History of the Jews in Turkey

4420:, antisemitism in Turkey increased and became more open, and it was reported that the community was also subjected to economic pressure. A boycott of Jewish businesses, especially textile businesses, took place, and Israeli tourists who had frequented the businesses of Turkish Jewish merchants largely stopped visiting Turkey. As a result, the number of Turkish Jews immigrating to Israel increased. By September 2010, the Jewish population of Turkey had dropped to 17,000, from a previous population of 23,000 Currently, the Jewish community is feeling increasingly threatened by extremists. In addition to safety concerns, some Turkish Jews also immigrated to Israel to find a Jewish spouse due to the increasing difficulty of finding one in the small Turkish Jewish community. In 2012, it was reported that the number of Jews expressing interest in moving to Israel rose by 100%, a large number of Jewish business owners were seeking to relocate their businesses to Israel, and that hundreds were moving every year. 3049: 7186:"Mother tongue" education is mostly limited to Turkish teaching in Turkey. No other language can be taught as a mother tongue other than Armenian, Greek, and Hebrew, as agreed in the Lausanne Treaty, see below. In order to guarantee civic, religious, educational, commercial, judicial, and political rights of Armenian, Greek, and Jewish people living in Turkey, clear-cut and strict stipulations were made in the Treaty of Lausanne. Like Jews and Greeks, Armenians enjoy the privilege of an officially recognized minority status. No language other than Turkish can be taught at schools or at cultural centers. Only Armenian, Greek, and Hebrew are exceptions to this constitutional rule. 3955: 71: 4344: 159: 6741:, p. 505-9:"However, the emigration of the Jews was not part of a government-mandated population exchange. On the contrary, the Jews immigrated to Israel of their own free will...In the great wave of 1948–51, a large majority of the emigrants came from the lower classes... These lower classes were less influenced by the Alliance Israelite Universelle schools and the republic's modernizing trends... Even so, economic factors were the dominant theme among lower-class emigrants in their motivation to move." 4213: 3831: 4052: 5511:

sixth periodic reports of Turkey. The CERD noted that "the treaty of Lausanne does not explicitly prohibit the recognition of other groups as minorities" and that Turkey should consider recognising the minority status of other groups, such as Kurds. 50 In practice, this means that Turkey grants minority rights to "Greek, Armenian and Jewish minority communities while denying their possible impact for unrecognized minority groups (e.g. Kurds, Alevis, Arabs, Syriacs, Protestants, Roma etc.)".

3945: 143: 4433: 5779:"There were historical records that the Jews resided in Side, but we found out the first palpable proof," Feriştah Alanyalı, an academic from the Anadolu University, told the Demirören News Agency. Some words written in the middle of the synagogue say: "Joseph from Korakesion dedicated it to son Daniel." According to the professor, Daniel died when he was just two and a half years old and Joseph paid the cost of the renovation of the synagogue, marking his son. 10698: 8226: 3841: 2605: 6765:, p. 511:"After the emigration of 34,547 Turkish Jews to Israel in 1948–51, in the period up to 2001 another 27,473 made their way to the Jewish state... A total of 6,871 emigrants arrived in Israel in 1952–60, 4,793 in 1961–64, 9,280 in 1965–71, 3,118 in 19702–79, 2,088 in 1980–89, 1,215 in 1990–2000, and 108 in 2001.36 The migration figures then decrease greatly. Only 68 immigrants arrived in Israel in 2002, 53 in 2003 and just 52 in 2004." 8236: 8871: 4965: 4336:, antisemitism in the media and books was creating a situation in which young, educated Turks formed negative opinions against Jews and Israel. Moreover, violence against Jews has also occurred. In 2003, an Istanbul dentist was murdered in his clinic by a man who admitted that he committed the crime out of antisemitic sentiment. In 2009, a number of Jewish students suffered verbal abuse and physical attacks, and a Jewish soldier in the 123: 103: 4071: 3219: 3712: 10712: 4951: 3983:, it is estimated that 521 Jews left for Palestine from Turkey in 1934 and 1,445 left in 1935. However, although the Law on Settlement may well have actually provoked the incidents’ outbreak, the national authorities did not side with the attackers but immediately intervened in the incidents. After order was restored, the governors and mayors of the provinces involved were removed from office. 3413: 3733: 5457:

or to use their own language. This reservation provides that this right will be implemented and applied in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Turkish Constitution and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. This implies that Turkey grants educational right in minority languages only to the recognized minorities covered by the Lausanne who are the Armenians, Greeks and the Jews.

3179:, as these attempts met with very little success. The exact picture of the status of the Jews in Asia Minor under Byzantine rule is still being researched by historians. Although there is some evidence of occasional hostility by the Byzantine populations and authorities, no systematic persecution of the type endemic at that time in western Europe ( 6753:, p. 505:"The migration of Jews from Turkey to Israel is the second largest mass emigration movement out of Turkey, the first being labour migration to Europe. The largest mass emigration of minorities from Turkey was that of the Greeks during the Turkish–Greek population exchanges of the early 1920s." 3993:

The Jews of Turkey reacted very favorably to the creation of the State of Israel. Between 1948 and 1951, 34,547 Jews immigrated to Israel, nearly 40% of the Turkish Jewish population at the time. Immigration was stunted for several months in November 1948, when Turkey suspended migration permits as a

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Turkey signed the Covenant on 15 August 2000 and ratified it on 23 September 2003. However, Turkey put a reservation on Article 27 of the Covenant which limited the scope of the right of ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion

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were largely uninterested in business enterprises and accordingly left commercial occupations to members of minority religions. They also distrusted the Christian subjects whose countries had only recently been conquered by the Ottomans and therefore it was natural to prefer Jewish subjects to which

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A better proof may be had from some inscriptions found in Galatia relating to Jews ("C. I. G." No. 4129; "Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique," vii. 1883; comp. "R. E. J." x. 77). R. Akiba, who is said to have been a great traveler, speaks of "Galia", which is generally identified with "Galatia"

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The fact that Turkish constitutional law takes an even more restrictive approach to minority rights than required under the Treaty of Lausanne was recognised by the UN Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) in its concluding observations on the combined fourth to

4012:, was constructed in Istanbul in 1951. Generally, Turkish Jews in Israel have integrated well into society and are not distinguishable from other Israelis. However, they maintain their Turkish culture and connection to Turkey, and are strong supporters of close relations between Israel and Turkey. 3562:

During the Classical Ottoman period (1300–1600), the Jews, together with most other communities of the empire, enjoyed a certain level of prosperity. Compared with other Ottoman subjects, they were the predominant power in commerce and trade as well in diplomacy and other high offices. In the 16th

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wealth – even though in principle it was directed against all wealthy Turkish citizens, it most intensely affected non-Muslims. The "wealth tax" is still remembered as a "catastrophe" among the non-Muslims of Turkey and it had one of the most detrimental effects on the population of Turkish Jews.

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Turkey is a nation–state built on remnants of the Ottoman Empire where non-Muslim minorities were guaranteed the right to set up educational institutions; however, since its establishment, it has officially recognised only Armenians, Greeks and Jews as minorities and guaranteed them the right to

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from Turkey to Israel has been low since the 1950s. Despite the antisemitism and occasional violence, Jews felt generally safe in Turkey. In the 2000s, despite surging antisemitism, including antisemitic incidents, aliyah remained low. In 2008, only 112 Turkish Jews emigrated, and in 2009, that

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for eight Turkish citizens killed during the Nazi regime in the said camp. The Turkish Ambassador to Berlin, Hüseyin Avni Karslıoğlu stated in an inauguration speech that Germany set free 105 Turkish citizens, held in camps, after a mutual agreement between the two countries, and these citizens

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The Turkish-Jewish population is experiencing a population decline, and has dwindled to 17,000 in a few years from an original figure of 23,000. This is due to both large-scale immigration to Israel out of fear of antisemitism, but also because of natural population decline. Intermarriage with

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In 1949, Turkey officially recognized Israel, becoming the first Muslim-majority country to do so. Migration permits were reinstated and emigration continued, with 26,000 emigrating within the same year. The migration was entirely voluntary, and was primary driven by economic factors given the

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The Jewish population in Jerusalem increased from 70 families in 1488 to 1500 at the beginning of the 16th century. That of Safed increased from 300 to 2000 families and almost surpassed Jerusalem in importance. Damascus had a Sephardic congregation of 500 families. Constantinople had a Jewish

6400:

Baer, Marc David (2015). "Corry Guttstadt. Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust. Translated from German by Kathleen M. Dell'Orto, Sabine Bartel, and Michelle Miles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. p. 353 I. Izzet Bahar. Turkey and the Rescue of European Jews. New York and London:

3530:, the Chief Rabbi. There were no restrictions in the professions Jews could practice analogous to those common in Western Christian countries. There were restrictions in the areas Jews could live or work, but such restrictions were imposed on Ottoman subjects of other religions as well. 6697:, p. 508b: "Turkey, having not recognized Israel immediately after its proclamation of statehood, suspended permits to emigrate there in November 1948, in response to objections from Arab countries. However, this restriction did not stop the emigration of Jews by illegal means." 4159:. 35 lay counselors look after the secular affairs of the community and an executive committee of fourteen, the president of which must be elected from among the lay counselors, runs the daily affairs. The Istanbul community also has 16 synagogues and well kept and guarded cemetery. 3397:. At that point in time, Constantinople's population was a mere 70,000 due to the various sieges of the city during the Crusades and the Black Death, so this historical event was also significant for repopulation of the city. These Sephardi Jews settled in Constantinople, as well as 4423:

In October 2013, it was reported that a mass exodus of Turkish Jews was underway. Reportedly, Turkish Jewish families are immigrating to Israel at the rate of one family per week on average, and hundreds of young Turkish Jews are also relocating to the United States and Europe.

4408:, claimed responsibility for the attacks, police claimed the bombings were "too sophisticated to have been carried out by that group", with a senior Israeli government source saying: "the attack must have been at least coordinated with international terror organizations". 6142:

Moins de douze ans après, en 1660, sous Mohammed IV, la ville de Safed, si importante autrefois dans les annales juives parce qu'elle était habitée exclusivement par les Israélites, fut détruite par les Arabes, au point qu'il n' y resta, dit une chroniquer une seule ame

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manage educational institutions as enshrined in the Treaty of Lausanne. Private language teaching courses teach 'traditionally used languages', elective language courses have been introduced in public schools and universities are allowed to teach minority languages.

3539:"head tax" and faced other restrictions in clothing, horse riding, army service etc., but they could occasionally be waived or circumvented. Jews who reached high positions in the Ottoman court and administration include Mehmed the Conqueror's Minister of Finance ( 6088:(1920) p. 241. "Long before the culmination of Sabbathai (Zevi)'s mad career, Safed had been destroyed by the Arabs and the Jews had suffered severely, while in the same year (1660) there was a great fire in Constantinople in which they endured heavy losses..." 3887:. When Nazi Germany encouraged neutral countries to repatriate their Jewish citizens, Turkish diplomats received instructions to avoid repatriating Jews even if they could prove their Turkish nationality. Turkey was also the only neutral country to implement 7055: 8191: 3776:

formed an association in Switzerland. Professor Schwartz, the general secretary of the association, met with the Turkish Minister of Education in order to provide jobs for 34 Jewish scientists in Turkish universities especially in

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have closely cooperated militarily and economically. Israel and Turkey have signed a multibillion-dollar project to build a series of pipelines from Turkey to Israel to supply gas, oil and other essentials to Israel. In 2003 the

3343:, was perceived as an "expulsion" by the Jews. Despite this interpretation, Romaniotes would be the most influential community in the Empire for a few decades, until that position would be lost to a wave of Sephardi immigrants. 3369:

and wrote a letter inviting European Jewry to settle in the Ottoman Empire, in which he stated, "Turkey is a land wherein nothing is lacking," and asking, "Is it not better for you to live under Muslims than under Christians?"

3609:. They had come to the Ottoman Empire from many lands, bringing with them their own customs and opinions, to which they clung tenaciously, and had founded separate congregations. Another tremendous upheaval was caused when 7285: 3616:. He was eventually caught by the Ottoman authorities and when given the choice between death and conversion, he opted for the latter. His remaining disciples converted to Islam too. Their descendants are today known as 8201: 4042:

were also targeted to a degree. The damage caused was mainly material (over 4,000 shops and 1,000 houses belonging to Greeks, Armenians and Jews were destroyed) it deeply shocked minorities throughout the country.

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The various migrations outside of Turkey has produced descendants of Turkish Jews in Europe, Israel, United States, and Canada. Today, there are still various synagogues that maintain Jewish-Turkish traditions.

3504:. Gradually, the chief center of the Sephardi Jews became Thessaloniki, where the Spanish Jews soon outnumbered coreligionists of other nationalities and, at one time, the original native inhabitants. 8620: 3891:

during the war. More Turkish Jews suffered as a result of discriminatory policies during the war than were saved by Turkey. Although Turkey has promoted the idea that it was a rescuer of Jews during

8196: 7225: 3800:, suggested to remove the Jews from the region as they presented an economic threat to the Muslim population. In 1934, the Turkish government expelled all the Jews from Edirne and the Straits. 3281:

ordered that the attitude of all non-Muslims should be one of "humility and abjection" and that they should not "live near Mosques or tall buildings" or own slaves, others were more tolerant.

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combined (75,000), far surpassing other Jewish communities to be the largest in the world. Turkey's Jewish community was large, diverse and vibrant, forming the core of Ottoman Jewry until

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Toktas, Sule. "Cultural Identity, Minority Position and Immigration: Turkey's Jewish Minority vs. Turkish-Jewish Immigrants in Israel." Middle Eastern Studies 44.3 (2008): 511-25. Print.

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The history of the Jews in Turkey in the 18th and 19th century is principally a chronicle of decline in influence and power; they lost their influential positions in trade mainly to the

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Toprak, Zafer. 1996 ‘1934 Trakya olaylarında hukumetin ve CHP’in sorumlulugu (Government responsibility and the CHP in the 1934 Thracian incidents), Toplumsal Tarih, vol. 34, pp. 19-25.

