regarded by some as a "Persian dynasty".

3121: 9285: 8892: 6718:, whereas "no comparable depiction of the Kök Türks or Tiele is found in the official Chinese histories." 6684:

were described having "deep-set eyes", "high nose bridges" and "heavy facial hair". The Jie may have been

5376:. In 839, when the Uyghur khaganate (Huigu) general Jueluowu (掘羅勿) rose against the rule of then-reigning 721: 19442: 18047:

Malov S.E., "Monuments of the ancient Turkic inscriptions. Texts and research", M.-L., 1951 (in Russian).

16311: 11721: 11034:"TÜRK Adının Kökeni Üzerine (On the origin of the ethnonym TÜRK 'Turkic, Turkish') + an English abstract" 5223: 753: 589:. Initially, Proto-Turkic speakers were potentially both hunter-gatherers and farmers; they later became 16762: 6303:

was a Turko-Mongol empire that, at its greatest territorial extent, ruled most of South Asia, including

6094:(1785–1920). In 1710, the Kokand Khanate (1710–1876) separated from the Bukhara Khanate. In 1511–1920, 4627:

It has even been suggested that the Xiongnu themselves, who were mentioned in Han Dynasty records, were

20296: 19044: 18113:

Vasiliev D.D. Graphical fund of Turkic runiform writing monuments in Asian areal. М., 198 (in Russian).

17597: 17410: 17124: 13836: 11856: 8649: 6804: 5424: 5420: 1691: 16968: 15779:"Press Release of the Sixth Summit of the Turkic Council". Turkic Council. Retrieved 4 September 2018. 14904: 14889: 14557:

Jackson, P. (2002). "Review: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens".

11527: 11310: 10574: 10557: 18080: 15132: 14239: 13180: 11298: 8381: 6843: 4249:

Around 2,200 BC, the (agricultural) ancestors of the Turkic peoples probably migrated westwards into

2838: 13016:

quote: "突厥之先，平涼今平涼郡雜胡也，蓋匈奴之別種，姓阿史那氏。後魏太武滅沮渠氏，沮渠茂虔都姑臧，謂之北涼，為魏所滅。阿史那以五百家奔蠕蠕，代居金山，狀如兜鍪，俗呼兜鍪為「突厥」，因以為號。"

10841:

Pomponius Mela's Description of the World, Pomponius Mela, University of Michigan Press, 1998, p. 67

10344: 9469: 4671:

produced objects with over 20 carved characters, which were either identical or very similar to the

4223:); green, West Eurasian‐related ancestry; and yellow, associated with neolithic millet farmers from 20124: 19376: 19335: 18503: 17861: 17803: 15903:. Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan — Presidential Library. 14293: 14271: 13864:

Ozkan Izgi, "The ancient cultures of Central Asia and the relations with the Chinese civilization"

10579: 7955: 7122: 6958: 6879: 6836: 6199: 6146:, ruling over Iran from 1789 to 1925. The Qajar family took full control of Iran in 1794, deposing 6078:

was an Uzbek state that existed from 1501 to 1785. The khanate was ruled by three dynasties of the

5602: 5277:

who established Islam as the official religion in western Siberia over the partly Islamized native

5126: 5122: 4938:

The First Turkic Khaganate at its greatest extent, in 576, with neighbouring contemporary polities.

4436: 4321:

and a South-Siberian or Mongolian group with a high East-Asian ancestry (around 60%)." Modern day

4058: 3704: 3683: 8787:

converted or openly practice animistic and shamanistic rituals. It is estimated that about 60% of

6577:. Ethnic nationalism also developed in Ottoman Empire during the 19th century, taking the form of 5446:

The Yenisei Kyrgyz allied with China to destroy the Uyghur Khaganate in the year 840 AD. From the

20805: 20152: 20096: 19843: 19839: 19679: 19497: 19492: 18543: 18468: 18232: 18225: 18150: 17542: 17262: 17071: 16332: 16050: 14581:

Bosworth, C. E. (2001). 0Notes on Some Turkish Names in Abu 'l-Fadl Bayhaqi's Tarikh-i Mas'udi".

14350: 14312: 12959:

From the Khan's Oven: Studies on the History of Central Asian Religions in Honor of Devin DeWeese

11623:

Vasiliev D.D. Graphical fund of Turkic runiform writing monuments in Asian areal, М., 1983, p. 44

9564: 9507: 8705: 8635:, calling for a return to basic Islamic beliefs while simultaneously accepting modernist trends. 6774: 6769:(684 AD), members of the Ashina dynasty had East Asian features. A 2023 genetic study found that 5910: 5885: 5503:). The capital of the Kangar union was located in the Ulytau mountains. Among the Pechenegs, the 5134: 4354: 4216: 4194: 3712: 2376: 2361: 2319: 2285: 2251: 2232: 2190: 2156: 2141: 2108: 2010: 1967: 1825: 1727: 1564: 1463: 737: 711: 17: 18116:

Vasiliev D.D. Corpus of Turkic runiform monuments in the basin of Enisei. М., 1983 (in Russian).

17586:"Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia" 17170: 16076: 15912:Религия. Управление делами Президента Азербайджанской Республики — Президентская библиотека 14023:

Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area: Ancient Irrigation Systems of the Aral Sea Area

13048: 12764: 12490: 12473: 11283: 10100: 10087: 9796: 6565:

The Ottoman Empire gradually grew weaker in the face of poor administration, repeated wars with

20389: 19747: 19724: 19539: 19435: 19366: 18137: 16246: 15550: 14298: 13081: 12994: 12444:

Pulleyblank, E. G. "The Name of the Kirghiz." Central Asiatic Journal 34, no. 1/2 (1990). p. 99

10028: 9952: 9836: 9756: 9705: 9512: 7803: 6897: 6799: 6316: 6280: 5539: 5495:

state in the former territory of the Western Turkic Khaganate (the entire present-day state of

5455: 4948: 4748: 4215:

Ancestral composition of modern-day Turkic-speaking populations, using three components: blue,

4009: 3874: 3675: 2957:. Howeover since the 1950s, a majority of linguists have rejected the proposal, after supposed 729: 655:, and historical experiences. Some of the most notable modern Turkic ethnic groups include the 597: 18012: 17793:

Baichorov S.Ya., "Ancient Turkic runic monuments of the Europe", Stavropol, 1989 (in Russian).

17118: 16474: 15657: 15226: 14893: 14074: 14021: 13994: 13940: 13392: 13365: 13244: 12454:

Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1991). "The 'High Carts': A Turkish-Speaking People before the Türks".

9890: 9863: 9652: 9068: 6494: 6110:

was named after the Turkic Afshar tribe to which they belonged. The Afshars had migrated from

20619: 20573: 20181: 19022: 18317: 17469: 17394: 17220: 16577: 16265: 16025: 15621: 15325: 14794:

H. Scheel; Jaschke, Gerhard; H. Braun; Spuler, Bertold; T Koszinowski; Bagley, Frank (1981).

14691: 14664: 14637: 14472: 14354: 14280: 13967: 13913: 13886: 13419: 13326: 13298: 13271: 12926: 12786: 12606: 11294: 10165: 10139: 9821: 8967:

Battle, hunting and blacksmithing scenes in Turkic rock art of the early Middle Ages in Altai

8408:. Later this animistic tradition would form the more organized Tengrism. The chief deity was 6875: 6742: 6020:

was a Turko-Mongol empire founded in the late 14th century through military conquests led by

5432: 5118: 5106:

monks and practiced a syncretic religion. The Göktürks were the first Turkic people to write

4628: 4471: 4136: 3588: 2878: 898: 574: 17836: 17666: 16550: 16466: 16358: 12957: 12605:

Rachel Lung, Interpreters in Early Imperial China, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011,

11096: 10723:"A Sketch of the Earliest Mongolic Language: the Brāhmī Bugut and Khüis Tolgoi Inscriptions" 7319:. The idea of setting up this cooperative council was first put forward by Kazakh President 6930: 5234:

where the general population (Turks) as well as the aristocracy (Mongols) came to speak the

975:, which means 'created, born' or 'strong'. Turkologist Peter B. Golden agrees that the term 20772: 19835: 19554: 19509: 19361: 18698: 18322: 18202: 17007: 16946: 15897: 15884:""Şeyxülislam qeyd edib ki, Azərbaycanda 35 faiz sünni, 65 faiz isə şiə məzhəbinə mənsub…"" 13768:"阿剌兀思剔吉忽里，汪古部人，係出沙陀雁門之後。" Alawusi Tijihuli, a man of the Ongud tribe, descendant(s) of the 13702: 13652: 12161: 12084: 11803: 11726:

Studying the Near and Middle East at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, 1935–2018

11314: 10502: 9199: 7611: 7320: 6983:

but "The people are all tall and big and have red hair, white faces, and green eyes." The

6921: 6751:

the Turks as a whole 'were made up of heterogeneous and somatically dissimilar populations'

6178:. In the Caucasus, the Qajar dynasty permanently lost many of Iran's integral areas to the 5927:. At its greatest extent, the Seljuk Empire controlled a vast area stretching from western 4643:, some scholars argue that the older Xiongnu writings are precursors to the earliest known 4350: 3362: 3091: 2327: 2289: 2198: 1110: 949: 648: 640: 17994:

Johanson, Lars. 1998. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 81–125.

17500: 13942:

Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History

13722: 13591:

Considering the father was originally called Nieliji without a surname, the fact that his

11050:

The Peoples of the Steppe Frontier in Early Chinese Sources, Edwin G. Pulleyblank, page 35

9731: 9693:

Library of Congress – Federal Research Division – Country Profile: Iran, May 2008, page 5

6942:

that Anatolian Turks and Ottoman elites are ethnically mixed: "Most of the inhabitants of

5411:

After the fall of the Tang-Dynasty in 907, the Shatuo Turks replaced them and created the

8: 20513: 20132: 19757: 19579: 19225: 18513: 18248: 18072: 17995: 17808:

Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present

15873:(Spencer Wells, 2001); and discussion and conclusions at www.karakalpak.com/genetics.html 15834:"Organization of Turkic States pledges observer status for Turkish Cyprus – Türkiye News" 13706: 13660: 13656: 12640:

Cheng, Fangyi. "The Research on the Identification Between Tiele and the Oghuric Tribes".

12609:"Türk, or Türküt, refers to a state of Ašina clan (of Tiele tribe by ancestral lineage)" 12150:"Genetic continuity of Indo-Iranian speakers since the Iron Age in southern Central Asia" 10562: 9982: 9783:"Census 2021: 84.6% of population define themselves as Bulgarians, 8.4% Turks, 4.4% Roma" 8712:

of Russia, while containing many ancient Turkic concepts, also shares some elements with

8581: 8247:

is a fried bread that may be sprinkled with dried fruit or meat, rolled, and sliced like

8143:

can be used to prepare certain steamed foods, like the traditional meat dumplings called

7942: 7875: 6855: 6175: 6163: 6025: 5971: 5897: 5803: 5351: 4790: 4546:. In contrast, medieval Muslim writers, including Turkic speakers like Ottoman historian 4432: 3842: 3452: 3067: 3047: 3020: 2687: 1894: 1755: 964: 837: 17843:

Paris, Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient. Reprint: Taipei. Cheng Wen Publishing Co. 1969.

17667:"Ancient genome of Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of Göktürk Khanate" 17616: 17585: 17429: 17398: 17011: 16102: 12165: 12088: 11996: 11807: 11482: 10915:

Golden, Peter B. "Türks and Iranians: Aspects of Türk and Khazaro-Iranian Interaction".

9613:

The greatest are the 65 million Turks of Turkey, who speak Turkish, a Turkic language...

8614:

Islam first made contact with the Turkic peoples in 642, when Muslim armies crossed the

8294:, was made from horsemeat and another variety was filled with a mixture of ground meat, 20508: 20330: 19564: 19457: 18906: 18708: 18618: 18518: 17759: 17726: 17694: 17041: 16653: 15442: 15206: 14493: 14206:. 43–44. Ma Jianzhong and Kevin Stuart, translators (2 ed.). O. Harrassowitz: 212. 14160: 14121: 12734: 12721: 12688: 12361: 12336: 12252: 12219: 12190: 12149: 12126: 12024: 11925: 11832: 11791: 11747: 11697: 11662: 10742: 10616: 10530: 9366: 9275: 9229: 8887: 8850: 8830: 8726: 7946: 7268:

exchange their experiences, as well as promoting the city in question internationally.

7195:(TÜRKSOY) and the Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking Countries (TÜRKPA) and the 7112: 6640: 6574: 6463: 6292: 6098:(Khiva Khanate) was ruled by the Arabshahid dynasty and the Uzbek dynasty of Kungrats. 6091: 6061: 6049: 5920: 5778: 5708: 5202: 5154: 4652: 4186: 4182: 3959: 3830: 2962: 2296: 1849: 1094:, located in South Siberia. Another example of an early Turkic population would be the 829: 745: 716: 578: 18021:

Kyzlasov I.L., "Runic Scripts of Eurasian Steppes", Moscow, Eastern Literature, 1994,

17244:

The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran

14769:

The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896

14187:(PhD Thesis. Department of World Cultures thesis). University of Helsinki. p. 15. 12928:

The Eastern Frontier: Limits of Empire in Late Antique and Early Medieval Central Asia

12897:

Writing the Landscape: the Petroglyphs of Inner Mongolia and Ningxia Province (China).

12788:

The Eastern Frontier: Limits of Empire in Late Antique and Early Medieval Central Asia

10862: 8922:(chase the girl) has been played by Turkic people at festivals since time immemorial. 6557: 6412:

and other tribes captured and dominated various countries under the leadership of the

5867:

A map showing the Seljuk Empire at its height, upon the death of Malik Shah I in 1092.

5415:

Dynasty in 923. The Shatuo Turks ruled over a large part of northern China, including

5222:

in Eastern Europe, western & northern Central Asia, and even western Siberia. The

5149: 3050:

scripts, unlike other typologically close scripts of the world, do not have a uniform

3016:. Most of the preserved inscriptions were dated to between 8th and 10th centuries CE. 20649: 20568: 20321: 20068: 19742: 19654: 19629: 19619: 19614: 19584: 19524: 19064: 18963: 18424: 18282: 18086: 18062: 18037: 18022: 17984: 17969: 17958: 17943: 17925: 17919: 17908: 17893: 17885: 17866: 17826: 17811: 17784: 17764: 17711: 17698: 17686: 17651: 17621: 17570: 17546: 17505: 17451: 17434: 17380: 17366: 17320: 17288: 17247: 17228: 17147: 17128: 17103: 17075: 17033: 16894: 16844: 16803: 16754: 16722: 16695: 16610: 16583: 16556: 16478: 16467: 16445: 16417: 16211: 16152: 16124: 15943: 15663: 15627: 15534: 15434: 15362: 15331: 15232: 15210: 14968: 14908: 14871: 14837: 14801: 14697: 14670: 14643: 14639:

The Ottoman 'Wild West': The Balkan Frontier in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

14537: 14529: 14164: 14141:"Tibetan as a "model language" in the Amdo Sprachbund: Evidence from Salar and Wutun" 14125: 14102:"Tibetan as a "model language" in the Amdo Sprachbund: evidence from Salar and Wutun" 14080: 14027: 14000: 13973: 13946: 13919: 13892: 13869: 13845: 13838:Монгольские этнонимы: вопросы происхождения и этнического состава монгольских народов 13808: 13565: 13538: 13479: 13452: 13425: 13398: 13371: 13332: 13304: 13277: 13250: 13210: 13186: 13151: 12963: 12932: 12909: 12844: 12792: 12738: 12726: 12712: 12667: 12366: 12257: 12239: 12195: 12177: 12118: 12110: 12028: 12016: 11929: 11917: 11876: 11837: 11819: 11751: 11737: 11702: 11684: 11503: 11368:"Ji 姬 and Jiang 姜: The Role of Exogamic Clans in the Organization of the Zhou Polity" 11334: 11222: 11136:, p. 200"Historians know with certainty that the Dingling were a Turkic people" 10767: 10746: 10620: 10608: 10534: 10522: 10145: 10083: 9986: 9896: 9869: 9842: 9602: 9568: 8768: 8752: 8644: 8577: 8520: 8034: 7599: 7064: 6925: 6766: 6714:

described the Hu people of his day as "blue-eyed and red bearded" descendants of the

6644: 6405: 6370: 6315:

from the early 16th to the early 18th centuries. The Mughal dynasty was founded by a

6296: 6183: 6147: 6057: 5686: 5622: 4314: 4178: 3818: 3584: 3515: 3133: 2961:

were found not to be valid, hypothesized sound shifts were not found, and Turkic and

2911: 2827: 2798: 833: 733: 17045: 16989: 12130: 12072: 8436: 7465:. There are also considerable populations of Turkic people (originating mostly from 4701: 49: 20614: 20594: 20372: 20148: 20136: 20128: 20116: 20092: 20084: 20072: 20053: 20006: 19908: 19871: 19762: 19699: 19694: 19659: 19609: 19534: 19514: 19474: 19371: 19017: 18864: 18733: 18665: 18594: 18538: 18523: 18508: 18493: 18463: 18453: 18429: 18365: 18272: 18106:

Schönig, Claus. 1997–1998. "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages I-III."

17754: 17744: 17678: 17611: 17601: 17532: 17524: 17495: 17485: 17481: 17465: 17424: 17414: 17361: 17351: 17312: 17278: 17274: 17187: 17165: 17161: 17023: 17015: 16994: 16645: 15426: 15198: 14827: 14690:

Blair, Ann; Duguid, Paul; Goeing, Anja-Silvia; Grafton, Anthony (26 January 2021).

14570: 14275: 14152: 14113: 12716: 12708: 12700: 12553: 12549: 12356: 12348: 12247: 12231: 12185: 12169: 12100: 12092: 12008: 11907: 11868: 11827: 11811: 11729: 11692: 11674: 11606: 11074:

Pulleyblank, "Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China", p. VII 21–26.

10968:"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition – "Turk"" 10734: 10600: 10514: 10370:"Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Macedonia, 2002" 9502: 9497: 8870: 8808: 8681: 8669: 8530: 8512: 8393: 8377: 8363: 8131: 8013: 7851: 7827: 7779: 7708: 7584: 7132: 7117: 7084: 6980: 6975: 6935: 6917: 6694: 6685: 6538: 6474: 6417: 6203: 6171: 6107: 6053: 5982:(1095–1099). From c. 1150–1250, the Seljuk empire declined, and was invaded by the 5975: 5963: 5876: 5835: 5767: 5744: 5702: 5674: 5373: 5343: 5320: 5306: 5270: 5259: 5235: 5193:. These Bulgars were conquered by the Mongols following their westward sweep under 5138: 5012: 4900: 4847: 4779: 4563: 4547: 4543: 4531: 4282: 4274: 4262: 4190: 4171: 4167: 3936: 3806: 3629: 3532: 3443: 3434: 3425: 3398: 3353: 3344: 3327: 3117: 3009: 3004:

The Turkic alphabets are sets of related alphabets with letters (formerly known as

2966: 2954: 2953:

The Turkic language family was traditionally considered to be part of the proposed

2927: 2874: 2676: 2557: 2342: 2262: 2213: 2072: 1936: 1793: 1143: 777: 617: 605: 567: 520: 55: 20604: 19504: 16963: 16387: 14666:

Entrepreneurial Renaissance: Cities Striving Towards an Era of Rebirth and Revival

9694: 9625: 5731:(modern Turkey) in many waves. The date of the initial expansion remains unknown. 4551: 2093: 914: 20768:

Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)

20450: 20427: 20400: 20140: 20112: 20108: 20080: 20049: 19986: 19943: 19926: 19752: 19714: 19649: 19634: 19604: 19599: 19594: 19589: 19574: 19569: 19559: 19549: 19529: 19519: 19487: 19381: 18988: 18899: 18738: 18718: 18623: 18613: 18599: 18528: 18488: 18483: 18448: 18349: 18303: 18277: 18002: 17749: 17214: 17210: 17097: 17065: 17003: 16439: 16292: 16253: 15931: 15016: 14795: 14477: 14246: 13760: 12883: 12335:

Jeong C, Wang K, Wilkin S, Taylor WT, Miller BK, Bemmann JH, et al. (2020).

11679: 11495: 11290: 11262: 11121: 10980: 8627: 8619: 8030: 8003: 7794: 7755: 7685: 7661: 7232: 6963: 6702:"was not given a high military post by the Ashina rulers because of his Sogdian ( 6689: 6566: 6284: 6272: 6179: 6131: 6123: 6075: 5815: 5724: 5670: 5278: 5255: 5243: 5205:. Everywhere, Turkic groups mixed with the local populations to varying degrees. 5025: 4858: 4757: 4640: 4306: 4254: 4023: 3995: 3693: 3506: 3497: 3479: 3416: 3389: 3380: 3055: 2982: 2923: 2903: 2823: 2668: 2542: 2398: 2270: 2167: 1575: 1216: 1051: 945: 868: 601: 504: 405: 17783:

Amanjolov A.S., "History of the Ancient Turkic Script", Almaty, "Mektep", 2003,

16914: 12689:"Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West" 9838:

The Statesman's Yearbook 2007: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World

9004:

Battle scene of a Turkic horseman with typical long hair (Gokturk period, Altai)

8050:

Markets in the steppe region had a limited range of foodstuffs available—mostly

6600:. For much of the 20th century, Turkey was the only independent Turkic country. 5372:) served the Tang dynasty in fighting against their fellow Turkic people in the 5273:

was established in the 1490s by fleeing Tatar aristocrats of the disintegrating

4975: 4337:(568–578 AD), a Royal Göktürk, whose remains were recovered from a mausoleum in 20762: 20659: 20639: 20533: 20518: 20483: 20384: 20156: 20144: 20120: 20100: 20061: 20010: 19971: 19876: 19866: 19719: 19704: 19684: 19669: 19664: 19639: 19624: 19544: 19482: 19417: 19300: 19049: 18804: 18728: 18670: 18589: 18533: 18498: 18473: 18458: 18389: 18216: 17636: 16636:(January–March 1975). "Kāšġarī on the Beliefs and Superstitions of the Turks". 16633: 16003: 15859: 14514: 14179: 13592: 13085: 12752: 12352: 12173: 11815: 11733: 11485:

entries provide the information on the Turkic-speaking populations and regions.

11449: 11425:. vol. 91 "蠕蠕，東胡之苗裔也，姓郁久閭氏。" tr. "Rúrú, offsprings of Dōnghú, surnamed Yùjiŭlǘ" 11244: 11197: 11146: 9492: 9252: 9233: 9015: 8713: 8709: 8697: 8677: 8481: 8111: 7979: 7923: 7899: 7890: 7866: 7837: 7813: 7789: 7765: 7732: 7571: 7505: 7501: 7296:, aims to integrate these organizations into a tighter geopolitical framework. 7196: 7137: 7032: 6970: 6871: 6862:, the small mouth and the strongly slanted eyes were characteristically Turkic. 6851: 6787: 6770: 6656: 6636: 6589: 6546: 6478: 6459: 6451: 6288: 6232: 6225: 6143: 6118:

in the 13th century. The dynasty was founded in 1736 by the military commander

6017: 6011: 5991: 5823: 5694: 5678: 5650: 5263: 5227: 4987: 4708: 4616: 4569:

According to some researchers (Duan, Xue, Tang, Lung, Onogawa, etc.) the later

4555: 4519: 4396: 4334: 4220: 4016: 3615: 3605: 3488: 3470: 3461: 3407: 3371: 3141: 3125: 3107: 3036: 2939: 2935: 2907: 2767: 2612: 1995: 1721: 1668: 1624: 1593: 1540: 1366: 1188: 1087: 1059: 1022:

Scholars, including Toru Haneda, Onogawa Hidemi, and Geng Shimin believed that

856: 825: 789: 684: 664: 628: 225: 220: 31: 19186: 18584: 17727:"The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia" 17490: 17356: 17335: 17283: 17019: 14993: 12997:

quote: "突厥之先，平涼雜胡也，姓阿史那氏。後魏太武滅沮渠氏，阿史那以五百家奔茹茹，世居金山，工於鐵作。金山狀如兜鍪，俗呼兜鍪為「突厥」，因以為號。"

12514:"The Research on the Identification Between Tiele (鐵勒) and the Oghuric Tribes" 12096: 11912: 11895: 11663:"The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia" 10738: 4345:. The authors determined that Empress Ashina belonged to the North-East Asian 4235: 4155:. Other studies suggested an early presence of Turkic peoples in Mongolia, or 2017: 1334: 20799: 20695: 20685: 20488: 20377: 20276: 20231: 20104: 20026: 20022: 19992: 19936: 19921: 19886: 19793: 19709: 19689: 19674: 19345: 19150: 19120: 19054: 18993: 18885: 18878: 18825: 18713: 18703: 18478: 18298: 17690: 17646:(2015). "The Steppe World and the Rise of the Huns". In Maas, Michael (ed.). 17509: 17292: 17202: 17179: 17175: 16758: 15438: 15202: 14483: 14234:, Ed. Scott Cameron Levi and Ron Sela, (Indiana University Press, 2010), 83; 13013: 12395: 12243: 12235: 12181: 12114: 12020: 11921: 11880: 11823: 11688: 10867: 10612: 10604: 10526: 10518: 9459: 9327: 8819: 8788: 8764: 8756: 8701: 8685: 8480:

and also incorporated elements of the Iranian traditional religions, such as

8440: 8421: 8285: 8119: 8115: 8097: 7989: 7842: 7770: 7742: 7474: 7142: 7076: 6758: 6746: 6730: 6498: 6470: 6392:

emerged as the de facto rulers of most of the Muslim Middle East (apart from

6300: 6257: 5983: 5979: 5907: 5858: 5842: 5698: 5682: 5666: 5582: 5535: 5492: 5463: 5451: 5447: 5377: 5328: 5186: 5111: 4944: 4878: 4801: 4676: 4648: 4539: 4318: 4310: 4278: 4083: 4072: 3922: 3665: 3264: 3098:

is the only known complete manuscript text written in the Old Turkic script.

3079: 3071: 3059: 2848: 2683: 2680: 2482: 2133: 2035: 1943: 1804: 1568: 1526: 1470: 1086:

The earliest Turkic-speaking peoples identifiable in Chinese sources are the

902: 809: 676: 668: 632: 613: 348: 18133: 16865: 16714: 15430: 14867:

Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond

14156: 14117: 14101: 13033: 10272: 8660: 8431:

symbolizes honour and is also considered the mother of most Turkic peoples.

6882:

as "broad-faced, without eyelashes, and with long flowing hair like women".

5863: 20674: 20460: 20088: 20030: 20014: 19976: 19828: 19798: 19393: 19260: 19245: 19059: 18998: 18968: 18932: 18892: 18756: 18628: 18605: 18373: 18309: 18196: 17768: 17625: 17438: 17206: 17037: 16552:

The War on the Uyghurs: China's Internal Campaign against a Muslim Minority

16285: 15263: 15259: 14076:

Winds of Jingjiao: Studies on Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia

13697: 13647: 13025: 12730: 12370: 12261: 12199: 12122: 11872: 11841: 11706: 11610: 11435: 11101:

ChinaKnowledge.de – An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art

10832:– Harvard University Press, vol. II (Libri III-VII); reprinted 1961, p. 351 8784: 8780: 8760: 8748: 8738: 8448: 8432: 8355: 8145: 8123: 7700: 7594: 7371: 7328: 7004: 6783: 6762: 6754: 6707: 6620: 6604: 6518: 6413: 6332: 6155: 6037: 5944: 5940: 5690: 5642: 5436: 5428: 5274: 5219: 5212: 5076: 5000: 4954: 4953:

The earliest certain mentioning of the politonym "Turk" was in the Chinese

4838: 4574: 4570: 4410: 4391: 4359: 4224: 4046: 3758: 3725: 3654: 3219: 3083: 3063: 3062:

version of the Enisei group. The Orkhon script is the alphabet used by the

3051: 3028: 2993: 2843: 2627: 2527: 2383: 1978: 1908: 1435: 1423: 1232: 1076: 937: 749: 660: 656: 624: 551: 543: 268: 17316: 17216:

Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses

15711: 14574: 12147: 11975: 11973: 11971: 11969: 11522: 10369: 8934:

became the most important sporting and ceremonial game of Turkish people.

8210:

that could be served with boiled or roasted meat; cut noodles were called

6949:

Kevin Alan Brook states that like "most nomadic Turks, the Western Turkic

6729:

ruler named Sri Ranasrikari "The Lord who brings excellence through war" (

5970:, before eventually conquering eastern Anatolia. Here the Seljuks won the 5173:

who created a large confederacy, which was subsequently taken over by the

20664: 20316: 20261: 19966: 19896: 19397: 19280: 19275: 19219: 18723: 18639: 18566: 18435: 18416: 18239: 16175: 14846: 14729: 14599: 13769: 13692: 13642: 13609: 13605: 11421: 11388: 11266: 9677: 9135: 9038:

Old Uyghur king from Turfan, from the murals at the Dunhuang Mogao Caves.

9023: 8508: 8417: 8055: 7861: 7485: 7415: 7236: 7186: 7092: 6997: 6909: 6889: 6699: 6673: 6578: 6447: 6409: 6304: 6029: 5955: 5951: 5924: 5913: 5846: 5799: 5795: 5590: 5586: 5558: 5512: 5369: 5339: 5194: 5182: 5084: 4958: 4814: 4768: 4668: 4423: 4387: 4277:

took place during the 5th–16th centuries, partially overlapping with the

4198: 4148: 4140: 3697: 3183: 2779: 2552: 2487: 2421: 2406: 2304: 2175: 2126: 1932: 1901: 1856: 1762: 1698: 1661: 1630: 1608: 1533: 1502: 1459: 1428: 1400: 1372: 1300: 1272: 1221: 1106: 1102: 928: 890: 876: 864: 801: 593: 248: 17606: 17117:

Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G. R. G; Melville, C. (1991).

17028: 16840:

The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World

12704: 12105: 11857:"Diachrony of verb morphology: Japanese and the Transeurasian languages" 10938: 10876:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 102. 9892:

Multicultural Manners: Essential Rules of Etiquette for the 21st Century

9822:"Uzbeks and Turkmens – Minorities and indigenous peoples in Afghanistan" 5181:. One group of Bulgars settled in the Volga region and mixed with local 5169:

who converted to Judaism in the 8th or 9th century. After them came the

5048: 20644: 20609: 20465: 20445: 20440: 20435: 20306: 19644: 19080: 18327: 17419: 16753:. III/IV 1979–1980. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University: 160. 15446: 15417:

Schlumberger, Daniel (1952). "Le Palais ghaznévide de Lashkari Bazar".

