2794:
Manufacturers one of the largest companies active in this field, which bought the carpets on a monopoly-based system, whereas it also provided the weavers with primary material, such as dyed yarns, and with technical assistance, namely specialized personnel who could improve the processes and final products. Isparta carpets came in a standard quality, which enhanced their commercial value and demand. Their main feature was the cotton weft and the use of asymmetric knots. Many of them belonged to the prayer-rug type, with triangular patterns which remind of a mihrab. The
Isparta type rug, considered by Kahramanos, a standardized product of the 19th century, is woven with double-stranded yarns and in a smaller number of knots; their initial patterns were imitating popular Asia Minor styles, particularly those of Usak, with a central medallion, decorated corners and lively colours. Soon, they turned to following Persian style, which proved much more popular in the western markets, particularly that of the United States. Later, in the 1920s and 1930s they followed Sarouk patterns. Initially yarns were dyed with natural, plant-based dyes, but soon, as elsewhere, they changed to chemically-dyed yarns. The original wool on wool fabric was replaced by a combination of lamb's wool for the weft and cotton or linen for the warp. Carpet production in Isparta followed the technologically innovative solutions of that time such as the aforementioned replacement of natural dyes by chemical ones, which were cheaper. The chemically prepared
3162:
1210:
2267:
3300:
1933:
832:
2980:
border. Typical for Taşpınar are elongated, almost ogival central medallions, the dominant colours are warm red, blue, and light green. Fertek rugs are distinguished by their simple, floral ornaments. The main field is often not separated from the main border, as usual, by a smaller secondary border. The outermost secondary border often has reciprocal crenellation patterns. The colour composition often contains soft reds, dark olive greens, and blue. Maden rugs used cochineal red for their main fields, which are narrow and slim, as typical for Niğde rugs. The foundation of their main border is often dyed in corrosive brown, which caused deterioration of the carpet pile in these areas, and produces a relief effect. Yahali is a regional center and market place for its surroundings. Carpets from this region often have a hexagonal central medallion, with double-hooked ornaments in the fields and carnations in the main border.
2586:", or Holbein Type III. A late descendant of the large-pattern Holbein design is often seen in Bergama carpets, called the "4+1" or "quincunxial" design, with a large square central medallion surrounded by four smaller squares placed at its corners. Also antique Anatolian carpets found in Transylvanian churches were likely woven in Bergama. Bergama rugs typically have large geometric patterns (the "Caucasian" type) or more floral patterns, stylized in rectilinear design (the "Turkish" type). They use typical Western Anatolian colour schemes with dark red and blue, and accents set in white. Bridal carpets ("Kiz Bergama") often show rosettes arranged in a lozenge pattern in their field panels. Village and peasant carpets from the Bergama area often show coarser knotting with bold, highly stylized designs and bright blue, red, and white colours in sharp contrast.
1178:
3331:
1194:
3142:
1542:
1036:
3186:
3014:
2243:
1162:
2528:. During the nineteenth century, the court manufactories of Topkapı, Üsküdar, and Kum Kapı produced silk carpets in "Safavid-Osmanic" designs modelled on those of the sixteenth century, employing Armenian (from the areas of Kayseri and Sivas), and Persian weavers. Kum Kapı was, in the nineteenth century, the Armenian quarter of Istanbul. The asymmetrical knot was used. Silk carpets produced here often were woven with silver and gold threads. Two of the most prominent designer weavers were Zareh Penyamian and Tossounian. Zareh is known for his prayer rugs, which often included the "Sultan's head" form of the mihrab, cloud bands in the prayer field, palmettes and arabesque patterns and
2867:. Carpets from the Konya manufacture often show an elaborate prayer rug design, with a monochrome bright madder red field. Carpets from Konya-Derbent often have two floral medallions woven into the field below the mihrab. The Konya-Selçuk carpet tradition makes use of a lean octagonal medallion in the middle of the field, with three opposed geometrical forms crowned by tulips. Also typical is a broad ornamental main border with detailed, filigree patterns flanked by two secondary borders with meandering vines and flowers. Rugs from Keçimuslu are often sold as Konya rugs, and show a similar bright madder red field, but with prominent green colours in the main border.
3252:
800:
37:
820:
2773:. Since the 18th century, predominantly carpets with a "prayer rug" design and characteristic "gathered" mihrabs are woven here. Other types include the Ada (island) Milas rugs from the area of Karaova, with vertically twisted polygons in their fields, and the rare medallion Milas rug with a mostly yellow-gold medallion on a red background. Their borders often show crystalline star shaped ornaments composed by arrow-like ornaments pointing towards the center. Similar designs are also found in Caucasian carpets. Commonly used colours include pale violet, warm yellow, and pale green. The field panel ground is often a brick red.
3101:
3117:
2255:
2154:
1359:
stellated rosettes or cartouches. Their field often has a prayer niche design, with two pairs of vases with flowering branches symmetrically arranged towards the horizontal axis. In other examples, the field decor is condensed into medallions of concentric lozenges and rows of flowers. The spandrels of the prayer niche contain stiff arabesques or geometrical rosettes and leaves. The ground colour is yellow, red, or dark blue. The
Transylvanian church records, as well as Netherlandish paintings from the seventeenth century which depict in detail carpets with this design, allow for precise dating.