8645: 8615: 7293: 7130: 7920: 7915: 3393:. The Sultan issued a formal invitation and refugees started arriving in the empire in great numbers. A key moment occurred in 1492, when more than 40,000 Spanish Jews fled the 8211: 7485: 5957:

J. Hacker, Ottoman policies towards the Jews and Jewish attitudes towards Ottomans during the Fifteenth Century in "Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire", New York (1982)

4499: 6623: 5810:(R. H. 26a)... The chief proof, however, of the existence of Jews in Galatia is the fact that St. Paul sent thither a general epistle known as the "Epistle to the Galatians." 6926: 7649: 3998:

majority of emigrants were from the lower classes. In fact, the migration of Jews to Israel is the second largest mass emigration wave out of Turkey, the first being the

1254: 7840: 8678: 6795:

Dilek Güven, Nationalismus, Sozialer Wandel und Minderheiten: Die Ausschreitungen gegen die Nichtmuslime der Tuerkei (6/7 September 1955), Universitaet Bochum, 2006

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Inalcik, Halil. "The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23, (1969): p. 236

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for mandatory retirement of officials from non-Aryan race. Thus, the law required all the Jewish scientists in Germany to be fired. Unemployed scientists led by

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The present size of the Jewish community was estimated at 17,400 in 2012 according to the Jewish Virtual Library. The vast majority, approximately 95%, live in

1832: 6154:

Michelle U. Campos, "Between "Beloved Ottomania" and"The Land of Israel": The Struggle over Ottomanism and Zionism Among Palestine's Sephardi Jews, 1908–13",

3990:, a capital tax which occurred in 1942, was also significant in encouraging emigration from Turkey to Palestine; between 1943 and 1944, 4,000 Jews emigrated. 3339:, were concentrated in Constantinople, where they made up 10% of the city's population. At the same time, the forced resettlement, though not intended as an 1487: 1182: 4514:, aims to promote intercultural and interreligious dialogue and wants to inform the public of the centuries of peaceful coexistence between Turks and Jews. 8272: 3270:, which passed to Ottoman authority in 1324. The synagogue is still in use, although the modern Jewish population of Bursa has shrunk to about 140 people. 7233: 1374: 3909:

A memorial stone with a bronze epitaph was inaugurated in 2012, as the third of individual country memorials (after Poland and the Netherlands) at the

3594:(1623–1640), the Jews of Jerusalem were persecuted by an Arab who had purchased the governorship of that city from the governor of the province. Under 2582: 7415: 6993: 6874: 346: 2997:

Today, the vast majority of Turkish Jews live in Israel, though Turkey itself still has a modest Jewish population, where the vast majority live in

10202: 8859: 7597: 7056:"The Arabic dialects in the Turkish province of Hatay and the Aramaic dialects in the Syrian mountains of Qalamun: Two minority languages compared" 3914:

returned to Turkey in April 1945, although there is no known official record for other Turkish Jews who died during the Holocaust in Nazi Germany.

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at the start of the 20th century. The territories lost between 1829 and 1913 to the new Christian Balkan states significantly lowered this number.

1369: 7011: 3102:. Josephus notes Jewish origins for many of the cities in Anatolia, though much of his sourcing for these passages is traditional. Descendants in 10758: 10592: 8115: 6967: 5224: 4310:

in the Ottoman Empire. However, the Turkish government considered that, for the purpose of the Treaty of Lausanne, the mother tongue of Jews was

1617: 8400: 6949: 3507:

Although the status of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire may have often been exaggerated, it is undeniable that they enjoyed tolerance. Under the

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Many people unable to pay the exorbitant taxes were sent to labor camps and in consequence about 30,000 Jews emigrated. The tax was seen as a

9275: 8671: 8330: 8160: 3999: 3706: 1871: 7453: 6707: 4318:

refused to change its decision despite requests from the Jewish community. For that reason, Jewish schools switched from French to Turkish.

9037: 8837: 6805: 6224:"The 1934 Thrace events: continuity and change within Turkish state policies regarding non-Muslim minorities. An interview with Rıfat Bali" 6101:

The "A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day

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freely, especially for education purposes. At the time, the mother tongue of the majority of Turkish Jews was Ladino. French was also the

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are shown by religious affiliation: Alawite (circle), Christian (triangle), Sunni (square), Bedouin Sunni (rectangle), Jewish (rhombus).

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pandemic in 1347, the city was a shadow of its former glory. Since Mehmed wanted the city as his new capital, he decreed its rebuilding.

3043: 856: 819: 2931:

since at least the beginning of the common era. Anatolia's Jewish population before Ottoman times primarily consisted of Greek-speaking

10763: 9070: 9032: 4255:

or French and similarly shifted to Turkish. In Istanbul, many Jews would also speak Greek or Armenian until the mid 20th century given

7318: 8537: 8350: 7560: 3239: 1795: 30: 7710: 7198: 3921:, killing about 781 Jewish refugees and 10 crew, due to their refusal to allow the Jewish refugees on board to disembark in Turkey. 3144:

Based on physical evidence, there has been a Jewish community in Anatolia since the fourth century BCE, most notably in the city of

9099: 8816: 8664: 8375: 8265: 7950: 6341:

Webman, Esther (2014). "Corry Guttstadt. Turkey, the Jews and the Holocaust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013) p. 370".

1818: 10598: 8547: 8140: 7399: 6900: 4405: 4389: 4370:

has been attacked three times. First on 6 September 1986, Arab terrorists gunned down 22 Jewish worshippers and wounded 6 during

4315: 3039: 1168: 7489: 9698: 9152: 8635: 8587: 8462: 8457: 8155: 8060: 7656: 7160: 5897: 4190:

Turkish Muslims and assimilation have become common, and the community's death rate is more than twice that of its birth rate.

2575: 1745: 1680: 1562: 9693: 8753: 7749: 7579: 7259: 7172: 7104: 6510: 6281: 6008: 5541: 3757:

The troubled history of Turkey during the 20th century and the process of transforming the old Ottoman Empire into a secular

3048: 866: 4560: 10753: 8852: 8592: 8422: 8165: 7867: 7397:

Chief Rabbinate of Turkey - Numbers: Total is estimated at around 23.000. The 25th community in size according to WJC data.

4979: 3797: 1304: 9602: 9713: 9708: 9132: 8597: 8258: 8110: 8075: 4552: 1572: 1389: 1379: 619: 10525: 9402: 8522: 8000: 7995: 7890: 7829: 6485: 2959: 1968: 1918: 1883: 1577: 1442: 1309: 7029: 6261: 3587:, Haim Gerber describes it: "My impression is that no pressure existed, that it was merely performance that counted." 2958:

By the end of the sixteenth century, the Jewish population in the Ottoman Empire was double (150,000) that of Jews in

9553: 9407: 9027: 8492: 8452: 8432: 8412: 8315: 8120: 8095: 8010: 7990: 7940: 7910: 7900: 7067: 6599: 6537: 5870: 5474:"The (In-)Validity of Turkey's Reservation to Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" 5343: 5316: 3674: 2568: 1660: 1622: 1597: 1517: 1502: 1349: 1289: 1244: 7684: 6845:"Head of tiny Jewish community in Turkey: There's no love between Israeli citizens – Features Israel News - Haaretz" 4307: 4140:, Syria, 2,500 years ago. Figures were once higher but families have left for Istanbul, Israel and other countries. 3160:

in their Anatolian domains which seem to have been relatively well-integrated and enjoyed certain legal immunities.

2951:, including in regions now part of Turkey. This influx played a pivotal role in shaping the predominant identity of 9462: 9370: 8625: 8427: 8206: 8085: 8080: 7960: 7131:"Turkish Jews between 1923 and 1933 – What Did the Turkish Policy between 1923 and 1933 Mean for the Turkish Jews?" 5762: 4197: 4090: 3910: 3301: 2850: 1953: 1935: 1841: 1735: 1587: 1582: 1507: 1472: 1339: 5209: 3968:

was not particularly popular amongst Turkish Jewry; migration from Turkey to Palestine was minimal in the 1920s.

10743: 10627: 9821: 8845: 8630: 8577: 8552: 8507: 8502: 8477: 8335: 8150: 8100: 8055: 8035: 8025: 7925: 3590:

Friction between Jews and Turks was less common than in the Arab territories. Some examples: During the reign of

2739: 2471: 2370: 1925: 1908: 1861: 1760: 1670: 1607: 1557: 1537: 1532: 1452: 1426: 1401: 1279: 1269: 1259: 1239: 1234: 6870: 5390:"Teaching in and Studying Minority Languages in Turkey: A Brief Overview of Current Issues and Minority Schools" 3948: 10748: 9503: 9063: 8776: 8542: 8532: 8482: 8442: 8395: 8390: 8380: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8340: 8325: 8320: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8125: 8040: 8020: 7905: 7895: 6572: 5041: 3678: 2802: 1944: 1930: 1898: 1878: 1846: 1790: 1765: 1740: 1720: 1710: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1665: 1655: 1650: 1627: 1542: 1527: 1447: 1406: 1359: 1354: 1274: 1219: 5848:; Averil Cameron, "Byzantines and Jews: Recent Work on Early Byzantium", Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 20 10604: 9925: 8656: 8640: 8582: 8517: 8497: 8487: 8472: 8467: 8447: 8417: 8385: 8370: 8345: 8281: 8170: 8070: 8005: 7985: 7975: 7935: 7084: 6812:. Lanham, Maryland: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press and Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2012. 3980: 3305: 3035: 2365: 1903: 1888: 1851: 1813: 1785: 1775: 1770: 1755: 1750: 1730: 1715: 1700: 1675: 1641: 1512: 1497: 1421: 1411: 1329: 1299: 1224: 1210: 8867: 7794: 3986:

Immigration to Palestine was organized by the Jewish Agency and the Palestine Aliya Anoar Organization. The

10667: 10535: 10530: 9718: 9703: 9467: 9422: 9167: 8557: 8512: 8437: 8407: 8130: 8090: 8065: 8045: 7980: 7955: 7945: 7930: 7419: 5921: 5026: 4619: 3860: 3489: 1973: 1893: 1856: 1780: 1725: 1592: 1567: 1492: 1467: 1457: 1396: 1319: 1314: 1294: 1284: 1264: 1249: 1142: 846: 610: 605: 17: 5725: 5091: 3793: 3639:, who speaks of him as an acquaintance whom he esteemed highly. Fonseca was involved in negotiations with 10632: 10617: 9498: 9358: 8050: 8015: 7970: 7965: 5436:"EU enlargement conditions and minority protection : a reflection on Turkey's non-Muslim minorities" 4454: 4448: 4240: 4118: 3717: 2843: 1963: 1958: 1913: 1866: 1552: 1522: 1482: 1477: 1334: 640: 7533: 5912:

M. J. Akbar, "The shade of swords: jihad and the conflict between Islam and Christianity", 2003, (p. 89)

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In recent years, several hundred Turkish Jews, who have been able to prove that they are descended from

10586: 10480: 10131: 10025: 9733: 9666: 9227: 9117: 6179:"Электронная еврейская энциклопедия – ЭЕЭ ®. The Society for Research on Jewish Communities, Jerusalem" 4719: 3327:

and Jews from all over his empire be resettled in the new capital. Within months, most of the Empire's

3194:

Jews arrived in Anatolia between the sixth century BCE and 133 BCE, when the Romans arrived. They were

3164: 2437: 2282: 1990: 1384: 580: 570: 306: 7511: 4811: 4204:

was badly damaged, and the entire Jewish community, numbering 14 members, was evacuated from Antakya.

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was one of the events that caused insecurity among the Turkish Jews. Before the start of the pogroms,

10702: 10642: 10540: 10520: 10390: 10315: 10175: 10042: 9728: 9688: 9056: 7348: 4597: 3845: 3834: 3613: 3599: 3519: 3071:, a mountain in eastern Anatolia, in the Armenian Highlands, near the present-day borders of Turkey, 2551: 2244: 2095: 2036: 927: 5148: 4166:

was founded by the Quincentennial Foundation, an organisation established in 1982 consisting of 113

3954: 10622: 10453: 9752: 9627: 8963: 7882: 7860: 6822: 5650: 5359: 4256: 3896: 3872: 3825: 3690: 3134: 3130: 2687: 2254: 2234: 1344: 824: 365: 7742:

Sultanic Saviors and Tolerant Turks: Writing Ottoman Jewish History, Denying the Armenian Genocide

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after 1923, however, had a negative effect on the size of all remaining minorities, including the

10575: 10564: 10158: 10079: 9784: 9683: 9622: 9508: 9481: 7460: 6714: 6059:

Charles Issawi & Dmitri Gondicas; Ottoman Greeks in the Age of Nationalism, Princeton, (1999)

4629: 4556: 4507: 4163: 3958: 3606: 3515: 3508: 3099: 2673: 2395: 2385: 2350: 2229: 2219: 2002: 1173: 1115: 949: 628: 585: 300: 6314: 5389: 4008:

In the mid-1950s, 10% of those who had moved to Israel returned to Turkey. A new synagogue, the

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millet, etc.). In the framework of the millet, they had a considerable amount of administrative

10611: 10581: 9644: 8926: 8875: 7627: 5605: 5162: 5058: 4846: 4523: 4385: 4327: 4021: 3856: 3584: 3297: 3094:

by the late 3rd century BC, a community established through the relocation of 2000 families by

2987: 2898: 2720: 2700: 2514: 2249: 2163: 1229: 781: 400: 370: 113: 34: 7841:

An-Ottoman-Odyssey-A-Rabbi-Rediscovers-Turkeys-Jews-Past-and-Present 16 August 2021 Chabad.com

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Essai sur l'histoire des Israélites de l'Empire ottoman: depuis les origines jusqu'à nos jours

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that immigrated to the Ottoman Empire between 1421 and 1453. Among these immigrants was Rabbi

10738: 10637: 10558: 10340: 10047: 9930: 9671: 9661: 9654: 9639: 9525: 8953: 8948: 4576: 4363: 4303: 4055: 4009: 3640: 2405: 2400: 2345: 2133: 1048: 776: 763: 658: 375: 7440: 7371: 6003:

Kamen, Henry (1998). The Spanish Inquisition: a Historical Revision. Yale University Press.