15327:

Al-Hind: The Slavic Kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th–13th centuries

14947: 14389:

The Central islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War

13780: 13778: 11966: 11792:"Genomic insights into the formation of human populations in East Asia" 10010: 9917:"Unpublished Census Provides Rare and Unvarnished Look at Turkmenistan" 8792: 8497: 8397: 7747: 7653: 7630: 7603: 7443: 7379: 7375: 7367: 7363: 7316: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7289: 7285: 7252: 7244: 7240: 7157: 7152: 7088: 7040: 7021: 6867: 6791: 6726: 6681: 6624: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6522: 6416:

and eventually captured the territories of the Abbasid dynasty and the

6358: 6354: 6343: 6312: 6308: 6191: 6119: 6115: 6079: 5936: 5831: 5811: 5753: 5662: 5630: 5610: 5598: 5496: 5412: 5324: 5231: 5107: 5056: 5021: 4922: 4827: 4644: 4612: 4608: 4511: 4327: 4135:

The origins of the Turkic peoples has been a topic of much discussion.

4034: 3983: 3910: 3770: 2659:

Possible Proto-Turkic ancestry, at least partial, has been posited for

2446: 2323: 2194: 2043: 2002: 1601: 1586: 1486: 1323: 1295: 1268: 1248: 980: 765: 609: 559: 328: 288: 207: 167: 107: 20271: 19265: 18409: 17682: 17448:

The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East

16657: 15623:

The history of women's mosques in Chinese Islam: a mosque of their own

12012: 10591:

Golden, Peter B. (25 July 2018). "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks".

9862:

Leitner, Gerhard; Hashim, Azirah; Wolf, Hans-Georg (11 January 2016).

8122:, who were historically part of the Turkic nomadic group known as the 6433: 6378: 6327:(Tamerlane) on his father's side and from Chagatai, second son of the 3782: 2894: 20690: 20669: 20634: 20629: 20578: 20538: 20523: 20493: 20396: 20347: 20256: 20018: 19931: 19891: 19812: 19808: 19295: 19285: 19232: 19199: 19085: 18871: 18833: 18814: 18794: 18769: 18675: 18209: 17665:

Yang, Xiao-Min; Meng, Hai-Liang; Zhang, Jian-Lin (17 November 2023).

17224: 15267: 14833:

Iran: Empire of the Mind: A History from Zoroaster to the Present Day

14383:

B. Spuler, "The Disintegration of the Caliphate in the East", in the

13756: 12986: 12664:

China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture

12387: 11033: 9824:. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. 19 June 2015. 9517: 9362: 9310: 9248: 8744: 8665: 8615: 8534: 8428: 8405: 8371: 8225: 8153:, a griddle that was traditionally placed on stones over a fire, and 8017: 7818: 7723: 7676: 7478: 7454: 7395: 7358:

The distribution of people of Turkic cultural background ranges from

7173: 6893: 6885: 6847: 6808: 6711: 6677: 6628: 6534: 6389: 6111: 6083: 6033: 6021: 5819: 5720: 5626: 5618: 5614: 5528: 5507:

formed the elite of the Pecheneg tribes. After being defeated by the

5400: 5381: 5332: 5297: 5190: 5170: 5130: 5099: 5095: 4983: 4635:

Using the only extant possibly Xiongnu writings, the rock art of the

4600: 4559: 4402: 4175: 4163: 3898: 3746: 3570: 3546: 3318: 3228: 3095: 3087: 3024: 2977: 2943: 2919: 2814:

Refers to forest peoples of the North, including the Turkic-speaking

2722: 2651: 2602: 2577: 2517: 2334: 2224: 2182: 1960: 1738: 1557: 1452: 1147: 1114: 1091: 894: 652: 555: 547: 424: 20679: 17528: 16938: 16778: 15808:"Turkish Cyprus gains Organization of Turkic States observer status" 15562:

Xin Tangshu, "vol. 217b", txt: "黠戛斯，古堅昆國也。或曰居勿，曰結骨。人皆長大，赤髮、皙面、綠瞳"

14140: 13775: 13746:

Mote, F.W.: Imperial China: 900–1800, Harvard University Press, 1999

11594: 10722: 10696: 10670: 7331:

also joined as an observer state to the organization at 8th summit.

6247: 5589:

in 766, located geographically in an area between the coasts of the

5479: 4413:(also known as Gaoche 高車, lit. "High Carts"), may be related to the 2847:. Uriankhai people are possibly linked to the Wuluohun tribe of the 20721: 20654: 20599: 20548: 20503: 20352: 20326: 20301: 20251: 20226: 20043: 19856: 19820: 19804: 19405: 19250: 19194: 19180: 19165: 19140: 19130: 19100: 18789: 18776: 18762: 18343: 18056:

The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies

18034:

Les Saces: Les « Scythes » d'Asie, VIII siècle apr. J.-C.

17731: 17347: 17205:(2003). "Ethnicity and language in prehistoric Northeast Asia". In 16962: 16649: 15394: 15358:

Mongols, Turks, and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World

14217:

Böwering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Mirza, Mahan (1 January 2012).

12631:

Suribadalaha, "New Studies of the Origins of the Mongols", p. 46–47

12568: 12513: 11416: 11383: 11250: 11005:

T. Allsen, P. B. Golden, R. K. Kovalev, and A. P. Martinez (2012),

10393: 9865:

Communicating with Asia: The Future of English as a Global Language

9383: 9292: 8943: 8734: 8654: 8632: 8623: 8566: 8554: 8546: 8524: 8493: 8489: 8477: 8472: 8389: 8367: 8231: 8180: 8136: 7994: 7933: 7914: 7695: 7489: 7484:

Sometimes ethnographers group Turkic people into six branches: the

7431: 7351: 7347: 7229: 7036: 7008: 6954: 6832: 6795: 6582: 6542: 6506: 6502: 6455: 6401: 6386: 6374: 6228: 6187: 6159: 6095: 6066: 5959: 5928: 5807: 5728: 5712: 5656: 5594: 5508: 5347: 5289: 5178: 5103: 4970: 4911: 4664: 4656: 4604: 4596: 4418: 4338: 4322: 4299: 4250: 4152: 4139:

proposes two locations for the Proto-Turkic Urheimat: the southern

3971: 3640: 3542: 3255: 3192: 3032: 3013: 2990: 2947: 2931: 2639: 2617: 2507: 2502: 2461: 2426: 2391: 2357: 2311: 2255: 2236: 2217: 2160: 2104: 2076: 2006: 1971: 1880: 1819: 1814: 1797: 1731: 1654: 1509: 1407: 1394: 1329: 1261: 1095: 741: 680: 644: 636: 582: 444: 231: 15738:"Cultural Capital of the Turkic World 2016: Sheki :: TURKSOY" 15395:"The Imperial Titles on the Coins of the Western Turkic Qaghanate" 12337:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe" 11202:

Historie des Turks – Deux mille ans du Pacifique á la Méditerranée

10325:(in Romanian). Biroul Național de Statistică al Republicii Moldova 8606: 8264: 7202: 7147: 6761:

have argued that West Eurasian features were typical of the royal

5569: 5208: 5121:) quickly spread west to the Caspian Sea. Between 581 and 603 the 3560: 875:

among the people of the same area. However, English archaeologist

627:

have throughout history become part of the Turkic peoples through

20731: 20711: 20624: 20241: 20236: 20216: 20169: 20038: 19956: 19901: 19881: 19861: 19851: 19816: 19340: 19290: 19240: 19214: 19209: 19170: 19160: 19115: 19110: 19095: 19012: 18958: 18921: 18916: 18809: 18799: 18784: 18633: 18402: 18356: 18267: 18142: 16500:"Kyrgyz Religious Hatred Trial Throws Spotlight On Ancient Creed" 13969:

A Global History of War: From Assyria to the Twenty-First Century

11638: 9598: 9425: 9225: 8955: 8919: 8912: 8730: 8693: 8592: 8542: 8516: 8485: 8413: 8401: 8385: 8322: 8316: 8243: 8237: 8207: 8022: 7671: 7648: 7497: 7493: 7470: 7462: 7450: 7435: 7427: 7423: 7359: 7324: 7162: 7096: 7017: 6989: 6950: 6530: 6526: 6490: 6261: 6195: 6167: 6087: 6024:. The establishment of a cosmopolitan empire was followed by the 5987: 5716: 5707:

Turkic peoples and related groups migrated west from present-day

5554: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5416: 5247: 5242:" by Russians and Westerners. This country was also known as the 5166: 5162: 5144: 5092: 5088: 5043: 5017: 4869: 4660: 4636: 4586: 4414: 4383: 4353:, and that approximately 96-98% of her autosomal ancestry was of 4266: 4258: 4253:, where they adopted a pastoral lifestyle, in part borrowed from 4201:, supporting an origin from Northeast Asia rather than Manchuria. 4144: 3947: 3734: 3309: 3273: 3237: 3210: 3201: 3174: 3075: 2958: 2915: 2660: 2645: 2633: 2582: 2567: 2547: 2532: 2522: 2497: 2456: 2441: 2431: 2368: 2349: 2277: 2243: 2115: 2083: 2028: 1832: 1716: 1379: 1307: 1225: 906: 692: 672: 590: 484: 464: 387: 15996:"Buddhism history in Kazakhstan · · "Kazakhstan History" portal" 15763:"Uzbekistan Officially Applies For Membership In Turkic Council" 15034:"Turkic Council's name changed to Organization of Turkic States" 13915:

China's Forgotten People: Xinjiang, Terror and the Chinese State

12220:"The Genetic Echo of the Tarim Mummies in Modern Central Asians" 11659: 8803: 8416:, worshipped by the upper classes of early Turkic society until 8290: 6733:). In this realistic portrait, he wears the Turkic double-lapel 5483:

Kangar Union after the fall of Western Turkic Khaganate, 659–750

4439:. Historically they were established after the 6th century BCE. 4427:, the Tiele people were the remnants of the Chidi (赤狄), the red 1046:, which means 'powerful' and 'strength', and its plural form is 20757: 20716: 20498: 20455: 20405: 20266: 20221: 20211: 20195: 20189: 20174: 20164: 20000: 19961: 19951: 19916: 19315: 19305: 19255: 19204: 19155: 19145: 19125: 19105: 19090: 19004: 18940: 18926: 18858: 18843: 18838: 18819: 18647: 18561: 17470:"Austronesian influence and Transeurasian ancestry in Japanese" 13006: 12804: 12476:"高車，蓋古赤狄之餘種也，初號為狄歷，北方以為勑勒，諸夏以為高車、丁零。其語略與匈奴同而時有小異，或云其先匈奴之甥也" tr. 12432: 11205: 9538: 9536: 9534: 9476: 9442: 9400: 9344: 8931: 8908: 8840: 8826: 8811: 8717: 8600: 8562: 8538: 8456: 8409: 8339: 8268: 8253: 8155: 8092: 8059: 7965: 7937: 7909: 7885: 7718: 7638: 7625: 7617: 7576: 7466: 7458: 7439: 7419: 7411: 7407: 7391: 7383: 7312: 7293: 7248: 7044: 6859: 6734: 6573:, and it finally gave way after World War I to the present-day 6510: 6362: 6349: 6328: 6002: 5967: 5932: 5916: 5786: 5781: 5757: 5550: 5546: 5500: 5459: 5396: 5358: 5251: 5239: 5174: 5072: 5033: 4995: 4739: 4730: 4719: 3300: 3291: 3282: 2997: 2819: 2815: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2537: 2512: 2492: 2471: 2466: 2451: 2436: 1863: 1769: 1705: 1637: 1279: 1204: 885: 785: 700: 696: 688: 563: 147: 87: 16890:

Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present

14793: 13996:

Byzantium and the Pechenegs: The Historiography of the Problem

11219:

Studies on Byzantium, Seljuks, and Ottomans: Reprinted Studies

6943: 6158:, and re-asserted Iranian sovereignty over large parts of the 5450:, the Kyrgyz pushed south and eastward in to Xinjiang and the 5435:

in 945. The Shatuo dynasties were replaced by the Han Chinese

5338:

The official state religion of the early Uyghur Khaganate was

4386:

confederation about 200 BCE (contemporaneous with the Chinese

2926:. The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is 20726: 20311: 20246: 19981: 19413: 19310: 19270: 19175: 19135: 18853: 18848: 18680: 18395: 18101:

Some additions to the classification of the Turkish languages

17635:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

17631: 13604:, and insisted that his ancestors went westwards towards non- 12069: 11941: 11939: 10861: 9404: 9139: 8596: 8589: 8558: 8452: 8444: 8344: 8311: 8295: 8281: 8276: 8216: 8106: 8101: 8087: 8075: 8067: 8051: 7399: 7083:堅昆部落) as "yellow-haired, green-eyed, red-mustached bearded". 6715: 6514: 6397: 6393: 6324: 6320: 6276: 6253: 6006:

Map of the Timurid Empire at its greatest extent under Timur.

5827: 5440: 5387: 5250:, as well as the entirety of modern-day southern and eastern 5198: 4991: 4672: 4620: 4591: 4428: 4346: 4342: 3886: 3574: 3556: 3246: 3005: 2986: 2826:. The ethnonym Uriankhai is etymologically Mongolic, compare 2726:薛 in the 7th century; the Yenisei Kyrgyz were first known as 2672: 2622: 2607: 2572: 2562: 2476: 2205: 2148: 2061: 2050: 1918: 1492: 1389: 1340: 1134:

refers generally to the people of modern "Turkic Republics" (

1130: 1066:

is never used in the generalized sense of 'strong'" and that

368: 187: 18011:. CD 98. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 5 September. 2007. 17865: 17848:

An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish

16990:"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes" 15589: 15076: 12956:

Tasar, Eren; Frank, Allen J.; Eden, Jeff (11 October 2021).

12643: 12073:"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes" 9531: 8795:

there are about 54,000 followers of the ancient traditions.

20767: 20543: 19409: 19401: 17740: 17144:

Studies on the peoples and cultures of the Eurasian steppes

15790:"Turkic Council reforms into Organization of Turkic States" 15515: 15513: 15307: 15305: 15303: 15278: 15276: 15105: 15103: 15066: 15064: 15062: 15049: 15047: 14509:

Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World

14435: 14020:

Adrianov, Boris V.; Mantellini, Simone (31 December 2013).

12410: 12408: 12205:

group11,13,14 with a high East-Asian ancestry (around 60%).

11502:. Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd. 10967: 9935:"First (actual) demographic data for Turkmenistan released" 9408: 8897: 8160: 8071: 7970: 7403: 7387: 7335:

was admitted to the organization as observer member at the

7222: 7012: 6913: 6632: 6607:, five Turkic states gained their independence. These were 6182:

over the course of the 19th century, comprising modern-day

6174:, and Mohammad Khan was formally crowned as Shah after his 6151: 6127: 5791: 5647: 5606: 5534:

The elite of the Kangar tribes are believed to have had an

4687: 4156: 2664: 1786: 1008: 586: 308: 127: 17583: 16826:. Vol. 6. Atatürk Kültür Merkezi. 2009. p. 2128. 16498:

Ashakeeva, Gulaiym; Najibullah, Farangis (February 2012).

15254:

A History of Pre-Islamic and Early-Islamic Turkish Culture

14858: 13328:

China's Last Nomads: History and Culture of China's Kazaks

13126:, "vol. 50" quote: "居金山之陽，為茹茹鐵工。金山形似兜鍪，其俗謂兜鍪為「突厥」，遂因以為號焉。" 12057: 12039: 11979: 11936: 11722:"THE CONSTRUCTION OF ETHNICITY IN MEDIEVAL TURKIC EURASIA" 10983:. Ed. Victor H. Mair. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 143. 10474: 10447: 10428: 10426: 10417: 10191:"2020 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF MONGOLIA /summary/" 8829:

and other gods was mocked and insulted by the Muslim Turk

6592:

living either in the Soviet Union or (after a short-lived

6279:-based kingdoms, two of which were of Turkic origins: the 5036:, from which they were said to have gotten their name 突厥 ( 725:(11th century), showing the distribution of Turkic tribes. 17116: 16715:

Mehmet Fuat Köprülü; Gary Leiser; Robert Dankoff (2006).

15354: 14925: 14852: 14236:

The Ghaznavids were a dynasty of Turkic slave-soldiers...

12827:

Nicola di Cosmo, Ancient China and its Enemies, S. 163ff.

11956: 11954: 10638:

Ethnogenesis in the tribal zone: The Shaping of the Turks

10076: 9979:

Managing Diversity in Organizations: A Global Perspective

8857: 8537:

was the main religion after Manichaeism. They worshipped

8392:. The Turkic animistic traditions were mostly focused on 8126:, continued to develop new variations of dairy products. 8063: 7481:, largely because of migrations during the 20th century. 18134:

Turkish Studies – Turkic republics, regions, and peoples

15699:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 278. 15601: 15510: 15300: 15288: 15273: 15100: 15088: 15059: 15044: 15021:. Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü. 1964. p. 155. 14689: 14466:

Persian Historiography to the End of the Twelfth Century

14372:

Persian historiography to the end of the twelfth century

14232:

Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources

13170:. Series Turcologica, Band IX. Otto-Harrassowitz. p. 117 12843:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 69. 12405: 10294:"Syria's Turkmen Refugees Face Cruel Reality in Lebanon" 10268:

Syrian Turkmen refugees face double suffering in Lebanon

8223:

There are many types of bread doughs in Turkic cuisine.

7003:

In a Chinese legal statute from the early period of the

6458:. In 1090–91, the Turkic Pechenegs reached the walls of 5087:

authority controlled by a council of tribal chiefs. The

15157: 15130: 14979:

Moses Parkson, "Ottoman Empire and its past life" p. 98

14219:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

11178: 10763:

Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, p. 826

10423: 8822:

to the slow conversion of Uyghur populations to Islam.

8202:

was crushed grain that was cooked with dairy products.

5790:

origin, at their greatest extent ruling large parts of

5581:, meaning "Oguz Land", "Oguz Country")(750–1055) was a 5201:

population, adopting what eventually became the Slavic

2938:, dwelling predominantly in Turkey proper and formerly 20753:

International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)

17637:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

15488: 15486: 13801:Труды по истории и этническому составу тюркских племен 13588: 13225: 13223: 11951: 11896:"New trends in European studies on the Altaic problem" 11020:

An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-13th Century Turkish

10905:

Sinor, Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Page 295

10210:"Lebanese Turks Seek Political and Social Recognition" 8861:

Göktürk petroglyphs from Mongolia (6th to 8th century)

8334: 6450:

established their own state and later constructed the

4675:

letters of the Turkic Orkhon script discovered in the

1928:

Jishishan Bonan, Dongxiang and Salar Autonomous County

15577: 15376: 14423: 13142: 13140: 13138: 13136: 13134: 13132: 13114:"vol. 99 – section Tujue" quote: "又曰突厥之先，出於索國，在匈奴之北。" 12807:

descent, part of the military nobility of the Róurán.

12687:

Savelyev, Alexander; Jeong, Choongwon (10 May 2020).

12334: 11166: 11070: 11068: 10399: 10387: 6466:

with the aid of the Kipchaks annihilated their army.

6043: 5890: 3043:

was recorded in Central Europe's Hungary in 1699 CE.

2906:

of some 30 languages, spoken across a vast area from

1885: 1746: 1142:). However, the proper usage of the term is based on 20204: 16785:. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. p. 160. 13835:Очир А. (2016). Э. П. Бакаева; К. В. Орлова (eds.). 13168:

An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples

12803:

The Türks emerged from the Āshĭnà clan, of probable

12417: 12216: 11488: 11355:

An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples

11053: 10994:

An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples

9009: 8798: 7239:) organization of currently three Turkic countries ( 6082:, Janids and the Uzbek dynasty of Mangits. In 1785, 5458:

in Gansu where their descendants are the modern day

2942:-dominated areas of Southern and Eastern Europe and 1840: 18082:

Alpamysh: Central Asian Identity Under Russian Rule

17529:"The Transeurasian homeland: where, what and when?" 16886: 16497: 15498: 15483: 15471: 14418:, (Cambridge University Press, 1977), 151, 231–234. 13966:Chaliand, GŽrard; Wong, R. Bin (17 November 2014). 13246:

Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy

13231:

Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600–1492

13220: 12982: 12980: 11855:Fuente, José Andrés Alonso de la (1 January 2016). 10128:

SPO, Economic and Social Indicators 2014, pages=2–3

9557:"A Pan-Turkic Dream: Language Unification of Turks" 8310:meaning "to tear off", the latter dish is known as 8284:, historically Turkic nomads also had a variety of 6773:(568–578 AD), a Royal Göktürk, had nearly entirely 4580: 4542:by Chinese, Tibetans, and even the Turkic-speaking 1121:) in reference to twelve different Turkic peoples. 832:in 585 described him as "the Great Turk Khan". The 17979:Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. 17725:Yunusbayev, Bayazit; et al. (21 April 2015). 16233:"The Gagauz: 'Christian Turks' between two worlds" 15399:History of Central Asia in Modern Medieval Studies 14885: 14883: 14216: 14139:Sandman, Erika; Simon, Camille (23 October 2023). 14019: 13945:. Central European University Press. p. 288. 13608:area during the political chaos at the end of the 13129: 11315:Consolidation & expansion of the Indo-Timurids 11065: 9630:Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan 8561:"Yellow Yughurs" of Western China, as well as the 6176:punitive campaign against Iran's Georgian subjects 5958:(989–1060) in 1037. From their homelands near the 5748:Ghaznavid Empire at its greatest extent in 1030 CE 4374:The earliest separate Turkic peoples, such as the 18121:Classification and index of the World's languages 17876:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 468–473. 17798:Introduction to the study of the Turkic languages 17724: 16628: 16626: 13394:Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present 13297:Soucek, Branko; Soucek, Svat (17 February 2000). 13087:Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan 12438: 12328: 11788: 11644: 11451:Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan 11148:Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan 10671:"The Khüis Tolgoi inscription – signs and sounds" 10405: 9861: 9542: 6571:emergence of nationalist movements in the Balkans 5342:, which was introduced through the conversion of 3156:Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE. 3012:. Inscriptions in Turkic alphabets were found in 824:, most likely not later than 587 AD. A letter by 495: 20797: 17825:. Turcologica, Bd. 61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 17650:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 175–192. 17446:Peacock, A.C.S.; Yıldız, Sara Nur, eds. (2013). 16199: 16197: 15683:Lee & Kuang (2017). p. 213, 217–218, 225–226 15659:Routledge Handbook of Race and Ethnicity in Asia 15348: 14821: 14606:. The Romani Archives and Documentation Center. 14145:Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics 14106:Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics 12977: 12583:Duan: Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele. 1988, pp. 39–41 10443: 10441: 10375:. Republic of Macedonia State Statistical Office 8626:. Mass conversions did not take place until the 8507:Tengri Bögü Khan initially made the now extinct 7271: 5974:in 1071 and conquered most of Anatolia from the 5657:Iranian, Indian, Arabic, and Anatolian expansion 5284: 4961:dynasty and the Turks in the years 545 and 546. 3031:, Arabic script in the Middle and Western Asia, 1101:In Late Antiquity itself, as well as in and the 940:(7th century) presents an etymology of the name 808:) applied to only one Turkic group, namely, the 577:originated in Central-East Asia, potentially in 17917: 17841:Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux. 17821:Boeschoten, Hendrik & Lars Johanson. 2006. 17642: 17538:The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages 17261:Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (18 October 2017). 16987: 16416:(2nd ed.). London: KPI. pp. 431–432. 16189:The Gagauz Between Christianity and Turkishness 15228:Linguistic Mysteries of Ethnonyms in Inner Asia 14880: 14761: 14613:Asimov, M. S., Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). (1998). 14326:A History of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia 14221:. Princeton University Press. pp. 410–411. 13207:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania 11271:Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century 11124:. Cambridge University Press, 2013. pp.175–176. 10697:"Interpretation of the Hüis Tolgoi Inscription" 10007:"Iraq's Turkmens call for independent province" 9086:Old Uyghur Princesses from the Bezeklik murals. 8420:was introduced as the official religion of the 7390:. Additionally, Turkic people are found within 7193:Joint Administration of Turkic Arts and Culture 6101: 5986:around 1260. The Mongols divided Anatolia into 5810:) from 977 to 1186. The dynasty was founded by 5739: 5564: 5153:The migration of the Bulgars after the fall of 4369: 3082:inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the 1517: 339: 18007:Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In: 16824:Uluslararası Türk Kültürü Kongresi Bildirileri 16795: 16742:Ševčenko, Ihor; Sysyn, Frank E., eds. (1980). 16687: 16664: 16623: 16602: 14642:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–18. 14488:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 14339:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 13351: 13324: 12955: 12381: 11990: 11988: 11655: 11653: 11256: 11082: 11080: 10320:"2017 Anuarul Statisitc al Republicii Moldova" 8733:. It even revived in Gaochang and expanded in 8595:, although a significant number in Turkey are 7168: 6979:as having the same script and language as the 5145:Bulgars, Golden Horde and the Siberian Khanate 4382:(薪犁), appeared on the peripheries of the late 3039:in Central Europe. The latest recorded use of 2796:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire 259: 19443: 18158: 17664: 17445: 17393: 16779:Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute (1980). 16741: 16194: 16144: 15971:"History of Buddhism among the Turkic People" 15412: 15410: 15408: 14782:A companion to the history of the Middle East 14521:, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 161, 164. 14441: 14404:, (Edinburgh University Press, 2015), 1–378. 13797: 12863: 12686: 12322: 12310: 12298: 12287: 12283: 12281: 12279: 12277: 12275: 12045: 11945: 11626: 11476: 10727:International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics 10438: 9682:Nationalism in Late and Post-Communist Europe 9559:, in Fishman, Joshua; Garcia, Ofelia (eds.), 8720:Judaism, and Islam. The Chuvash converted to 8459:, are also main figures of Turkic mythology. 7449:A small number of Turkic people also live in 6957:described Khazars as having black hair while 5997: 5814:upon his succession to rule of the region of 4538:) was initially reserved exclusively for the 4111: 239: 20786:State with limited international recognition 18078: 17648:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila 17584:Uchiyama, Junzo; et al. (21 May 2020). 16887:Christensen, karen; Levinson, David (1999). 16151:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1937. 15416: 15386: 14624:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Pvt. Ltd). 14414:P.M. Holt; Ann K.S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis, 14198:Han, Deyan (1999). Mostaert, Antoine (ed.). 14138: 14099: 13965: 13716: 13714: 13296: 11994: 11592: 11583:. Cambridge University Press. Pages 211–216. 11540:Lyle Campbell and Mauricio J. Mixco (2007): 11330:World History: Journeys from Past to Present 10236:"Tension adds to existing wounds in Lebanon" 9361:Turkish girls in their traditional clothes, 9098:Old Uyghur Princes from the Bezeklik murals. 8980:Turk vassal blacksmiths under Mongolian rule 6142:The Qajar dynasty was created by the Turkic 6137: 5852: 4651:. Petroglyphs of this region dates from the 319: 279: 198: 158: 98: 16988:Damgaard, P. B.; et al. (9 May 2018). 16464: 14072: 13723:"Shatuo Türks 沙陀突厥 (www.chinaknowledge.de)" 12453: 11985: 11650: 11154: 11077: 10458: 10456: 9868:. Cambridge University Press. p. 241. 9775: 9548: 9178:Old Uyghur Manichaean clergymen from Qocho. 9110:Old Uyghur Prince from the Bezeklik murals. 9050:Old Uyghur prince from the Bezeklik murals. 8741:period. It disappeared after its collapse. 8676:The major Christian-Turkic peoples are the 6357:329 (940/941 CE), with the names of Caliph 5597:. Oguz tribes occupied a vast territory in 4566:, differentiated from non-Turkic speakers. 2851:, who were predominantly Mongolic-speaking. 1951: 1548: 1443: 983:, yet is not convinced by attempts to link 573:According to historians and linguists, the 415: 19450: 19436: 18165: 18151: 18119:Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977. 16148:Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z 15662:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 200. 15405: 15323: 14696:. Princeton University Press. p. 36. 14468:, (Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 143. 14411:(Edinburgh University Press, 2012), 1–328. 14374:, (Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 143. 14302:, Online Edition; Brill, Leiden; 2006/2007 13475:History of Central Asia, the: 4-volume set 13303:. Cambridge University Press. p. 29. 12877:On the new evidence on Xiongnu's writings. 12840:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 12505: 12272: 11573: 11454:, University of Helsinki, 2005. p. 179-180 11211: 11086:Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 370. 10970:. bartleby.com. Retrieved 7 December 2006. 10908: 10575:"Tonyukuk's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG" 10567: 10558:"Kultegin's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG" 10550: 9998: 9154:Old Uyghur donor from the Bezeklik murals. 9122:Old Uyghur noble from the Bezeklik murals. 9062:Old Uyghur woman from the Bezeklik murals. 8992:Turkic hunting scene, Gokturk period Altai 8873:dressed in "Turkic" long coats, 6th–8th c. 8551:Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent 7904:Orthodox Christianity and Turkic Paganism 6807:), as being "full-faced with small eyes" ( 6323:(reigned 1526–30), who was descended from 6275:is a term used to cover five short-lived, 5978:, which became one of the reasons for the 4118: 4104: 3035:in Eastern Europe and in the Balkans, and 2885:List of alphabets used by Turkic languages 1871: 1645: 1252: 1113:literature for various groups of nomadic " 435: 48: 18073:Central Asian Identity under Russian Rule 17810:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 17758: 17748: 17705: 17615: 17605: 17499: 17489: 17428: 17418: 17365: 17355: 17333: 17282: 17241: 17160: 17027: 16555:. Princeton University Press. p. 8. 16145:Minahan, James; Wendel, Peter T. (2002). 15317: 15245: 15218: 14341:, "Ghaznavids", London u.a. 2006, p. 294. 13911: 13711: 13665: 12886:(Wanfang Data: Digital Periodicals, 2004) 12720: 12360: 12251: 12189: 12104: 11960: 11911: 11831: 11696: 11678: 11593:De la Fuente, José Andrés Alonso (2016). 11172: 11038:Türk Dunyası Sosyal Bilimler - Sempozyumu 11036:. In Şahin, İbrahim; Akgün, Atıf (eds.). 10981:Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World 10258: 10201: 9166:Old Uyghur Manichaean Electae from Qocho. 8791:practice a form of animistic rituals. In 8515:in 763 and it was also popular among the 6603:In 1991, after the disintegration of the 6086:, formalized the family's dynastic rule ( 5523:, and after forming an alliance with the 5474: 5016:, the Ashina clan was a component of the 4595:Territory of the Xiongnu, which included 952:(1991) pointed to a Khotanese-Saka word, 475: 455: 133:15,000,000–20,000,000 (18% of population) 19733: 17523: 17464: 17260: 17201: 16638:Journal of the American Oriental Society 16207:Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia 15926: 15924: 15922: 15920: 15918: 15607: 15595: 15519: 15311: 15294: 15282: 15109: 15094: 15082: 15070: 15053: 14622:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 14615:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 14590:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 14528:. University of California Press, 2003, 14457:and the Seljuk Past", A. C. S. Peacock, 13972:. Univ of California Press. p. 82. 13938: 13791: 13325:Benson, Linda; Svanberg, Ingvar (2016). 13150:(Oxford University Press, October 2004) 13000: 12649: 12511: 11776: 11133: 10932: 10542: 10462: 10453: 9772:"Population: 9,780,780 (July 2015 est.)" 9594:Fundamentals of World Regional Geography 9584: 9554: 8907: 8864: 8856: 8833:, who wrote a verse referring to them – 8802: 8659: 8648: 8605: 8576: 8462: 8350: 8338: 8110:(dried yoghurt). During the Middle Ages 7346: 7201: 7172: 6842: 6720: 6556: 6342: 6065: 6001: 5862: 5822:, who was a breakaway ex-general of the 5743: 5636: 5568: 5478: 5386: 5310: 5301:Uyghur painting from the Bezeklik murals 5296: 5288: 5207: 5148: 5042: 4688:Göktürks – Turkic Khaganate (5th–8th c.) 4590: 4288: 2976: 2893: 1677: 1161: 728: 710: 138: 78: 17377:The Rum Seljuqs: Evolution of a Dynasty 17095: 17067:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity 17059: 16632: 16575: 16548: 15932:"The Horseback Kitchen of Central Asia" 15692: 15619: 15574:, "vol. 217b", txt: "以黑髮為不祥。黑瞳者，必曰陵苗裔也" 15392: 15256:. Istanbul: Ünal Matbaasi. p. 116. 14870:, pp 728–730 ABC-CLIO, 2 December 2014 14662: 14556: 14511:, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 24. 14287: 14100:Sandman, Erika; Simon, Camille (2016). 13885:Mierse, William E. (31 December 2022). 13834: 13615: 13530: 13424:. Oxford University Press. p. 47. 13363: 13185:(in Turkish). Türk Tarih Kurumu. 1999. 13019: 11581:Languages of the World, An Introduction 11494: 11406:(PhD). University of Oxford. p. 1. 11251:Encyclopedia Britannica. Turkic peoples 11160: 11151:, University of Helsinki, 2005. p. 176. 11031: 10494: 10394:Encyclopedia Britannica. Turkic peoples 10137: 9888: 9138:Elect depicted on a temple banner from 7011:are described as having blond hair and 5403:dynasties in northern China during the 5102:, although it received missionaries of 1986: 1357: 959:It is generally accepted that the name 359: 178: 14: 20798: 18110:1:1.117–133, 1:2.262–277, 2:1.130–151. 17141: 16936: 16437: 16411: 15910:from the original on 23 November 2011. 15655: 15184: 15151: 14409:Seljuqs: Politics, Society and Culture 14073:Tang, Li; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2016). 14047: 13992: 13884: 13844:. Элиста: КИГИ РАН. pp. 133–135. 13828: 13531:Dardess, John W. (10 September 2010). 13471: 13276:. Metropolitan Books. pp. 45–46. 13242: 12765:"An Introduction to the Turkic Tribes" 12661: 12573:. Minzu University Press. p. VII. 11854: 11719: 11570:. Cambridge University Press. Page 32. 11555:Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time 11326: 11238: 11122:The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe 11059: 10633: 10590: 10500: 10432: 10004: 9976: 9970: 9834: 8129:Nomadic Turks cooked their meals in a 6561:Independent Turkic states shown in red 6423: 6377:fought against the pagan Turks in the 5818:after the death of his father-in-law, 5405:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 5399:Turks had founded several short-lived 5315:Uyghur royals in Chinese-style dresses 4836: 4788: 4777: 4737: 4717: 4390:) and later among the Turkic-speaking 4219:(Northern Mongolia and exemplified by 1777: 1083:"heap up, collect, gather, assemble". 889:Ἱύρκαι, a people who dwelt beyond the 299: 118: 19431: 18146: 17907:(Otto Harrassowitz (Wiesbaden) 1992) 17860: 17559: 17374: 16953: 16837:Mayor, Adrienne (22 September 2014). 16836: 16582:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 77. 16549:Roberts, Sean R. (8 September 2020). 16469:Russia and Islam: A Historical Survey 16230: 15915: 15583: 15504: 15492: 15477: 14635: 14429: 14407:Christian Lange; Songül Mecit, eds., 14026:. Oxbow Books, Limited. p. 238. 13918:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 17. 13788:Ed. Tang, Winkler. (2013) pp. 237-252 13390: 13269: 12931:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 65. 12836: 12791:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 64. 11632: 11500:Languages of the World, Third Edition 11401: 10859: 10720: 10337: 10264: 10207: 10158: 10105:State Statistics Committee of Ukraine 10021: 9590: 8668:(thirteenth/fourteenth century) with 8584:, the largest mosque in Central Asia. 7657: 7634: 7616:Shia Islam (65%), Sunni Islam (35%) ( 7607: 7580: 7280:, founded on 3 November 2009, by the 7000:general who defected to the Xiongnu. 6953:were racially and ethnically mixed." 6513:, and most of them gradually adopted 6385:. Turkic soldiers in the army of the 6090:dynasty), and the khanate became the 5653:women during the early Ming dynasty. 5368:The Shatuo Turks under Zhuye Chixin ( 4920: 4909: 4898: 4876: 4867: 4825: 4812: 4799: 4766: 4746: 4728: 4706: 4185:, which is to be associated with the 18013:Turkic languages: Linguistic history 17671:Journal of Systematics and Evolution 16799:From Mahmud Kaşgari to Evliya Çelebi 16691:From Mahmud Kaşgari to Evliya Çelebi 16606:From Mahmud Kaşgari to Evliya Çelebi 16203: 15940:Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 15355:Reuven Amitai; Michal Biran (2005). 15251: 15224: 14585:, Vol. 36, 2001 (2001), pp. 299–313. 14359:The Middle East: a history: Volume 1 14252: 13888:Artifacts from the Ancient Silk Road 13720: 13444: 13418:Golden, Peter B. (14 January 2011). 13270:Figes, Orlando (20 September 2022). 13068:, 21 (2): p. 298 of 291–327, fn. 36. 12924: 12784: 12001:Journal of Systematics and Evolution 11893: 11542:A Glossary of Historical Linguistics 11273:, Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1982. 11040:(in Turkish). İzmir: Ege University. 11032:Aydemir, Hakan (2–3 December 2022). 10759: 9945: 9789: 9749: 8835:The Infidels – May God destroy them! 8729:was popular among Turks such as the 8653:Saint John the Baptist Cathedral in 8523:. It existed in the Buddhist Uyghur 8484:. Buddhism had its height among the 8235:is a type of fried bread dough, and 7823: 7799: 7775: 7751: 7728: 7704: 7681: 6892:in Yengi-kent near the mouth of the 4887: 4845: 4755: 4682: 1498:Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture 760:The first known mention of the term 73:Regions with significant populations 17309:The Turkic Peoples in World History 17306: 16721:. Psychology Press. pp. 147–. 16718:Early Mystics in Turkish Literature 16441:Islamic Peoples Of The Soviet Union 15729: 15703: 15187:"The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks" 15006:, Steven Lowe and Dmitriy V. Ryaboy 14800:. Brill Archive. pp. 65, 370. 14693:Information: A Historical Companion 14636:Antov, Nikolay (28 December 2017). 14305: 14197: 14177: 14079:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 223. 13695:was of Shatuo origin. According to 13645:was of Shatuo origin. According to 13557: 13472:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). 13397:. Simon and Schuster. p. 256. 13062:"The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks" 12560: 12539: 11728:, Gorgias Press, pp. 420–428, 11557:. Chicago University Press. Page 4. 11544:; University of Utah Press. Page 7. 11463: 10649: 10503:"The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks" 10488: 10138:Michael, Michális (29 April 2016). 9724: 9698: 9618: 8519:. It was gradually replaced by the 8335:Early Turkic mythology and Tengrism 7999: 7975: 7951: 7919: 7895: 7871: 7847: 7333:Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 6737:. Late 7th to early 8th century CE. 6122:who deposed the last member of the 5880: 5771: 5024:and were granted land south of the 4856: 3066:from the 8th century to record the 2766:(黠戛斯), all being transcriptions of 2098:Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District 1105:, the name "Scythians" was used in 883:Τῦρκαι is "a false correction" for 24: 18172: 17996:Classification of Turkic languages 17957:(Greenwood Press, November 1993), 17850:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 17777: 17397:; et al. (14 February 2020). 17334:Li, Tao; et al. (June 2020). 15626:. Taylor and Francis. p. 73. 15121:Göbl 1967, 254; Vondrovec tyre 254 14784:, (Blackwell Ltd., 2005), 231,516. 13391:Foltz, Richard (1 November 2013). 11720:Golden, Peter B. (27 April 2018), 10914: 10197:from the original on 15 July 2021. 9889:Dresser, Norine (7 January 2011). 8708:. The traditional religion of the 8320:is a typical fried meat dish, and 8298:and rice. Chopped meat was called 8214:in the Middle Ages and are called 6827:), and unpleasing lips and teeth ( 6044:Central Asian khanates (1501–1920) 6028:, a period of local enrichment in 5962:, the Seljuks advanced first into 5902:'House of Saljuq') or the 5519:, they migrated west and defeated 5246:and covered most of what is today 5098:religion, that later evolved into 5091:retained elements of its original 4197:(ANA) Neolithic ancestry from the 3151: 3078:variant is known from 9th-century 2902:The Turkic languages constitute a 2898:Descriptive map of Turkic peoples. 2716:The Xueyantuo were first known as 1169:List of the modern Turkic peoples 27:Family of ethnic groups of Eurasia 25: 20832: 18127: 17940:The Turks (The Peoples of Europe) 16863: 15735: 15709: 15642:have yellow hair and blue eyes' ( 15166:. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna 15139:. Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna 14608:The University of Texas at Austin 14567:Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies 13939:Róna-Tas, András (1 March 1999). 13684:New History of the Five Dynasties 13674:Old History of the Five Dynasties 13634:New History of the Five Dynasties 13624:Old History of the Five Dynasties 13558:Ven, Hans van de (26 July 2021). 13364:Szostak, Rick (22 October 2020). 10819:Moriyasu & Ochir 1999, p. 123 10694: 10501:Golden, Peter B. (25 July 2018). 9645: 9210: 9014:Images of Buddhist and Manichean 9010:Bezeklik caves and Mogao grottoes 8825:The non-Muslim Turks' worship of 8799:Muslim Turks and non-Muslim Turks 8565:of Russia are the only remaining 8026: 6688:, although others maintaining an 6659:in 2009, which later was renamed 6552: 6170:with ease, putting an end to the 5950:The Seljuk empire was founded by 5845:Turkic origin, it was thoroughly 5357:During the same time period, the 5125:in Kazakhstan separated from the 5007:History of the Northern Dynasties 4333:A 2023 study analyzed the DNA of 2690:, Rourans' supposed descendants. 19775: 19459: 19408:, distinct from Levantine (i.e. 17630: 17569:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. 17102:. Oxford University Press, USA. 16907: 16880: 16857: 16830: 16816: 16789: 16772: 16735: 16708: 16681: 16596: 16569: 16542: 16517: 16491: 16458: 16431: 16405: 16373: 16347: 16321: 16297: 16279: 16258: 16239: 16224: 16181: 16165: 16138: 16117: 16091: 16065: 16039: 16018: 15988: 15963: 15890: 15876: 15864: 15852: 15826: 15800: 15782: 15773: 15755: 15686: 15677: 15649: 15613: 15565: 15556: 15540: 15525: 15462: 15453: 15178: 15124: 15115: 15026: 15009: 14982: 14973: 14961: 14940: 14913: 14898: 14787: 14774: 14749: 14739: 14723: 14710: 14683: 14656: 14629: 14549: 14447: 14394: 14377: 14364: 14344: 14331: 14318: 14265: 14225: 14210: 14191: 14171: 14132: 14093: 14066: 14053: 14041: 14013: 13986: 13959: 13932: 13912:Holdstock, Nick (13 June 2019). 13905: 13878: 13858: 13749: 13740: 13578: 13551: 13524: 13508: 13492: 13465: 13438: 13411: 13384: 13357: 13345: 13318: 13290: 13263: 13236: 13205:West, Barbara A. (19 May 2010). 13199: 13173: 13160: 13117: 13105: 13093: 13071: 13060:Golden, Peter B. (August 2018). 13054: 13039: 12949: 12918: 12902: 12889: 12869: 12857: 12837:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010). 12830: 12821: 12812: 12778: 12757: 12745: 12680: 12655: 12634: 12625: 12612: 12599: 12586: 12577: 12566: 12533: 12524: 12479: 12466: 12447: 12426: 12316: 12304: 12292: 12210: 12141: 12063: 12051: 11900:Journal of Language Relationship 11887: 11848: 11782: 11770: 11713: 11617: 11586: 11560: 11547: 11534: 11516: 11457: 11442: 11428: 11410: 11395: 11377: 10760:West, Barbara A. (19 May 2010). 10668: 9468: 9451: 9434: 9417: 9392: 9375: 9353: 9336: 9319: 9301: 9284: 9267: 9241: 9217: 9198: 9191:Fresco of Palm Sunday from Qocho 9183: 9171: 9159: 9147: 9127: 9115: 9103: 9091: 9079: 9067: 9055: 9043: 9031: 8997: 8985: 8973: 7457:. Small numbers inhabit eastern 7069: 7057: 6811:), as possessing "a large head ( 6446:After many battles, the western 6432: 6246: 6218: 5549:people, who are now part of the 5238:and were collectively known as " 4974:, they were "mixed barbarians" ( 4700: 4694: 4581:Xiongnu (3rd c. BCE – 1st c. CE) 4257:. Given nomadic peoples such as 4234: 4208: 2854: 2092: 2060: 1988: 1953: 1917: 1887: 1873: 1842: 1813: 1779: 1748: 1715: 1679: 1647: 1617: 1550: 1519: 1491: 1479: 1445: 1416: 1388: 1359: 1346:Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture 1339: 1328: 1316: 1288: 1254: 1241: 1209: 1197: 497: 477: 457: 437: 417: 398: 380: 361: 341: 321: 301: 281: 261: 241: 219: 200: 180: 160: 140: 120: 100: 80: 20758:Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA) 17855:Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta 17340:Archaeological Research in Asia 17184:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 17146:. Bucureşti: Ed. Acad. Române. 17142:Golden, Peter Benjamin (2011). 16576:Frankel, James (17 June 2021). 16504:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 16465:Yemelianova, Galina M. (2002). 15767:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 14967:Babur: Encyclopædia Britannica 14836:, Penguin UK, 6 November 2008. 14663:Formica, Piero (5 April 2017). 14490:, Routledge, 2005, p. 399. 14061:Origin of the Karakalpak people 13445:Yuan, Hong (14 November 2022). 13249:. Hachette Books. p. 436. 13209:. Infobase Publishing. p. 829. 13102:, "vol. 50" "或云突厥之先出於索國，在匈奴之北。" 12224:Molecular Biology and Evolution 11531:, Online Academic Edition, 2008 11366:*Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (2000). 11360: 11353:Peter Benjamin Golden, (1992), 11347: 11320: 11304: 11276: 11232: 11191: 11139: 11127: 11114: 11105: 11089: 11044: 11025: 11012: 10999: 10986: 10973: 10957: 10948: 10943:Turkish Etymological Dictionary 10923: 10899: 10890: 10880: 10853: 10844: 10835: 10822: 10813: 10787: 10753: 10714: 10688: 10662: 10643: 10584: 10480: 10468: 10411: 10362: 10312: 10286: 10271:, Zaman Al Wasl, archived from 10228: 10183: 10131: 10119: 10093: 10046: 9927: 9909: 9882: 9855: 9828: 9814: 9260: 8638: 8326:is a soup of noodles and lamb. 8229:is the thinnest type of dough, 7342: 6627:. Other Turkic regions such as 6569:, Austria and Hungary, and the 6484: 6365:(de facto ruler of the country) 6126:and proclaimed himself King of 5990:. Eventually one of these, the 5617:rivers, the Aral Sea area, the 5469: 2889: 2808: 2788: 2773: 2710: 2700: 1724:or Yakutia (Russian Federation) 1350:Barköl Kazakh Autonomous County 963:is ultimately derived from the 18032:Lebedynsky, Iaroslav. (2006). 