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As mentioned before, the overwhelming majority of the Ottoman Jews lived in Rumelia. As the

10672: 10662: 10165: 9137: 8936: 8899: 8712: 7836:

M. Rosen, Studies in the History of Istanbul Jewry, 1453–1923 (Diaspora, 2), Turnhout, 2015

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In particular on the history of Istanbul Jewry after the fall of the Byzantine Empire, see

5792: 4893: 4735: 4572: 4347: 4283: 3807:("Wealth Tax") was solely on non-Muslims – who still controlled the largest portion of the 3293: 3122: 3018: 3006: 2833: 2707: 2614: 2476: 2428: 2168: 2026: 839: 704: 693: 651: 6071:

Studies in Ottoman Social & Economic Life, Heidelberg, (1999); the essay is entitled:

8: 10320: 10288: 10214: 10123: 10069: 9676: 9476: 9210: 9175: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8943: 8904: 8180: 7853: 7714: 7202: 6844: 6452: 5308: 5236: 4759: 4533: 4333: 4291: 3976: 3972: 3933: 3884: 3789: 3778: 3511:

they were organized as a community on the basis of religion alongside the other millets (

3501: 3394: 3382: 3010: 2529: 2224: 902: 769: 672: 665: 595: 483: 358: 6124: 5184: 4691: 3635:, who was chief court physician and played a certain political role. He is mentioned by 3055:

was a section of a large bath-gymnasium complex that was in use for about 450–500 years.

2604: 10652: 10647: 10458: 10180: 10057: 10052: 10037: 10007: 9960: 9883: 9789: 9649: 9222: 9127: 9094: 8916: 8811: 7783: 6560: 6358: 6319: 5821: 5694: 5633: 5586: 5574: 5533: 5501: 4771: 4417: 4377: 4287: 3922: 2822: 2817: 2598: 2380: 2330: 2277: 2272: 2186: 2056: 1324: 1153: 912: 832: 686: 252: 9935: 9811: 7835: 7813: 7760: 7396: 6980: 6904: 6477:

La Turquie, les Turcs et les Juifs – Histoire, Représentations, Discours et Stratégies

5111: 5089:

Israel Central Bureau of Statistics - Estimated numbers of Turkish born Jews in Israel

4105:

make up approximately 96% of Turkey's Jewish population, while the rest are primarily

3627:, who were able to "capitalize on their religio-cultural ties with the West and their 3377:

and the Ottoman Empire occurred during the reign of Mehmed the Conqueror's successor,

10436: 10367: 10249: 10234: 10017: 9888: 9853: 9142: 8958: 8235: 7825: 7821: 7745: 7326: 7286:"Mystery surrounds 'suicide' of Abu Nidal, once a ruthless killer and face of terror" 7168: 7141: 7100: 7063: 6961: 6595: 6591:

The Myth of Rescue: Why the Democracies Could Not Have Saved More Jews from the Nazis

6568: 6565:

The Myth of Rescue: Why the Democracies Could Not Have Saved More Jews from the Nazis

6533: 6506: 6481: 6362: 6277: 6241: 6004: 5698: 5686: 5637: 5625: 5578: 5537: 5505: 5493: 5473: 5447: 5409: 5339: 5312: 5133: 5015: 4279: 4272: 4268: 4201: 3751: 3694: 3686: 3632: 3556: 3461: 3390: 3386: 3172: 2812: 2762: 2743: 2712: 2524: 2466: 2446: 2263: 1823: 1462: 922: 793: 723: 600: 513: 380: 200: 7787: 7199:"Antisemitism and Racism - the Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary" 7096: 6994:"14 Jews rescued from devastated Turkish city of Antakya, given shelter in Istanbul" 6273: 5894: 3987: 3804: 10502: 10470: 10431: 10402: 10385: 10335: 10136: 9945: 9878: 9831: 9779: 9747: 9738: 9723: 9597: 9572: 9548: 9432: 9363: 9280: 9147: 8973: 8909: 8781: 7775: 7092: 6410: 6350: 6269: 6231: 6162: 5678: 5617: 5570: 5485: 5401: 5298: 5232: 5068: 4989: 4713: 4685: 4503: 4483: 4343: 4295: 4264: 4128:, was home to ten Jewish families, numbering 20 members in 2014, many of whom were 4031: 3888: 3868: 3659: 3628: 3184: 3153: 3052: 3014: 2875: 2724: 2494: 2375: 2335: 2299: 1997: 1547: 1058: 814: 718: 633: 523: 315: 197: 193: 181: 70: 6981:

History of the Jews of Turkey by Rabbi Menachem Levine December 4, 2022 Aish Torah

6023:

H. Inalcik; The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600, Phoenix Press, (2001)

4697: 3163:

The size of the Jewish community was not greatly affected by the attempts of some

10412: 10407: 10219: 10146: 9979: 9950: 9873: 9863: 9826: 9801: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9592: 9587: 9577: 9562: 9353: 9270: 9237: 9195: 9185: 8921: 8894: 8826: 8801: 8786: 8771: 8717: 8702: 7403: 6997: 6589: 6527: 6099: 5901: 5333: 5302: 5253: 5095: 5036: 5005: 4994: 4935: 4912: 4834: 4783: 4591: 4511: 4311: 4027: 3918: 3773: 3736: 3682: 3374: 3351: 3259: 3249: 3227: 3095: 2944: 2936: 2909: 2889: 2623: 2456: 2415: 2410: 2390: 2312: 2306: 2239: 2191: 2031: 2012: 1163: 892: 804: 787: 331: 177: 8250: 7030:"Turkey earthquake: 2500-year-old Jewish presence in Antakya may come to an end" 6212:

Rifat Bali, Yeni Bilgiler ve 1934 Trakya Oraylari-I, in Tarih ve Toplum 186/1999

4792: 4741: 4676: 4453:

Turkey was among the first countries to formally recognize the State of Israel.

10716: 10691: 10512: 10419: 10377: 10357: 10345: 10325: 10239: 10229: 10197: 10190: 10170: 10141: 10113: 10108: 10074: 9984: 9908: 9898: 9836: 9634: 9582: 9493: 9488: 9250: 9245: 9180: 9109: 8889: 8821: 8806: 8796: 8791: 8748: 8733: 8688: 6529:

Cumhuriyet yıllarında Türkiye Yahudileri: bir Türkleştirme serüveni (1923-1945)

6503:

Bir Türkleştirme Serüveni (1923-1945): Cumhuriyet Yıllarında Türkiye Yahudileri

4999: 4956: 4906: 4876: 4840: 4777: 4765: 4731: 4725: 4680: 4635: 4632:, Ottoman-Italian financier and philanthropist; patriarch of the Camondo family 4609: 4586: 4537: 4495: 4467: 4299: 4260: 4248: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4183: 4179: 4167: 4114: 4106: 3748: 3726: 3667: 3647: 3583:. Also in the first half of the 17th century the Jews were distinct in winning 3347: 3328: 3289: 3285: 3245: 3231: 3195: 3157: 2991: 2948: 2940: 2932: 2735: 2716: 2556: 2355: 2210: 2090: 2069: 2046: 2041: 2019: 2007: 1602: 1083: 1017: 982: 960: 897: 735: 713: 575: 554: 530: 296: 278: 232: 228: 189: 185: 8686: 7845: 7779: 6414: 6354: 6166: 5682: 5621: 5489: 5405: 4864: 4212: 3917:

According to Rıfat Bali, Turkish authorities bear some responsibility for the

3895:, this is considered a myth by historians. This myth has been used to promote 3273:

The status of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire often hinged on the whims of the

10732: 10485: 10330: 10257: 10064: 9998: 9971: 9920: 9868: 9841: 9816: 9806: 9567: 9513: 9447: 9427: 9417: 9412: 9385: 9331: 9260: 9205: 8743: 8707: 8229: 7145: 6810:

Model Citizens of the State: The Jews of Turkey during the Multi-Party Period

6804:

On the history of the Jews in Turkey from the multi-party period onward, see

6245: 6223: 5991: 5970: 5690: 5629: 5582: 5497: 5451: 5413: 5031: 4984: 4970: 4929: 4900: 4882: 4670: 4658: 4649: 4475: 4440: 4102: 3944: 3892: 3697:

further lowered the number of Jews within the borders of the Ottoman Empire.

3677:

however, the Jews of these region found themselves under Christian rule. The

3610: 3421: 3405: 3114: 3107: 3064: 2504: 2499: 1705: 1632: 1158: 1007: 1002: 997: 987: 965: 917: 679: 518: 423: 385: 336: 7598:"Portugal open to citizenship applications by descendants of Sephardic Jews" 4098: 4051: 3424:

were allowed to settle in the wealthier cities of the empire, especially in

2974:. The community declined sharply after World War I, with many emigrating to 10465: 10262: 10224: 10185: 9774: 9518: 9457: 9437: 9397: 9380: 9348: 9336: 9297: 9215: 9190: 8738: 6228:

European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey

5715:(Project Gutenberg eText, William Whiston trans., 2006), Chapter 1, Book 1. 5606:"Minority Policies in Bulgaria and Turkey: The Struggle to Define a Nation" 4891:, Israeli actress best known for starring in the Israeli television series 4852: 4806: 4787: 4707: 4703: 4653: 4639: 4582: 4432: 4337: 4148: 4144: 4110: 3864: 3852: 3830: 3769: 3758: 3722: 3527: 3477: 3398: 3340: 3207: 3176: 3149: 3068: 3060: 2952: 2534: 2360: 2201: 2196: 2154: 2107: 1201: 1068: 1053: 1012: 977: 590: 432: 236: 5435: 3816:

attempt to diminish the economic power of religious minorities in Turkey.

3218: 10475: 9990: 9915: 9893: 9796: 9390: 9319: 9314: 9302: 9292: 8239: 7688: 6950:"Turkish Jews Proudly Defend Last Sephardic Homeland – Even as Some Flee" 6622:

Aytürk, İlker (October 2010). "Aliya to Mandatory Palestine and Israel".

5281:

Yildirim, Onur (October 2010). "Anatolia". In Stillman, Norman A. (ed.).

4816: 4802: 4753: 4643: 4478:, aiming to preserve the Turkish-Jewish heritage and promote friendship ( 4133: 4129: 4005:

After 1951, emigration of Jews from Turkey to Israel slowed perceptibly.

3971:

Between 1923 and 1948, approximately 7,300 Jews emigrated from Turkey to

3785: 3739:, Ottoman Jewish businessman, who immigrated to the United States in 1890 3663: 3568: 3552: 3544: 3493: 3313: 3188: 3168: 2967: 2630: 2519: 2461: 2126: 1032: 1027: 1022: 992: 5590: 5558: 10569: 10276: 9858: 9452: 9200: 9122: 7349:"Official: Aliya from Turkey to double – Jewish World – Jerusalem Post" 5053: 4888: 4870: 4858: 4824: 4823:

Ottoman trader and the first non-Muslim to be appointed to the rank of

4780:, author and blogger; father, Mois Medine, is of Turkish-Jewish descent 4747: 4744:, French actor and musician; born in Istanbul, father is Turkish-Jewish 4615: 4603: 3903: 3871:

3,000 to 5,000 Jews living abroad; 2,500 Turkish Jews were deported to

3840: 3651: 3572: 3433: 3378: 3324: 2939:

communities. In the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, many

2928: 2784: 2779: 2749: 2677: 2654: 2645: 2639: 2177: 1191: 1120: 1078: 907: 887: 446: 353: 273: 240: 7561:"Amid rising European anti-Semitism, Portugal sees Jewish renaissance" 6927:"TURKEY – Turkey's Jewish community dwindling due to migration, death" 6236: 6086:

The Jews of Asia: especially in the sixteenth and seventeenth century.

3567:, the apogee of Jewish influence could arguably be the appointment of 10490: 9955: 9846: 9757: 9375: 9309: 6878: 5020: 4664: 4381: 4351: 4035: 3876: 3685:

rule after the occupation of the region in 1878, the independence of

3595: 3465: 3437: 3278: 3255: 3223: 2774: 2340: 2325: 1415: 1363: 1125: 1073: 1063: 744: 740: 730: 645: 405: 9326: 7138:

Bulletin der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Judaistische Forschung

5527: 4873:, Israeli-American TV producer; mother was of Turkish-Jewish descent 3617: 1093: 10209: 10151: 10096: 10091: 9762: 9048: 5742: 4924: 4820: 4491: 4367: 4355: 4082: 4075: 4070: 4063: 4039: 3711: 3636: 3591: 3548: 3523: 3473: 3429: 3404:

The Jews satisfied various needs in the Ottoman Empire: the Muslim

3336: 3309: 3288:

under Turkish rule took place after the Empire gained control over

3083: 2998: 2983: 2970:. Early signs of change included education reforms and the rise of 2807: 2769: 2730: 2669: 2509: 2119: 2051: 882: 390: 341: 7486:"Israel and Turkey plan energy pipeline - Israel - Jerusalem Post" 7015: 5047: 4796: 4200:, the leaders of the Jewish community of Antakya were killed, the 4086: 3535: 3481: 3441: 3117:

has many mentions of Jewish populations in Anatolia: Iconium (now

3002: 10424: 10308: 10303: 10293: 10281: 10101: 10086: 10030: 9965: 9940: 9903: 9767: 9442: 9341: 9265: 9157: 9083: 7537: 7416:"Turkish Jews Living Under Threat of Extremism - Aliyah Magazine" 5185:"Why Jews in Terror-stricken Turkey Aren't Fleeing to Israel Yet" 5088: 5063: 5010: 4372: 4252: 4125: 4094: 3880: 3655: 3425: 3412: 3361: 3332: 3320: 3199: 3138: 3126: 3091: 3072: 2971: 2963: 2658: 2485: 2451: 2320: 2114: 1103: 1098: 970: 861: 756: 752: 748: 497: 492: 469: 451: 326: 321: 311: 289: 264: 212: 5948:

Avigdor Levy; The Jews of the Ottoman Empire, New Jersey, (1994)

4750:, Israeli-American YouTuber; mother is of Turkish-Jewish descent 3936:

to prevent further Jewish immigration to Israel then-Palestine.