17880:Findley, Carter Vaughn. 2005. 17862:Eliot, Charles Norton Edgcumbe 17853:Deny, Jean et al. 1959–1964. 17710:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. 17535:; Savelyev, Alexander (eds.). 17501:11858/00-001M-0000-002E-8635-7 17064:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). 16843:. Princeton University Press. 16231:Lipka, Michael (22 May 2022). 15133:"The Countenance of the other" 14604:On Romani origins and identity 14594:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers 13243:McLynn, Frank (14 July 2015). 13090:, University of Helsinki, 2005 12554:10.13173/centasiaj.59.1-2.0101 12392:Records of the Grand Historian 11724:, in Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.), 11568:The Rise and Fall of Languages 9835:Turner, B. (7 February 2017). 9687: 9671: 8288:. One type of sausage, called 8187:, and a grinding stone called 8159:. In later times, the Persian 7566:Predominant religion and sect 7461:and the south-eastern part of 7106: 6666: 6383:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana 4466:all transliterated underlying 4303:single-nucleotide polymorphism 2989:was designed in order to help 2969:between the groups concerned. 1924:Xunhua Salar Autonomous County 1397:Uyghur Autonomous Region (PRC) 1042:all came from the Turkic word 1003:, which possibly transcribed * 812:, who were also mentioned, as 13: 1: 20748:Organization of Turkic States 17563:Irk bitig (the book of omens) 17120:The Cambridge History of Iran 16974:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 16172:Turkic peoples' road to Islam 15401:. Tashkent: Yangi Nashr: 331. 14718:Central Asia in World History 13807:. Бишкек: Илим. p. 103. 13421:Central Asia in World History 13367:Making Sense of World History 12925:Haug, Robert (27 June 2019). 12785:Haug, Robert (27 June 2019). 12666:. Stanford University Press. 11894:Dybo, Anna (1 January 2017). 11221:. Undena Publications, 1981, 9524: 9330:with traditional instruments. 8877: 8722:Eastern Orthodox Christianity 8588:Most Turkic people today are 8502:Arab conquest of Central Asia 7278:Organization of Turkic States 7272:Organization of Turkic States 7087:(finished in 1060) describes 6661:Organization of Turkic States 6594:First East Turkestan Republic 6509:later came into contact with 6338: 6209: 6198:. The dynasty was founded by 5621:valley, the foothills of the 5391:The Turkic Later Tang Dynasty 5285:Uyghur Khaganate (8th–9th c.) 3142:History of the Turkic peoples 2822:, and also Mongolic-speaking 2067:Sunan Yugur Autonomous County 1354:Mori Kazakh Autonomous County 1144:the linguistic classification 855:During the first century CE, 20357: 17750:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068 17474:Language Dynamics and Change 16939:"Chapter One – Introduction" 16191:. 10.5771/9783956506925-123. 15537:txt: "堅昆部落其人髮黃, 目綠, 赤髭髯" 15258:"The Chinese sources of the 15191:The Medieval History Journal 14502:Council on Foreign Relations 13066:The Medieval History Journal 12518:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 12462:(1). Academia Sinica: 21–22. 11680:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068 10964:American Heritage Dictionary 10860:Minns, Ellis Hovell (1911). 10593:The Medieval History Journal 10507:The Medieval History Journal 9428:man in traditional clothing. 8843:, Yaghma, Çiğil and Karluk. 8751:, and the vast majority are 8282:Islamic dietary restrictions 8263:are varieties of bread, and 8241:is a deep fried flat bread. 8104:(fermented mare's milk) and 7550: 7079:described the Kyrgyz tribe ( 7050: 7031:, a French traveller to the 6102:Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796) 5954:(1016–1063) and his brother 5841:Although the dynasty was of 5740:Ghaznavid dynasty (977–1186) 5573:Oghuz Yabgu State (c.750 CE) 5565:Oghuz Yabgu State (766–1055) 4370:Early historical attestation 2967:mutual linguistic influences 2950:, China, and northern Iraq. 863:in the forests north of the 736:(AD 684–731), prince of the 706: 542:are a collection of diverse 7: 17884:. Oxford University Press. 17823:Turkic languages in contact 17796:Baskakov, N.A. 1962, 1969. 17590:Evolutionary Human Sciences 17403:Evolutionary Human Sciences 17096:Findley, Carter V. (2005). 16893:. Oxford University Press. 15693:Vryonis, Speros Jr (1971). 15361:. Brill. pp. 222–223. 13891:. ABC-CLIO. p. xlvii. 12693:Evolutionary Human Sciences 12662:Hucker, Charles O. (1975). 12323:Yang, Meng & Zhang 2023 12311:Yang, Meng & Zhang 2023 12299:Yang, Meng & Zhang 2023 12288:Yang, Meng & Zhang 2023 12046:Yang, Meng & Zhang 2023 11483:Turkic Language family tree 10082:Nahost-Informationsdienst ( 9485: 9278:girls in traditional dress. 8706:Eastern Orthodox Christians 8467: 8329: 7354:, painting from 1812, Paris 7169:International organizations 6878:describes the Turks of the 5891: 5224:Cuman-Kipchak Confederation 4498:while Tujue transliterated 3948:Cuman–Kipchak Confederation 3795:Kimek–Kipchak Confederation 3070:. It was later used by the 3008:), used for writing mostly 2972: 2868: 2805:, Facts on File, Inc. 2004. 1058:means 'strong' in general, 1054:supports the proposal that 901:, iv. 22), and were likely 754:National Museum of Mongolia 10: 20837: 18058:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 17882:The Turks in World History 17857:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 17598:Cambridge University Press 17411:Cambridge University Press 17125:Cambridge University Press 17123:. Vol. 7. Cambridge: 17099:The Turks in World History 16958:, Rowman & Littlefield 16954:Brook, Kevin Alan (2018), 16929: 16866:"Turkish Jereed (Javelin)" 16802:. Isis Press. p. 79. 16694:. Isis Press. p. 79. 16674:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 16609:. Isis Press. p. 81. 16444:. Routledge. p. 100. 15393:Babayar, Gaybulla (2013). 15231:. Lexington. p. 190. 14559:Journal of Islamic Studies 14498:Central Asia and the World 14385:Cambridge History of Islam 14063://KSIE, Moscow, 1947. p.75 13561:Warfare in Chinese History 13370:. Routledge. p. 672. 13352:Benson & Svanberg 2016 13148:The Turks in World History 13036:quote: "突厥者，蓋匈奴之別種，姓阿史那氏。" 12353:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015 12174:10.1038/s41598-021-04144-4 11816:10.1038/s41586-021-03336-2 11734:10.31826/9781463240035-054 11333:. Routledge. p. 210. 11297:, Sixth Edition, 2001–05, 11007:ARCHIVUM EURASIAEMEDII AEV 9841:. Springer. p. 1238. 9313:girl in traditional dress. 8961: 8903: 8774: 8642: 8631:reformist movement called 8511:the state religion of the 8361: 8302:and spit-roasted meat was 8167:, and eaten with a knife ( 8045: 7258: 7184: 7029:Bertrandon de la Broquière 6805:Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi 6649:People's Republic of China 6047: 6009: 5998:Timurid Empire (1370–1507) 5994:, would conquer the rest. 5856: 5751: 5660: 5304: 4942: 4584: 4431:people competing with the 4181:agricultural societies in 4166:, such as proposed in the 4130: 3555:Chief gods and goddesses: 3111: 3105: 3101: 2882: 2872: 2693: 2122: 1150:sense. In short, the term 1062:points out that "the word 1015:, which transliterated to 254:4,600,000–5,300,000 (2017) 29: 20821:Nomadic groups in Eurasia 20781: 20740: 20704: 20587: 20561: 20474: 20426: 20419: 20340: 20289: 19784: 19773: 19473: 19390: 19354: 19328: 19073: 19031: 18977: 18949: 18747: 18689: 18656: 18575: 18552: 18509:Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks 18382: 18336: 18291: 18260: 18189: 18180: 18099:Samoilovich, A. N. 1922. 18036:Editions Errance, Paris. 17955:The Turks of Central Asia 17953:Hostler, Charles Warren. 17706:Yarshater, Ehsan (2001). 17491:10.1163/22105832-00702005 17367:21.11116/0000-0005-D82B-8 17357:10.1016/j.ara.2020.100177 17284:10.1163/22105018-12340089 17242:Khanbaghi, Aptin (2006). 17020:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2 16782:Harvard Ukrainian studies 16751:Harvard Ukrainian Studies 15330:. BRILL. pp. 68–69. 14756:Cambridge History of Iran 14519:The Empire of the Steppes 14442:Peacock & Yıldız 2013 14311:Encyclopædia Britannica, 14200:"The Salar Khazui System" 13612:in the early 3rd century. 13534:Governing China: 150-1850 13331:. Routledge. p. 35. 13049:"vol. 99 – section Tujue" 12864:Savelyev & Jeong 2020 12818:Lebedynsky (2006), p. 59. 12713:21.11116/0000-0007-772B-4 12620:Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele 12097:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2 11913:10.31826/jlr-2017-141-208 11765:Paleo-Siberian languages. 11299:Columbia University Press 11095:Theobald, Ulrich (2012). 10992:Golden, Peter B. (1992), 10739:10.1163/25898833-12340008 10721:Vivin, Alexander (2019). 9591:Hobbs, Joseph J. (2017), 9462:traditional eagle hunter. 9445:with traditional cuisine. 8937: 8925: 8610:Muslim Uyghurs at prayer. 8139:; a wooden rack called a 7512:markers than the Uzbeks. 7299:The member countries are 6138:Qajar dynasty (1789–1925) 5853:Seljuk Empire (1037–1194) 5734: 4309:slowly transitioned from 4305:study suggested that the 3976:11th century–13th century 2024: 1582: 1168: 781: 531: 526: 519: 514: 494: 474: 454: 434: 414: 396: 378: 358: 338: 318: 298: 278: 258: 238: 217: 197: 177: 157: 137: 117: 97: 77: 72: 67: 62: 47: 20363:Timeline of the Göktürks 19377:Turkish Cypriot diaspora 19045:Bulgarian Crimean Tatars 17918:Peter B. Golden (1992). 17804:Beckwith, Christopher I. 17644:de la Vaissière, Étienne 16525:"Religion in Kazakhstan" 16210:. ABC-CLIO. p. 74. 15871:The Karakalpak Gene Pool 15656:Weiner, Michael (2021). 15203:10.1177/0971945818775373 14669:. Springer. p. 18. 13837: 11579:Asya Pereltsvaig (2012) 11402:Tseng, Chin Yin (2012). 11206:Librairie Arthème Fayard 10605:10.1177/0971945818775373 10580:Bain Tsokto inscriptions 10519:10.1177/0971945818775373 10144:. Springer. p. 29. 9347:man in national costume. 9232:, from the Chronicle of 8949: 8882: 8572: 8527:up to the 12th century. 8439:, the first Khan of the 8267:is a type of filled pie 6880:Western Turkic Khaganate 6870:' residential palace of 6545:, and a small number of 6489:Turkic peoples like the 6200:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar 5439:. The Shatuo became the 5127:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 5123:Western Turkic Khaganate 4437:Spring and Autumn period 4168:Transeurasian hypothesis 4143:region, and in Southern 4059:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) 3705:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 3684:Western Turkic Khaganate 3630:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate 3054:as do, for example, the 2415:Historical Turkic groups 1180:National-state formation 967:migration-term 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰 822:Khüis Tolgoi inscription 54:The distribution of the 30:Not to be confused with 18534:Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman 18190:Azerbaijani communities 18075:(Hartford: AACAR, 1989) 18071:Alpamysh, H.B. Paksoy: 18009:Encyclopædia Britannica 17873:Encyclopædia Britannica 17846:Clausen, Gerard. 1972. 17543:Oxford University Press 17072:Oxford University Press 16969:Encyclopædia Britannica 16796:Robert Dankoff (2008). 16688:Robert Dankoff (2008). 16603:Robert Dankoff (2008). 16438:Akiner, Shirin (1986). 16412:Akiner, Shirin (1986). 16178:. Retrieved 21 May 2024 15712:"About :: TURKSOY" 15620:Jaschok, Maria (2013). 15431:10.3406/syria.1952.4789 14905:Encyclopædia Britannica 14890:Encyclopædia Britannica 14771:, I. B. Tauris, pp 2–3. 14734:A History of Inner Asia 14504:(May 1994), p. 79. 14461:, Vol. 54, (2004), 97. 14351:Sydney Nettleton Fisher 14243:Encyclopædia Britannica 14204:Central Asiatic Journal 14157:10.1515/jsall-2016-0003 14118:10.1515/jsall-2016-0003 13993:Melnyk, Mykola (2022). 13868:, Ankara, 2002, p. 98, 13300:A History of Inner Asia 12882:19 October 2007 at the 12542:Central Asiatic Journal 11566:R. M. W. Dixon (1997): 11553:Johanna Nichols (1992) 11528:Encyclopædia Britannica 11466:Central Asiatic Journal 11317:, Online Edition, 2007. 11311:Encyclopædia Britannica 10873:Encyclopædia Britannica 10652:Central Asiatic Journal 10005:Bassem, Wassim (2016). 9657:Encyclopædia Britannica 9565:Oxford University Press 9555:Garibova, Jala (2011), 9508:Turco-Persian tradition 9386:girl in national dress. 9295:boys in national dress. 8747:are a sub-group of the 8696:, the vast majority of 8280:. Though prohibited by 6798:. In the 13th century, 6775:Ancient Northeast Asian 6473:declined following the 6235:with a turban ornament. 5966:and then into mainland 5919:, originating from the 5135:Second Turkic Khaganate 5110:in a runic script, the 5032:), which looked like a 4659:kurgans located in the 4518:(OT: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰚) (whence 4364:Eastern Eurasian Steppe 4355:Ancient Northeast Asian 4273:Central Asia. The main 4217:Ancient Northeast Asian 4195:Ancient Northeast Asian 3713:Second Turkic Khaganate 1694:by Ukraine and Russia) 840:(735 CE) use the terms 738:Second Turkic Khaganate 20811:Ethnic groups in China 20077:Bosnia and Herzegovina 19367:Crimean Tatar diaspora 18544:Western Thracian Turks 18479:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman 18138:University of Michigan 17800:. Moscow (in Russian). 17375:Mecit, Songül (2014). 17074:. pp. 1346–1347. 17060:Dickens, Mark (2018). 16291:17 August 2011 at the 16204:Cole, Jeffrey (2011). 16187:Menz, Astrid. (2007). 15646:, Vol. 6, 1969 copy)." 15425:(3/4): 263 & 267. 15225:Wang, Penglin (2018). 15185:Golden, Peter (2018). 14780:Choueiri, Youssef M., 14716:Peter B.Golden (2011) 14464:Meisami, Julie Scott, 14370:Meisami, Julie Scott, 14361:, (McGraw-Hill, 1997). 14299:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13999:. BRILL. p. 318. 13798:Аристов Н. А. (2003). 13229:Haywood, John (1998), 12530:Cheng (2012), p. 84-87 12423:Findley (2005), p. 29. 12236:10.1093/molbev/msac179 11873:10.1075/dia.33.4.04alo 11767: 11645:Yunusbayev et al. 2015 11611:10.1075/dia.33.4.04alo 11327:Walton, Linda (2013). 11097:"Xiajiasi 黠戛斯, Qirqiz" 10406:Yunusbayev et al. 2015 9977:Triana, María (2017), 9895:. Wiley. p. 270. 9653:"Azerbaijani (people)" 9543:Yunusbayev et al. 2015 9513:Turco-Mongol tradition 8916: 8874: 8862: 8814: 8673: 8657: 8611: 8585: 8435:is the wolf mother of 8359: 8348: 8066:. Turks mostly herded 8008:Orthodox Christianity 7832:Orthodox Christianity 7604:Republic of Azerbaijan 7516:Historical population: 7355: 7218: 7182: 7065:Kangar union#Etymology 7063:For its etymology see 6898:Rashid al-Din Hamadani 6863: 6738: 6706:胡人) physiognomy." The 6562: 6493:(mainly 8th century), 6439:Ottoman empire in 1683 6366: 6071: 6007: 5939:in the east, and from 5868: 5749: 5577:The Oguz Yabgu State ( 5574: 5484: 5475:Kangar union (659–750) 5456:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 5392: 5327:in central Mongolia's 5316: 5302: 5294: 5215: 5158: 5052: 4949:First Turkic Khaganate 4750:FIRST TURKIC KHAGANATE 4663:River in the northern 4624: 4295: 3875:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 3676:First Turkic Khaganate 3157: 3001: 2955:Altaic language family 2899: 1146:in order to avoid any 757: 726: 623:Many vastly differing 20574:Proto-Turkic language 20205:Extinct Turkic groups 19074:Extinct Turkic groups 19032:Turkic minorities in 18979:Turkic minorities in 18950:Turkic minorities in 18748:Turkic minorities in 18226:Georgian Azerbaijanis 18123:. New York: Elsevier. 18079:H. B. Paksoy (1989). 17983:. London: Routledge. 17560:Tekin, Talat (1993). 17317:10.4324/9781003256496 17307:Lee, Joo-Yup (2023). 17221:One World Archaeology 16937:Baydar, Ayça (2016). 16677:. Brill. p. 689. 16473:. Palgrave. pp. 16381:"7–11 世紀景教在陸上絲綢之路的傳播" 14473:Encyclopaedia Iranica 14315:, Online Edition 2007 14284:, Online Edition 2006 14281:Encyclopaedia Iranica 11762: 11295:Columbia Encyclopedia 10265:Ahmed, Yusra (2015), 10054:"Obama, recognize us" 9205:Manicheans from Qocho 8911: 8868: 8860: 8806: 8663: 8652: 8609: 8580: 8463:Religious conversions 8354: 8342: 8135:, a pot similar to a 7350: 7337:2022 Samarkand Summit 7216: Observer States 7205: 7185:Further information: 7176: 6973:are mentioned in the 6959:Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi 6876:Movses Kaghankatvatsi 6846: 6829:lab va dandān na nīkū 6724: 6647:remained part of the 6560: 6346: 6069: 6005: 5866: 5747: 5637:Salar Oghuz migration 5572: 5482: 5466:in Turpan, Xinjiang. 5433:Mengshan Giant Buddha 5390: 5314: 5300: 5292: 5211: 5152: 5119:First Turkic Kaganate 5046: 4594: 4292: 4137:Peter Benjamin Golden 3984:Atabegs of Azerbaijan 3616:Yenisei Kyrgyz People 3155: 3094:of the 10th century. 2996:communicate with the 2980: 2897: 2883:Further information: 2879:Proto-Turkic language 2734:(堅昆), later known as 2686:ancestry. as well as 2377:Orthodox Christianity 2362:Orthodox Christianity 2320:Orthodox Christianity 2286:Orthodox Christianity 2252:Orthodox Christianity 2233:Orthodox Christianity 2191:Orthodox Christianity 2157:Orthodox Christianity 2142:Orthodox Christianity 2109:Orthodox Christianity 2100:(Russian Federation) 2011:Orthodox Christianity 1999:(Russian Federation) 1968:Orthodox Christianity 1964:(Russian Federation) 1826:Orthodox Christianity 1790:(Russian Federation) 1728:Orthodox Christianity 1565:Orthodox Christianity 1464:Orthodox Christianity 1193:60,000,000–65,000,000 1162:List of ethnic groups 820:, in the 6th-century 732: 714: 575:Proto-Turkic language 93:60,000,000–65,000,000 20816:Central Asian people 20773:World Turks Qurultai 19392:Central Asian (i.e. 19362:Azerbaijani diaspora 18699:Iranian Azerbaijanis 18337:Turkmen communities 18233:Western Azerbaijanis 18203:Iranian Azerbaijanis 18054:Menges, K. H. 1968. 18001:8 April 2011 at the 17981:The Turkic languages 17708:Encyclopedia Iranica 17227:. pp. 195–208. 17171:Encyclopædia Iranica 16956:The Jews of Khazaria 16947:University of London 16768:on 18 November 2015. 16317:on 30 November 2011. 16006:on 20 September 2022 15769:. 13 September 2019. 15644:Ming Lu Ji Jue Fu Li 15608:Lee & Kuang 2017 15596:Lee & Kuang 2017 15520:Lee & Kuang 2017 15312:Lee & Kuang 2017 15295:Lee & Kuang 2017 15283:Lee & Kuang 2017 15164:Pro.geo.univie.ac.at 15137:Pro.geo.univie.ac.at 15110:Lee & Kuang 2017 15095:Lee & Kuang 2017 15083:Lee & Kuang 2017 15071:Lee & Kuang 2017 15054:Lee & Kuang 2017 14921:"the Mughal dynasty" 14864:Timothy C. Dowling. 14453:* "Aḥmad of Niǧde's 14400:* A. C. S. Peacock, 13233:, Barnes & Noble 13166:Golden, P.B. (1992) 12962:. BRILL. p. 9. 12650:Lee & Kuang 2017 12058:Uchiyama et al. 2020 11980:Uchiyama et al. 2020 11134:Lee & Kuang 2017 10543:Lee & Kuang 2017 10475:Uchiyama et al. 2020 10463:Lee & Kuang 2017 10448:Uchiyama et al. 2020 10418:Uchiyama et al. 2020 9983:Taylor & Francis 9251:portrait, Palace of 9074:Old Uyghur Princess. 8893:Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk 8539:Täŋri Täŋrisi Burxan 7321:Nursultan Nazarbayev 7282:Nakhchivan Agreement 6922:Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur 6850:portrait, Palace of 6823:), and a flat nose ( 6749:, emphasizing that " 6202:and continued until 6070:Central Asia in 1636 5723:-region towards the 5527:, they defeated the 4982:) who migrated from 4935:class=notpageimage| 3092:Old Hungarian script 1898:(Russian Federation) 1853:(Russian Federation) 1759:(Russian Federation) 1658:(Russian Federation) 1561:(Russian Federation) 1530:(Russian Federation) 1456:(Russian Federation) 1265:(Russian Federation) 948:. Hungarian scholar 649:religious conversion 562:as well as parts of 20514:Karachay-Cherkessia 18383:Turkish communities 18249:Javanshir Qizilbash 17924:. O. Harrassowitz. 17607:10.1017/ehs.2020.11 17012:2018Natur.557..369D 16393:on 30 December 2011 15838:Hürriyet Daily News 15796:. 13 November 2021. 15324:André Wink (2002). 15252:Esin, Emel (1980). 14948:"Kamat's Potpourri" 14575:10.1093/jis/13.1.75 14402:Great Seljuk Empire 14313:"Ghaznavid Dynasty" 14296:, "Ghaznavids", in 14240:"Ghaznavid Dynasty" 13707:Emperor Ming of Han 13661:Emperor Ming of Han 13273:The Story of Russia 13182:Türk Tarih Kongresi 13146:Carter V. Findley, 12705:10.1017/ehs.2020.18 12166:2022NatSR..12..733G 12089:2018Natur.557..369D 11808:2021Natur.591..413W 10801:on 21 February 2014 10563:Orkhon inscriptions 10064:on 5 September 2014 10017:on 17 October 2016. 9785:. 24 November 2022. 9479:traditional shaman. 8753:Orthodox Christians 8618:after toppling the 8582:Astana Grand Mosque 8343:A shaman doctor of 8249:pinwheel sandwiches 8149:. They also used a 7943:Karachay-Cherkessia 7075:9th-century author 6424:Anatolia – Ottomans 6307:, Pakistan, India, 6260:and Mughal emperor 6164:Mohammad Khan Qajar 6026:Timurid Renaissance 5972:battle of Manzikert 5904:Great Seljuq Empire 5804:Indian subcontinent 5352:An Lushan rebellion 4575:Tiele confederation 4573:descended from the 4421:. According to the 4189:and the succeeding 3864:Eastern Kara-Khanid 3857:Western Kara-Khanid 3843:Kara-Khanid Khanate 3068:Old Turkic language 3021:Old Uyghur alphabet 1895:Karachay-Cherkessia 1756:Karachay-Cherkessia 1140:Türk Cumhuriyetleri 1136:Türki Cumhuriyetler 1007:(probably meaning ' 838:Orkhon inscriptions 772:or 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰:𐰜𐰇𐰛 44: 20705:Traditional sports 20509:Kabardino-Balkaria 20129:Meskhetia (Ahiska) 18907:Siberian Bukharans 18709:Chaharmahali Turks 18690:Turkic minorities 18657:Turkic minorities 18576:Turkic minorities 18292:Kyrgyz communities 18261:Kazakh communities 17942:(Blackwell 2005), 17837:Chavannes, Édouard 17468:(1 January 2017). 17420:10.1017/ehs.2020.4 17062:"Scythians (Saka)" 16868:. All About Turkey 16361:on 30 October 2012 16305:"唐代中围景教与景教本部教会的关系" 16252:1 May 2005 at the 15840:. 11 November 2022 15814:. 11 November 2022 15598:, p. 204-205. 15085:, p. 228-229. 14996:on 27 October 2009 14853:Fisher et al. 1991 14524:Wendy M. K. Shaw, 14494:Michael Mandelbaum 14480:", Online Edition. 14455:al-Walad al-Shafīq 14355:William Ochsenwald 14181:A Grammar of Wutun 13824:on 1 January 2017. 13721:Theobald, Ulrich. 12652:, p. 201-202. 12487:"丁零—铁勒的西迁及其所建西域政权" 12347:(4): 890–904.e29. 12218:(25 August 2022). 12154:Scientific Reports 11946:Nelson et al. 2020 11289:2013-09-22 at the 11022:(1972). p. 542-543 10695:Vovin, Alexander. 10349:The World Factbook 10246:on 11 January 2012 10170:The World Factbook 10058:St. Louis American 10033:The World Factbook 9957:The World Factbook 9801:The World Factbook 9761:The World Factbook 9736:The World Factbook 9710:The World Factbook 9367:Balikesir Province 8917: 8888:Mahmud al-Kashgari 8875: 8863: 8851:Mahmud al-Kashgari 8831:Mahmud al-Kashgari 8815: 8727:Church of the East 8674: 8658: 8612: 8586: 8360: 8349: 7947:Kabardino-Balkaria 7600:Iranian Azerbaijan 7398:region of western 7356: 7219: 7183: 7113:Xinglongwa culture 7035:, met with sultan 6931:Shajara-i Tarākima 6904:, i.e. Turk-like ( 6864: 6739: 6641:Russian Federation 6575:Republic of Turkey 6563: 6367: 6361:and Amir al-umara 6293:Qutb Shahi dynasty 6283:(1206–90) and the 6092:Emirate of Bukhara 6072: 6062:Emirate of Bukhara 6050:Khanate of Bukhara 6008: 5869: 5802:and the northwest 5784:dynasty of Turkic 5750: 5727:, South Asia, and 5709:Northeastern China 5585:state, founded by 5575: 5487:The Kangar Union ( 5485: 5393: 5317: 5303: 5295: 5216: 5203:Bulgarian language 5159: 5157:in the 7th century 5155:Old Great Bulgaria 5053: 4653:9th millennium BCE 4625: 4506:. The appellation 4296: 4187:Xinglongwa culture 4183:Northeastern China 3960:Khwarazmian Empire 3831:Karluk Yabgu State 3569:Epics and heroes: 3158: 3002: 2963:Mongolic languages 2900: 1850:Kabardino-Balkaria 830:Emperor Wen of Sui 758: 746:Arkhangai Province 727: 579:Altai-Sayan region 374:800,000–1,000,000+ 42: 20793: 20792: 20569:Old Turkic script 20557: 20556: 20368:Timeline 500–1300 20285: 20284: 19771: 19770: 19630:Kipchak languages 19585:Karamanli Turkish 19425: 19424: 19324: 19323: 19235: 19228: 19189: 19065:Tatars of Romania 19038: 19007: 18964:Mongolian Kazakhs 18935: 18909: 18902: 18895: 18888: 18881: 18874: 18867: 18779: 18772: 18765: 18642: 18608: 18519:Palestinian Turks 18514:Montenegrin Turks 18438: 18419: 18412: 18405: 18398: 18368: 18359: 18352: 18312: 18283:Mongolian Kazakhs 18251: 18242: 18235: 18228: 18219: 18212: 18205: 18092:978-0-9621379-9-0 17948:978-0-631-15897-4 17931:978-3-447-03274-2 17903:Golden, Peter B. 17816:978-0-691-13589-2 17717:978-0-933273-56-6 17683:10.1111/jse.12938 17657:978-1-107-63388-9 17576:978-3-447-03426-5 17552:978-0-19-880462-8 17533:Robbeets, Martine 17525:Robbeets, Martine 17466:Robbeets, Martine 17457:978-1-84885-887-9 17386:978-1-134-50899-0 17326:978-1-000-90421-5 17253:978-1-84511-056-7 17162:Ivantchik, Askold 17153:978-973-1871-96-7 17134:978-0-521-20095-0 17109:978-0-19-517726-8 17081:978-0-19-174445-7 16900:978-0-19-513195-6 16850:978-1-4008-6513-0 16809:978-975-428-366-2 16728:978-0-415-36686-1 16701:978-975-428-366-2 16616:978-975-428-366-2 16589:978-0-7556-3884-0 16562:978-0-691-20221-1 16451:978-1-136-14274-1 16217:978-1-59884-302-6 16158:978-0-313-32384-3 15975:studybuddhism.com 15949:978-0-907325-79-6 15669:978-1-351-24668-2 15633:978-1-136-83880-4 15368:978-90-04-14096-7 15337:978-0-391-04174-5 15238:978-1-4985-3528-1 14807:978-90-04-06196-5 14758:Volume 7, pp. 2–4 14703:978-0-691-17954-4 14676:978-3-319-52660-7 14649:978-1-316-86553-8 14542:978-0-520-23335-5 14507:Jonathan Dewald, 14459:Anatolian Studies 14324:David Christian: 14262:. Edinburgh, 1963 14086:978-3-643-90754-7 14033:978-1-78297-167-2 14006:978-90-04-50522-3 13979:978-0-520-28360-2 13952:978-963-386-572-9 13925:978-1-78831-982-9 13898:978-1-4408-5829-1 13851:978-5-903833-93-1 13727:chinaknowledge.de 13571:978-90-04-48294-4 13544:978-1-60384-447-5 13485:978-1-83860-868-2 13458:978-1-6632-4258-7 13431:978-0-19-972203-7 13404:978-1-78074-309-7 13377:978-1-000-20167-3 13338:978-1-315-28519-1 13310:978-0-521-65704-4 13283:978-1-250-79690-5 13256:978-0-306-82395-4 13215:978-1-4381-1913-7 13192:978-975-16-0260-2 12969:978-90-04-47117-7 12938:978-1-78831-722-1 12850:978-0-521-12433-1 12798:978-1-78831-722-1 12622:. 1988, pp. 39–41 12083:(7705): 369–374. 12013:10.1111/jse.12827 11802:(7850): 413–419. 11743:978-1-4632-4003-5 11509:978-0-415-25004-7 11340:978-1-135-08828-6 11217:Vryonis, Speros. 10945:, Sevan Nişanyan. 10773:978-1-4381-1913-7 10435:, pp. 37–38. 10345:"North Macedonia" 10275:on 23 August 2017 10151:978-1-137-49315-6 9992:978-1-317-42368-3 9902:978-1-118-04028-7 9875:978-1-107-06261-0 9848:978-0-230-27135-7 9684:, p. 293 (20 mil) 9608:978-1-305-85495-6 9574:978-0-19-983799-1 9403:men and women in 8769:Ivan the Terrible 8645:Turkic Christians 8521:Mahayana Buddhism 8380:was dominated by 8314:in modern times. 8043: 8042: 7984:Tibetan Buddhism 7797:(Russia/Ukraine) 7557:Primary homeland 7546: 7545: 7453:, the capital of 7382:, in addition to 7227:intergovernmental 6926:Chagatai language 6815:), a broad face ( 6645:Chinese Turkestan 6381:Khaganate in the 6297:Deccan sultanates 6256:, founder of the 6058:Khanate of Kokand 5901: 5889: 5764:Ghaznavid dynasty 5687:Deccan sultanates 5623:Karatau Mountains 5189:in what is today 5141:in the year 744. 4964:According to the 4818: 4805: 4683:Steppe expansions 4128: 4127: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4064: 4052: 4040: 4035:Qarlughid Kingdom 4001: 3989: 3977: 3965: 3953: 3928: 3916: 3904: 3899:Pecheneg Khanates 3892: 3880: 3848: 3836: 3824: 3819:Oghuz Yabgu State 3812: 3800: 3788: 3783:Türgesh Khaganate 3776: 3764: 3752: 3740: 3717: 3709: 3688: 3680: 3646: 3621: 3596: 3595: 3523: 3522: 3335: 3334: 3146: 3134:Liao civilization 2803:978-0-8160-4671-3 2412: 2411: 734:Bust of Kul Tigin 536: 535: 532:Various religions 16:(Redirected from 20828: 20615:Tibetan Buddhism 20595:Turkic mythology 20476:Autonomous areas 20428:Sovereign states 20424: 20423: 20202: 20201: 20184: 20159: 20056: 20033: 19995: 19946: 19911: 19872:Crimean Karaites 19846: 19823: 19779: 19731: 19730: 19610:Khorasani Turkic 19464: 19463: 19462: 19452: 19445: 19438: 19429: 19428: 19372:Turkish diaspora 19231: 19224: 19185: 19036: 19018:Karategin Uzbeks 19003: 18931: 18905: 18898: 18891: 18884: 18877: 18870: 18865:Astrakhan Tatars 18863: 18828: 18775: 18768: 18761: 18734:Iranian Turkmens 18666:Crimean Karaites 18638: 18604: 18504:Macedonian Turks 18469:Dodecanese Turks 18434: 18415: 18408: 18401: 18394: 18366:Iranian Turkmens 18364: 18355: 18348: 18308: 18247: 18238: 18231: 18224: 18215: 18208: 18201: 18187: 18186: 18167: 18160: 18153: 18144: 18143: 18108:Turkic Languages 18096: 17938:Heywood, Colin. 17935: 17877: 17869: 17772: 17762: 17752: 17721: 17702: 17677:(6): 1056–1064. 17661: 17634: 17629: 17619: 17609: 17580: 17568: 17556: 17520: 17518: 17516: 17503: 17493: 17461: 17442: 17432: 17422: 17390: 17371: 17369: 17359: 17330: 17303: 17301: 17299: 17286: 17257: 17238: 17223:. Vol. 29. 17211:Spriggs, Matthew 17198: 17196: 17194: 17188:Brill Publishers 17157: 17138: 17113: 17092: 17090: 17088: 17056: 17054: 17052: 17031: 16984: 16982: 16980: 16964:"Turkic peoples" 16959: 16950: 16949:. pp. 9–33. 16923: 16922: 16911: 16905: 16904: 16884: 16878: 16877: 16875: 16873: 16861: 16855: 16854: 16834: 16828: 16827: 16820: 16814: 16813: 16793: 16787: 16786: 16776: 16770: 16769: 16767: 16761:. Archived from 16748: 16739: 16733: 16732: 16712: 16706: 16705: 16685: 16679: 16678: 16668: 16662: 16661: 16630: 16621: 16620: 16600: 16594: 16593: 16573: 16567: 16566: 16546: 16540: 16539: 16537: 16535: 16521: 16515: 16514: 16512: 16510: 16495: 16489: 16488: 16472: 16462: 16456: 16455: 16435: 16429: 16427: 16409: 16403: 16402: 16400: 16398: 16392: 16386:. Archived from 16385: 16377: 16371: 16370: 16368: 16366: 16357:. Archived from 16351: 16345: 16344: 16342: 16340: 16331:. Archived from 16325: 16319: 16318: 16316: 16310:. Archived from 16309: 16301: 16295: 16286:高昌回鹘与环塔里木多元文化的融合 16283: 16277: 16276: 16274: 16272: 16262: 16256: 16245:Guide to Russia: 16243: 16237: 16236: 16228: 16222: 16221: 16201: 16192: 16185: 16179: 16169: 16163: 16162: 16142: 16136: 16135: 16133: 16131: 16121: 16115: 16114: 16112: 16110: 16105:on 22 March 2012 16101:. Archived from 16095: 16089: 16088: 16086: 16084: 16075:. Archived from 16069: 16063: 16062: 16060: 16058: 16049:. Archived from 16043: 16037: 16036: 16034: 16032: 16022: 16016: 16015: 16013: 16011: 16002:. Archived from 16000:edu.e-history.kz 15992: 15986: 15985: 15983: 15981: 15967: 15961: 15960: 15958: 15956: 15936:Food on the Move 15928: 15913: 15911: 15909: 15902: 15894: 15888: 15887: 15880: 15874: 15868: 15862: 15856: 15850: 15849: 15847: 15845: 15830: 15824: 15823: 15821: 15819: 15804: 15798: 15797: 15786: 15780: 15777: 15771: 15770: 15759: 15753: 15752: 15750: 15748: 15733: 15727: 15726: 15724: 15722: 15707: 15701: 15700: 15690: 15684: 15681: 15675: 15673: 15653: 15647: 15637: 15617: 15611: 15605: 15599: 15593: 15587: 15581: 15575: 15569: 15563: 15560: 15554: 15544: 15538: 15529: 15523: 15517: 15508: 15502: 15496: 15490: 15481: 15475: 15469: 15466: 15460: 15457: 15451: 15450: 15414: 15403: 15402: 15390: 15384: 15380: 15374: 15372: 15352: 15346: 15345: 15321: 15315: 15309: 15298: 15292: 15286: 15280: 15271: 15257: 15249: 15243: 15242: 15222: 15216: 15214: 15182: 15176: 15175: 15173: 15171: 15155: 15149: 15148: 15146: 15144: 15128: 15122: 15119: 15113: 15107: 15098: 15092: 15086: 15080: 15074: 15068: 15057: 15051: 15042: 15041: 15030: 15024: 15022: 15013: 15007: 15005: 15003: 15001: 14992:. Archived from 14986: 14980: 14977: 14971: 14965: 14959: 14958: 14956: 14954: 14944: 14938: 14937: 14935: 14933: 14917: 14911: 14902: 14896: 14887: 14878: 14862: 14856: 14850: 14844: 14828:Michael Axworthy 14825: 14819: 14818: 14816: 14814: 14791: 14785: 14778: 14772: 14765: 14759: 14753: 14747: 14743: 14737: 14727: 14721: 14714: 14708: 14707: 14687: 14681: 14680: 14660: 14654: 14653: 14633: 14627: 14578: 14553: 14547: 14451: 14445: 14439: 14433: 14427: 14421: 14398: 14392: 14381: 14375: 14368: 14362: 14348: 14342: 14335: 14329: 14322: 14316: 14309: 14303: 14291: 14285: 14269: 14263: 14256: 14250: 14229: 14223: 14222: 14214: 14208: 14207: 14195: 14189: 14188: 14186: 14178:Sandman, Erika. 14175: 14169: 14168: 14136: 14130: 14129: 14097: 14091: 14090: 14070: 14064: 14057: 14051: 14045: 14039: 14037: 14017: 14011: 14010: 13990: 13984: 13983: 13963: 13957: 13956: 13936: 13930: 13929: 13909: 13903: 13902: 13882: 13876: 13862: 13856: 13855: 13843: 13832: 13826: 13825: 13823: 13817:. Archived from 13806: 13795: 13789: 13782: 13773: 13753: 13747: 13744: 13738: 13737: 13735: 13733: 13718: 13709: 13669: 13663: 13619: 13613: 13582: 13576: 13575: 13555: 13549: 13548: 13528: 13522: 13512: 13506: 13496: 13490: 13489: 13469: 13463: 13462: 13442: 13436: 13435: 13415: 13409: 13408: 13388: 13382: 13381: 13361: 13355: 13349: 13343: 13342: 13322: 13316: 13314: 13294: 13288: 13287: 13267: 13261: 13260: 13240: 13234: 13227: 13218: 13203: 13197: 13196: 13177: 13171: 13164: 13158: 13144: 13127: 13121: 13115: 13109: 13103: 13097: 13091: 13075: 13069: 13058: 13052: 13043: 13037: 13023: 13017: 13004: 12998: 12984: 12975: 12973: 12953: 12947: 12946: 12922: 12916: 12906: 12900: 12893: 12887: 12873: 12867: 12861: 12855: 12854: 12834: 12828: 12825: 12819: 12816: 12810: 12809: 12782: 12776: 12775: 12773: 12771: 12761: 12755: 12749: 12743: 12742: 12724: 12684: 12678: 12677: 12659: 12653: 12647: 12641: 12638: 12632: 12629: 12623: 12616: 12610: 12603: 12597: 12594:History of Turks 12590: 12584: 12581: 12575: 12574: 12564: 12558: 12557: 12537: 12531: 12528: 12522: 12521: 12509: 12503: 12502: 12500: 12498: 12489:. Archived from 12483: 12477: 12470: 12464: 12463: 12458:. Third series. 12451: 12445: 12442: 12436: 12430: 12424: 12421: 12415: 12412: 12403: 12385: 12379: 12378: 12364: 12332: 12326: 12320: 12314: 12308: 12302: 12296: 12290: 12285: 12270: 12269: 12255: 12214: 12208: 12207: 12193: 12145: 12139: 12138: 12108: 12067: 12061: 12055: 12049: 12043: 12037: 12036: 11992: 11983: 11977: 11964: 11958: 11949: 11943: 11934: 11933: 11915: 11891: 11885: 11884: 11852: 11846: 11845: 11835: 11786: 11780: 11774: 11768: 11761: 11760: 11758: 11717: 11711: 11710: 11700: 11682: 11657: 11648: 11642: 11636: 11630: 11624: 11621: 11615: 11614: 11590: 11584: 11577: 11571: 11564: 11558: 11551: 11545: 11538: 11532: 11520: 11514: 11513: 11496:Katzner, Kenneth 11492: 11486: 11480: 11474: 11473: 11461: 11455: 11446: 11440: 11432: 11426: 11414: 11408: 11407: 11399: 11393: 11381: 11375: 11364: 11358: 11351: 11345: 11344: 11324: 11318: 11308: 11302: 11280: 11274: 11260: 11254: 11248: 11242: 11236: 11230: 11215: 11209: 11195: 11189: 11186:Byzantinoturcica 11182: 11176: 11170: 11164: 11158: 11152: 11143: 11137: 11131: 11125: 11118: 11112: 11109: 11103: 11093: 11087: 11084: 11075: 11072: 11063: 11057: 11051: 11048: 11042: 11041: 11029: 11023: 11016: 11010: 11003: 10997: 10990: 10984: 10977: 10971: 10961: 10955: 10952: 10946: 10936: 10930: 10927: 10921: 10920: 10912: 10906: 10903: 10897: 10894: 10888: 10884: 10878: 10877: 10865: 10857: 10851: 10848: 10842: 10839: 10833: 10826: 10820: 10817: 10811: 10810: 10808: 10806: 10797:. Archived from 10791: 10785: 10784: 10782: 10780: 10757: 10751: 10750: 10718: 10712: 10711: 10709: 10707: 10692: 10686: 10685: 10683: 10681: 10666: 10660: 10659: 10647: 10641: 10631: 10625: 10624: 10588: 10582: 10578: 10571: 10565: 10561: 10554: 10548: 10538: 10484: 10478: 10472: 10466: 10460: 10451: 10445: 10436: 10430: 10421: 10415: 10409: 10403: 10397: 10391: 10385: 10384: 10382: 10380: 10374: 10366: 10360: 10359: 10357: 10355: 10341: 10335: 10334: 10332: 10330: 10324: 10316: 10310: 10309: 10307: 10305: 10290: 10284: 10283: 10282: 10280: 10262: 10256: 10255: 10253: 10251: 10242:. Archived from 10232: 10226: 10225: 10223: 10221: 10212:. Archived from 10205: 10199: 10198: 10187: 10181: 10180: 10178: 10176: 10162: 10156: 10155: 10135: 10129: 10123: 10117: 10116: 10114: 10112: 10097: 10091: 10080: 10074: 10073: 10071: 10069: 10060:. Archived from 10050: 10044: 10043: 10041: 10039: 10025: 10019: 10018: 10013:. Archived from 10002: 9996: 9995: 9974: 9968: 9967: 9965: 9963: 9949: 9943: 9942: 9931: 9925: 9924: 9913: 9907: 9906: 9886: 9880: 9879: 9859: 9853: 9852: 9832: 9826: 9825: 9818: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9807: 9793: 9787: 9786: 9779: 9773: 9771: 9769: 9767: 9753: 9747: 9746: 9744: 9742: 9728: 9722: 9720: 9718: 9716: 9702: 9696: 9691: 9685: 9675: 9669: 9667: 9665: 9663: 9649: 9643: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9632:. 19 August 2021 9622: 9616: 9615: 9588: 9582: 9581: 9552: 9546: 9540: 9503:Turkic mythology 9498:Turkic migration 9472: 9455: 9438: 9421: 9396: 9379: 9357: 9340: 9323: 9305: 9288: 9271: 9245: 9221: 9202: 9187: 9175: 9163: 9151: 9131: 9119: 9107: 9095: 9083: 9071: 9059: 9047: 9035: 9001: 8989: 8977: 8670:Syriac Christian 8664:Gravestone from 8569:Turkic peoples. 8531:Tibetan Buddhism 8513:Uyghur Khaganate 8394:ancestor worship 8378:Turkic mythology 8364:Turkic mythology 7563:Modern language 7551: 7542:150–200 million 7520: 7519: 7215: 7209: 7133:Kurumchi culture 7118:Hongshan culture 7100: 7085:New Book of Tang 7073: 7067: 7061: 6985:New Book of Tang 6976:New Book of Tang 6888:writes that the 6819:), narrow eyes ( 6695:Old Book of Tang 6655:in 1993 and the 6639:remained in the 6598:Chinese Republic 6539:Crimean Karaites 6462:, where Emperor 6436: 6418:Byzantine Empire 6369:The Arab Muslim 6291:saw rise of the 6250: 6222: 6204:Ahmad Shah Qajar 6172:Afsharid dynasty 6108:Afsharid dynasty 6054:Khanate of Khiva 5976:Byzantine Empire 5896: 5894: 5884: 5882: 5836:Greater Khorasan 5773: 5703:Afsharid dynasty 5675:Mamluk Sultanate 5374:Uyghur Khaganate 5321:Uyghur Khaganate 5307:Uyghur Khaganate 5293:Uyghur Khaganate 5271:Siberian Khanate 5269:In Siberia, the 5260:Khanate of Kazan 5236:Kipchak language 5139:Uyghur Khaganate 5129:in Mongolia and 5013:New Book of Tang 4929: 4927: 4918: 4916: 4907: 4905: 4896: 4894: 4885: 4883: 4874: 4872: 4865: 4863: 4854: 4852: 4843: 4841: 4834: 4832: 4823: 4821: 4816: 4810: 4808: 4803: 4797: 4795: 4786: 4784: 4775: 4773: 4764: 4762: 4753: 4751: 4744: 4742: 4735: 4733: 4726: 4724: 4715: 4713: 4704: 4698: 4564:Turkic languages 4532:standard Chinese 4328:Amur river basin 4283:Mongolic peoples 4275:Turkic expansion 4238: 4212: 4191:Hongshan culture 4172:Martine Robbeets 4120: 4113: 4106: 4087: 4062: 4050: 4038: 3999: 3987: 3975: 3963: 3951: 3937:Sultanate of Rum 3926: 3914: 3911:Ghaznavid Empire 3902: 3890: 3878: 3846: 3834: 3822: 3810: 3807:Uyghur Khaganate 3798: 3786: 3774: 3762: 3750: 3738: 3735:Khazar Khaganate 3715: 3707: 3686: 3678: 3644: 3619: 3611: 3610: 3606:Pre-14th century 3583:Major concepts: 3538: 3537: 3533:Turkic Mythology 3350: 3349: 3345:Turkic Languages 3328:Crimean Karaites 3265:Cherniye Klobuki 3171: 3170: 3145:pre–14th century 3144: 3138: 3137: 3118:Turkic expansion 3010:Turkic languages 2875:Turkic languages 2862: 2858: 2852: 2833:"war motto" and 2812: 2806: 2792: 2786: 2777: 2771: 2714: 2708: 2704: 2343:Orthodox Judaism 2263:Crimean Karaites 2214:Tibetan Buddhism 2096: 2073:Tibetan Buddhism 2065: 2064: 1998: 1994: 1992: 1991: 1963: 1959: 1957: 1956: 1937:Tibetan Buddhism 1922: 1921: 1897: 1893: 1891: 1890: 1883: 1879: 1877: 1876: 1852: 1848: 1846: 1845: 1818: 1817: 1794:Tibetan Buddhism 1789: 1785: 1783: 1782: 1758: 1754: 1752: 1751: 1720: 1719: 1689: 1685: 1683: 1682: 1657: 1653: 1651: 1650: 1623: 1621: 1620: 1560: 1556: 1554: 1553: 1529: 1525: 1523: 1522: 1496: 1495: 1485: 1483: 1482: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1448: 1422: 1420: 1419: 1393: 1392: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1362: 1344: 1343: 1333: 1332: 1322: 1320: 1319: 1294: 1292: 1291: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1257: 1247: 1245: 1244: 1215: 1213: 1212: 1203: 1201: 1200: 1166: 1165: 1154:can be used for 783: 568:Turkic languages 521:Turkic languages 507: 503: 501: 500: 487: 483: 481: 480: 467: 463: 461: 460: 447: 443: 441: 440: 430:59,488 (Turkish) 427: 423: 421: 420: 404: 402: 401: 386: 384: 383: 371: 367: 365: 364: 351: 347: 345: 344: 331: 327: 325: 324: 311: 307: 305: 304: 291: 287: 285: 284: 271: 267: 265: 264: 251: 247: 245: 244: 224: 223: 210: 206: 204: 203: 190: 186: 184: 183: 170: 166: 164: 163: 150: 146: 144: 143: 130: 126: 124: 123: 110: 106: 104: 103: 90: 86: 84: 83: 68:Over 170 million 63:Total population 56:Turkic languages 52: 45: 41: 21: 20836: 20835: 20831: 20830: 20829: 20827: 20826: 20825: 20796: 20795: 20794: 20789: 20784: 20777: 20736: 20700: 20583: 20553: 20470: 20451:Northern Cyprus 20415: 20401:Altai Mountains 20336: 20281: 20200: 20180: 20125:North Macedonia 20067: 20048: 20005: 19991: 19987:Siberian Tatars 19942: 19927:Khorasani Turks 19907: 19834: 19803: 19780: 19767: 19729: 19650:Ottoman Turkish 19570:Karachay-Balkar 19469: 19460: 19458: 19456: 19426: 19421: 19386: 19382:Kazakh diaspora 19350: 19320: 19069: 19035: 19033: 19027: 18989:Afghan Turkmens 18980: 18973: 18951: 18945: 18900:Siberian Tatars 18824: 18749: 18743: 18739:Iranian Kazakhs 18719:Khorasani Turks 18691: 18685: 18658: 18652: 18595:Chinese Kazakhs 18577: 18571: 18554: 18553:Turkic peoples 18548: 18449:Bulgarian Turks 18425:Abkhazian Turks 18378: 18350:Afghan Turkmens 18332: 18287: 18278:Iranian Kazakhs 18273:Chinese Kazakhs 18256: 18176: 18171: 18130: 18093: 18003:Wayback Machine 17932: 17780: 17778:Further reading 17775: 17718: 17658: 17577: 17566: 17553: 17514: 17512: 17458: 17387: 17327: 17297: 17295: 17254: 17246:. I.B. Tauris. 17235: 17192: 17190: 17154: 17135: 17110: 17086: 17084: 17082: 17050: 17048: 17004:Nature Research 16978: 16976: 16932: 16927: 16926: 16919:dic.academic.ru 16913: 16912: 16908: 16901: 16885: 16881: 16871: 16869: 16864:Burak, Sansal. 16862: 16858: 16851: 16835: 16831: 16822: 16821: 16817: 16810: 16794: 16790: 16777: 16773: 16765: 16746: 16740: 16736: 16729: 16713: 16709: 16702: 16686: 16682: 16669: 16665: 16634:Dankoff, Robert 16631: 16624: 16617: 16601: 16597: 16590: 16574: 16570: 16563: 16547: 16543: 16533: 16531: 16523: 16522: 16518: 16508: 16506: 16496: 16492: 16485: 16463: 16459: 16452: 16436: 16432: 16424: 16410: 16406: 16396: 16394: 16390: 16383: 16379: 16378: 16374: 16364: 16362: 16353: 16352: 16348: 16338: 16336: 16335:on 4 March 2016 16327: 16326: 16322: 16314: 16307: 16303: 16302: 16298: 16293:Wayback Machine 16284: 16280: 16270: 16268: 16264: 16263: 16259: 16254:Wayback Machine 16244: 16240: 16229: 16225: 16218: 16202: 16195: 16186: 16182: 16170: 16166: 16159: 16143: 16139: 16129: 16127: 16123: 16122: 16118: 16108: 16106: 16097: 16096: 16092: 16082: 16080: 16073:"回鹘文《陶师本生》及其特点" 16071: 16070: 16066: 16056: 16054: 16053:on 4 March 2016 16045: 16044: 16040: 16030: 16028: 16026:"关于回鹘摩尼教史的几个问题" 16024: 16023: 16019: 16009: 16007: 15994: 15993: 15989: 15979: 15977: 15969: 15968: 15964: 15954: 15952: 15950: 15930: 15929: 15916: 15907: 15900: 15896: 15895: 15891: 15882: 15881: 15877: 15869: 15865: 15857: 15853: 15843: 15841: 15832: 15831: 15827: 15817: 15815: 15806: 15805: 15801: 15788: 15787: 15783: 15778: 15774: 15761: 15760: 15756: 15746: 15744: 15734: 15730: 15720: 15718: 15708: 15704: 15691: 15687: 15682: 15678: 15670: 15654: 15650: 15634: 15618: 15614: 15606: 15602: 15594: 15590: 15582: 15578: 15570: 15566: 15561: 15557: 15545: 15541: 15530: 15526: 15518: 15511: 15503: 15499: 15491: 15484: 15476: 15472: 15467: 15463: 15458: 15454: 15415: 15406: 15391: 15387: 15381: 15377: 15369: 15353: 15349: 15338: 15322: 15318: 15310: 15301: 15293: 15289: 15281: 15274: 15250: 15246: 15239: 15223: 15219: 15183: 15179: 15169: 15167: 15156: 15152: 15142: 15140: 15129: 15125: 15120: 15116: 15108: 15101: 15093: 15089: 15081: 15077: 15069: 15060: 15052: 15045: 15032: 15031: 15027: 15018:Cultura Turcica 15015: 15014: 15010: 14999: 14997: 14990:"The Pechenegs" 14988: 14987: 14983: 14978: 14974: 14966: 14962: 14952: 14950: 14946: 14945: 14941: 14931: 14929: 14919: 14918: 14914: 14903: 14899: 14888: 14881: 14863: 14859: 14851: 14847: 14826: 14822: 14812: 14810: 14808: 14792: 14788: 14779: 14775: 14766: 14762: 14754: 14750: 14744: 14740: 14736:(2000), p. 180. 14728: 14724: 14715: 14711: 14704: 14688: 14684: 14677: 14661: 14657: 14650: 14634: 14630: 14554: 14550: 14452: 14448: 14440: 14436: 14428: 14424: 14399: 14395: 14382: 14378: 14369: 14365: 14349: 14345: 14337:J. Meri (Hg.), 14336: 14332: 14323: 14319: 14310: 14306: 14292: 14288: 14270: 14266: 14258:C.E. Bosworth: 14257: 14253: 14230: 14226: 14215: 14211: 14196: 14192: 14184: 14176: 14172: 14137: 14133: 14128:. hal-03427697. 14098: 14094: 14087: 14071: 14067: 14058: 14054: 14046: 14042: 14034: 14018: 14014: 14007: 13991: 13987: 13980: 13964: 13960: 13953: 13937: 13933: 13926: 13910: 13906: 13899: 13883: 13879: 13863: 13859: 13852: 13841: 13839: 13833: 13829: 13821: 13815: 13804: 13796: 13792: 13783: 13776: 13770:Wild Goose Pass 13761:History of Yuan 13754: 13750: 13745: 13741: 13731: 13729: 13719: 13712: 13670: 13666: 13620: 13616: 13583: 13579: 13572: 13556: 13552: 13545: 13529: 13525: 13513: 13509: 13497: 13493: 13486: 13470: 13466: 13459: 13443: 13439: 13432: 13417: 13416: 13412: 13405: 13389: 13385: 13378: 13362: 13358: 13350: 13346: 13339: 13323: 13319: 13311: 13295: 13291: 13284: 13268: 13264: 13257: 13241: 13237: 13228: 13221: 13204: 13200: 13193: 13179: 13178: 13174: 13165: 13161: 13145: 13130: 13122: 13118: 13110: 13106: 13098: 13094: 13076: 13072: 13059: 13055: 13044: 13040: 13024: 13020: 13005: 13001: 12985: 12978: 12970: 12954: 12950: 12939: 12923: 12919: 12907: 12903: 12894: 12890: 12884:Wayback Machine 12874: 12870: 12862: 12858: 12851: 12835: 12831: 12826: 12822: 12817: 12813: 12799: 12783: 12779: 12769: 12767: 12763: 12762: 12758: 12750: 12746: 12685: 12681: 12674: 12660: 12656: 12648: 12644: 12639: 12635: 12630: 12626: 12617: 12613: 12604: 12600: 12592:Xue, Zongzheng 12591: 12587: 12582: 12578: 12565: 12561: 12548:(1–2): 101–32. 12538: 12534: 12529: 12525: 12510: 12506: 12496: 12494: 12493:on 15 July 2015 12485: 12484: 12480: 12471: 12467: 12452: 12448: 12443: 12439: 12431: 12427: 12422: 12418: 12413: 12406: 12386: 12382: 12333: 12329: 12321: 12317: 12309: 12305: 12297: 12293: 12286: 12273: 12215: 12211: 12146: 12142: 12068: 12064: 12056: 12052: 12044: 12040: 11993: 11986: 11978: 11967: 11959: 11952: 11944: 11937: 11906:(1–2): 71–106. 11892: 11888: 11853: 11849: 11787: 11783: 11775: 11771: 11756: 11754: 11744: 11718: 11714: 11673:(4): e1005068. 11658: 11651: 11647:, pp. 1–2. 11643: 11639: 11631: 11627: 11622: 11618: 11591: 11587: 11578: 11574: 11565: 11561: 11552: 11548: 11539: 11535: 11521: 11517: 11510: 11493: 11489: 11481: 11477: 11462: 11458: 11448:Xu Elina-Qian, 11447: 11443: 11433: 11429: 11415: 11411: 11400: 11396: 11382: 11378: 11365: 11361: 11352: 11348: 11341: 11325: 11321: 11309: 11305: 11291:Wayback Machine 11281: 11277: 11261: 11257: 11249: 11245: 11237: 11233: 11216: 11212: 11196: 11192: 11183: 11179: 11171: 11167: 11159: 11155: 11145:Xu Elina-Qian, 11144: 11140: 11132: 11128: 11119: 11115: 11110: 11106: 11094: 11090: 11085: 11078: 11073: 11066: 11058: 11054: 11049: 11045: 11030: 11026: 11017: 11013: 11004: 11000: 10991: 10987: 10978: 10974: 10962: 10958: 10953: 10949: 10937: 10933: 10928: 10924: 10913: 10909: 10904: 10900: 10895: 10891: 10885: 10881: 10858: 10854: 10849: 10845: 10840: 10836: 10830:Natural History 10827: 10823: 10818: 10814: 10804: 10802: 10795:"新亞研究所 – 典籍資料庫" 10793: 10792: 10788: 10778: 10776: 10774: 10758: 10754: 10719: 10715: 10705: 10703: 10693: 10689: 10679: 10677: 10667: 10663: 10658:(1–2): 103–108. 10648: 10644: 10632: 10628: 10589: 10585: 10573: 10572: 10568: 10556: 10555: 10551: 10485: 10481: 10473: 10469: 10461: 10454: 10446: 10439: 10431: 10424: 10416: 10412: 10404: 10400: 10392: 10388: 10378: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10367: 10363: 10353: 10351: 10343: 10342: 10338: 10328: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10317: 10313: 10303: 10301: 10298:Syrian Observer 10292: 10291: 10287: 10278: 10276: 10263: 10259: 10249: 10247: 10234: 10233: 10229: 10219: 10217: 10216:on 20 June 2018 10206: 10202: 10189: 10188: 10184: 10174: 10172: 10164: 10163: 10159: 10152: 10136: 10132: 10124: 10120: 10110: 10108: 10099: 10098: 10094: 10081: 10077: 10067: 10065: 10052: 10051: 10047: 10037: 10035: 10027: 10026: 10022: 10003: 9999: 9993: 9985:, p. 168, 9975: 9971: 9961: 9959: 9951: 9950: 9946: 9939:www.asianews.it 9933: 9932: 9928: 9915: 9914: 9910: 9903: 9887: 9883: 9876: 9860: 9856: 9849: 9833: 9829: 9820: 9819: 9815: 9805: 9803: 9795: 9794: 9790: 9781: 9780: 9776: 9765: 9763: 9755: 9754: 9750: 9740: 9738: 9730: 9729: 9725: 9714: 9712: 9704: 9703: 9699: 9692: 9688: 9676: 9672: 9661: 9659: 9651: 9650: 9646: 9635: 9633: 9624: 9623: 9619: 9609: 9601:, p. 223, 9589: 9585: 9575: 9567:, p. 268, 9553: 9549: 9541: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9488: 9481: 9480: 9473: 9464: 9463: 9456: 9447: 9446: 9439: 9430: 9429: 9422: 9413: 9412: 9397: 9388: 9387: 9380: 9371: 9370: 9358: 9349: 9348: 9341: 9332: 9331: 9324: 9315: 9314: 9306: 9297: 9296: 9289: 9280: 9279: 9272: 9263: 9256: 9246: 9237: 9222: 9213: 9206: 9203: 9194: 9188: 9179: 9176: 9167: 9164: 9155: 9152: 9143: 9132: 9123: 9120: 9111: 9108: 9099: 9096: 9087: 9084: 9075: 9072: 9063: 9060: 9051: 9048: 9039: 9036: 9012: 9005: 9002: 8993: 8990: 8981: 8978: 8969: 8964: 8952: 8940: 8928: 8906: 8885: 8880: 8801: 8777: 8647: 8641: 8628:Battle of Talas 8620:Sassanid Empire 8575: 8543:Quanšï Im Pusar 8470: 8465: 8449:predatory birds 8374: 8362:Main articles: 8358:of Shamans 1911 8337: 8332: 8306:—from the root 8048: 8014:Turkic Karaites 7956:Karachay-Balkar 7534:2–2.5 million? 7345: 7284:confederation, 7274: 7261: 7233:law enforcement 7217: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7189: 7171: 7109: 7104: 7103: 7074: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7053: 6964:Old East Slavic 6858:noted that the 6821:chashmhā-i tang 6669: 6555: 6487: 6475:Mongol invasion 6444: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6426: 6341: 6285:Tughlaq dynasty 6273:Delhi Sultanate 6269: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6251: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6223: 6212: 6140: 6132:Sassanid Empire 6124:Safavid dynasty 6104: 6076:Bukhara Khanate 6064: 6048:Main articles: 6046: 6014: 6000: 5861: 5855: 5830:, north of the 5760: 5752:Main articles: 5742: 5737: 5725:Iranian plateau 5705: 5671:Delhi Sultanate 5661:Main articles: 5659: 5639: 5567: 5477: 5472: 5309: 5287: 5279:Siberian Tatars 5256:Crimean Khanate 5244:Kipchak Khanate 5147: 5079:clan, who were 5026:Altai Mountains 4986:(now in modern 4951: 4943:Main articles: 4941: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4892:Paleo-Siberians 4890: 4888: 4886: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4690: 4685: 4667:hills north of 4641:Helan Mountains 4589: 4583: 4494:transliterated 4372: 4307:Eurasian Steppe 4255:Iranian peoples 4247: 4246: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4239: 4230: 4229: 4228: 4213: 4133: 4124: 4095: 4094: 4024:Tughlaq dynasty 3996:Delhi Sultanate 3694:Tokhara Yabghus 3655:Tiele (Gaoche) 3620:202 BCE–13th CE 3608: 3598: 3597: 3541:Belief system: 3535: 3525: 3524: 3480:Karachay-Balkar 3347: 3337: 3336: 3168: 3136: 3130:Genetic history 3110: 3104: 3041:Turkic alphabet 2983:Codex Kumanicus 2975: 2936:Turks of Turkey 2924:second language 2904:language family 2892: 2887: 2881: 2873:Main articles: 2871: 2866: 2865: 2859: 2855: 2824:Altai Uriankhai 2813: 2809: 2793: 2789: 2778: 2774: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2669:Pannonian Avars 2657: 2543:Yenisei Kirghiz 2271:Karaite Judaism 2168:Siberian Tatars 2059: 1989: 1987: 1954: 1952: 1916: 1888: 1886: 1874: 1872: 1843: 1841: 1812: 1780: 1778: 1749: 1747: 1714: 1680: 1678: 1648: 1646: 1618: 1616: 1576:Khorasani Turks 1551: 1549: 1520: 1518: 1490: 1480: 1478: 1446: 1444: 1417: 1415: 1387: 1360: 1358: 1338: 1327: 1317: 1315: 1289: 1287: 1255: 1253: 1242: 1240: 1217:Northern Cyprus 1210: 1208: 1198: 1196: 1164: 1158:or vice versa. 