3646:

Ottoman Jews held a variety of views on the role of Jews in the

10495: 10362: 10298: 8870: 7012:"Antakya Jewish Community was also Destroyed by the Earthquake" 4545: 4541: 4416:

number only rose to 250. However, in the aftermath of the 2010

4412: 4401: 4397: 4175: 4137: 4059: 3965: 3813: 3808: 3624: 3563:

century especially, the Jews were the most prominent under the

3457: 3453: 3366: 3346:

The number of Romaniotes was soon bolstered by small groups of

3274: 3180: 3145: 3103: 2979: 2975: 2921: 2681: 2664: 2635: 2145: 2140: 2100: 2085: 1196: 1088: 508: 474: 460: 395: 128: 108: 6475: 6303:

Faik Ökte, "The tragedy of the Turkish Capital Tax", Kent 1987

4290:. According to this Treaty, officially recognized minorities ( 4193:

As of 2022, the Jewish population in Turkey is around 14,500.

3500:, received a large number of the exiles, who soon outnumbered 3129:

is mentioned as having a synagogue in Acts 19:1 and in Paul's

10446: 10441: 10395: 10350: 10271: 10266: 9530: 9285: 9255: 7650:"La Mujer Engañada: A romance in the Judeo-Spanish tradition" 7580:"New citizenship law has Jews flocking to tiny Portugal city" 7226:"Dozens killed as suicide bombers target Istanbul synagogues" 5163:"Turkey Virtual Jewish History Tour - Jewish Virtual Library" 5126:"https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/tr" 4920: 4916: 4178:, to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the arrival of the 3580: 3497: 3469: 3445: 3381:(1481–1512), after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain, the 3267: 3203: 3118: 3087: 2650: 1108: 537: 441: 410: 5741:

A bronze column found in Ankara confirms the rights Emperor

10545: 9079: 6315:"The New York Times - A Jewish Voice for Turkish democracy" 6201:

1933 Yılından Sonra Alman Bilim Adamlarının Türkiye'ye göçü

4623: 4393: 4247:

to Turkish after the foundation of the Republic of Turkey.

4231:

The Jewish community in Turkey was linguistically diverse.

3925:

goes further, citing British pressure on Turkey not to let

3732: 3449: 3076: 2917: 260: 224: 6948:

DolstenMay 28, Josefin; Aiello, 2016Shmuel (28 May 2016).

3300:

he found the city in a state of disarray. After suffering

3086:

cited records confirming the presence of diaspora Jews in

7372:"Immigrating out of fear – Israel Jewish Scene, Ynetnews" 6823:"Jewish Population of the World - Jewish Virtual Library" 6097: 4879:, Israeli rock guitarist, singer, songwriter and producer 4540:

in some portions of the Shabbat services. They created a

4471: 4376:

services at Neve Shalom. This attacked was blamed on the

4171: 3762: 3744: 6645: 6643: 6178: 3428:(the European provinces, cities such as Constantinople, 3206:. In 2020, a seventh-century synagogue was uncovered in 6732: 6369: 6073:

Muslims & Zimmis in the Ottoman culture and society

6041:

L. Stavrianos; The Balkans since 1453, NYU Press (2000)

5763:"7th-century synagogue found under house - Turkey News" 5304:

The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic

3492:. Bayezid allowed the Jews to live on the banks of the 7795:"Turkish Writer Exposes Persecution of Jews in Turkey" 6688: 6676: 6067: 6065: 5871:"Searching for a Jewish history in Turkey before 1492" 4909:, activist and founder of the Free-Range kids movement 4216:

Late 20th – early 21st century language distribution.

4030:

was unleashed. Although primarily aimed at the city's

7159:

Yağmur, Kutlay (2001), Extra, G.; Gorter, D. (eds.),

6815: 6777: 6756: 6744: 6664: 6640: 6050:

D. Quataert, The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922, CUP, 2005

5994:, "The Jews of Islam", New York (1984), pp. 135 – 136 5932: 5930: 5109: 4314:, and therefore only allowed teaching in Hebrew. The 3964:

When the Republic of Turkey was established in 1923,

3932:

s passengers disembark, in accordance with Britain's

3666:, and believed that the Jews of the Empire should be 2990:

became leaders of the Sephardic community, and their

2943:

from Spain, Portugal and South Italy expelled by the

7167:, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 407–427, 6505:(in Turkish). İletişim Yayınları. pp. 346–352. 5944: 5942: 4946: 4618:, musician from İzmir who represented Turkey at the 3319:

In order to revivify Constantinople he ordered that

3141:, which once held an established Jewish population. 2903: 2124: 2105: 528: 6947: 6433: 6381: 6062: 5790: 5155: 3939: 3191:, etc.) is believed to have occurred in Byzantium. 7822:"Hayalet Evler: Türk-Yahudi Mimarisinden Örnekler" 7679: 7677: 7454:"Timeline of Turkish-Israeli Relations, 1949–2006" 7258:Arsu, Sebnem; Filkins, Dexter (16 November 2003). 5965: 5963: 5927: 5478:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 4548:Isaac Azose, to preserve their unique traditions. 4143:Turkish Jews are still legally represented by the 8280: 6919: 6875:The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot 6421: 6019: 6017: 5939: 4536:, was formed by Jews from Turkey, and still uses 4532:The Sephardic Synagogue Sephardic Bikur Holim in 3106:and other centers gained civic privileges by the 10730: 7526: 7512:"- Qantara.de – Dialogue with the Islamic World" 6587: 6032:B. Lewis, The Jews of Islam, PUP, (1987) 137–141 4392:, killing 20 and injuring over 300 people, both 4151:is assisted by a religious council made up of a 3579:, a rank usually only bestowed upon Muslims) of 7875: 7761:"Turkey's Jews and Their Immigration to Israel" 7674: 7408: 5960: 5467: 5465: 5229:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 5219: 5217: 3365:, meaning "French"), who became Chief Rabbi of 3009:officially recognized in Turkey, together with 7313: 7311: 7260:"20 in Istanbul Die in Bombings at Synagogues" 7253: 7251: 6480:. Istanbul: Editions ISIS. p. not cited. 6104:. Vol. 12. Funk and Wagnalls. p. 283 6014: 5895:International Jewish Cemetery Project – Turkey 3784:However, the planned deportation of Jews from 9064: 8853: 8672: 8266: 7861: 7124: 7122: 6893: 5429: 5427: 5248: 5246: 4661:, Ottoman Jewish entrepreneur and businessman 4000:Population exchange between Greece and Turkey 3707:Single-party period of the Republic of Turkey 3543:) Hekim Yakup Paşa, his Portuguese physician 3484:was not settled by Spanish Jews until later. 2883: 2851: 2576: 48: 8687:Administrative regions and provinces of the 6991: 6343:International Journal of Middle East Studies 6156:International Journal of Middle East Studies 5667:"A menorah plaque from the center of Sardis" 5521: 5519: 5462: 5214: 4243:in the community. Sephardic Jews completely 3662:, for example, was a founding member of the 3355: 59: 10553:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 7308: 7257: 7248: 6966:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5791:Jacobs, Joseph; Schloessinger, Max (1906). 5472:Phillips, Thomas James (16 December 2020). 5394:European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 5383: 5381: 3044:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 3029: 820:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 9071: 9057: 8860: 8846: 8679: 8665: 8273: 8259: 7868: 7854: 7152: 7119: 6559: 6525: 5838:The Jews in the Byzantine Empire, 641–1204 5757: 5755: 5753: 5556: 5424: 5243: 4015: 3533:Like all non-Muslims, Jews had to pay the 3258:linked to Ottoman rule is "Tree of Life" ( 2858: 2844: 2583: 2569: 69: 7319:"Bombings at Istanbul Synagogues Kill 23" 7091:, De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 1554–1560, 6625:Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World 6567:. London: Routledge. p. 249, n. 13. 6312: 6268:, De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 1560–1565, 6235: 5529:Minorities and nationalism in Turkish law 5516: 5284:Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World 5110:Rabbi Menachem Levine (4 December 2022). 4384:. The Synagogue was hit again during the 4275:but the community doesn't exist anymore. 3768:After 1933, a new law put into effect in 3440:), western and northern Anatolia (Bursa, 3240:History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire 2994:language was a prominent characteristic. 31:History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire 9100:Index of Jewish history-related articles 7577: 7504: 6393: 5610:Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 5471: 5378: 5280: 4431: 4342: 4211: 4136:extraction, having originally come from 4069: 4050: 4026:On the night of 6/7 September 1955, the 3994:result of pressure from Arab countries. 3953: 3943: 3839: 3829: 3731: 3710: 3411: 3217: 3082:In the 1st century AD, Jewish historian 3047: 10599:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 9236: 7624:"Continental Philosophy - Book Reviews" 7478: 7341: 7223: 7161:"Turkish and other languages in Turkey" 6837: 6581: 6313:Tavernise, Sabrina (14 February 2009). 6306: 6203:, Belleten, sayi 180 T.T.K Ankara s.537 5750: 5664: 5532:. Cultural Diversity and Law. Farnham: 5433: 4566: 3354:, a German-born Jew of French descent ( 3040:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire 14: 10759:History of the Jews in the Middle East 10731: 7758: 7390: 7283: 7224:Helicke, James C. (15 November 2003). 7158: 7128: 7082: 7053: 6783: 6762: 6750: 6738: 6694: 6682: 6670: 6649: 6621: 6519: 6473: 6340: 6334: 6259: 6171: 6122: 5603: 5559:"The EU and Minority Rights in Turkey" 5203: 5128:. World Jewish Congress. 20 July 2024. 4606:, is a Spanish billionaire businessman 3904:European Jews fleeing Nazi persecution 9052: 8841: 8660: 8254: 7849: 7370:Ababa, Danny Adino (30 August 2010). 7369: 7363: 5660: 5658: 5525: 5276: 5274: 4861:, physician, naturalist, and governor 4113:. There is also a small community of 4085:, with a community of about 2,500 in 3488:community of 30,000 individuals with 9078: 7824:, Beyaz Arif Akbas, Ekim 2012, YGY, 7739: 7578:Liphshiz, Cnaan (12 February 2016). 7534:"Ülkümen-Sarfarti-Gesellschaft e.V." 6500: 6439: 6427: 6399: 6387: 6375: 6221: 6098:Isidore Singer; Cyrus Adler (1912). 5836:For a sample of views, see J. Starr 5726:"Turkey Virtual Jewish History Tour" 5387: 5331: 5297: 5237:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_eall_com_0018 4980:Alliance of Rabbis in Islamic States 4427: 4406:Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front 3721:, a Ladino newspaper from Salonica ( 95:Regions with significant populations 7806: 7441:Jews flee Turkey over anti-Semitism 6903:. musevicemaati.com. Archived from 5557:Toktas, Sule; Aras, Bulent (2009). 5335:The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire 4553:Jews expelled from Portugal in 1497 3356: 3263: 2893: 24: 10546:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 10526:American Jewish Historical Society 7536:ulkumen-sarfati.de. Archived from 7325:. 16 November 2003. Archived from 7062:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 368. 6129:. Librairie A. Durlacher. p. 5655: 5575:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2009.tb00664.x 5271: 4885:, media tycoon and television host 4306:in most Jewish schools run by the 4239:(Ladino) and French was used as a 3796:, the Inspectorate General of the 3409:this consideration did not apply. 25: 10775: 10764:Turkish people of Spanish descent 7814:The History of the Jews of Turkey 7558: 6992:Lazar Berban (16 February 2023). 6222:Bali, Rıfat (23 September 2008). 6075:by Haim Gerber, Jerusalem, (1999) 5388:Kaya, Nurcan (24 November 2015). 5210:Jewish Population by country 2021 4700:, Turkish-Israeli football player 3700: 3373:The greatest influx of Jews into 3226:, a Turkic-speaking Crimean Jew ( 3158:Greek-speaking Jewish communities 3121:) is said to have a synagogue in 611:Historical population comparisons 50:Türk Yahudileri / Türk Musevileri 10710: 10697: 10696: 8869: 8234: 8225: 8224: 7703: 7642: 7616: 7590: 7571: 7552: 7446: 7434: 6474:Mallet, Laurent-Olivier (2008). 5745:accorded the Jews of Asia Minor. 5338:. Darwin Press. pp. 12–13. 4963: 4949: 4903:, American real estate developer 3940:Emigration from Turkey to Israel 3911:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp 2603: 1255:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1169:Historical population by country 157: 141: 121: 101: 7733: 7284:Reeves, Phil (20 August 2002). 7277: 7217: 7191: 7097:10.1515/9783110151541.2.14.1554 7083:Strauß, Johann (14 July 2008), 7076: 7047: 7022: 7004: 6985: 6974: 6941: 6863: 6798: 6789: 6768: 6700: 6655: 6615: 6553: 6494: 6467: 6445: 6297: 6274:10.1515/9783110151541.2.14.1560 6260:Strauß, Johann (14 July 2008), 6252: 6215: 6206: 6193: 6148: 6116: 6091: 6078: 6053: 6044: 6035: 6026: 5997: 5985: 5971:"Letter of Rabbi Isaac Zarfati" 5951: 5915: 5906: 5888: 5863: 5858:The Oxford History of Byzantium 5851: 5830: 5815: 5784: 5718: 5705: 5644: 5597: 5550: 5352: 5325: 5291: 5112:"History of the Jews of Turkey" 4932:, Sephardic rabbi and Kabbalist 4544:called Zehut Yosef, written by 4462:was established in Israel. The 4321: 4282:are officially recognized as a 4267:. The 11 Jewish communities in 4121:who are related to each other. 4046: 3902:Turkey served as a transit for 3844:Administrative entrance to the 3819: 3788:and the associated anti-Jewish 3559:, master of the mint in Egypt. 3312:in 1204 and the arrival of the 10618:Relations with other religions 9033:Cities and towns by population 8282:History of the Jews in Europe 8192:British Indian Ocean Territory 7685:"Jewish Intellectual Timeline" 5826:History of the Byzantine State 5177: 5118: 5103: 5082: 5042:Religious minorities in Turkey 4316:Ministry of National Education 4308:Alliance Israélite Universelle 4093:, much smaller communities in 3416:Ottoman Jewish wedding in 1904 3213: 2935:, with a handful of dispersed 2929:Jewish communities in Anatolia 61:Djudios Turkos / Cudios Turkos 13: 1: 10605:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 7165:The Other Languages of Europe 7060:Arabic as a minority language 5075: 3981:1934 Turkish Resettlement Law 3857:Turkey was officially neutral 3036:History of the Jews in Greece 2916:) covers the 2400 years that 2872:history of the Jews in Turkey 826:Christianity and Judaism 10536:Leo Baeck Institute New York 10531:American Sephardi Federation 9038:Provinces by life expectancy 7744:. Indiana University Press. 7058:. In Owens, Jonathan (ed.). 6455:. Jewishmag.com. 14 May 1948 5730:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 5671:Journal of Roman Archaeology 5258:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 5027:List of synagogues in Turkey 4667:, American singer-songwriter 4620:Eurovision Song Contest 2012 4502:was established by Jews and 4332:According to researchers at 4207: 4198:2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake 4111:Jews from Italian extraction 4091:2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake 3949:Bet Israel Synagogue (İzmir) 3906:during the 1930s and 1940s. 3526:and were represented by the 7: 9359:Constantinopolitan Karaites 7876:History of the Jews in Asia 7443:– Ynetnews. 24 October 2013 5713:The Antiquities of the Jews 5563:Political Science Quarterly 5536:. pp. 88–89, 203–204. 4942: 4517: 4506:. The society, named after 4400:alike. Even though a local 4257:the city's ethnic diversity 4119:Constantinopolitan Karaites 4058:, completed in 1951 in the 3861:strong diplomatic relations 3798:Trakya Inspectorate General 3631:". An exception to this is 3496:. Egypt Eyalet, especially 3005:. Jews are one of the four 2904: 2125: 2106: 1833:Latin America and Caribbean 529: 10: 10780: 10587:National Library of Israel 9228:Zionism, race and genetics 6825:. jewishvirtuallibrary.org 6594:. Routledge. p. 249. 6401:Routledge, 2015. p. 308". 5797:www.jewishencyclopedia.com 5165:. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org 4756:, music industry executive 4720:Barzillai ben Baruch Jabez 4570: 4521: 4446: 4325: 4019: 3823: 3752:had reached nearly 200,000 3704: 3605:An additional problem was 3298:conquest of Constantinople 3243: 3237: 3033: 3024: 2920:have lived in what is now 2438:Jewish political movements 2135:Conversion to Judaism 28: 10685: 10541:Yeshiva University Museum 10521:Center for Jewish History 10511: 10376: 10248: 10122: 10016: 9547: 9166: 9108: 9090: 9020: 8972: 8882: 8764: 8726: 8695: 8606: 8568: 8288: 8220: 8179: 8139: 7881: 7780:10.1080/00263200500521479 7602:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 7351:. jpost.com. 18 June 2012 6588:Rubinstein, W.D. (1999). 6415:10.1017/S0364009415000252 6355:10.1017/S0020743814000361 6167:10.1017/s0020743805052165 5683:10.1017/S1047759415002573 5622:10.1080/14683850601016390 5490:10.1163/15718115-02701001 5406:10.1163/9789004306134_013 5287:. Brill Reference Online. 4598:Solomon Eliezer Alfandari 4350:was built in 1878 at the 4147:, the Chief Rabbi. Rabbi 4117:and the community of the 3867:. During the war, Turkey 3846:Grand Synagogue of Edirne 3835:Grand Synagogue of Edirne 3614:claimed to be the Messiah 3600:1660 destruction of Safed 3284:The first major event in 3277:. So, for example, while 841:Hinduism and Judaism 223: 218: 211: 206: 176: 171: 155: 139: 119: 99: 94: 82: 77: 68: 54: 9133:Ancient Israel and Judah 8964:Demographics of Istanbul 7941:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 7812:Levine, Rabbi Menachem, 7292:. London. Archived from 7232:. London. Archived from 6199:Klaus-Derlev GROTHUSEN, 5665:Rautman, Marcus (2015). 4768:, Turkish-Israeli singer 4298:and Jews) can use their 3897:Armenian genocide denial 3873:Nazi concentration camps 3826:Turkey and the Holocaust 3670:first, and Jews second. 3175:the Jews of Anatolia to 3137:is likewise directed at 3135:Epistle to the Galatians 3131:Epistle to the Ephesians 3030:Roman and Byzantine rule 2947:found refuge across the 2688:Nondenominational Muslim 667:Temple in Jerusalem 360:Bar and bat mitzvah 10754:Israel–Turkey relations 9509:North African Sephardim 9482:Jewish tribes of Arabia 9028:Provinces by population 8202:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 7711:"Actors - Dario Moreno" 7129:Zetler, Reyhan (2014). 7054:Werner, Arnold (2000). 6929:. hurriyetdailynews.com 6901:"www.musevicemaati.com" 5860:, C. Mango (ed.) (2002) 5440:East European Quarterly 4812:Doña Gracia Mendes Nasi 4738:-born Ottoman statesman 4646:) of the Ottoman Empire 4630:Abraham Salomon Camondo 4500:Ülkümen-Sarfati Society 4449:Israel–Turkey relations 4164:Jewish Museum of Turkey 4016:Democratic Party period 3959:Hemdat Israel Synagogue 3859:although it maintained 3803:The effect of the 1942 3681:for example came under 3607:Jewish ethnic divisions 3001:, and the remainder in 2913: 629:Twelve Tribes of Israel 60: 10744:Jewish Turkish history 10612:Holocaust Encyclopedia 10582:Jewish Virtual Library 8876:Demographics of Turkey 8777:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8331:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7768:Middle Eastern Studies 7740:Baer, Marc D. (2020). 6501:Bali, Rıfat N (2000). 6123:Franco, Moïse (1897). 5924:, Channel 4 – History. 5604:Köksal, Yonca (2006). 5434:Toktas, Sule (2006b). 5332:Levy, Avigdor (1992). 5094:14 August 2012 at the 5059:Turkish Jews in Israel 4938:, theoretical linguist 4855:, grand rabbi of İzmir 4849:, grand rabbi of İzmir 4847:Rahamim Nissim Palacci 4837:, grand rabbi of İzmir 4561:Portuguese citizenship 4524:Turkish Jews in Israel 4444: 4386:2003 Istanbul bombings 4359: 4328:Antisemitism in Turkey 4228: 4078: 4067: 4022:Antisemitism in Turkey 3961: 3951: 3848: 3837: 3740: 3729: 3417: 3306:sack of Constantinople 3235: 3056: 2988:Turkish Jews in Israel 2884: 2879: 2803:Bahá'í Faith in Turkey 2701:Christianity in Turkey 49: 35:Antisemitism in Turkey 10749:Romaniote Jews topics 10559:Encyclopaedia Judaica 10341:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 9526:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 9276:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 7759:Toktas, Sule (2006), 7584:www.timesofisrael.com 7565:www.timesofisrael.com 6628:. New York University 5842:The Jews of Byzantium 5526:Bayır, Derya (2013). 