1052:Gerhard Doerfer 950:András Róna-Tas 946:Altai Mountains 893:, according to 879:contended that 869:Pliny the Elder 709: 505:North Macedonia 498: 496: 478: 476: 458: 456: 438: 436: 418: 416: 406:Northern Cyprus 399: 397: 381: 379: 362: 360: 342: 340: 322: 320: 302: 300: 282: 280: 262: 260: 242: 240: 218: 201: 199: 181: 179: 161: 159: 141: 139: 121: 119: 101: 99: 81: 79: 58: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 20834: 20824: 20823: 20818: 20813: 20808: 20806:Turkic peoples 20791: 20790: 20782: 20779: 20778: 20776: 20775: 20770: 20765: 20763:Turkic Academy 20760: 20755: 20750: 20744: 20742: 20738: 20737: 20735: 20734: 20729: 20724: 20719: 20714: 20708: 20706: 20702: 20701: 20699: 20698: 20693: 20688: 20683: 20677: 20672: 20667: 20662: 20660:Khalwati order 20657: 20652: 20647: 20642: 20640:Bektashi Order 20637: 20632: 20627: 20622: 20617: 20612: 20607: 20602: 20597: 20591: 20589: 20585: 20584: 20582: 20581: 20576: 20571: 20565: 20563: 20559: 20558: 20555: 20554: 20552: 20551: 20546: 20541: 20536: 20531: 20526: 20521: 20519:Karakalpakstan 20516: 20511: 20506: 20501: 20496: 20491: 20486: 20484:Altai Republic 20480: 20478: 20472: 20471: 20469: 20468: 20463: 20458: 20453: 20448: 20443: 20438: 20432: 20430: 20421: 20417: 20416: 20414: 20413: 20408: 20403: 20394: 20393: 20392: 20385:Nomadic empire 20382: 20381: 20380: 20375: 20370: 20360: 20355: 20350: 20344: 20342: 20338: 20337: 20335: 20334: 20324: 20319: 20314: 20309: 20304: 20299: 20293: 20291: 20287: 20286: 20283: 20282: 20280: 20279: 20274: 20269: 20264: 20259: 20254: 20249: 20244: 20239: 20234: 20229: 20224: 20219: 20214: 20208: 20206: 20199: 20198: 20193: 20187: 20186: 20185: 20172: 20167: 20162: 20161: 20160: 20153:Western Thrace 20059: 20058: 20057: 20041: 20036: 20035: 20034: 19998: 19997: 19996: 19984: 19979: 19974: 19969: 19964: 19959: 19954: 19949: 19948: 19947: 19934: 19929: 19924: 19919: 19914: 19913: 19912: 19899: 19894: 19889: 19884: 19879: 19877:Crimean Tatars 19874: 19869: 19864: 19859: 19854: 19849: 19848: 19847: 19826: 19825: 19824: 19796: 19790: 19788: 19782: 19781: 19774: 19772: 19769: 19768: 19766: 19765: 19760: 19755: 19750: 19745: 19739: 19737: 19728: 19727: 19722: 19717: 19712: 19707: 19702: 19697: 19692: 19687: 19682: 19680:Siberian Tatar 19677: 19672: 19667: 19662: 19657: 19652: 19647: 19642: 19637: 19632: 19627: 19622: 19617: 19612: 19607: 19602: 19597: 19592: 19587: 19582: 19577: 19572: 19567: 19562: 19557: 19552: 19547: 19542: 19537: 19532: 19527: 19522: 19517: 19512: 19507: 19502: 19501: 19500: 19495: 19485: 19479: 19477: 19471: 19470: 19455: 19454: 19447: 19440: 19432: 19423: 19422: 19391: 19388: 19387: 19385: 19384: 19379: 19374: 19369: 19364: 19358: 19356: 19352: 19351: 19349: 19348: 19343: 19338: 19332: 19330: 19326: 19325: 19322: 19321: 19319: 19318: 19313: 19308: 19303: 19301:Yenisei Kyrgyz 19298: 19293: 19288: 19283: 19278: 19273: 19268: 19263: 19258: 19253: 19248: 19243: 19238: 19237: 19236: 19229: 19217: 19212: 19207: 19202: 19197: 19192: 19191: 19190: 19178: 19173: 19168: 19163: 19158: 19153: 19148: 19143: 19138: 19133: 19128: 19123: 19118: 19113: 19108: 19103: 19098: 19093: 19088: 19083: 19077: 19075: 19071: 19070: 19068: 19067: 19062: 19057: 19052: 19050:Finnish Tatars 19047: 19041: 19039: 19029: 19028: 19026: 19025: 19020: 19015: 19010: 19009: 19008: 18996: 18991: 18985: 18983: 18975: 18974: 18972: 18971: 18966: 18961: 18955: 18953: 18947: 18946: 18944: 18943: 18938: 18937: 18936: 18924: 18919: 18914: 18913: 18912: 18911: 18910: 18896: 18889: 18882: 18875: 18868: 18856: 18851: 18846: 18841: 18836: 18831: 18830: 18829: 18817: 18812: 18807: 18802: 18797: 18792: 18787: 18782: 18781: 18780: 18773: 18766: 18753: 18751: 18745: 18744: 18742: 18741: 18736: 18731: 18726: 18721: 18716: 18711: 18706: 18701: 18695: 18693: 18687: 18686: 18684: 18683: 18678: 18673: 18671:Crimean Tatars 18668: 18662: 18660: 18654: 18653: 18651: 18650: 18645: 18644: 18643: 18631: 18626: 18621: 18616: 18614:Chinese Uzbeks 18611: 18610: 18609: 18600:Chinese Kyrgyz 18597: 18592: 18590:Chinese Tatars 18587: 18581: 18579: 18573: 18572: 18570: 18569: 18564: 18558: 18556: 18550: 18549: 18547: 18546: 18541: 18539:Tunisian Turks 18536: 18531: 18526: 18524:Romanian Turks 18521: 18516: 18511: 18506: 18501: 18496: 18494:Lebanese Turks 18491: 18486: 18481: 18476: 18474:Egyptian Turks 18471: 18466: 18461: 18456: 18454:Croatian Turks 18451: 18446: 18441: 18440: 18439: 18430:Algerian Turks 18427: 18422: 18421: 18420: 18413: 18406: 18399: 18386: 18384: 18380: 18379: 18377: 18376: 18371: 18370: 18369: 18362: 18361: 18360: 18340: 18338: 18334: 18333: 18331: 18330: 18325: 18320: 18315: 18314: 18313: 18304:Chinese Kyrgyz 18301: 18295: 18293: 18289: 18288: 18286: 18285: 18280: 18275: 18270: 18264: 18262: 18258: 18257: 18255: 18254: 18253: 18252: 18245: 18244: 18243: 18229: 18222: 18221: 18220: 18213: 18193: 18191: 18184: 18178: 18177: 18174:Turkic peoples 18170: 18169: 18162: 18155: 18147: 18141: 18140: 18129: 18128:External links 18126: 18125: 18124: 18117: 18114: 18111: 18104: 18097: 18091: 18076: 18069: 18059: 18052: 18048: 18045: 18030: 18019: 18016: 18005: 17992: 17977: 17966: 17951: 17936: 17930: 17915: 17901: 17878: 17858: 17851: 17844: 17834: 17819: 17801: 17794: 17791: 17779: 17776: 17774: 17773: 17722: 17716: 17703: 17662: 17656: 17640: 17581: 17575: 17557: 17551: 17521: 17462: 17456: 17450:. I.B.Tauris. 17443: 17391: 17385: 17372: 17331: 17325: 17304: 17258: 17252: 17239: 17233: 17203:Janhunen, Juha 17199: 17158: 17152: 17139: 17133: 17114: 17108: 17093: 17080: 17057: 16985: 16960: 16951: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16925: 16924: 16906: 16899: 16879: 16856: 16849: 16829: 16815: 16808: 16788: 16771: 16734: 16727: 16707: 16700: 16680: 16663: 16650:10.2307/599159 16622: 16615: 16595: 16588: 16579:Islam in China 16568: 16561: 16541: 16516: 16490: 16483: 16457: 16450: 16430: 16422: 16404: 16372: 16346: 16320: 16296: 16278: 16257: 16238: 16223: 16216: 16193: 16180: 16164: 16157: 16137: 16116: 16090: 16064: 16038: 16017: 15987: 15962: 15948: 15914: 15889: 15875: 15863: 15860:Finnish Tatars 15851: 15825: 15799: 15781: 15772: 15754: 15736:Polat, Orhan. 15728: 15710:Polat, Orhan. 15702: 15685: 15676: 15668: 15648: 15632: 15612: 15610:, p. 215. 15600: 15588: 15586:, p. 3-4. 15576: 15564: 15555: 15539: 15524: 15522:, p. 204. 15509: 15497: 15482: 15470: 15461: 15452: 15404: 15385: 15375: 15367: 15347: 15336: 15316: 15314:, p. 207. 15299: 15297:, p. 198. 15287: 15285:, p. 226. 15272: 15244: 15237: 15217: 15177: 15150: 15123: 15114: 15112:, p. 202. 15099: 15097:, p. 201. 15087: 15075: 15073:, p. 199. 15058: 15056:, p. 228. 15043: 15025: 15008: 14981: 14972: 14960: 14939: 14912: 14897: 14894:Mughal Dynasty 14879: 14857: 14855:, p. 330. 14845: 14820: 14806: 14786: 14773: 14767:Abbas Amanat, 14760: 14748: 14738: 14722: 14709: 14702: 14682: 14675: 14655: 14648: 14628: 14626: 14625: 14618: 14611: 14597: 14586: 14548: 14546: 14545: 14522: 14515:Grousset, Rene 14512: 14505: 14491: 14481: 14469: 14446: 14434: 14432:, p. 128. 14422: 14420: 14419: 14412: 14393: 14376: 14363: 14343: 14330: 14317: 14304: 14286: 14264: 14260:The Ghaznavids 14251: 14247:Online Edition 14224: 14209: 14190: 14170: 14131: 14092: 14085: 14065: 14052: 14040: 14032: 14012: 14005: 13985: 13978: 13958: 13951: 13931: 13924: 13904: 13897: 13877: 13857: 13850: 13827: 13813: 13790: 13774: 13748: 13739: 13710: 13664: 13614: 13577: 13570: 13550: 13543: 13523: 13515:Zizhi Tongjian 13507: 13499:Zizhi Tongjian 13491: 13484: 13464: 13457: 13437: 13430: 13410: 13403: 13383: 13376: 13356: 13344: 13337: 13317: 13309: 13289: 13282: 13262: 13255: 13235: 13219: 13198: 13191: 13172: 13159: 13128: 13116: 13104: 13092: 13070: 13053: 13038: 13018: 12999: 12976: 12968: 12948: 12937: 12917: 12901: 12895:Paola Demattè 12888: 12868: 12856: 12849: 12829: 12820: 12811: 12797: 12777: 12756: 12744: 12679: 12672: 12654: 12642: 12633: 12624: 12611: 12598: 12585: 12576: 12559: 12532: 12523: 12512:Cheng Fangyi. 12504: 12478: 12465: 12446: 12437: 12425: 12416: 12404: 12380: 12327: 12315: 12303: 12291: 12271: 12209: 12140: 12062: 12050: 12038: 12007:(1): 230–250. 11984: 11965: 11961:Li et al. 2020 11950: 11935: 11886: 11867:(4): 530–537. 11847: 11781: 11769: 11742: 11712: 11649: 11637: 11625: 11616: 11605:(4): 530–537. 11585: 11572: 11559: 11546: 11533: 11523:Turkic peoples 11515: 11508: 11498:(March 2002). 11487: 11475: 11456: 11441: 11427: 11409: 11394: 11376: 11359: 11346: 11339: 11319: 11303: 11275: 11255: 11243: 11231: 11210: 11198:Jean-Paul Roux 11190: 11184:G. Moravcsik, 11177: 11173:Ivantchik 2018 11165: 11153: 11138: 11126: 11120:Hyun Jin Kim: 11113: 11104: 11088: 11076: 11064: 11052: 11043: 11024: 11011: 10998: 10985: 10972: 10956: 10947: 10931: 10922: 10907: 10898: 10889: 10879: 10868:Chisholm, Hugh 10863:"Iyrcae" 10852: 10843: 10834: 10821: 10812: 10786: 10772: 10752: 10733:(1): 162–197. 10713: 10687: 10669:Maue, Dieter. 10661: 10642: 10626: 10599:(2): 291–327. 10583: 10566: 10549: 10547: 10546: 10540: 10513:(2): 291–327. 10498: 10492: 10479: 10467: 10452: 10437: 10422: 10410: 10398: 10386: 10361: 10336: 10311: 10285: 10257: 10227: 10200: 10182: 10157: 10150: 10130: 10118: 10092: 10075: 10045: 10020: 9997: 9991: 9969: 9944: 9926: 9908: 9901: 9881: 9874: 9854: 9847: 9827: 9813: 9788: 9774: 9748: 9723: 9697: 9686: 9670: 9644: 9617: 9607: 9583: 9573: 9547: 9529: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9493:Turkic history 9489: 9487: 9484: 9483: 9482: 9475: 9474: 9467: 9465: 9458: 9457: 9450: 9448: 9441: 9440: 9433: 9431: 9424: 9423: 9416: 9414: 9399: 9398: 9391: 9389: 9382: 9381: 9374: 9372: 9360: 9359: 9352: 9350: 9343: 9342: 9335: 9333: 9326: 9325: 9318: 9316: 9308: 9307: 9300: 9298: 9291: 9290: 9283: 9281: 9274: 9273: 9266: 9262: 9259: 9258: 9257: 9253:Lashkari Bazar 9247: 9240: 9238: 9234:John Skylitzes 9223: 9216: 9212: 9211:Medieval times 9209: 9208: 9207: 9204: 9197: 9195: 9189: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9146: 9144: 9133: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9030: 9024:Mogao grottoes 9020:Bezeklik caves 9011: 9008: 9007: 9006: 9003: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8972: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8951: 8948: 8939: 8936: 8927: 8924: 8905: 8902: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8800: 8797: 8776: 8773: 8714:Zoroastrianism 8643:Main article: 8640: 8637: 8574: 8571: 8482:Zoroastrianism 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8451:, such as the 8437:Tumen Il-Qağan 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8047: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8037: 8028: 8025: 8020: 8010: 8009: 8006: 8001: 7998: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7982: 7977: 7974: 7968: 7962: 7961: 7958: 7953: 7950: 7940: 7930: 7929: 7926: 7921: 7918: 7912: 7906: 7905: 7902: 7897: 7894: 7888: 7882: 7881: 7878: 7873: 7870: 7867:Karakalpakstan 7864: 7858: 7857: 7854: 7849: 7846: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7830: 7825: 7822: 7816: 7810: 7809: 7806: 7801: 7798: 7792: 7790:Crimean Tatars 7786: 7785: 7782: 7777: 7774: 7768: 7762: 7761: 7758: 7753: 7750: 7745: 7739: 7738: 7735: 7730: 7727: 7721: 7715: 7714: 7711: 7706: 7703: 7698: 7692: 7691: 7688: 7683: 7680: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7664: 7659: 7656: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7641: 7636: 7633: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7614: 7609: 7606: 7597: 7591: 7590: 7587: 7582: 7579: 7574: 7572:Turkish people 7568: 7567: 7564: 7561: 7558: 7555: 7544: 7543: 7540: 7536: 7535: 7532: 7528: 7527: 7524: 7344: 7341: 7323:back in 2006. 7273: 7270: 7260: 7257: 7212: 7206: 7197:Turkic Council 7170: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7138:Saltovo-Mayaki 7135: 7130: 7125: 7123:Čaatas culture 7120: 7115: 7108: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7068: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7033:Ottoman Empire 6971:Yenisei Kyrgyz 6872:Lashkari Bazar 6852:Lashkari Bazar 6837:Western Turkic 6771:Empress Ashina 6757:and Professor 6668: 6665: 6657:Turkic Council 6590:Russian Empire 6554: 6553:Modern history 6551: 6486: 6483: 6479:Ottoman Empire 6460:Constantinople 6452:Ottoman Empire 6438: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6414:Seljuk dynasty 6408:in Egypt. The 6340: 6337: 6289:Southern India 6281:Mamluk dynasty 6252: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6242: 6241: 6233:Prince Khurram 6226:Mughal Emperor 6224: 6217: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6148:Lotf 'Ali Khan 6139: 6136: 6103: 6100: 6045: 6042: 6018:Timurid Empire 6012:Timurid Empire 6010:Main article: 5999: 5996: 5947:in the south. 5857:Main article: 5854: 5851: 5824:Samanid Empire 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5695:Ottoman Empire 5679:Timurid Empire 5658: 5655: 5638: 5635: 5566: 5563: 5489:Qanghar Odaghu 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5305:Main article: 5286: 5283: 5264:Kazakh Khanate 5228:Volga Bulgaria 5185:to become the 5146: 5143: 5117:The Göktürks ( 4988:Gansu province 4933: 4932: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4647:alphabet, the 4617:Inner Mongolia 4585:Main article: 4582: 4579: 4520:Middle Chinese 4514:: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰) ~ 4474:proposed that 4371: 4368: 4335:Empress Ashina 4240: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4221:Empress Ashina 4214: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4204: 4203: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4122: 4115: 4108: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4091: 4090: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4076: 4066: 4065: 4054: 4053: 4042: 4041: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4020: 4017:Khalji dynasty 4013: 4010:Mamluk dynasty 4003: 4002: 3991: 3990: 3979: 3978: 3972:Kerait Khanate 3967: 3966: 3955: 3954: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3940: 3930: 3929: 3918: 3917: 3906: 3905: 3894: 3893: 3882: 3881: 3870: 3869: 3868: 3867: 3860: 3850: 3849: 3838: 3837: 3826: 3825: 3814: 3813: 3802: 3801: 3790: 3789: 3778: 3777: 3766: 3765: 3754: 3753: 3742: 3741: 3730: 3729: 3721: 3720: 3719: 3718: 3710: 3690: 3689: 3681: 3670: 3669: 3661: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3648: 3647: 3636: 3635: 3634: 3633: 3623: 3622: 3609: 3604: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3536: 3531: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3348: 3343: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3169: 3166:Turkic peoples 3164: 3163: 3160: 3159: 3148: 3147: 3126:Nomadic empire 3122:Confederations 3108:Turkic history 3106:Main article: 3103: 3100: 3037:Latin alphabet 2974: 2971: 2928:Turkish proper 2908:Eastern Europe 2891: 2888: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2853: 2807: 2787: 2772: 2709: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2681:Proto-Mongolic 2679:, who were of 2656: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2613:Chorni Klobuky 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2558:Orkhon Uyghurs 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2404: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2389: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2374: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2355: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2317: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2249: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2230: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2211: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2188: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2173: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2154: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2102: 2089: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2070: 2056: 2053: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2000: 1984: 1981: 1975: 1974: 1965: 1949: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1930: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1869: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1838: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1810: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1791: 1775: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1760: 1744: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1725: 1722:Sakha Republic 1712: 1709: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1674: 1671: 1669:Crimean Tatars 1665: 1664: 1659: 1643: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1625:Karakalpakstan 1614: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1562: 1546: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1515: 1512: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1476: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1457: 1441: 1438: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1413: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1385: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1313: 1310: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1285: 1282: 1276: 1275: 1266: 1238: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1219: 1194: 1191: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1163: 1160: 1088:Yenisei Kyrgyz 1060:Gerard Clauson 1050:. Even though 859:refers to the 857:Pomponius Mela 826:Ishbara Qaghan 790:Middle Chinese 708: 705: 685:Turkish people 665:Chuvash people 629:language shift 540:Turkic peoples 534: 533: 529: 528: 524: 523: 517: 516: 512: 511: 508: 492: 491: 488: 472: 471: 468: 452: 451: 448: 432: 431: 428: 412: 411: 408: 394: 393: 390: 376: 375: 372: 356: 355: 352: 336: 335: 332: 316: 315: 312: 296: 295: 292: 276: 275: 272: 256: 255: 252: 236: 235: 228: 226:European Union 215: 214: 211: 195: 194: 191: 175: 174: 171: 155: 154: 151: 135: 134: 131: 115: 114: 111: 95: 94: 91: 75: 74: 70: 69: 65: 64: 60: 59: 53: 43:Turkic peoples 38: 32:Turkish people 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20833: 20822: 20819: 20817: 20814: 20812: 20809: 20807: 20804: 20803: 20801: 20787: 20780: 20774: 20771: 20769: 20766: 20764: 20761: 20759: 20756: 20754: 20751: 20749: 20746: 20745: 20743: 20741:Organizations 20739: 20733: 20730: 20728: 20725: 20723: 20720: 20718: 20715: 20713: 20710: 20709: 20707: 20703: 20697: 20696:Vattisen Yaly 20694: 20692: 20689: 20687: 20684: 20681: 20678: 20676: 20673: 20671: 20668: 20666: 20663: 20661: 20658: 20656: 20653: 20651: 20648: 20646: 20643: 20641: 20638: 20636: 20633: 20631: 20628: 20626: 20623: 20621: 20618: 20616: 20613: 20611: 20608: 20606: 20603: 20601: 20598: 20596: 20593: 20592: 20590: 20586: 20580: 20577: 20575: 20572: 20570: 20567: 20566: 20564: 20560: 20550: 20547: 20545: 20542: 20540: 20537: 20535: 20532: 20530: 20527: 20525: 20522: 20520: 20517: 20515: 20512: 20510: 20507: 20505: 20502: 20500: 20497: 20495: 20492: 20490: 20489:Bashkortostan 20487: 20485: 20482: 20481: 20479: 20477: 20473: 20467: 20464: 20462: 20459: 20457: 20454: 20452: 20449: 20447: 20444: 20442: 20439: 20437: 20434: 20433: 20431: 20429: 20425: 20422: 20418: 20412: 20409: 20407: 20404: 20402: 20398: 20395: 20391: 20388: 20387: 20386: 20383: 20379: 20378:Turkification 20376: 20374: 20371: 20369: 20366: 20365: 20364: 20361: 20359: 20356: 20354: 20351: 20349: 20346: 20345: 20343: 20339: 20332: 20328: 20325: 20323: 20320: 20318: 20315: 20313: 20310: 20308: 20305: 20303: 20300: 20298: 20295: 20294: 20292: 20288: 20278: 20275: 20273: 20270: 20268: 20265: 20263: 20260: 20258: 20255: 20253: 20250: 20248: 20245: 20243: 20240: 20238: 20235: 20233: 20230: 20228: 20225: 20223: 20220: 20218: 20215: 20213: 20210: 20209: 20207: 20203: 20197: 20194: 20191: 20188: 20183: 20178: 20177: 20176: 20173: 20171: 20168: 20166: 20163: 20158: 20154: 20150: 20146: 20142: 20138: 20134: 20130: 20126: 20122: 20118: 20114: 20110: 20106: 20102: 20098: 20094: 20090: 20086: 20082: 20078: 20074: 20070: 20065: 20064: 20063: 20060: 20055: 20051: 20047: 20046: 20045: 20042: 20040: 20037: 20032: 20028: 20024: 20020: 20016: 20012: 20008: 20004: 20003: 20002: 19999: 19994: 19993:Baraba Tatars 19990: 19989: 19988: 19985: 19983: 19980: 19978: 19975: 19973: 19970: 19968: 19965: 19963: 19960: 19958: 19955: 19953: 19950: 19945: 19940: 19939: 19938: 19935: 19933: 19930: 19928: 19925: 19923: 19920: 19918: 19915: 19910: 19905: 19904: 19903: 19900: 19898: 19895: 19893: 19890: 19888: 19885: 19883: 19880: 19878: 19875: 19873: 19870: 19868: 19865: 19863: 19860: 19858: 19855: 19853: 19850: 19845: 19841: 19837: 19832: 19831: 19830: 19827: 19822: 19818: 19814: 19810: 19806: 19802: 19801: 19800: 19797: 19795: 19792: 19791: 19789: 19787: 19783: 19778: 19764: 19761: 19759: 19756: 19754: 19751: 19749: 19748:Common Turkic 19746: 19744: 19741: 19740: 19738: 19736: 19732: 19726: 19725:Western Yugur 19723: 19721: 19718: 19716: 19713: 19711: 19708: 19706: 19703: 19701: 19698: 19696: 19693: 19691: 19688: 19686: 19683: 19681: 19678: 19676: 19673: 19671: 19668: 19666: 19663: 19661: 19658: 19656: 19653: 19651: 19648: 19646: 19643: 19641: 19638: 19636: 19633: 19631: 19628: 19626: 19623: 19621: 19618: 19616: 19613: 19611: 19608: 19606: 19603: 19601: 19598: 19596: 19593: 19591: 19588: 19586: 19583: 19581: 19578: 19576: 19573: 19571: 19568: 19566: 19563: 19561: 19558: 19556: 19553: 19551: 19548: 19546: 19543: 19541: 19540:Crimean Tatar 19538: 19536: 19533: 19531: 19528: 19526: 19523: 19521: 19518: 19516: 19513: 19511: 19508: 19506: 19503: 19499: 19496: 19494: 19491: 19490: 19489: 19486: 19484: 19481: 19480: 19478: 19476: 19472: 19467: 19453: 19448: 19446: 19441: 19439: 19434: 19433: 19430: 19420:territories). 19419: 19415: 19411: 19407: 19403: 19399: 19395: 19389: 19383: 19380: 19378: 19375: 19373: 19370: 19368: 19365: 19363: 19360: 19359: 19357: 19353: 19347: 19344: 19342: 19339: 19337: 19334: 19333: 19331: 19327: 19317: 19314: 19312: 19309: 19307: 19304: 19302: 19299: 19297: 19294: 19292: 19289: 19287: 19284: 19282: 19279: 19277: 19274: 19272: 19269: 19267: 19264: 19262: 19259: 19257: 19254: 19252: 19249: 19247: 19244: 19242: 19239: 19234: 19230: 19227: 19223: 19222: 19221: 19218: 19216: 19213: 19211: 19208: 19206: 19203: 19201: 19198: 19196: 19193: 19188: 19184: 19183: 19182: 19179: 19177: 19174: 19172: 19169: 19167: 19164: 19162: 19159: 19157: 19154: 19152: 19149: 19147: 19144: 19142: 19139: 19137: 19134: 19132: 19129: 19127: 19124: 19122: 19121:Black Klobuks 19119: 19117: 19114: 19112: 19109: 19107: 19104: 19102: 19099: 19097: 19094: 19092: 19089: 19087: 19084: 19082: 19079: 19078: 19076: 19072: 19066: 19063: 19061: 19058: 19056: 19053: 19051: 19048: 19046: 19043: 19042: 19040: 19037:(exc. Russia) 19030: 19024: 19023:Afghan Kyrgyz 19021: 19019: 19016: 19014: 19011: 19006: 19002: 19001: 19000: 18997: 18995: 18992: 18990: 18987: 18986: 18984: 18982: 18976: 18970: 18967: 18965: 18962: 18960: 18957: 18956: 18954: 18948: 18942: 18939: 18934: 18930: 18929: 18928: 18925: 18923: 18920: 18918: 18915: 18908: 18904: 18903: 18901: 18897: 18894: 18890: 18887: 18883: 18880: 18879:Mishar Tatars 18876: 18873: 18869: 18866: 18862: 18861: 18860: 18857: 18855: 18852: 18850: 18847: 18845: 18842: 18840: 18837: 18835: 18832: 18827: 18823: 18822: 18821: 18818: 18816: 18813: 18811: 18808: 18806: 18803: 18801: 18798: 18796: 18793: 18791: 18788: 18786: 18783: 18778: 18774: 18771: 18767: 18764: 18760: 18759: 18758: 18755: 18754: 18752: 18746: 18740: 18737: 18735: 18732: 18730: 18727: 18725: 18722: 18720: 18717: 18715: 18712: 18710: 18707: 18705: 18702: 18700: 18697: 18696: 18694: 18688: 18682: 18679: 18677: 18674: 18672: 18669: 18667: 18664: 18663: 18661: 18655: 18649: 18646: 18641: 18637: 18636: 18635: 18632: 18630: 18627: 18625: 18622: 18620: 18617: 18615: 18612: 18607: 18603: 18602: 18601: 18598: 18596: 18593: 18591: 18588: 18586: 18583: 18582: 18580: 18574: 18568: 18565: 18563: 18560: 18559: 18557: 18555:in Uzbekistan 18551: 18545: 18542: 18540: 18537: 18535: 18532: 18530: 18529:Serbian Turks 18527: 18525: 18522: 18520: 18517: 18515: 18512: 18510: 18507: 18505: 18502: 18500: 18497: 18495: 18492: 18490: 18489:Kosovan Turks 18487: 18485: 18484:Israeli Turks 18482: 18480: 18477: 18475: 18472: 18470: 18467: 18465: 18464:Cypriot Turks 18462: 18460: 18457: 18455: 18452: 18450: 18447: 18445: 18444:Bosnian Turks 18442: 18437: 18433: 18432: 18431: 18428: 18426: 18423: 18418: 18414: 18411: 18407: 18404: 18400: 18397: 18393: 18392: 18391: 18388: 18387: 18385: 18381: 18375: 18372: 18367: 18363: 18358: 18354: 18353: 18351: 18347: 18346: 18345: 18342: 18341: 18339: 18335: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18318:Afghan Kyrgyz 18316: 18311: 18307: 18306: 18305: 18302: 18300: 18297: 18296: 18294: 18290: 18284: 18281: 18279: 18276: 18274: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18265: 18263: 18259: 18250: 18246: 18241: 18237: 18236: 18234: 18230: 18227: 18223: 18218: 18214: 18211: 18207: 18206: 18204: 18200: 18199: 18198: 18195: 18194: 18192: 18188: 18185: 18183: 18179: 18175: 18168: 18163: 18161: 18156: 18154: 18149: 18148: 18145: 18139: 18135: 18132: 18131: 18122: 18118: 18115: 18112: 18109: 18105: 18102: 18098: 18094: 18088: 18084: 18083: 18077: 18074: 18070: 18068: 18067:0-415-14198-2 18064: 18060: 18057: 18053: 18049: 18046: 18043: 18042:2-87772-337-2 18039: 18035: 18031: 18028: 18027:5-02-017741-5 18024: 18020: 18017: 18014: 18010: 18006: 18004: 18000: 17997: 17993: 17990: 17989:0-415-08200-5 17986: 17982: 17978: 17975: 17974:92-3-102846-4 17971: 17967: 17964: 17963:0-275-93931-6 17960: 17956: 17952: 17949: 17945: 17941: 17937: 17933: 17927: 17923: 17922: 17916: 17914: 17913:3-447-03274-X 17910: 17906: 17902: 17899: 17898:0-19-517726-6 17895: 17891: 17890:0-19-516770-8 17887: 17883: 17879: 17875: 17874: 17868: 17867:"Turks" 17863: 17859: 17856: 17852: 17849: 17845: 17842: 17838: 17835: 17832: 17831:3-447-05212-0 17828: 17824: 17820: 17817: 17813: 17809: 17805: 17802: 17799: 17795: 17792: 17790: 17789:9965-16-204-2 17786: 17782: 17781: 17770: 17766: 17761: 17756: 17751: 17746: 17742: 17738: 17734: 17733: 17728: 17723: 17719: 17713: 17709: 17704: 17700: 17696: 17692: 17688: 17684: 17680: 17676: 17672: 17668: 17663: 17659: 17653: 17649: 17645: 17641: 17638: 17633: 17627: 17623: 17618: 17613: 17608: 17603: 17599: 17595: 17591: 17587: 17582: 17578: 17572: 17565: 17564: 17558: 17554: 17548: 17544: 17540: 17539: 17534: 17530: 17526: 17522: 17511: 17507: 17502: 17497: 17492: 17487: 17483: 17479: 17475: 17471: 17467: 17463: 17459: 17453: 17449: 17444: 17440: 17436: 17431: 17426: 17421: 17416: 17412: 17408: 17404: 17400: 17396: 17395:Nelson, Sarah 17392: 17388: 17382: 17379:. Routledge. 17378: 17373: 17368: 17363: 17358: 17353: 17349: 17345: 17341: 17337: 17332: 17328: 17322: 17318: 17314: 17311:. Routledge. 17310: 17305: 17294: 17290: 17285: 17280: 17276: 17272: 17268: 17264: 17259: 17255: 17249: 17245: 17240: 17236: 17234:0-415-11761-5 17230: 17226: 17222: 17218: 17217: 17212: 17208: 17207:Blench, Roger 17204: 17200: 17189: 17185: 17181: 17180:United States 17177: 17176:New York City 17173: 17172: 17167: 17163: 17159: 17155: 17149: 17145: 17140: 17136: 17130: 17126: 17122: 17121: 17115: 17111: 17105: 17101: 17100: 17094: 17083: 17077: 17073: 17069: 17068: 17063: 17058: 17047: 17043: 17039: 17035: 17030: 17025: 17021: 17017: 17013: 17009: 17005: 17001: 16997: 16996: 16991: 16986: 16975: 16971: 16970: 16965: 16961: 16957: 16952: 16948: 16944: 16940: 16935: 16934: 16921:(in Russian). 16920: 16916: 16910: 16902: 16896: 16892: 16891: 16883: 16867: 16860: 16852: 16846: 16842: 16841: 16833: 16825: 16819: 16811: 16805: 16801: 16800: 16792: 16784: 16783: 16775: 16764: 16760: 16756: 16752: 16745: 16738: 16730: 16724: 16720: 16719: 16711: 16703: 16697: 16693: 16692: 16684: 16676: 16675: 16667: 16659: 16655: 16651: 16647: 16643: 16639: 16635: 16629: 16627: 16618: 16612: 16608: 16607: 16599: 16591: 16585: 16581: 16580: 16572: 16564: 16558: 16554: 16553: 16545: 16530: 16526: 16520: 16505: 16501: 16494: 16486: 16484:0-333-68354-4 16480: 16476: 16471: 16470: 16461: 16453: 16447: 16443: 16442: 16434: 16425: 16423:0-7103-0188-X 16419: 16415: 16408: 16389: 16382: 16376: 16360: 16356: 16350: 16334: 16330: 16324: 16313: 16306: 16300: 16294: 16290: 16287: 16282: 16267: 16261: 16255: 16251: 16248: 16242: 16234: 16227: 16219: 16213: 16209: 16208: 16200: 16198: 16190: 16184: 16177: 16173: 16168: 16160: 16154: 16150: 16149: 16141: 16126: 16120: 16104: 16100: 16094: 16079:on 6 May 2013 16078: 16074: 16068: 16052: 16048: 16047:"元明时期的新疆藏传佛教" 16042: 16027: 16021: 16005: 16001: 15997: 15991: 15976: 15972: 15966: 15951: 15945: 15941: 15937: 15933: 15927: 15925: 15923: 15921: 15919: 15906: 15899: 15893: 15885: 15879: 15872: 15867: 15861: 15855: 15839: 15835: 15829: 15813: 15809: 15803: 15795: 15791: 15785: 15776: 15768: 15764: 15758: 15743: 15739: 15732: 15717: 15713: 15706: 15698: 15697: 15689: 15680: 15671: 15665: 15661: 15660: 15652: 15645: 15641: 15635: 15629: 15625: 15624: 15616: 15609: 15604: 15597: 15592: 15585: 15580: 15573: 15568: 15559: 15552: 15548: 15543: 15536: 15533: 15528: 15521: 15516: 15514: 15506: 15501: 15494: 15489: 15487: 15479: 15474: 15465: 15456: 15448: 15444: 15440: 15436: 15432: 15428: 15424: 15420: 15413: 15411: 15409: 15400: 15396: 15389: 15379: 15370: 15364: 15360: 15359: 15351: 15344: 15339: 15333: 15329: 15328: 15320: 15313: 15308: 15306: 15304: 15296: 15291: 15284: 15279: 15277: 15269: 15265: 15261: 15255: 15248: 15240: 15234: 15230: 15229: 15221: 15212: 15208: 15204: 15200: 15196: 15192: 15188: 15181: 15165: 15161: 15154: 15138: 15134: 15127: 15118: 15111: 15106: 15104: 15096: 15091: 15084: 15079: 15072: 15067: 15065: 15063: 15055: 15050: 15048: 15039: 15038:www.aa.com.tr 15035: 15029: 15020: 15019: 15012: 14995: 14991: 14985: 14976: 14970: 14964: 14949: 14943: 14928: 14927: 14922: 14916: 14910: 14906: 14901: 14895: 14891: 14886: 14884: 14877: 14876:1-59884-948-4 14873: 14869: 14868: 14861: 14854: 14849: 14843: 14842:0-14-190341-4 14839: 14835: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14809: 14803: 14799: 14798: 14790: 14783: 14777: 14770: 14764: 14757: 14752: 14742: 14735: 14731: 14726: 14719: 14713: 14705: 14699: 14695: 14694: 14686: 14678: 14672: 14668: 14667: 14659: 14651: 14645: 14641: 14640: 14632: 14623: 14619: 14616: 14612: 14609: 14605: 14601: 14598: 14595: 14591: 14587: 14584: 14580: 14579: 14576: 14572: 14568: 14564: 14560: 14552: 14543: 14539: 14535: 14534:0-520-23335-2 14531: 14527: 14523: 14520: 14516: 14513: 14510: 14506: 14503: 14499: 14495: 14492: 14489: 14485: 14484:Josef W. Meri 14482: 14479: 14475: 14474: 14470: 14467: 14463: 14462: 14460: 14456: 14450: 14443: 14438: 14431: 14426: 14417: 14413: 14410: 14406: 14405: 14403: 14397: 14390: 14386: 14380: 14373: 14367: 14360: 14356: 14352: 14347: 14340: 14334: 14327: 14321: 14314: 14308: 14301: 14300: 14295: 14294:C.E. Bosworth 14290: 14283: 14282: 14277: 14273: 14272:C.E. Bosworth 14268: 14261: 14255: 14248: 14244: 14241: 14237: 14233: 14228: 14220: 14213: 14205: 14201: 14194: 14183: 14182: 14174: 14166: 14162: 14158: 14154: 14150: 14146: 14142: 14135: 14127: 14123: 14119: 14115: 14111: 14107: 14103: 14096: 14088: 14082: 14078: 14077: 14069: 14062: 14059:Tolstoi V.P. 14056: 14049: 14044: 14035: 14029: 14025: 14024: 14016: 14008: 14002: 13998: 13997: 13989: 13981: 13975: 13971: 13970: 13962: 13954: 13948: 13944: 13943: 13935: 13927: 13921: 13917: 13916: 13908: 13900: 13894: 13890: 13889: 13881: 13875: 13874:975-6782-56-0 13871: 13867: 13861: 13853: 13847: 13840: 13831: 13820: 13816: 13814:5-8355-1297-X 13810: 13803: 13802: 13794: 13787: 13781: 13779: 13771: 13767: 13763: 13762: 13758: 13752: 13743: 13728: 13724: 13717: 13715: 13708: 13704: 13700: 13699: 13694: 13690: 13686: 13685: 13680: 13676: 13675: 13671:According to 13668: 13662: 13658: 13654: 13650: 13649: 13644: 13640: 13636: 13635: 13630: 13626: 13625: 13621:According to 13618: 13611: 13607: 13603: 13599: 13594: 13590: 13586: 13581: 13573: 13567: 13563: 13562: 13554: 13546: 13540: 13536: 13535: 13527: 13520: 13516: 13511: 13504: 13500: 13495: 13487: 13481: 13477: 13476: 13468: 13460: 13454: 13450: 13449: 13441: 13433: 13427: 13423: 13422: 13414: 13406: 13400: 13396: 13395: 13387: 13379: 13373: 13369: 13368: 13360: 13353: 13348: 13340: 13334: 13330: 13329: 13321: 13312: 13306: 13302: 13301: 13293: 13285: 13279: 13275: 13274: 13266: 13258: 13252: 13248: 13247: 13239: 13232: 13226: 13224: 13216: 13212: 13208: 13202: 13194: 13188: 13184: 13183: 13176: 13169: 13163: 13157: 13156:0-19-517726-6 13153: 13149: 13143: 13141: 13139: 13137: 13135: 13133: 13125: 13120: 13113: 13108: 13101: 13096: 13089: 13088: 13083: 13079: 13074: 13067: 13063: 13057: 13050: 13047: 13042: 13035: 13031: 13027: 13022: 13015: 13012: 13008: 13003: 12996: 12992: 12988: 12983: 12981: 12971: 12965: 12961: 12960: 12952: 12945: 12940: 12934: 12930: 12929: 12921: 12915: 12914:92-3-102846-4 12911: 12905: 12898: 12892: 12885: 12881: 12878: 12872: 12865: 12860: 12852: 12846: 12842: 12841: 12833: 12824: 12815: 12808: 12806: 12800: 12794: 12790: 12789: 12781: 12766: 12760: 12754: 12748: 12740: 12736: 12732: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12714: 12710: 12706: 12702: 12698: 12694: 12690: 12683: 12675: 12673:0-8047-2353-2 12669: 12665: 12658: 12651: 12646: 12637: 12628: 12621: 12615: 12608: 12602: 12596:(1992). 39–85 12595: 12589: 12580: 12572: 12571: 12563: 12555: 12551: 12547: 12543: 12536: 12527: 12519: 12515: 12508: 12492: 12488: 12482: 12475: 12469: 12461: 12457: 12450: 12441: 12434: 12429: 12420: 12411: 12409: 12401: 12397: 12394: 12393: 12389: 12384: 12377: 12372: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12354: 12350: 12346: 12342: 12338: 12331: 12324: 12319: 12312: 12307: 12300: 12295: 12289: 12284: 12282: 12280: 12278: 12276: 12268: 12263: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12245: 12241: 12237: 12233: 12229: 12225: 12221: 12213: 12206: 12201: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12183: 12179: 12175: 12171: 12167: 12163: 12159: 12155: 12151: 12144: 12137: 12132: 12128: 12124: 12120: 12116: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12098: 12094: 12090: 12086: 12082: 12078: 12074: 12066: 12059: 12054: 12047: 12042: 12035: 12030: 12026: 12022: 12018: 12014: 12010: 12006: 12002: 11998: 11991: 11989: 11981: 11976: 11974: 11972: 11970: 11962: 11957: 11955: 11947: 11942: 11940: 11931: 11927: 11923: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11905: 11901: 11897: 11890: 11882: 11878: 11874: 11870: 11866: 11862: 11858: 11851: 11843: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11825: 11821: 11817: 11813: 11809: 11805: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11785: 11778: 11777:Janhunen 2003 11773: 11766: 11753: 11749: 11745: 11739: 11735: 11731: 11727: 11723: 11716: 11708: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11690: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11672: 11668: 11667:PLOS Genetics 11664: 11656: 11654: 11646: 11641: 11634: 11629: 11620: 11612: 11608: 11604: 11600: 11596: 11589: 11582: 11576: 11569: 11563: 11556: 11550: 11543: 11537: 11530: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11511: 11505: 11501: 11497: 11491: 11484: 11479: 11471: 11467: 11460: 11453: 11452: 11445: 11438: 11437: 11431: 11424: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11405: 11398: 11391: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11373: 11369: 11363: 11356: 11350: 11342: 11336: 11332: 11331: 11323: 11316: 11312: 11307: 11300: 11296: 11292: 11288: 11285: 11279: 11272: 11268: 11264: 11259: 11252: 11247: 11240: 11235: 11228: 11227:0-89003-071-5 11224: 11220: 11214: 11207: 11203: 11199: 11194: 11188:II, p. 236–39 11187: 11181: 11174: 11169: 11162: 11157: 11150: 11149: 11142: 11135: 11130: 11123: 11117: 11108: 11102: 11098: 11092: 11083: 11081: 11071: 11069: 11062:, p. 27. 11061: 11056: 11047: 11039: 11035: 11028: 11021: 11015: 11008: 11002: 10995: 10989: 10982: 10976: 10969: 10965: 10960: 10951: 10944: 10940: 10935: 10926: 10918: 10911: 10902: 10893: 10883: 10875: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10856: 10847: 10838: 10831: 10825: 10816: 10800: 10796: 10790: 10775: 10769: 10765: 10764: 10756: 10748: 10744: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10728: 10724: 10717: 10702: 10698: 10691: 10676: 10672: 10665: 10657: 10653: 10646: 10639: 10635: 10630: 10622: 10618: 10614: 10610: 10606: 10602: 10598: 10594: 10587: 10581: 10576: 10570: 10564: 10559: 10553: 10544: 10541: 10536: 10532: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10499: 10496: 10493: 10490: 10487: 10486: 10483: 10476: 10471: 10464: 10459: 10457: 10449: 10444: 10442: 10434: 10429: 10427: 10419: 10414: 10407: 10402: 10395: 10390: 10371: 10365: 10350: 10346: 10340: 10321: 10315: 10299: 10295: 10289: 10274: 10270: 10269: 10261: 10245: 10241: 10240:Today's Zaman 10237: 10231: 10215: 10211: 10204: 10196: 10192: 10186: 10171: 10167: 10161: 10153: 10147: 10143: 10142: 10134: 10127: 10122: 10106: 10102: 10096: 10089: 10085: 10079: 10063: 10059: 10055: 10049: 10034: 10030: 10024: 10016: 10012: 10008: 10001: 9994: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9973: 9958: 9954: 9948: 9940: 9936: 9930: 9922: 9918: 9912: 9904: 9898: 9894: 9893: 9885: 9877: 9871: 9867: 9866: 9858: 9850: 9844: 9840: 9839: 9831: 9823: 9817: 9802: 9798: 9797:"Afghanistan" 9792: 9784: 9778: 9762: 9758: 9752: 9737: 9733: 9727: 9711: 9707: 9701: 9695: 9690: 9683: 9679: 9674: 9658: 9654: 9648: 9631: 9627: 9621: 9614: 9610: 9604: 9600: 9596: 9595: 9587: 9580: 9576: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9551: 9544: 9539: 9537: 9535: 9530: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9490: 9478: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9364: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9328:Khakas people 9322: 9317: 9312: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9270: 9265: 9264: 9254: 9250: 9244: 9239: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9220: 9215: 9214: 9201: 9196: 9192: 9186: 9181: 9174: 9169: 9162: 9157: 9150: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9130: 9125: 9118: 9113: 9106: 9101: 9094: 9089: 9082: 9077: 9070: 9065: 9058: 9053: 9046: 9041: 9034: 9029: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9000: 8995: 8988: 8983: 8976: 8971: 8970: 8959: 8957: 8947: 8945: 8935: 8933: 8923: 8921: 8914: 8910: 8901: 8899: 8895: 8894: 8889: 8872: 8871:Penjikent man 8867: 8859: 8855: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8842: 8837: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8823: 8821: 8820:Mongol Empire 8813: 8810: 8805: 8796: 8794: 8790: 8789:Kyrgyz people 8786: 8782: 8772: 8770: 8766: 8765:Christianized 8762: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8740: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8671: 8667: 8662: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8636: 8634: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8608: 8604: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8591: 8583: 8579: 8570: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8547:Maitri Burxan 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8505: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8474: 8460: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8425: 8423: 8422:Uyghur Empire 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8357: 8353: 8346: 8341: 8327: 8325: 8324: 8319: 8318: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8292: 8287: 8286:blood sausage 8283: 8279: 8278: 8272: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8261: 8256: 8255: 8250: 8246: 8245: 8240: 8239: 8234: 8233: 8228: 8227: 8221: 8219: 8218: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8192: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8171:) and spoon ( 8170: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8157: 8152: 8148: 8147: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8133: 8127: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8108: 8103: 8099: 8098:clotted cream 8095: 8094: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8038: 8036: 8032: 8029: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8015: 8012: 8011: 8007: 8005: 8002: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7948: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7935: 7932: 7931: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7907: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7883: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7869:(Uzbekistan) 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7844: 7843:Southern Iran 7841: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7811: 7807: 7805: 7804:Crimean Tatar 7802: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7772: 7771:Bashkortostan 7769: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7716: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7669: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7565: 7562: 7559: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7549: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7475:United States 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7447: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7353: 7349: 7340: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7297: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7269: 7265: 7256: 7255:as observer. 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7231: 7228: 7224: 7210: Members 7204: 7200: 7198: 7194: 7188: 7180: 7175: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7143:Saymaluu-Tash 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7128:Askiz culture 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7081:Jiankun buluo 7078: 7077:Duan Chengshi 7072: 7066: 7060: 7056: 7048: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7025: 7023: 7019: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7001: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6965: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6940:Künhüʾl-aḫbār 6938:commented in 6937: 6933: 6932: 6927: 6924:wrote in his 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6825:bīnī-i pakhch 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6779: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6759:Xue Zongzheng 6756: 6753:". Historian 6752: 6748: 6747:Indo-Iranians 6744: 6736: 6732: 6731:Brahmi script 6728: 6723: 6719: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6696: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6601: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6559: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6482: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6471:Seljuk Empire 6467: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6435: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6345: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6319:prince named 6318: 6314: 6311:and parts of 6310: 6306: 6302: 6301:Mughal Empire 6298: 6295:, one of the 6294: 6290: 6287:(1320–1414). 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6263: 6259: 6258:Mughal Empire 6255: 6249: 6234: 6230: 6227: 6221: 6207: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6099: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6068: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6013: 6004: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5980:first crusade 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5911:Turko-Persian 5909: 5908:high medieval 5905: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5878: 5874: 5873:Seljuk Empire 5865: 5860: 5859:Seljuk Empire 5850: 5848: 5844: 5843:Central Asian 5839: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5780: 5776: 5769: 5765: 5759: 5755: 5746: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5700: 5699:Mughal Empire 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5683:Bahri dynasty 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5667:Seljuk Empire 5664: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5644: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5571: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5481: 5467: 5465: 5464:Qocho Kingdom 5461: 5457: 5453: 5452:Orkhon Valley 5449: 5448:Yenisei River 5444: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5389: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5378:Zhangxin Khan 5375: 5371: 5366: 5362: 5360: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5329:Orkhon Valley 5326: 5322: 5313: 5308: 5299: 5291: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5187:Volga Bulgars 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5156: 5151: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5115: 5113: 5112:Orkhon script 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5063:derives from 5062: 5058: 5055:The original 5050: 5045: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5008: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4946: 4936: 4928: 4917: 4906: 4904: 4895: 4893: 4884: 4882: 4873: 4864: 4853: 4842: 4833: 4831: 4822: 4809: 4796: 4785: 4774: 4763: 4752: 4743: 4734: 4725: 4714: 4712: 4703: 4697: 4680: 4678: 4677:Orkhon Valley 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4649:Orkhon script 4646: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4552:Evliya Çelebi 4550:and explorer 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4407: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4311:Indo European 4308: 4304: 4301: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4279:Mongol Empire 4276: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4237: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4121: 4116: 4114: 4109: 4107: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4086: 4085: 4084:Ottoman State 4081: 4080: 4075: 4074: 4073:Bahri dynasty 4070: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4012: 4011: 4007: 4006: 4005: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3923:Seljuk Empire 3920: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3871: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3726:Sabiri People 3723: 3722: 3714: 3711: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3682: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3650: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3626: 3625: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3601: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3528: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3340: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3161: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3072:Uyghur Empire 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2981:A page from " 2979: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2912:Mediterranean 2909: 2905: 2896: 2886: 2880: 2876: 2857: 2850: 2849:Shiwei people 2846: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2791: 2784: 2781: 2776: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2719: 2713: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2671:, as well as 2670: 2666: 2662: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479:(from Shatuo) 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1882: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1688: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1569:Vattisen Yaly 1566: 1563: 1559: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1527:Bashkortostan 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1494: 1488: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1336: 1331: 1325: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1250: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1206: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 979:has roots in 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 934: 932: 931: 926: 922: 918: 917: 912: 908: 905:ancestors of 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 887: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 836:(584 CE) and 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 788:: Tūjué < 787: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 724: 723: 718: 713: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 677:Kyrgyz people 674: 670: 669:Gagauz people 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 633:acculturation 630: 626: 625:ethnic groups 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 544:ethnic groups 541: 530: 525: 522: 518: 513: 509: 506: 493: 489: 486: 473: 469: 466: 453: 449: 446: 433: 429: 426: 413: 409: 407: 395: 391: 389: 377: 373: 370: 357: 353: 350: 349:United States 337: 333: 330: 317: 313: 310: 297: 293: 290: 277: 273: 270: 257: 253: 250: 237: 233: 229: 227: 222: 216: 212: 209: 196: 192: 189: 176: 172: 169: 156: 152: 149: 136: 132: 129: 116: 112: 109: 96: 92: 89: 76: 71: 66: 61: 57: 51: 46: 37: 33: 19: 20675:Qalandariyya 20650:Christianity 20461:Turkmenistan 20399: / 20390:Turco-Mongol 19829:Azerbaijanis 19785: 19465: 19060:Lipka Tatars 18933:Tozhu Tuvans 18893:Volga Tatars 18606:Akto Turkmen 18499:Libyan Turks 18459:Cretan Turks 18374:Akto Turkmen 18323:Tajik Kyrgyz 18310:Akto Turkmen 18197:Azerbaijanis 18181: 18173: 18120: 18107: 18103:. Petrograd. 18100: 18081: 18055: 18033: 18008: 17980: 17954: 17939: 17920: 17904: 17881: 17871: 17854: 17847: 17840: 17822: 17807: 17797: 17743:: e1005068. 17736: 17730: 17707: 17674: 17670: 17647: 17593: 17589: 17562: 17537: 17513:. Retrieved 17477: 17473: 17447: 17406: 17402: 17376: 17343: 17339: 17308: 17296:. Retrieved 17270: 17266: 17243: 17215: 17191:. Retrieved 17169: 17143: 17119: 17098: 17085:. Retrieved 17066: 17049:. Retrieved 17029:1887/3202709 16999: 16993: 16967: 16955: 16942: 16918: 16909: 16889: 16882: 16870:. Retrieved 16859: 16839: 16832: 16823: 16818: 16798: 16791: 16781: 16774: 16763:the original 16750: 16737: 16717: 16710: 16690: 16683: 16673: 16666: 16644:(1): 68–80. 16641: 16637: 16605: 16598: 16578: 16571: 16551: 16544: 16532:. Retrieved 16528: 16519: 16507:. Retrieved 16503: 16493: 16468: 16460: 16440: 16433: 16413: 16407: 16395:. Retrieved 16388:the original 16375: 16363:. Retrieved 16359:the original 16349: 16337:. Retrieved 16333:the original 16323: 16312:the original 16299: 16281: 16269:. Retrieved 16266:"景教艺术在西域之发现" 16260: 16241: 16235:. TRT World. 16226: 16206: 16183: 16167: 16147: 16140: 16128:. Retrieved 16119: 16107:. Retrieved 16103:the original 16093: 16081:. Retrieved 16077:the original 16067: 16055:. Retrieved 16051:the original 16041: 16029:. Retrieved 16020: 16010:15 September 16008:. Retrieved 16004:the original 15999: 15990: 15978:. Retrieved 15974: 15965: 15953:. Retrieved 15935: 15892: 15878: 15870: 15866: 15854: 15842:. Retrieved 15837: 15828: 15816:. Retrieved 15811: 15802: 15793: 15784: 15775: 15766: 15757: 15745:. Retrieved 15741: 15731: 15719:. Retrieved 15715: 15705: 15695: 15688: 15679: 15658: 15651: 15643: 15639: 15622: 15615: 15603: 15591: 15579: 15571: 15567: 15558: 15546: 15542: 15532:Youyang Zazu 15531: 15527: 15507:, p. 5. 15500: 15495:, p. 4. 15480:, p. 3. 15473: 15464: 15455: 15422: 15418: 15398: 15388: 15378: 15357: 15350: 15341: 15326: 15319: 15290: 15253: 15247: 15227: 15220: 15194: 15190: 15180: 15168:. Retrieved 15163: 15153: 15141:. Retrieved 15136: 15126: 15117: 15090: 15078: 15037: 15028: 15017: 15011: 14998:. Retrieved 14994:the original 14984: 14975: 14963: 14951:. Retrieved 14942: 14930:. Retrieved 14924: 14915: 14900: 14866: 14860: 14848: 14832: 14823: 14813:28 September 14811:. Retrieved 14797:Muslim World 14796: 14789: 14781: 14776: 14768: 14763: 14755: 14751: 14741: 14733: 14730:Soucek, Svat 14725: 14717: 14712: 14692: 14685: 14665: 14658: 14638: 14631: 14621: 14614: 14603: 14589: 14582: 14562: 14558: 14551: 14544:; p. 5. 14525: 14518: 14508: 14497: 14487: 14471: 14465: 14458: 14454: 14449: 14444:, p. 6. 14437: 14425: 14415: 14408: 14401: 14396: 14388: 14384: 14379: 14371: 14366: 14358: 14346: 14338: 14333: 14325: 14320: 14307: 14297: 14289: 14279: 14276:"Ghaznavids" 14267: 14259: 14254: 14242: 14235: 14231: 14227: 14218: 14212: 14203: 14193: 14180: 14173: 14148: 14144: 14134: 14109: 14105: 14095: 14075: 14068: 14060: 14055: 14043: 14022: 14015: 13995: 13988: 13968: 13961: 13941: 13934: 13914: 13907: 13887: 13880: 13865: 13860: 13830: 13819:the original 13800: 13793: 13785: 13755: 13751: 13742: 13730:. Retrieved 13726: 13698:Wudai Huiyao 13696: 13682: 13672: 13667: 13648:Wudai Huiyao 13646: 13632: 13622: 13617: 13584: 13580: 13560: 13553: 13533: 13526: 13514: 13510: 13498: 13494: 13474: 13467: 13447: 13440: 13420: 13413: 13393: 13386: 13366: 13359: 13354:, p. 65 13347: 13327: 13320: 13299: 13292: 13272: 13265: 13245: 13238: 13230: 13206: 13201: 13181: 13175: 13167: 13162: 13147: 13123: 13119: 13111: 13107: 13099: 13095: 13086: 13077: 13073: 13065: 13056: 13045: 13041: 13029: 13026:Linghu Defen 13021: 13010: 13002: 12990: 12958: 12951: 12942: 12927: 12920: 12904: 12891: 12871: 12859: 12839: 12832: 12823: 12814: 12802: 12787: 12780: 12768:. Retrieved 12759: 12747: 12696: 12692: 12682: 12663: 12657: 12645: 12636: 12627: 12619: 12614: 12601: 12593: 12588: 12579: 12569: 12562: 12545: 12541: 12535: 12526: 12517: 12507: 12495:. Retrieved 12491:the original 12481: 12468: 12459: 12455: 12449: 12440: 12428: 12419: 12400:Modun chanyu 12390: 12383: 12374: 12344: 12340: 12330: 12318: 12306: 12294: 12265: 12227: 12223: 12212: 12203: 12157: 12153: 12143: 12134: 12106:1887/3202709 12080: 12076: 12065: 12053: 12041: 12032: 12004: 12000: 11903: 11899: 11889: 11864: 11860: 11850: 11799: 11795: 11784: 11772: 11763: 11757:28 September 11755:, retrieved 11725: 11715: 11670: 11666: 11640: 11628: 11619: 11602: 11598: 11588: 11580: 11575: 11567: 11562: 11554: 11549: 11541: 11536: 11526: 11518: 11499: 11490: 11478: 11469: 11465: 11459: 11450: 11444: 11436:Book of Song 11434: 11430: 11420: 11412: 11403: 11397: 11387: 11379: 11371: 11362: 11354: 11349: 11329: 11322: 11306: 11278: 11270: 11258: 11246: 11241:, p. 21 11234: 11218: 11213: 11201: 11193: 11185: 11180: 11168: 11161:Dickens 2018 11156: 11147: 11141: 11129: 11116: 11107: 11100: 11091: 11055: 11046: 11037: 11027: 11019: 11018:Clauson, G. 11014: 11006: 11001: 10993: 10988: 10975: 10959: 10950: 10942: 10934: 10925: 10916: 10910: 10901: 10892: 10887:Assyrian..." 10882: 10871: 10855: 10846: 10837: 10829: 10824: 10815: 10803:. Retrieved 10799:the original 10789: 10777:. Retrieved 10766:. Infobase. 