4774:, American politician 4762:, American politician 4577:Category:Turkish Jews 4557:emigrated to Portugal 4435: 4390:Beth Israel Synagogue 4364:Neve Shalom Synagogue 4346: 4304:medium of instruction 4215: 4074:Yeniköy Synagogue in 4073: 4056:Neve Shalom Synagogue 4054: 3957: 3947: 3843: 3833: 3735: 3714: 3641:Charles XII of Sweden 3415: 3221: 3198:and first settled in 3067:landed on the top of 3051: 1375:São Tomé and Príncipe 1370:Republic of the Congo 764:Second Temple Judaism 635:Kingdom of Judah 606:Modern historiography 219:Related ethnic groups 9138:Second Temple period 8116:United Arab Emirates 7662:on 10 September 2006 6871:"The Jews of Turkey" 4894:Beauty and the Baker 4612:, political theorist 4573:List of Turkish Jews 4567:Notable Turkish Jews 4404:militant group, the 4348:Bet Yaakov Synagogue 3794:Ibrahim Tali Öngören 3294:Mehmed the Conqueror 3123:Acts of the Apostles 3108:Late Republican Rome 2834:Irreligion in Turkey 2615:Secularism in Turkey 2477:World Agudath Israel 1618:United Arab Emirates 705:Second Temple period 695:Babylonian captivity 10576:Jewish Encyclopedia 10321:Hekhalot literature 10132:Religious movements 9667:Judeo-Tripolitanian 8569:States with limited 8143:limited recognition 7630:on 27 December 2010 7402:5 June 2010 at the 7296:on 2 September 2011 7236:on 2 September 2011 7205:on 16 November 2011 7018:. 13 February 2023. 6907:on 12 December 2017 6526:Bali, R.N. (1999). 6378:, pp. 202–203. 6084:Sidney Mendelssohn. 5900:7 June 2011 at the 5799:. Gale. p. 548 5767:Hürriyet Daily News 5309:Springer Publishing 4760:Ileana Ros-Lehtinen 4534:Seattle, Washington 4474:cultural center in 4464:Arkadaş Association 4460:Arkadaş Association 4437:Arkadaş Association 4334:Tel Aviv University 3977:1934 Thrace pogroms 3973:Mandatory Palestine 3934:White Paper of 1939 3885:extermination camps 3779:Istanbul University 3460:), but also in the 3395:Spanish Inquisition 3383:Kingdom of Portugal 3341:anti-Jewish measure 770:Hellenistic Judaism 348:Land of Israel 307:Principles of faith 188:, English, French, 65: 10717:Judaism portal 10653:Jews and Halloween 10648:Jews and Christmas 10038:Rabbinic authority 9790:Judaeo-Piedmontese 9223:Xueta Christianity 9128:Origins of Judaism 9095:Outline of Judaism 7717:on 10 October 2008 7264:The New York Times 6453:"David Ben-Gurion" 6320:The New York Times 5769:. 26 December 2021 5711:Flavius Josephus, 5534:Ashgate Publishing 5225:"Antiochia Arabic" 4772:Alejandro Mayorkas 4508:Selahattin Ülkümen 4445: 4418:Gaza flotilla raid 4360: 4288:Treaty of Lausanne 4284:minority in Turkey 4229: 4223:• Arabic speakers 4079: 4068: 3962: 3952: 3923:William Rubinstein 3849: 3838: 3741: 3730: 3520:Armenian Apostolic 3418: 3304:, the devastating 3236: 3165:Byzantine emperors 3057: 2823:Buddhism in Turkey 2818:Hinduism in Turkey 2599:Religion in Turkey 2331:Jewish Koine Greek 1873:Dominican Republic 1154:Judaism by country 833:Jews and Christmas 688:Assyrian captivity 44: 10726: 10725: 10692:extinct languages 10593:YIVO Encyclopedia 10368:Hebrew literature 10336:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 10176:Reconstructionist 9854:Judaeo-Portuguese 9543: 9542: 9499:Eastern Sephardim 9143:Synagogal Judaism 9046: 9045: 8835: 8834: 8654: 8653: 8248: 8247: 8185:other territories 7751:978-0-253-04542-3 7174:978-1-85359-510-3 7106:978-3-11-020324-0 7089:Kontaktlinguistik 7085:"European Turkey" 6708:"Wayback Machine" 6512:978-975-470-763-2 6283:978-3-11-020324-0 6266:Kontaktlinguistik 6237:10.4000/ejts.2903 6009:978-0-300-07522-9 5973:. turkishjews.com 5543:978-1-4094-7254-4 5299:Shaw, Stanford J. 5141:External link in 5016:Krymchak language 4600:, Sephardic rabbi 4455:Turkey and Israel 4428:Turkey and Israel 4280:linguistic rights 4269:Turkish Kurdistan 4241:prestige language 4202:Antakya Synagogue 4034:, the Jewish and 3633:Daniel de Fonseca 3598:(1649–1687), the 3557:Abraham de Castro 3464:coastal regions ( 3391:Kingdom of Sicily 3387:Kingdom of Naples 3156:included sizable 3154:Byzantine Empires 3148:. The subsequent 3059:According to the 3007:ethnic minorities 2902: 2868: 2867: 2813:Yazidis in Turkey 2763:Judaism in Turkey 2744:Chaldean Catholic 2713:Armenian Orthodox 2593: 2592: 2542: 2541: 2290: 2289: 2037:Reconstructionist 1981: 1980: 1133: 1132: 940: 939: 777:Jewish–Roman wars 725:Hasmonean dynasty 641:Kingdom of Israel 545: 544: 246: 245: 16:(Redirected from 10771: 10715: 10714: 10713: 10700: 10699: 9832:Judeo-Golpaygani 9433:Palestinian Jews 9408:Alexandrian Jews 9364:Crimean Karaites 9281:Unterlander Jews 9234: 9233: 9148:Rabbinic Judaism 9073: 9066: 9059: 9050: 9049: 8974:Census in Turkey 8910:Turkish language 8874: 8873: 8862: 8855: 8848: 8839: 8838: 8681: 8674: 8667: 8658: 8657: 8607:Dependencies and 8548:Northern Ireland 8289:Sovereign states 8275: 8268: 8261: 8252: 8251: 8238: 8228: 8227: 8197:Christmas Island 7883:Sovereign states 7870: 7863: 7856: 7847: 7846: 7807:External sources 7802: 7799:Harut Sassounian 7790: 7765: 7755: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7713:. 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Archived from 6712: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6471: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6397: 6391: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6310: 6304: 6301: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6239: 6219: 6213: 6210: 6204: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6175: 6169: 6161::461–483 (2005). 6152: 6146: 6145: 6139: 6137: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6095: 6089: 6082: 6076: 6069: 6060: 6057: 6051: 6048: 6042: 6039: 6033: 6030: 6024: 6021: 6012: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5967: 5958: 5955: 5949: 5946: 5937: 5934: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5910: 5904: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5867: 5861: 5855: 5849: 5834: 5828: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5806: 5804: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5774: 5759: 5748: 5747: 5738: 5736: 5722: 5716: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5662: 5653: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5523: 5514: 5513: 5469: 5460: 5459: 5431: 5422: 5421: 5385: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5301:(27 July 2016). 5295: 5289: 5288: 5278: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5250: 5241: 5240: 5221: 5212: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5139: 5137: 5129: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5086: 5069:Yevanic language 4990:Crimean Karaites 4973: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4959: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4843:, rabbi of İzmir 4714:Israel Hanukoglu 4692:Françoise Giroud 4688:, Turkish artist 4686:Fernando Gerassi 4679:, co-founder of 4585:, co-founder of 4504:Turks in Germany 4265:Levantine Arabic 4226: 4221: 4168:Turkish citizens 4089:, and until the 4032:Greek population 3931: 3889:anti-Jewish laws 3809:young republic's 3715:A 1902 Issue of 3683:Austro-Hungarian 3660:Emmanuel Carasso 3629:trading diaspora 3516:Eastern Orthodox 3502:Musta'arabi Jews 3432:, Thessaloniki, 3359: 3358: 3265: 3173:forcibly convert 3053:Sardis Synagogue 2927:There have been 2907: 2897: 2895: 2887: 2860: 2853: 2846: 2725:Turkish Orthodox 2607: 2595: 2594: 2585: 2578: 2571: 2434: 2433: 2315: 2136: 2130: 2111: 2075: 2074: 2022: 1969:New Zealand 1921: 1884:El Salvador 1874: 1806:Northern America 1798: 1392: 1148: 1147: 1059:Crimean Karaites 955: 954: 933: 931: 852: 850: 842: 836: 827: 815:Rabbinic Judaism 796: 790: 784: 772: 760: 726: 719:Maccabean Revolt 696: 689: 683: 675: 668: 662: 654: 636: 560: 559: 534: 429: 428: 361: 349: 248: 247: 198:Levantine Arabic 163: 161: 160: 147: 145: 144: 127: 125: 124: 107: 105: 104: 78:Total population 73: 66: 64: 63: 56: 52: 43: 21: 10779: 10778: 10774: 10773: 10772: 10770: 10769: 10768: 10729: 10728: 10727: 10722: 10711: 10709: 10681: 10507: 10372: 10244: 10118: 10012: 9827:Judeo-Borujerdi 9802:Judeo-Malayalam 9748:Judeo-Aragonese 9719:Lishanid Noshan 9551: 9539: 9271:Oberlander Jews 9232: 9162: 9104: 9086: 9077: 9047: 9042: 9016: 8968: 8878: 8868: 8866: 8836: 8831: 8817:North Macedonia 8760: 8722: 8691: 8685: 8655: 8650: 8608: 8602: 8588:Northern Cyprus 8570: 8564: 8463:North Macedonia 8284: 8279: 8249: 8244: 8216: 8184: 8175: 8156:Northern Cyprus 8142: 8135: 7877: 7874: 7809: 7793: 7763: 7752: 7736: 7731: 7730: 7720: 7718: 7709: 7708: 7704: 7694: 7692: 7683: 7682: 7675: 7665: 7663: 7659: 7652: 7648: 7647: 7643: 7633: 7631: 7622: 7621: 7617: 7607: 7605: 7596: 7595: 7591: 7576: 7572: 7557: 7553: 7543: 7541: 7540:on 9 March 2016 7532: 7531: 7527: 7517: 7515: 7510: 7509: 7505: 7495: 7493: 7492:on 15 June 2011 7484: 7483: 7479: 7469: 7467: 7463: 7456: 7452: 7451: 7447: 7439: 7435: 7425: 7423: 7414: 7413: 7409: 7404:Wayback Machine 7395: 7391: 7381: 7379: 7368: 7364: 7354: 7352: 7347: 7346: 7342: 7332: 7330: 7317: 7316: 7309: 7299: 7297: 7290:The Independent 7282: 7278: 7268: 7266: 7256: 7249: 7239: 7237: 7230:The Independent 7222: 7218: 7208: 7206: 7197: 7196: 7192: 7179: 7177: 7175: 7157: 7153: 7133: 7127: 7120: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7081: 7077: 7070: 7052: 7048: 7038: 7036: 7034:Middle East Eye 7028: 7027: 7023: 7010: 7009: 7005: 6998:Times of Israel 6990: 6986: 6979: 6975: 6959: 6958: 6946: 6942: 6932: 6930: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6910: 6908: 6899: 6898: 6894: 6884: 6882: 6881:on 25 June 2018 6869: 6868: 6864: 6854: 6852: 6843: 6842: 6838: 6828: 6826: 6821: 6820: 6816: 6803: 6799: 6794: 6790: 6782: 6778: 6773: 6769: 6761: 6757: 6749: 6745: 6737: 6733: 6723: 6721: 6717: 6710: 6706: 6705: 6701: 6693: 6689: 6685:, p. 508a. 6681: 6677: 6669: 6665: 6660: 6656: 6648: 6641: 6631: 6629: 6620: 6616: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6586: 6582: 6575: 6558: 6554: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6524: 6520: 6513: 6499: 6495: 6488: 6472: 6468: 6458: 6456: 6451: 6450: 6446: 6438: 6434: 6426: 6422: 6398: 6394: 6386: 6382: 6374: 6370: 6339: 6335: 6325: 6323: 6311: 6307: 6302: 6298: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6257: 6253: 6220: 6216: 6211: 6207: 6198: 6194: 6184: 6182: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6153: 6149: 6135: 6133: 6121: 6117: 6107: 6105: 6096: 6092: 6083: 6079: 6070: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6049: 6045: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6022: 6015: 6002: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5976: 5974: 5969: 5968: 5961: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5940: 5935: 5928: 5922:The Black Death 5920: 5916: 5911: 5907: 5902:Wayback Machine 5893: 5889: 5879: 5877: 5875:Middle East Eye 5869: 5868: 5864: 5856: 5852: 5835: 5831: 5820: 5816: 5802: 5800: 5789: 5785: 5772: 5770: 5761: 5760: 5751: 5734: 5732: 5724: 5723: 5719: 5710: 5706: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5645: 5602: 5598: 5555: 5551: 5544: 5524: 5517: 5470: 5463: 5432: 5425: 5386: 5379: 5369: 5367: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5330: 5326: 5319: 5296: 5292: 5279: 5272: 5262: 5260: 5252: 5251: 5244: 5231:. 30 May 2011. 5223: 5222: 5215: 5208: 5204: 5194: 5192: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5168: 5166: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5131: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5096:Wayback Machine 5087: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5037:Pallache family 5006:Karaim language 4995:Jewish diaspora 4969: 4964: 4962: 4955: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4936:Jaklin Kornfilt 4913:Joseph Taitazak 4867:, lexicographer 4835:Abraham Palacci 4784:Elijah Mizrachi 4592:Aaron Alfandari 4579: 4569: 4526: 4520: 4512:Yitzhak Sarfati 4498:. In 2004, the 4451: 4430: 4411:Traditionally, 4340:was assaulted. 4330: 4324: 4278:Jews and their 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4210: 4049: 4038:communities of 4028:Istanbul Pogrom 4024: 4018: 3942: 3929: 3919:Struma disaster 3828: 3822: 3774:Albert Einstein 3737:Morris Schinasi 3709: 3703: 3675:Empire declined 3375:Anatolia Eyalet 3352:Yitzhak Sarfati 3252: 3250:Alhambra Decree 3242: 3228:Crimean Khanate 3216: 3189:mass expulsions 3046: 3034:Main articles: 3032: 3027: 2945:Alhambra Decree 2885:Türk Musevileri 2880:Türk Yahudileri 2864: 2828: 2827: 2798: 2797:Minor religions 2790: 2789: 2765: 2755: 2754: 2733: 2721:Syriac Orthodox 2710: 2703: 2693: 2692: 2667: 2648: 2633: 2626: 2624:Islam in Turkey 2609: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2589: 2544: 2543: 2431: 2421: 2420: 2411:Judeo-Malayalam 2391:Judaeo-Georgian 2311: 2302: 2292: 2291: 2192:Yiddish theatre 2134: 2072: 2062: 2061: 2020: 1993: 1983: 1982: 1919: 1872: 1796: 1390: 1174:Genetic studies 1145: 1135: 1134: 952: 942: 941: 929: 928: 848: 847: 840: 830: 825: 807:and Middle Ages 805:Rabbinic period 792: 786: 779: 767: 738: 724: 694: 687: 678: 670: 666: 657: 652:in Judaism 649: 634: 557: 547: 546: 426: 416: 415: 359: 347: 292: 158: 156: 142: 140: 134: 122: 120: 102: 100: 58: 53: 47: 46: 42: 37: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10777: 10767: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10720: 10706: 10686: 10683: 10682: 10680: 10679: 10678: 10677: 10676: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10659:non-Christian 10657: 10656: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10615: 10608: 10601: 10596: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10555: 10550: 10549: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10517: 10515: 10509: 10508: 10506: 10505: 10500: 10499: 10498: 10493: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10462: 10461: 10451: 10450: 10449: 10444: 10434: 10429: 10428: 10427: 10417: 10416: 10415: 10405: 10400: 10399: 10398: 10393: 10382: 10380: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10358:Shulchan Aruch 10355: 10354: 10353: 10348: 10346:Sefer Yetzirah 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10326:Pardes Rimonim 10323: 10316:Kabbalah texts 10313: 10312: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10286: 10285: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10260: 10254: 10252: 10246: 10245: 10243: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10206: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10194: 10193: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10162: 10161: 10156: 10155: 10154: 10149: 10128: 10126: 10120: 10119: 10117: 10116: 10111: 10109:Land of Israel 10106: 10105: 10104: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10083: 10082: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10061: 10060: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10034: 10033: 10022: 10020: 10014: 10013: 10011: 10010: 10005: 10004: 10003: 10002: 10001: 9996: 9995: 9994: 9987: 9985:Judeo-Alsatian 9977: 9976: 9975: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9912: 9911: 9906: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9850: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9837:Judeo-Hamedani 9834: 9829: 9824: 9814: 9812:Judaeo-Occitan 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9793: 9792: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9771: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9753:Jewish English 9750: 9745: 9744: 9743: 9742: 9741: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9684:Judaeo-Aramaic 9681: 9680: 9679: 9674: 9672:Judeo-Tunisian 9669: 9664: 9662:Judeo-Moroccan 9659: 9658: 9657: 9655:Judeo-Baghdadi 9642: 9637: 9632: 9631: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9559: 9557: 9545: 9544: 9541: 9540: 9538: 9537: 9536: 9535: 9534: 9533: 9523: 9522: 9521: 9511: 9506: 9504:Livornese Jews 9501: 9491: 9486: 9485: 9484: 9474: 9473: 9472: 9471: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9395: 9394: 9393: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9367: 9366: 9361: 9351: 9346: 9345: 9344: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9323: 9322: 9317: 9307: 9306: 9305: 9300: 9290: 9289: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9251:Afrikaner-Jode 9242: 9240: 9231: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9219: 9218: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9172: 9170: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9114: 9112: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9102: 9097: 9091: 9088: 9087: 9076: 9075: 9068: 9061: 9053: 9044: 9043: 9041: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9024: 9022: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8978: 8976: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8940: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8914: 8913: 8912: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8890:Turkish people 8886: 8884: 8880: 8879: 8865: 8864: 8857: 8850: 8842: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8768: 8766: 8762: 8761: 8759: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8751: 8749:Southern Syria 8741: 8736: 8730: 8728: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8699: 8697: 8693: 8692: 8689:Ottoman Empire 8684: 8683: 8676: 8669: 8661: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8612: 8610: 8609:other entities 8604: 8603: 8601: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8574: 8572: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8562: 8561: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8538:United Kingdom 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8351:Czech Republic 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8292: 8290: 8286: 8285: 8278: 8277: 8270: 8263: 8255: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8242: 8232: 8221: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8188: 8186: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8147: 8145: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7887: 7885: 7879: 7878: 7873: 7872: 7865: 7858: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7838: 7832: 7830:978-1480206502 7818: 7817: 7808: 7805: 7804: 7803: 7791: 7774:(3): 505–519, 7756: 7750: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7702: 7691:on 26 May 2007 7673: 7641: 7615: 7604:. 3 March 2015 7589: 7570: 7551: 7525: 7503: 7477: 7445: 7433: 7407: 7389: 7378:. ynetnews.com 7362: 7340: 7329:on 5 June 2010 7307: 7276: 7247: 7216: 7190: 7173: 7151: 7118: 7105: 7075: 7068: 7046: 7021: 7003: 6984: 6973: 6940: 6918: 6892: 6862: 6836: 6814: 6797: 6788: 6786:, p. 513. 6776: 6767: 6755: 6743: 6731: 6699: 6687: 6675: 6673:, p. 508. 6663: 6654: 6652:, p. 507. 6639: 6614: 6600: 6580: 6573: 6561:Rubinstein, WD 6552: 6538: 6518: 6511: 6493: 6487:978-9754283556 6486: 6466: 6444: 6442:, p. 207. 6432: 6420: 6409:(2): 467–470. 6392: 6390:, p. 202. 6380: 6368: 6349:(2): 426–428. 6333: 6305: 6296: 6282: 6251: 6214: 6205: 6192: 6181:. eleven.co.il 6170: 6147: 6115: 6090: 6077: 6061: 6052: 6043: 6034: 6025: 6013: 5996: 5984: 5959: 5950: 5938: 5926: 5914: 5905: 5887: 5862: 5850: 5844:;, R. Jenkins 5829: 5822:G. Ostrogorsky 5814: 5783: 5749: 5717: 5704: 5654: 5643: 5616:(4): 501–521. 5596: 5569:(4): 697–720. 5549: 5542: 5515: 5461: 5423: 5400:(1): 315–338. 5377: 5364:יד יצחק בן־צבי 5351: 5344: 5324: 5317: 5311:. p. 40. 5290: 5270: 5242: 5213: 5202: 5176: 5154: 5117: 5102: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 5000:Judaeo-Spanish 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4960: 4957:Judaism portal 4944: 4941: 4940: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4910: 4907:Lenore Skenazy 4904: 4898: 4886: 4880: 4877:Berry Sakharof 4874: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4841:Joseph Palacci 4838: 4832: 4814: 4809: 4800: 4799:-born musician 4790: 4781: 4778:Leandra Medine 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4732:Emanuel Karasu 4729: 4726:Victoria Kamhi 4723: 4717: 4711: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4681:Alarko Holding 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4647: 4636:Elijah Capsali 4633: 4627: 4613: 4610:Seyla Benhabib 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4587:Alarko Holding 4568: 4565: 4522:Main article: 4519: 4516: 4496:Turkish people 4490:) between the 4429: 4426: 4388:alongside the 4326:Main article: 4323: 4320: 4249:Ashkenazi Jews 4237:Judaeo-Spanish 4233:Sephardic Jews 4209: 4206: 4184:Ottoman Empire 4180:Sephardic Jews 4134:Mizrahi Jewish 4115:Romaniote Jews 4107:Ashkenazi Jews 4048: 4045: 4017: 4014: 3988:Varlık Vergisi 3979:following the 3941: 3938: 3824:Main article: 3821: 3818: 3805:Varlık Vergisi 3790:pogrom in 1934 3749:Ottoman Empire 3747:population of 3727:Ottoman Empire 3702: 3701:Early republic 3699: 3648:Ottoman Empire 3348:Ashkenazi Jews 3329:Romaniote Jews 3290:Constantinople 3286:Jewish history 3246:Romaniote Jews 3238:Main article: 3232:Ottoman Empire 3215: 3212: 3196:Romaniote Jews 3167:(most notably 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 2949:Ottoman Empire 2941:Sephardic Jews 2933:Romaniote Jews 2914:Djudios Turkos 2905:Yehudim Turkim 2866: 2865: 2863: 2862: 2855: 2848: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2766: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2740:Greek Catholic 2736:Latin Catholic 2728: 2717:Greek Orthodox 2704: 2699: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2662: 2643: 2627: 2622: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2587: 2580: 2573: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2560: 2559: 2554: 2546: 2545: 2540: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2489: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2472:Territorialism 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2441: 2440: 2432: 2427: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2356:Judaeo-Spanish 2353: 2351:Judaeo-Iranian 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2303: 2298: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2267: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2214: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2181: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2158: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2131: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2080: 2079: 2073: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2005: 1994: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1979: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1948: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1836: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1797:United Kingdom 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1645: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1230:Bilad-el-Sudan 1227: 1222: 1214: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1186: 1185: 1183:Land of Israel 1179: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1146: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1043: 1042: 1041:Related groups 1038: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 974: 973: 968: 953: 948: 947: 944: 943: 938: 937: 936: 935: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 898:Jewish atheism 895: 890: 885: 877: 876: 872: 871: 870: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849:Islamic–Jewish 844: 837: 822: 817: 809: 808: 801: 800: 799: 798: 774: 761: 733: 728: 721: 716: 714:Yehud Medinata 708: 707: 701: 700: 699: 698: 691: 684: 676: 663: 655: 643: 638: 631: 623: 622: 620:Ancient Israel 616: 615: 614: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 576:Land of Israel 573: 565: 564: 558: 553: 552: 549: 548: 543: 542: 541: 540: 535: 531:Shulchan Aruch 526: 521: 516: 511: 503: 502: 501: 500: 495: 487: 486: 480: 479: 478: 477: 472: 464: 463: 457: 456: 455: 454: 449: 444: 436: 435: 427: 422: 421: 418: 417: 414: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 356: 351: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 309: 304: 297:God in Judaism 293: 288: 287: 284: 283: 282: 281: 276: 268: 267: 257: 256: 244: 243: 233:Ashkenazi Jews 229:Sephardic Jews 221: 220: 216: 215: 209: 208: 204: 203: 186:Judaeo-Spanish 174: 173: 169: 168: 165: 153: 152: 149: 137: 136: 131: 117: 116: 111: 97: 96: 92: 91: 80: 79: 75: 74: 40: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10776: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10736: 10734: 10719: 10718: 10707: 10705: 10704: 10695: 10694: 10693: 10689: 10684: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10660: 10658: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10643:Protestantism 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10625: 10624: 10621: 10620: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10613: 10609: 10607: 10606: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10594: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10577: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10560: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10523: 10522: 10519: 10518: 10516: 10514: 10510: 10504: 10501: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10488: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10460: 10457: 10456: 10455: 10452: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10439: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10426: 10423: 10422: 10421: 10418: 10414: 10411: 10410: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10388: 10387: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10379: 10375: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10331:Sefer HaBahir 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10318: 10317: 10314: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10291: 10290: 10287: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10269: 10268: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10258:Sifrei Kodesh 10256: 10255: 10253: 10251: 10247: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10192: 10189: 10188: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10160: 10157: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10144: 10143: 10140: 10139: 10138: 10135: 10134: 10133: 10130: 10129: 10127: 10125: 10121: 10115: 10114:Who is a Jew? 10112: 10110: 10107: 10103: 10100: 10099: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10081: 10078: 10077: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10059: 10056: 10055: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10043:Chosen people 10041: 10039: 10036: 10032: 10029: 10028: 10027: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10019: 10015: 10009: 10006: 10000: 9999:Scots-Yiddish 9997: 9993: 9992: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9982: 9981: 9978: 9974: 9973: 9972:Klezmer-loshn 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9953: 9952: 9949: 9948: 9947: 9944: 9943: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9901: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9842:Judeo-Shirazi 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9819: 9818: 9817:Judeo-Persian 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9807:Judeo-Marathi 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9791: 9788: 9787: 9786: 9785:Judeo-Italian 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9755: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9740: 9737: 9736: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9686: 9685: 9682: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9656: 9653: 9652: 9651: 9648: 9647: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9640:Judeo-Amazigh 9638: 9636: 9633: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9565: 9564: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9550: 9546: 9532: 9529: 9528: 9527: 9524: 9520: 9517: 9516: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9496: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9483: 9480: 9479: 9478: 9475: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9463:Hadhrami Jews 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9450: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9428:Mountain Jews 9426: 9424: 9423:Egyptian Jews 9421: 9419: 9418:Bukharan Jews 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9400: 9399: 9396: 9392: 9389: 9388: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9356: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9343: 9340: 9339: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9312: 9311: 9308: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9295: 9294: 9291: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9248: 9247: 9244: 9243: 9241: 9239: 9235: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9217: 9214: 9213: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9206:Lists of Jews 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9169: 9165: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9107: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9092: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9074: 9069: 9067: 9062: 9060: 9055: 9054: 9051: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9023: 9019: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8971: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8919: 8918: 8915: 8911: 8908: 8907: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8887: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8872: 8863: 8858: 8856: 8851: 8849: 8844: 8843: 8840: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8763: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8729: 8725: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8700: 8698: 8694: 8690: 8682: 8677: 8675: 8670: 8668: 8663: 8662: 8659: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8621:Faroe Islands 8619: 8617: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8605: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8593:South Ossetia 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8567: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8540: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8423:Liechtenstein 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8276: 8271: 8269: 8264: 8262: 8257: 8256: 8253: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8231: 8223: 8222: 8219: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8189: 8187: 8182: 8178: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8166:South Ossetia 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8144: 8138: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7888: 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6811: 6807: 6801: 6792: 6785: 6780: 6771: 6764: 6759: 6752: 6747: 6740: 6735: 6716: 6709: 6703: 6696: 6691: 6684: 6679: 6672: 6667: 6658: 6651: 6646: 6644: 6627: 6626: 6618: 6603: 6601:9780415212496 6597: 6593: 6592: 6584: 6576: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6556: 6541: 6539:9789754707632 6535: 6531: 6530: 6522: 6514: 6508: 6504: 6497: 6489: 6483: 6479: 6478: 6470: 6454: 6448: 6441: 6436: 6429: 6424: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6396: 6389: 6384: 6377: 6372: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6337: 6322: 6321: 6316: 6309: 6300: 6285: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6255: 6247: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6218: 6209: 6202: 6196: 6180: 6174: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6151: 6144: 6132: 6128: 6127: 6119: 6103: 6102: 6094: 6087: 6081: 6074: 6068: 6066: 6056: 6047: 6038: 6029: 6020: 6018: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5993: 5988: 5972: 5966: 5964: 5954: 5945: 5943: 5933: 5931: 5923: 5918: 5909: 5903: 5899: 5896: 5891: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5859: 5854: 5847: 5843: 5840:; S. Bowman, 5839: 5833: 5827: 5823: 5818: 5811: 5798: 5794: 5787: 5780: 5768: 5764: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5746: 5744: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5714: 5708: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5659: 5652: 5647: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5600: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5553: 5545: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5522: 5520: 5512: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5466: 5458: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5430: 5428: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5382: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5347: 5345:9780878500888 5341: 5337: 5336: 5328: 5320: 5318:9781349122356 5314: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5294: 5286: 5285: 5277: 5275: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5247: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5218: 5211: 5206: 5191:. Haaretz.com 5190: 5186: 5180: 5164: 5158: 5150: 5135: 5127: 5121: 5114:. Aish Torah. 