10762: 10755: 10730: 10726: 10716: 10704:. Retrieved 10701:Academia.edu 10700: 10690: 10678:. Retrieved 10675:Academia.edu 10674: 10664: 10655: 10651: 10645: 10637: 10629: 10596: 10592: 10586: 10569: 10552: 10510: 10506: 10495:Findley 2005 10482: 10470: 10413: 10401: 10389: 10377:. Retrieved 10364: 10352:. Retrieved 10348: 10339: 10327:. Retrieved 10314: 10302:. Retrieved 10297: 10288: 10277:, retrieved 10273:the original 10267: 10260: 10248:. Retrieved 10244:the original 10239: 10230: 10218:. Retrieved 10214:the original 10203: 10185: 10173:. Retrieved 10169: 10160: 10140: 10133: 10121: 10109:. Retrieved 10104: 10095: 10078: 10066:. Retrieved 10062:the original 10057: 10048: 10036:. Retrieved 10032: 10029:"Tajikistan" 10023: 10015:the original 10000: 9978: 9972: 9960:. Retrieved 9956: 9953:"Kyrgyzstan" 9947: 9938: 9929: 9920: 9911: 9891: 9884: 9864: 9857: 9837: 9830: 9816: 9804:. Retrieved 9800: 9791: 9777: 9764:. Retrieved 9760: 9757:"Azerbaijan" 9751: 9739:. Retrieved 9735: 9726: 9713:. Retrieved 9709: 9706:"Kazakhstan" 9700: 9689: 9681: 9673: 9668:(15 million) 9660:. Retrieved 9656: 9647: 9634:. Retrieved 9629: 9626:"Uzbekistan" 9620: 9612: 9593: 9586: 9578: 9560: 9550: 9261:Modern times 9013: 8953: 8941: 8929: 8918: 8891: 8886: 8849: 8845: 8838: 8834: 8824: 8816: 8785:Central Asia 8781:Soviet Union 8778: 8761:Volga Tatars 8749:Volga Tatars 8743: 8739:Yuan dynasty 8689: 8675: 8672:inscriptions 8639:Christianity 8613: 8587: 8529: 8506: 8471: 8426: 8398:polytheistic 8375: 8356:Circle dance 8321: 8315: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8289: 8275: 8273: 8258: 8252: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8224: 8222: 8215: 8211: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8193: 8188: 8184: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8154: 8150: 8144: 8140: 8130: 8128: 8124:Golden Horde 8105: 8096:(similar to 8091: 8083: 8079: 8056:dried fruits 8049: 7960:Sunni Islam 7928:Sunni Islam 7880:Sunni Islam 7808:Sunni Islam 7784:Sunni Islam 7760:Sunni Islam 7737:Sunni Islam 7713:Sunni Islam 7701:Turkmenistan 7690:Sunni Islam 7666:Sunni Islam 7643:Sunni Islam 7595:Azerbaijanis 7589:Sunni Islam 7547: 7515: 7514: 7510: 7483: 7448: 7372:Turkmenistan 7357: 7343:Demographics 7329:Turkmenistan 7298: 7281: 7275: 7266: 7262: 7220: 7190: 7080: 7071: 7059: 7026: 7022:Lesser Horde 7005:Ming dynasty 7002: 6993: 6984: 6974: 6968: 6948: 6939: 6929: 6905: 6901: 6884: 6865: 6856:Schlumberger 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6813:sar-i buzurg 6812: 6784:Hephthalites 6780: 6750: 6743:Peter Golden 6740: 6703: 6693: 6670: 6621:Turkmenistan 6605:Soviet Union 6602: 6587: 6564: 6547:Zoroastrians 6519:Christianity 6488: 6485:Islamization 6468: 6445: 6368: 6348: 6333:Genghis Khan 6317:Turko-Mongol 6270: 6156:Zand dynasty 6141: 6105: 6073: 6038:architecture 6015: 5949: 5945:Persian Gulf 5941:Central Asia 5914:Sunni Muslim 5903: 5872: 5870: 5840: 5785: 5774: 5763: 5761: 5706: 5691:Safavid Iran 5640: 5578: 5576: 5544: 5540:Hunno-Bulgar 5533: 5504: 5488: 5486: 5470:Central Asia 5445: 5437:Song dynasty 5429:Northern Han 5410: 5394: 5367: 5363: 5356: 5337: 5318: 5275:Golden Horde 5268: 5226:and Islamic 5220:Golden Horde 5217: 5213:Golden Horde 5160: 5116: 5080: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5037: 5029: 5011: 5005: 5001:Book of Zhou 4999: 4979: 4969: 4965: 4963: 4955:Book of Zhou 4952: 4902: 4891: 4880: 4829: 4710: 4634: 4629:Proto-Turkic 4626: 4571:Ashina tribe 4568: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4502:, plural of 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4441: 4422: 4408: 4401: 4395: 4379: 4375: 4373: 4360:Yellow River 4332: 4319:Indo-Iranian 4297: 4294:populations. 4271: 4248: 4225:Yellow River 4161: 4134: 4082: 4071: 4057: 4047:Golden Horde 4045: 4033: 4022: 4015: 4008: 3994: 3982: 3970: 3958: 3946: 3935: 3921: 3909: 3897: 3885: 3873: 3862: 3855: 3841: 3829: 3817: 3805: 3793: 3781: 3769: 3759:Kangar Union 3757: 3745: 3733: 3724: 3691: 3664: 3653: 3639: 3628: 3614: 3165: 3084:Talas Valley 3052:palaeography 3045: 3029:Central Asia 3018: 3003: 2994:missionaries 2952: 2901: 2890:Distribution 2856: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2810: 2795: 2790: 2775: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2702: 2658: 2628:Karamanlides 2091: 2058: 1676: 1627:(Uzbekistan) 1436:Volga Tatars 1424:Turkmenistan 1233:Azerbaijanis 1155: 1151: 1139: 1135: 1129: 1125: 1123: 1118: 1100: 1085: 1080: 1077:Proto-Turkic 1072: 1067: 1063: 1055: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1021: 1016: 1012: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 976: 972: 968: 960: 958: 953: 941: 938:Book of Zhou 936:The Chinese 935: 929: 924: 920: 915: 910: 884: 880: 872: 860: 854: 849: 845: 841: 817: 813: 805: 797: 793: 773: 769: 761: 759: 750:Orkhon River 720: 661:Azerbaijanis 657:Altai people 622: 596:. Early and 594:pastoralists 572: 566:, who speak 539: 537: 269:Turkmenistan 39:Ethnic group 36: 20665:Malamatiyya 20317:Pan-Turkism 20297:Grey Wolves 20262:Oghuz Turks 20182:Afghanistan 19967:Qarai Turks 19897:Karakalpaks 19665:Sakha/Yakut 19555:Fuyü Gïrgïs 19510:Azerbaijani 19281:Toquz Oghuz 19220:Oghuz Turks 19187:Sir-Kıvchak 18981:Afghanistan 18724:Qarai Turks 18640:Tor Uyghurs 18619:Fuyu Kyrgyz 18567:Karakalpaks 18436:Kouloughlis 18240:Karapapakhs 17484:: 210–251. 17277:: 197–239. 17166:"Scythians" 17006:: 369–373. 16872:16 November 16176:Daily Sabah 15844:11 November 15818:11 November 15812:Daily Sabah 15742:turksoy.org 15716:turksoy.org 15572:Xin Tangshu 15551:"vol. 217b" 15547:Xin Tangshu 15459:Movses 105. 14600:Hancock, I. 14596:(Pvt. Ltd). 14387:, Vol. IA: 14048:Melnyk 2022 13693:Liu Zhiyuan 13659:, a son of 13643:Liu Zhiyuan 13610:Han Dynasty 13606:Han Chinese 13593:patrilineal 13078:Xin Tangshu 12875:MA Li-qing 12402:as capable" 11861:Diachronica 11635:, p. 1 11599:Diachronica 11472:(1–2): 105. 11422:Book of Wei 11389:Book of Wei 11372:Early China 11239:Baydar 2016 11060:Golden 2011 10917:Turcologica 10634:Golden 2011 10433:Golden 2011 10208:Al-Akhbar. 10111:2 September 9715:21 December 9678:Egbert Jahn 9636:13 February 9276:Azerbaijani 9134:Old Uyghur 9016:Old Uyghurs 8559:Sari Uygurs 8509:Manichaeism 8418:Manichaeism 8206:were broad 7862:Karakalpaks 7856:Shia Islam 7800:0.5 to 2 M 7612:Azerbaijani 7560:Population 7526:Population 7506:Sakha/Yakut 7486:Oghuz Turks 7442:and former 7416:Afghanistan 7402:, northern 7237:gendarmerie 7187:Pan-Turkism 7107:Archaeology 6998:Han dynasty 6936:Mustafa Âlî 6910:Transoxiana 6906:Turk-mānand 6890:Oghuz Turks 6763:Ashina clan 6700:Ashina Simo 6674:physiognomy 6667:Physiognomy 6579:Pan-Turkism 6448:Oghuz Turks 6305:Afghanistan 6162:. In 1796, 6150:, the last 6144:Qajar tribe 6030:mathematics 5956:Chaghri Beg 5952:Tughril Beg 5925:Oghuz Turks 5892:Āl-e Saljuq 5847:Persianised 5800:Transoxiana 5796:Afghanistan 5587:Oghuz Turks 5513:Oghuz Turks 5370:Li Guochang 5344:Bögü Qaghan 5340:Manichaeism 5195:Ogedei Khan 5183:Volga Finns 5096:shamanistic 5081:subordinate 5022:metalsmiths 4966:Book of Sui 4959:Western Wei 4669:Ulaanbaatar 4554:as well as 4548:Mustafa Âlî 4470:; however, 4424:Book of Wei 4388:Han Dynasty 4349:haplogroup 4199:Amur region 4151:to eastern 4149:Lake Baikal 4141:Altai-Sayan 3698:Turk Shahis 3645:71 BC–?? AD 3363:Azerbaijani 3184:Oghuz Turks 3046:The Turkic 2839:alternation 2780:Book of Wei 2553:Toquz Oghuz 2488:Oghuz Turks 2407:Sunni Islam 2305:Sunni Islam 2297:Fuyu Kyrgyz 2176:Sunni Islam 2127:Sunni Islam 1933:Sunni Islam 1902:Sunni Islam 1857:Sunni Islam 1763:Sunni Islam 1699:Sunni Islam 1673:<500,000 1662:Sunni Islam 1631:Sunni Islam 1609:Karakalpaks 1534:Sunni Islam 1503:Sunni Islam 1460:Sunni Islam 1429:Sunni Islam 1401:Sunni Islam 1373:Sunni Islam 1335:Bayan-Ölgii 1301:Sunni Islam 1273:Sunni Islam 1222:Sunni Islam 1107:Greco-Roman 1103:Middle Ages 891:Thyssagetae 877:Ellis Minns 865:Sea of Azov 802:Old Tibetan 768:: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰 740:, found in 641:intermixing 249:Afghanistan 230:5,876,318 ( 20800:Categories 20645:Burkhanism 20610:Aiyy Faith 20529:Nakhchivan 20466:Uzbekistan 20446:Kyrgyzstan 20441:Kazakhstan 20436:Azerbaijan 20307:Burkhanism 20133:Montenegro 20097:Dodecanese 19758:Old Uyghur 19743:Old Turkic 19645:Old Turkic 19580:Karakalpak 18328:Van Kyrgyz 18210:Shahsevans 17350:: 100177. 17346:(100177). 17267:Inner Asia 16977:Retrieved 16945:(Thesis). 16529:WorldAtlas 16355:"新闻_星岛环球网" 16329:"景教在西域的传播" 15980:3 December 15898:"Religion" 15584:Brook 2018 15505:Brook 2018 15493:Brook 2018 15478:Brook 2018 15197:(2): 314. 15000:27 October 14430:Mecit 2014 13766:"Vol. 118" 12751:Silk-Road: 12567:Tang, Li. 12456:Asia Major 12160:(1): 733. 11633:Tekin 1993 11263:Pritsak O. 10996:, p. 93-95 10919:(105): 25. 10706:4 November 10680:4 November 10304:10 October 10279:11 October 10166:"Mongolia" 10011:Al-Monitor 9680:, (2009). 9662:24 January 9525:References 9136:Manichaean 8878:Old sports 8809:Old Uyghur 8793:Kazakhstan 8783:, many in 8498:Kazakhstan 8086:(butter), 7997:(Moldova) 7876:Karakalpak 7748:Kyrgyzstan 7654:Kazakhstan 7631:Uzbekistan 7444:Yugoslavia 7422:, and the 7380:Azerbaijan 7376:Uzbekistan 7368:Kyrgyzstan 7364:Kazakhstan 7317:Uzbekistan 7309:Kyrgyzstan 7305:Kazakhstan 7301:Azerbaijan 7290:Kyrgyzstan 7286:Kazakhstan 7253:Kazakhstan 7245:Kyrgyzstan 7241:Azerbaijan 7158:Ordu-Baliq 7153:Por-Bazhyn 7041:Adrianople 6868:Ghaznavids 6817:rūy-i pahn 6741:Historian 6727:Turk Shahi 6710:historian 6682:Jie people 6625:Uzbekistan 6617:Kyrgyzstan 6613:Kazakhstan 6609:Azerbaijan 6523:Burkhanism 6406:Ikhshidids 6359:al-Muttaqi 6339:Arab world 6313:Uzbekistan 6309:Bangladesh 6210:South Asia 6192:Azerbaijan 6120:Nader Shah 6116:Azerbaijan 6080:Shaybanids 5937:Hindu Kush 5923:branch of 5832:Hindu Kush 5812:Sabuktigin 5798:, much of 5779:Persianate 5775:ġaznaviyān 5754:Ghaznavids 5663:Ghaznavids 5631:Chui River 5629:, and the 5601:along the 5599:Kazakhstan 5559:Karakalpak 5542:dialects. 5515:, and the 5499:, without 5497:Kazakhstan 5413:Later Tang 5350:after the 5325:Ordu Baliq 5232:Uzbeg Khan 5108:Old Turkic 5093:animistic- 5057:Old Turkic 4830:ZHANGZHUNG 4613:Kyrgyzstan 4609:Kazakhstan 4599:, Western 4558:scientist 4512:Old Turkic 4179:East Asian 3771:Turk Shahi 3453:Karakalpak 3112:See also: 2762:(居勿), and 2720:薪犁, later 2324:Burkhanism 2195:Burkhanism 2044:Shia Islam 2022:>60,000 2003:Burkhanism 1602:Shia Islam 1587:Shia Islam 1487:Kyrgyzstan 1384:11,900,000 1324:Kazakhstan 1312:15,193,000 1296:Uzbekistan 1284:30,700,000 1269:Shia Islam 1249:Azerbaijan 1237:31,300,000 1177:Population 1115:barbarians 981:Old Turkic 965:Old-Turkic 913:, such as 871:lists the 766:Old Turkic 560:North Asia 354:1,000,000+ 329:Tajikistan 289:Kyrgyzstan 213:10,000,000 208:Azerbaijan 193:11,647,000 173:12,300,000 168:Kazakhstan 153:12,751,502 113:31,900,000 108:Uzbekistan 20691:Zahediyeh 20686:Safaviyya 20635:Bayramiye 20630:Batiniyya 20605:Shamanism 20588:Religions 20579:Turkology 20539:Tatarstan 20524:Khakassia 20494:Chuvashia 20420:Locations 20397:Tian Shan 20373:Migration 20348:Turkestan 20331:Hungarian 20322:Turkesism 20019:Kryashens 20007:Astrakhan 19932:Krymchaks 19892:Karachays 19813:Telengits 19809:Kumandins 19735:Alphabets 19565:Ili Turki 19475:Languages 19355:Diasporas 19296:Xueyantuo 19286:Uriankhai 19233:Pechenegs 19226:Turkomans 19200:Kutrigurs 18872:Kryashens 18834:Kumandins 18815:Karachays 18795:Besermyan 18770:Telengits 18676:Krymchaks 18659:in Crimea 18624:Ili Turks 18217:Küresünni 18085:. AACAR. 18051:Russian). 17699:255690237 17691:1674-4918 17510:2210-5832 17293:2210-5018 17225:Routledge 16759:0363-5570 16125:"回鶻彌勒信仰考" 16099:"回鹘观音信仰考" 15794:TRT World 15439:0039-7946 15268:Köl Tigin 15211:166026934 14569:: 75–76. 14165:146919944 14151:(1): 85. 14126:146919944 14112:(1): 88. 13866:The Turks 13772:'s Shatuo 13757:Song Lian 13585:Wudai Shi 13082:vol. 215A 12987:Wei Zheng 12739:218935871 12520:: 81–114. 12435:, vol. 84 12388:Sima Qian 12244:0737-4038 12182:2045-2322 12115:1476-4687 12029:245849003 12021:1674-4918 11930:212688205 11922:2219-4029 11881:0176-4225 11824:1476-4687 11752:198684158 11689:1553-7404 11313:article: 10747:198833565 10621:166026934 10613:0971-9458 10535:166026934 10527:0971-9458 10088:0949-1856 9921:Jamestown 9518:Turkology 9363:Dursunbey 9249:Ghaznavid 9018:from the 8745:Kryashens 8682:Chuvashia 8666:Kirgistan 8616:Amu Darya 8553:and west 8549:. Turkic 8535:Vajrayana 8406:shamanism 8382:Shamanism 8372:Shamanism 8232:bawi̅rsaq 8196:qawïrmach 8018:Krymchaks 7973:(Russia) 7949:(Russia) 7934:Karachays 7917:(Russia) 7893:(Russia) 7821:(Russia) 7819:Chuvashia 7814:Chuvashes 7773:(Russia) 7726:(Russia) 7724:Tatarstan 7677:Altishahr 7479:Australia 7455:Lithuania 7396:Altishahr 6928:treatise 6894:Syr Darya 6886:Al-Masudi 6848:Ghaznavid 6809:Al-Tabari 6767:Kul Tigin 6755:Emel Esin 6725:An early 6712:Yan Shigu 6686:Yeniseian 6678:Sima Qian 6663:in 2021. 6629:Tatarstan 6596:) in the 6535:Krymchaks 6464:Alexius I 6231:presents 6112:Turkestan 6084:Shahmurad 6034:astronomy 6022:Timurlane 5886:romanized 5820:Alp Tigin 5806:(part of 5721:Turkestan 5627:Tien-Shan 5619:Syr Darya 5595:Aral Seas 5529:Byzantine 5425:Later Han 5421:Later Jin 5401:sinicized 5382:Shi Xiong 5333:sedentary 5191:Tatarstan 5171:Pechenegs 5131:Manchuria 5100:Tengriism 5089:Khaganate 5085:sovereign 5075:from the 4994:) to the 4984:Pingliang 4862:KHAGANATE 4849:BYZANTINE 4665:Mongolian 4601:Manchuria 4560:Ulugh Beg 4528:tɦut-kyat 4524:dwət-kuɑt 4400:(紇骨) and 4378:(鬲昆) and 4300:autosomal 4227:in China. 4176:Neolithic 4164:Manchuria 4088:1299–1922 4063:1250–1517 4051:1242–1502 4039:1224–1266 4000:1206–1526 3988:1136–1225 3964:1077–1231 3952:1067–1239 3927:1037–1194 3747:Xueyantuo 3589:Grey wolf 3571:Ergenekon 3547:Shamanism 3319:Krymchaks 3229:Kutrigurs 3096:Irk Bitig 3088:Turkestan 2944:West Asia 2932:Anatolian 2920:Manchuria 2783:vol. 102. 2652:Uriankhai 2603:Xueyantuo 2578:Kutrigurs 2518:Pechenegs 2399:Ili Turks 2335:Krymchaks 2328:shamanism 2290:shamanism 2225:Kumandins 2199:shamanism 2183:Telengits 1961:Khakassia 1822:(Moldova) 1739:Karachays 1580:1,000,000 1558:Chuvashia 1545:1,500,000 1541:Chuvashes 1514:1,700,000 1475:6,000,000 1453:Tatarstan 1440:6,200,000 1412:8,000,000 1183:Religion 1148:political 1111:Byzantine 899:Histories 895:Herodotus 798:dwət-kuɑt 794:tɦut-kyat 774:Kök Türük 715:Map from 707:Etymology 653:gene pool 620:peoples. 618:Yeniseian 610:Tocharian 515:Languages 425:Australia 334:1,200,000 314:3,000,000 294:4,500,000 274:4,233,600 20655:Hurufism 20600:Tengrism 20549:Xinjiang 20504:Gagauzia 20353:Mongolia 20327:Turanism 20302:Kemalism 20290:Politics 20252:Kipchaks 20232:Göktürks 20227:Dughlats 20081:Bulgaria 20069:Abkhazia 20044:Turkmens 20027:Nağaybäk 19857:Bashkirs 19821:Tubalars 19805:Chelkans 19799:Altaians 19753:Cyrillic 19655:Pecheneg 19620:Krymchak 19525:Chagatai 19498:Southern 19493:Northern 19406:Turkmens 19394:Turkmeni 19251:Saragurs 19195:Kurykans 19181:Kipchaks 19166:Keraites 19151:Göktürks 19141:Dughlats 19131:Dingling 19101:Berendei 18952:Mongolia 18922:Tofalars 18886:Nağaybäk 18790:Bashkirs 18777:Tubalars 18763:Chelkans 18757:Altaians 18578:in China 18410:Tahtacıs 18403:Muhacirs 18344:Turkmens 17999:Archived 17864:(1911). 17839:(1900): 17806:(2009): 17769:25898006 17732:PLOS One 17626:37588381 17617:10427466 17527:(2020). 17439:37588355 17430:10427276 17348:Elsevier 17213:(eds.). 17193:8 August 17164:(2018). 17087:27 April 17051:11 April 17046:13670282 17038:29743675 17002:(7705). 16915:"ДЖИГИТ" 16534:18 April 16509:18 April 16365:18 March 16339:18 March 16289:Archived 16271:18 March 16250:Archived 16130:18 March 16083:18 March 16057:18 March 16031:18 March 15942:. 1996. 15905:Archived 15535:"vol. 4" 15260:Kök-Türk 14953:18 March 14932:18 March 14907:Article: 14892:Article: 14602:(2006). 14478:Šahrbānu 13759:et al., 13732:30 April 13657:Huaiyang 13519:vol. 247 13503:vol. 246 13028:et al., 13014:vol. 197 13011:Tongdian 12989:et al., 12880:Archived 12770:18 March 12731:35663512 12497:18 March 12474:vol. 103 12472:Weishu, 12396:Vol. 110 12371:33157037 12262:36006373 12200:35031610 12131:13670282 12123:29743675 11842:33618348 11707:25898006 11417:Wei Shou 11392:. Vol. 1 11384:Wei Shou 11357:, p. 110 11287:Archived 10966:(2000). 10805:18 March 10489:Lee 2023 10379:23 April 10329:23 April 10195:Archived 10068:18 March 9486:See also 9230:Bulgaria 8757:Nağaybäk 8735:Xinjiang 8700:and the 8684:and the 8655:Gagauzia 8633:Jadidism 8624:Sogdiana 8567:Buddhist 8555:Xinjiang 8525:Gaochang 8494:Tengrism 8490:Xinjiang 8478:Tengrism 8473:Buddhism 8468:Buddhism 8441:Göktürks 8424:in 763. 8390:Tengrism 8368:Tengrism 8330:Religion 8304:söklünch 8198:, while 8189:tāgirmān 8185:süzgu̅çh 8181:colander 8137:cauldron 8082:(milk), 8039:Judaism 8035:Krymchak 8027:0.004 M 7995:Gagauzia 7915:Dagestan 7766:Bashkirs 7696:Turkmens 7679:(China) 7608:30–35 M 7498:Siberian 7432:Bulgaria 7352:Bashkirs 7230:military 7181:members. 7095:general 7037:Murad II 7009:Kipchaks 6994:New Book 6955:Istakhri 6833:Keikavus 6796:Tibetans 6583:Turanism 6543:Buddhism 6507:Kipchaks 6503:Turkmens 6456:Crusades 6402:Tulunids 6375:Abbasids 6371:Umayyads 6229:Jahangir 6188:Dagestan 6180:Russians 6160:Caucasus 6096:Khwarazm 5988:emirates 5964:Khorasan 5960:Aral Sea 5931:and the 5929:Anatolia 5881:آل سلجوق 5808:Pakistan 5777:) was a 5729:Anatolia 5719:and the 5713:Mongolia 5561:tribes. 5509:Kipchaks 5491:) was a 5348:Sogdians 5179:Kipchaks 5177:and the 5104:Buddhist 5061:Kök Türk 4971:Tongdian 4968:and the 4945:Göktürks 4759:SASANIAN 4657:Noin-Ula 4605:Xinjiang 4597:Mongolia 4540:Göktürks 4490:, & 4480:Dingling 4462:, & 4452:Dingling 4419:Dingling 4417:and the 4339:Xianyang 4323:Turkmens 4251:Mongolia 4153:Mongolia 3915:963–1186 3903:860–1091 3891:856–1335 3879:848–1036 3847:840–1212 3823:750–1055 3799:743–1035 3739:618–1048 3666:Göktürks 3641:Dingling 3543:Tengrism 3516:Krymchak 3256:Kipchaks 3193:Saragurs 3114:Timeline 3090:and the 3064:Göktürks 3048:runiform 3033:Cyrillic 3014:Mongolia 2991:Catholic 2973:Alphabet 2959:cognates 2948:Caucasus 2910:and the 2869:Language 2764:Xiajiasi 2730:(鬲昆) or 2707:figures. 2654:(partly) 2648:(partly) 2642:(partly) 2640:Keraites 2636:(partly) 2630:(partly) 2618:Berendei 2508:Kurykans 2503:Kipchaks 2483:Göktürks 2462:Saragurs 2427:Dingling 2392:Tengrism 2358:Tengrism 2350:Tofalars 2312:Chelkans 2256:Tengrism 2237:Tengrism 2218:Tengrism 2161:Tengrism 2134:Nağaybäk 2105:Tengrism 2077:Tengrism 2007:Tengrism 1979:Altaians 1972:Tengrism 1881:Dagestan 1820:Gagauzia 1798:Tengrism 1732:Tengrism 1692:disputed 1655:Dagestan 1510:Bashkirs 1408:Turkmens 1395:Xinjiang 1262:Dagestan 1174:Ethnonym 1096:Dingling 1032:Dingling 989:Dingling 810:Göktürks 752:valley. 742:Khashaat 717:Kashgari 681:Turkmens 645:adoption 637:conquest 606:Mongolic 598:medieval 583:Mongolia 527:Religion 445:Mongolia 234:508,375) 232:Bulgaria 20732:Chovgan 20712:Kyz kuu 20625:Alevism 20562:Studies 20358:History 20341:Origins 20272:Türgesh 20242:Khazars 20237:Karluks 20217:Bulgars 20192:(Sakha) 20170:Uyghurs 20149:Tunisia 20137:Romania 20117:Lebanon 20085:Croatia 20073:Algeria 20062:Turkish 20054:Iranian 20039:Tofalar 20011:Chinese 19972:Qashqai 19957:Naimans 19902:Kazakhs 19882:Dolgans 19867:Chuvash 19862:Chulyms 19852:Balkars 19844:Georgia 19840:Armenia 19817:Teleuts 19794:Afshars 19786:Peoples 19763:Persian 19700:Turkmen 19695:Turkish 19660:Qashqai 19615:Kipchak 19535:Chuvash 19515:Bashkir 19418:Ottoman 19402:Iranian 19398:Afghani 19346:Mughals 19341:Hazaras 19291:Utigurs 19266:Türgesh 19241:Onogurs 19215:Nushibi 19210:Naimans 19171:Khazars 19161:Karluks 19116:Chigils 19111:Bulgars 19096:Barsils 19034:Europe 19013:Ansarlu 18959:Khotons 18917:Teleuts 18810:Dolgans 18805:Chuvash 18800:Chulyms 18785:Balkars 18729:Qashqai 18714:Khalajs 18692:in Iran 18634:Uyghurs 18357:Ansarlu 18268:Kazakhs 18182:Peoples 17760:4405460 17600:: e16. 17515:20 June 17298:20 June 17008:Bibcode 16979:21 June 16930:Sources 16397:3 April 16247:Chuvash 16109:3 April 15955:16 July 15447:4390312 15170:16 July 15143:16 July 14969:Article 14720:, p.115 13689:vol. 10 13679:vol. 99 13639:vol. 10 13629:vol. 99 13602:Shi Fen 13598:Shi Que 13589:ch. 75. 13124:Zhoushu 13100:Zhoushu 13034:vol. 50 13030:Zhoushu 12995:vol. 84 12805:Xiōngnú 12753:Xiongnu 12722:7612788 12362:7664836 12253:9469894 12191:8760286 12162:Bibcode 12085:Bibcode 12071:2018). 11833:7993749 11804:Bibcode 11698:4405460 11374:. p. 20 11293:", The 11267:Golb. N 11208:, 2000. 11009:, p. 85 10870:(ed.). 10828:Pliny, 10779:24 June 10250:6 April 10220:2 March 9766:30 July 9732:"China" 9599:Cengage 9384:Turkmen 9311:Chuvash 9293:Bashkir 9226:Omurtag 8962:Gallery 8920:Kyz kuu 8913:Kyz kuu 8904:Kyz kuu 8890:in his 8775:Animism 8737:in the 8731:Naimans 8710:Chuvash 8698:Chuvash 8694:Moldova 8690:Gökoğuz 8678:Chuvash 8593:Muslims 8517:Karluks 8488:in the 8486:Uyghurs 8414:sky god 8402:animism 8386:Animism 8323:kullama 8317:Qawirma 8244:Qatlama 8238:chälpäk 8220:today. 8208:noodles 8183:called 8177:oqlaghu 8173:qashi̅q 8102:qi̅mi̅z 8046:Cuisine 8023:Ukraine 7990:Gagauzs 7938:Balkars 7891:Yakutia 7852:Qashqai 7845:(Iran) 7838:Qashqai 7828:Chuvash 7780:Bashkir 7743:Kyrgyzs 7709:Turkmen 7672:Uyghurs 7658:13.8 M 7649:Kazakhs 7635:28.3 M 7585:Turkish 7554:People 7502:Chuvash 7490:Kipchak 7471:Germany 7463:Finland 7451:Vilnius 7436:Romania 7428:Moldova 7424:Balkans 7360:Siberia 7325:Hungary 7259:TÜRKSOY 7179:TÜRKSOY 7177:Map of 7163:Jankent 7097:Li Ling 7051:Remarks 7020:of the 7018:Kazakhs 6990:Gardizi 6981:Uyghurs 6951:Khazars 6902:turkmān 6866:In the 6800:Juzjani 6792:Magyars 6690:Iranian 6653:TÜRKSOY 6637:Yakutia 6531:Khazars 6527:Judaism 6511:Muslims 6495:Uyghurs 6491:Karluks 6469:As the 6390:caliphs 6387:Abbasid 6379:Türgesh 6347:Silver 6262:Humayun 6196:Armenia 6184:Georgia 6168:Mashhad 6166:seized 6154:of the 6088:Manghit 5992:Ottoman 5984:Mongols 5943:to the 5935:to the 5900: 5888:: 5877:Persian 5772:غزنویان 5768:Persian 5717:Siberia 5651:Tibetan 5591:Caspian 5579:Oguz il 5536:Iranian 5525:Bulgars 5521:Magyars 5517:Khazars 5501:Zhetysu 5417:Beijing 5346:by the 5248:Ukraine 5167:Khazars 5163:Bulgars 5073:Khagans 5030:Jinshan 5018:Xiongnu 4996:Rourans 4881:Khitans 4871:TUYUHUN 4711:Kyrgyzs 4661:Selenga 4637:Yinshan 4611:, East 4607:, East 4587:Xiongnu 4556:Timurid 4544:Uyghurs 4435:in the 4415:Xiongnu 4384:Xiongnu 4315:Iranian 4298:A 2018 4267:Xianbei 4259:Xiongnu 4147:, from 4145:Siberia 4131:Origins 3835:756–940 3811:744–840 3787:699–766 3775:665-850 3763:659–750 3751:628–646 3716:682–744 3708:581–650 3687:581–657 3679:552–581 3444:Qasgqai 3435:Chuvash 3426:Bashkir 3399:Turkmen 3354:Turkish 3310:Dolgans 3274:Uyghurs 3238:Karluks 3211:Bulgars 3202:Utigurs 3175:Onogurs 3102:History 3076:Yenisei 3023:in the 2985:". The 2940:Ottoman 2916:Siberia 2861:Khitan. 2831:uria(n) 2828:Khalkha 2750:(紇戛斯), 2748:Hejiasi 2746:(紇扢斯), 2732:Jiankun 2694:Remarks 2661:Xiongnu 2646:Merkits 2634:Naimans 2583:Utigurs 2568:Nushibi 2548:Chigils 2533:Turgesh 2523:Karluks 2498:Khazars 2493:Kanglys 2457:Onogurs 2442:Barsils 2432:Bulgars 2369:Chulyms 2278:Tubalar 2244:Teleuts 2116:Khotons 2084:Dolgans 2029:Alevism 1913:104,000 1868:110,000 1837:112,000 1833:Balkars 1809:126,000 1774:273,000 1743:346,000 1711:482,000 1708:(Sakha) 1642:520,000 1613:796,000 1598:949,000 1594:Qashqai 1380:Uyghurs 1308:Kazakhs 1226:Alevism 1119:Skuthai 1011:'), to 954:tturakä 930:Turukku 925:Turuška 921:Turukha 916:Togarma 911:Tür(ü)k 907:Magyars 778:Chinese 693:Uyghurs 673:Kazakhs 591:nomadic 552:Central 490:126,010 485:Moldova 470:200,000 465:Lebanon 450:135,618 410:313,626 392:398,600 388:Ukraine 18:Turkics 20722:Kokpar 20717:Jereed 20680:Rifaʽi 20670:Qadiri 20499:Crimea 20456:Turkey 20406:Otuken 20267:Shatuo 20257:K'o-sa 20222:Cumans 20212:Bulaqs 20196:Yugurs 20190:Yakuts 20175:Uzbeks 20165:Tuvans 20141:Serbia 20113:Kosovo 20109:Israel 20093:Cyprus 20050:Afghan 20023:Mishar 20001:Tatars 19962:Nogais 19952:Kumyks 19937:Kyrgyz 19922:Khalaj 19917:Khakas 19887:Gagauz 19715:Uyghur 19635:Kyrgyz 19605:Khazar 19600:Khalaj 19595:Khakas 19590:Kazakh 19575:Karaim 19560:Gagauz 19550:Dolgan 19530:Chulym 19520:Bulgar 19483:Afshar 19468:topics 19466:Turkic 19414:Syrian 19336:Abdals 19329:Others 19316:Yabaku 19306:Yueban 19256:Shatuo 19246:Sabirs 19205:Merkit 19156:Kangly 19146:Esegel 19126:Cumans 19106:Bulaqs 19091:Basmyl 19055:Gagauz 19005:Timuri 18999:Aimaqs 18994:Afshar 18941:Yakuts 18927:Tuvans 18859:Tatars 18854:Soyots 18844:Nogais 18839:Kumyks 18826:Koibal 18820:Khakas 18750:Russia 18704:Afshar 18648:Yugurs 18562:Uzbeks 18417:Yörüks 18299:Kyrgyz 18089: 18065: 18040: 18025: 17987: 17972: 17961: 17946: 17928: 17911: 17900:(pbk.) 17896: 17888: 17829: 17814: 17787: 17767: 17757: 17714: 17697: 17689: 17654: 17624: 17614: 17573: 17549: 17508: 17454: 17437: 17427: 17413:: e5. 17409:(e5). 17383: 17323: 17291: 17250: 17231: 17150: 17131: 17106: 17078: 17044: 17036: 16995:Nature 16897: 16847: 16806: 16757: 16725: 16698: 16658:599159 16656: 16613: 16586: 16559: 16481: 16448: 16420: 16214: 16155: 15946: 15747:17 May 15721:17 May 15666: 15640:Qincha 15638:"".... 15630: 15445: 15437: 15365: 15334: 15264:Mu-kan 15235: 15209: 14874: 14840: 14804: 14700: 14673: 14646: 14583:Oriens 14540: 14532: 14163: 14124: 14083: 14030: 14003: 13976: 13949: 13922: 13895: 13872: 13848: 13811: 13703:vol. 1 13681:, and 13653:vol. 1 13631:, and 13568: 13541: 13482: 13455: 13428: 13401: 13374: 13335: 13307: 13280: 13253: 13213: 13189: 13154: 13112:Beishi 13046:Beishi 13007:Du You 12991:Suishu 12966: 12935: 12912: 12847: 12795: 12737: 12729: 12719: 12670: 12618:Duan: 12433:Suishu 12369: 12359: 12260: 12250: 12242: 12198: 12188: 12180: 12129: 12121: 12113: 12077:Nature 12027: 12019: 11928: 11920: 11879: 11840: 11830: 11822: 11796:Nature 11750: 11740: 11705: 11695: 11687: 11506: 11337: 11265:& 11225: 10939:"Türk" 10770: 10745: 10619: 10611: 10533: 10525: 10354:13 May 10300:. 2015 10175:13 May 10148: 10107:. 2003 10086: 10038:13 May 9989: 9962:13 May 9899: 9872: 9845: 9806:13 May 9741:13 May 9605: 9571: 9460:Kyrgyz 9426:Kazakh 8944:kokpar 8938:Kokpar 8932:Jereed 8926:Jereed 8841:Tukhsi 8827:Tengri 8812:Khagan 8718:Khazar 8702:Gagauz 8686:Gagauz 8601:Hanafi 8597:Alevis 8563:Tuvans 8457:falcon 8443:. The 8433:Ashina 8410:Tengri 8376:Early 8370:, and 8269:pastry 8260:chöräk 8254:Toqach 8212:tutmaj 8169:bïchaq 8165:chanaq 8141:qasqan 8120:Tatars 8116:Kyrgyz 8112:Kazakh 8093:qaymaq 8076:horses 8062:, and 8060:spices 8052:grains 8031:Karaim 8004:Gagauz 8000:0.2 M 7976:0.3 M 7966:Tuvans 7952:0.4 M 7920:0.4 M 7910:Kumyks 7896:0.5 M 7886:Yakuts 7872:0.6 M 7848:0.9 M 7824:1.7 M 7795:Crimea 7756:Kyrgyz 7752:4.5 M 7719:Tatars 7686:Uyghur 7662:Kazakh 7626:Uzbeks 7618:Hanafi 7577:Turkey 7504:, and 7494:Karluk 7477:, and 7467:Turkey 7459:Poland 7440:Greece 7420:Cyprus 7412:Russia 7408:Israel 7392:Crimea 7384:Turkey 7378:, and 7313:Turkey 7294:Turkey 7251:) and 7249:Turkey 7214: 7208: 7045:Tartar 7007:, the 6860:turban 6835:). On 6794:, and 6735:caftan 6635:, and 6623:, and 6567:Russia 6505:, and 6499:Kyrgyz 6477:, the 6363:Bajkam 6350:dirham 6331:ruler 6329:Mongol 6299:. 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