5113: 5106: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5085: 5081: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5032:Mountain Jews 5030: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4985:Bukharan Jews 4983: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4971:Turkey portal 4961: 4958: 4947: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4930:Sabbatai Zevi 4928: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4901:Izak Senbahar 4899: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4883:Silvio Santos 4881: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4698:Umut Güzelses 4696: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4671:Menahem Egozi 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4659:Isaac Carasso 4657: 4655: 4651: 4650:Moses Capsali 4648: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4564: 4562: 4559:and acquired 4558: 4554: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4515: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4450: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4425: 4421: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4300:mother tongue 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4214: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4162:In 2001, the 4160: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4103:Sephardi Jews 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4072: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4013: 4011: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3995: 3991: 3989: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3967: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3946: 3937: 3935: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3912: 3907: 3905: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3893:the Holocaust 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3869:denaturalized 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3842: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3725:) during the 3724: 3720: 3719: 3713: 3708: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3650:, from loyal 3649: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3612: 3611:Sabbatai Zevi 3608: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3551:'s physician 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3537: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3509:millet system 3505: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3490:44 synagogues 3485: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3462:Mediterranean 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3422:Sephardi Jews 3414: 3410: 3407: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3247: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3115:New Testament 3111: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3100:Antiochus III 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2900: 2894:יהודים טורקים 2891: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2849: 2847: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2764: 2759: 2758: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2702: 2697: 2696: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2625: 2620: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2563: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2424: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2396:Judeo-Aramaic 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2386:Judeo-Italian 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2366:Ghardaïa Sign 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2296: 2295: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2065: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1991:Denominations 1987: 1986: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1950: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1819:United States 1817: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1305:Guinea-Bissau 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1159:Lists of Jews 1157: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1138: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 972: 969: 967: 964: 963: 962: 959: 958: 957: 956: 951: 946: 945: 934: 926: 924: 921: 919: 918:The Holocaust 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 880: 879: 878: 874: 873: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 845: 843: 838: 834: 828: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 812: 811: 810: 806: 803: 802: 795: 789: 783: 778: 775: 771: 765: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 711: 710: 709: 706: 703: 702: 697: 692: 690: 685: 681: 677: 674: 669: 664: 660: 656: 653: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 632: 630: 627: 626: 625: 624: 621: 618: 617: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 568: 567: 566: 562: 561: 556: 551: 550: 539: 536: 533: 532: 527: 525: 522: 520: 519:Mishneh Torah 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 506: 505: 504: 499: 496: 494: 491: 490: 489: 488: 485: 482: 481: 476: 473: 471: 468: 467: 466: 465: 462: 459: 458: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 439: 438: 437: 434: 431: 430: 425: 420: 419: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 357: 355: 352: 350: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 317: 313: 310: 308: 305: 302: 298: 295: 294: 291: 286: 285: 280: 279:Who is a Jew? 277: 275: 272: 271: 270: 269: 266: 262: 259: 258: 254: 250: 249: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 217: 214: 210: 205: 202: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 180:(in Israel), 179: 175: 170: 166: 154: 150: 148:United States 138: 135:14,300 (2024) 133:14,500 (2022) 132: 130: 118: 115: 112: 110: 98: 93: 90: 86: 81: 76: 72: 67: 62: 55:יהודים טורקים 51: 45:Turkish Jews 39: 36: 32: 27: 19: 10739:Turkish Jews 10708: 10701: 10687: 10610: 10603: 10591: 10574: 10557: 10391:perspectives 10225:Samaritanism 10186:Neo-Hasidism 10166:Conservative 10080:Names of God 9989: 9970: 9780:Judaeo-Greek 9775:Judeo-Gascon 9714:Lishán Didán 9709:Lishana Deni 9677:Judeo-Yemeni 9645:Judeo-Arabic 9519:Meshuchrarim 9438:Persian Jews 9371:Kurdish Jews 9349:Kaifeng Jews 9298:Beta Abraham 9261:Galitzianers 9216:Antisemitism 9191:Israeli Jews 9176:Assimilation 8931: 8927:Christianity 8895:Ethnic Kurds 8713:Tripolitania 8598:Transnistria 8527: 8181:Dependencies 8111:Turkmenistan 8105: 8076:Saudi Arabia 7798: 7771: 7767: 7741: 7734:Bibliography 7719:. Retrieved 7715:the original 7705: 7693:. Retrieved 7689:the original 7664:. Retrieved 7657:the original 7644: 7632:. Retrieved 7628:the original 7618: 7606:. Retrieved 7601: 7592: 7583: 7573: 7564: 7554: 7542:. Retrieved 7538:the original 7528: 7516:. Retrieved 7514:. qantara.de 7506: 7494:. Retrieved 7490:the original 7480: 7468:. Retrieved 7461:the original 7448: 7436: 7424:. Retrieved 7420:the original 7410: 7392: 7380:. Retrieved 7375: 7365: 7353:. Retrieved 7343: 7333:24 September 7331:. Retrieved 7327:the original 7322: 7298:. Retrieved 7294:the original 7289: 7279: 7267:. Retrieved 7263: 7238:. Retrieved 7234:the original 7229: 7219: 7207:. Retrieved 7203:the original 7193: 7185: 7178:, retrieved 7164: 7154: 7137: 7110:, retrieved 7088: 7078: 7059: 7049: 7037:. Retrieved 7033: 7024: 7006: 6987: 6976: 6953: 6943: 6931:. Retrieved 6921: 6909:. Retrieved 6905:the original 6895: 6883:. Retrieved 6879:the original 6865: 6853:. Retrieved 6848: 6839: 6827:. 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Retrieved 5363: 5354: 5334: 5327: 5303: 5293: 5283: 5261:. Retrieved 5257: 5228: 5205: 5193:. Retrieved 5188: 5179: 5167:. Retrieved 5157: 5144:|title= 5120: 5105: 5084: 5046: 4917:Spanish-born 4897:(2013–2021). 4892: 4853:Haim Palachi 4828: 4807:Hakham Bashi 4793:Darío Moreno 4788:Hakham Bashi 4742:Tchéky Karyo 4716:, biochemist 4708:Hakham Bashi 4704:Ishak Haleva 4694:, politician 4677:Üzeyir Garih 4654:Hakham Bashi 4640:Hakham Bashi 4626:, Azerbaijan 4583:Ishak Alaton 4550: 4531: 4527: 4487: 4479: 4463: 4452: 4422: 4410: 4371: 4361: 4354:district of 4338:Turkish Army 4331: 4322:Antisemitism 4286:by the 1923 4277: 4230: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4161: 4156: 4153:Rosh Bet Din 4152: 4149:Ishak Haleva 4145:Hakham Bashi 4142: 4124:The city of 4123: 4080: 4062:district of 4047:21st century 4025: 4007: 4004: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3975:. After the 3970: 3963: 3926: 3916: 3908: 3901: 3865:Nazi Germany 3853:World War II 3850: 3820:World War II 3802: 3783: 3770:Nazi Germany 3767: 3759:nation state 3756: 3742: 3723:Thessaloniki 3716: 3679:Bosnian Jews 3672: 3645: 3622: 3604: 3589: 3576: 3564: 3561: 3540: 3534: 3532: 3528:Hakham Bashi 3512: 3506: 3486: 3419: 3403: 3399:Thessaloniki 3372: 3360: 3345: 3318: 3283: 3272: 3253: 3193: 3177:Christianity 3162: 3143: 3112: 3081: 3069:Mount Ararat 3061:Hebrew Bible 3058: 2996: 2957: 2953:Ottoman Jews 2926: 2871: 2869: 2535:Post-Zionism 2406:Judeo-Berber 2401:Judeo-Arabic 2361:Judeo-Gascon 2108:Pidyon haben 2027:Conservative 1612: 1573:Saudi Arabia 1391:South Africa 1380:Sierra Leone 1202:Israeli Jews 1116:Mosaic Arabs 1069:Kaifeng Jews 930:Arab–Israeli 903:Emancipation 782:Great Revolt 591:Anti-Judaism 586:Antisemitism 581:Name "Judea" 376:Baal teshuva 237:Spanish Jews 88: 84: 41:Ethnic group 38: 26: 18:Turkish Jews 10633:Catholicism 10215:Hellenistic 10053:Eschatology 9991:Lachoudisch 9916:Lotegorisch 9894:Lachoudisch 9884:Koiné Greek 9797:Judeo-Latin 9734:Palestinian 9628:Palestinian 9477:Mustaʿravim 9403:Afghan Jews 9391:Berber Jews 9315:Bene Israel 9303:Falash Mura 9293:Beta Israel 9211:Persecution 9153:Middle Ages 8954:Immigration 8636:Isle of Man 8571:recognition 8523:Switzerland 8458:Netherlands 8240:Asia portal 8141:States with 8061:Philippines 8001:South Korea 7996:North Korea 7891:Afghanistan 7721:14 November 7695:14 November 7666:14 November 7634:14 November 7544:15 December 7518:15 December 7496:15 December 7426:15 December 7382:15 December 7355:15 December 7039:15 February 6954:The Forward 6933:15 December 6911:15 December 6855:15 December 6829:15 December 6784:Toktas 2006 6763:Toktas 2006 6751:Toktas 2006 6739:Toktas 2006 6695:Toktas 2006 6683:Toktas 2006 6671:Toktas 2006 6650:Toktas 2006 6632:29 November 6607:15 December 6545:15 December 6326:15 December 6262:"Turc—grec" 6185:15 December 6136:15 December 6108:15 December 5977:15 December 5677:: 431–438. 5651:Genesis 8:4 5446:: 489–519. 5366:(in Hebrew) 5254:"Kurdistan" 5099:(in Hebrew) 4865:Mosè Piccio 4817:Joseph Nasi 4803:Chaim Nahum 4754:Morris Levy 4722:, talmudist 4673:, talmudist 4644:Chief Rabbi 4378:Palestinian 4130:Syrian Jews 3786:East Thrace 3664:Young Turks 3569:Joseph Nasi 3545:Moses Hamon 3494:Golden Horn 3331:, from the 3314:Black Death 3302:many sieges 3214:Ottoman era 3169:Justinian I 2968:World War I 2631:Sunni Islam 2530:Revisionist 2520:Neo-Zionism 2127:Zeved habat 1920:Puerto Rico 1746:Netherlands 1578:South Korea 1563:Philippines 1443:Afghanistan 1310:Ivory Coast 1084:Crypto-Jews 1049:Bnei Anusim 1028:Bene Israel 993:Beta Israel 950:Communities 857:Middle Ages 596:Persecution 371:Bereavement 196:(extinct), 10733:Categories 10628:Anabaptism 10570:Jew (word) 10437:Leadership 10250:Literature 10235:Secularism 10181:Humanistic 10048:Conversion 10018:Philosophy 9859:Judeo-Urdu 9623:Babylonian 9468:Saada Jews 9453:Adeni Jews 9246:Ashkenazim 9201:Samaritans 9168:Population 9123:Israelites 8937:Irreligion 8900:Minorities 8812:Montenegro 8493:San Marino 8453:Montenegro 8433:Luxembourg 8413:Kazakhstan 8316:Azerbaijan 8121:Uzbekistan 8096:Tajikistan 8011:Kyrgyzstan 7991:Kazakhstan 7911:Bangladesh 7901:Azerbaijan 7816:, Aish.com 7801:. Asberaz. 7608:3 February 7470:6 February 7140:(23): 26. 6806:Rifat Bali 6574:113461568X 6403:AJS Review 5880:15 January 5773:15 January 5076:References 5054:Subbotniks 4889:Rotem Sela 4871:Haim Saban 4859:Emin Pasha 4825:Sanjak-bey 4821:Portuguese 4748:Hila Klein 4706:, current 4642:(Turkish: 4616:Can Bonomo 4604:Isak Andic 4571:See also: 4482:being the 4447:See also: 4259:. Jews in 4218:• Turkish 4155:and three 4099:İskenderun 4020:See also: 4010:Neve Şalom 3883:and other 3705:See also: 3652:Ottomanism 3602:occurred. 3573:sanjak-bey 3553:İshak Paşa 3434:Adrianople 3379:Bayezid II 3325:Christians 3254:The first 3244:See also: 3125:14:1, and 3065:Noah's Ark 3019:Bulgarians 2750:Protestant 2678:Naqshbandi 2646:Shia Islam 2515:Maximalism 2467:Secularism 2447:Autonomism 2264:Literature 2057:Humanistic 1661:Azerbaijan 1623:Uzbekistan 1598:Tajikistan 1518:Kyrgyzstan 1503:Kazakhstan 1350:Mozambique 1325:Madagascar 1245:Cape Verde 1197:New Yishuv 1192:Old Yishuv 1143:Population 1121:Subbotniks 1079:Samaritans 1018:Romanyotim 961:Ashkenazim 908:Old Yishuv 888:Sabbateans 875:Modern era 867:Golden Age 794:Bar Kokhba 514:Beit Yosef 381:Philosophy 241:Greek Jews 29:See also: 10690:indicate 10638:Mormonism 10623:Christian 10503:Symbolism 10491:Synagogue 10471:Mythology 10432:Education 10403:Astronomy 10386:Astrology 10203:relations 10008:Zarphatic 9956:Galitzish 9758:Yeshivish 9635:Catalanic 9598:Samaritan 9573:Ashkenazi 9554:Diasporic 9549:Languages 9494:Sephardim 9489:Romaniote 9376:Krymchaks 9310:Desi Jews 9186:Buddhists 8944:Education 8905:Languages 8626:Gibraltar 8428:Lithuania 8207:Hong Kong 8161:Palestine 8086:Sri Lanka 8081:Singapore 7961:Indonesia 7180:6 October 7146:865002828 7112:9 October 6563:(2002) . 6440:Baer 2020 6428:Baer 2020 6388:Baer 2020 6376:Baer 2020 6363:162685190 6289:8 October 6246:1773-0546 5846:Byzantium 5793:"GALATIA" 5699:163426553 5691:1047-7594 5638:153761516 5630:1468-3857 5583:0032-3195 5506:201398995 5498:1385-4879 5452:0012-8449 5414:2211-6117 5263:9 October 5195:9 October 5169:9 October 5021:Krymchaks 5002:or Ladino 4925:Kabbalist 4728:, pianist 4710:of Turkey 4665:Bob Dylan 4486:word for 4382:Abu Nidal 4380:militant 4352:Kuzguncuk 4292:Armenians 4208:Languages 3877:Auschwitz 3596:Mehmed IV 3585:tax farms 3541:Defterdar 3466:Jerusalem 3438:Nicopolis 3310:Crusaders 3279:Murad III 3256:synagogue 3011:Armenians 2899:romanized 2785:Sabbatean 2780:Romaniote 2775:Ashkenazi 2525:Religious 2381:Zarphatic 2371:Bukharian 2341:Judeo-Tat 2326:Yeshivish 2300:Languages 2255:Sephardic 2245:Israelite 2235:Ethiopian 2225:Ashkenazi 2164:Religious 1954:Australia 1936:Venezuela 1842:Argentina 1824:Greenland 1736:Lithuania 1588:Sri Lanka 1583:Singapore 1508:Kurdistan 1473:Indonesia 1463:Hong Kong 1416:Abayudaya 1340:Mauritius 1074:Igbo Jews 1064:Krymchaks 983:Sephardim 851:relations 745:Sadducees 741:Pharisees 731:Sanhedrin 646:Jerusalem 406:Synagogue 274:Etymology 172:Languages 10703:Category 10673:Hinduism 10663:Buddhism 10565:Genetics 10481:Politics 10454:Marriage 10413:Holidays 10408:Calendar 10289:Rabbinic 10265:/Hebrew 10210:Haymanot 10137:Orthodox 10124:Branches 10097:Kabbalah 10092:Haskalah 10070:Holiness 9946:dialects 9926:Shassagh 9889:Krymchak 9869:Kayliñña 9763:Yinglish 9739:Galilean 9729:Talmudic 9724:Biblical 9699:Betanure 9618:Biblical 9613:Mishnaic 9608:Medieval 9593:Tiberian 9588:Yemenite 9578:Sephardi 9514:Paradesi 9458:Ḥabbanim 9448:Teimanim 9413:Baghdadi 9386:Maghrebi 9354:Karaites 9332:Gruzínim 9320:Kochinim 9238:Diaspora 9196:Karaites 9181:Atheists 9118:Timeline 8917:Religion 8782:Bulgaria 8646:Svalbard 8631:Guernsey 8578:Abkhazia 8553:Scotland 8508:Slovenia 8503:Slovakia 8478:Portugal 8336:Bulgaria 8230:Category 8151:Abkhazia 8101:Thailand 8056:Pakistan 8036:Mongolia 8031:Maldives 8026:Malaysia 7926:Cambodia 7788:55379633 7400:Archived 7376:Ynetnews 7323:Fox News 6962:cite web 5992:B. Lewis 5898:Archived 5743:Augustus 5591:25655744 5360:"תורכיה" 5134:cite web 5092:Archived 5023:(Crimea) 4943:See also 4919:Ottoman 4829:governor 4736:Salonica 4638:, first 4594:, writer 4518:Diaspora 4443:, Israel 4368:Istanbul 4356:Istanbul 4083:Istanbul 4076:Istanbul 4066:, Turkey 4064:Istanbul 4040:Istanbul 4036:Armenian 3875:such as 3718:La Epoca 3691:Bulgaria 3637:Voltaire 3592:Murad IV 3577:governor 3549:Murad II 3524:autonomy 3518:millet, 3474:Damascus 3430:Sarajevo 3389:and the 3337:Anatolia 3292:. 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