3284:
2938:", or "graveyard") designs. Pale turquois blue, pale green and rose colours are prevalent. Rugs from Ortaköy show a hexagonal central ornament, often including a cruciform pattern. The borders show stylized carnations arranged in a row of square compartments. Mucur carpets often show a stepped "prayer niche within a prayer niche" design, with contrasting bright madder red and light indigo colours separated by yellow outlines. The borders are composed of rows of squares filled with geometric diamond or rhomboid patterns. Mucur and Kırşehir are also known for their multiple-niche prayer rugs, or
2076:
1680:-on-silk (silk pile on silk warp and weft): This is the most intricate type of carpet, featuring a very fine weave. Knot counts on some superior-quality "silk-on-silk" rugs can be as high as 28×28 knots/cm. Knot counts for silk carpets intended for floor coverings should be no greater than 100 knots per square cm, or 10×10 knots/cm. Carpets woven with a knot count greater than 10×10 knots/cm are intended to be used as a wall or pillow tapestry, because their fabric is less resistant to mechanical stress. These very fine, intricately-woven rugs and carpets are usually no larger than 3×3 m.
3268:
1274:. In their design, the corner medallions have been moved closely together, so that they form a niche on both ends of the carpet. This has been understood as a prayer rug design, because a pendant resembling a mosque lamp is suspended from one of the niches. The resulting design scheme resembles the classical Persian medallion design. Counterintuitive to the prayer rug design, some of the double niche Ushaks have central medallions as well. Double niche Ushaks thus may provide an example for the integration of Persian patterns into an older Anatolian design tradition.
2145:. The mihrab pattern in Turkish carpets is often modified and may consist of a single, double, or vertically or horizontally multiplied niche. Thus the niche pattern can range from a concrete, architectural to a more ornamental understanding of the design. Prayer rugs are often woven "upside down", as becomes apparent when the direction of the pile is felt by touching the carpet. This has both technical (the weaver can focus on the more complicated niche design first), and practical reasons (the pile inclines in the direction of the worshipper's prostration).
3315:
1533:
2823:
2815:
5630:
3201:
763:-like ornaments; hexagons in diamonds composed of rhomboids filled with stylized flowers and leaves. Their main borders often contain kufic ornaments. The corners are not "resolved", which means that the border design is cut off, and does not continue diagonally around the corners. The colours (blue, red, green, to a lesser extent also white, brown, yellow) are subdued, frequently two shades of the same colour are opposed to each other. Nearly all carpet fragments show different patterns and ornaments.
3236:
3220:
1420:'s "Portrait of an unknown man" (1626) and "Portrait of Constantijn Huyghens and his clerk" (1627) are amongst the earliest paintings depicting the "Transylvanian" types of Ottoman Turkish manufactory carpets. Transylvanian vigesimal accounts, customs bills, and other archived documents provide evidence that these carpets were exported to Europe in large quantities. Probably the increase in production reflects the increasing demand by an upper middle class who now could afford to buy these carpets.
2701:). Gördes is mostly famous for its bridal and prayer carpets. The shapes of the mihrab niches vary from simple stepped arches to artistic architectural pillars, with a horizontal rectangular crossbar above the mihrab niche. Typical colours are cherry red, pastel pink, blue and green together with dark indigo blue. Early carpets of the Gördes type have a more lively colour. Since the 19th century, some pieces show spacious accents in white cotton, and the colours, overall, become more subdued.
1825:
2721:", or graveyard design, which is a subtype of the garden design. The particularly gloomy yet brilliant colour scheme caused one type of rugs from this area to be called "Kömürcü ("charcoal burner") Kula". A combination with predominantly yellow borders is characteristic for Kula carpets. Unusual for Anatolian, and even for Oriental rugs, the rug type called "Kendirli" Kula makes use of hemp in its foundation. A number of "Transylvanian" rugs are attributed to the Kula area.
2569:. Hereke carpets are known primarily for their fine weave. Silk thread or fine wool yarn and occasionally gold, silver and cotton thread are used in their production. Hereke court carpets contain a wide variety of colours and designs. The medallion designs of earlier Ushak carpets was widely used at the Hereke factory. Once referring solely to carpets woven at Hereke, the term "Hereke carpet" is now used as a trade name for any high quality carpet woven with similar design.
2339:
1236:
1461:
1368:
1283:
3022:
characteristic for a "town manufactory". The main border is typically composed of rows of three carnations, held together by a stem. Zara, 70 km east of Sivas, has an
Armenian colony which produces rugs in a characteristic design composed of row after row of vertical stripes extending over the entire field. Each stripe is filled with elaborate floral arabesques. The pile is clipped very short so that the detailed patterns can be clearly seen.
49:
1377:
3357:
553:
2193:
189:
138:, often in a context of dignity, prestige and luxury. Political contacts and trade intensified between Western Europe and the Islamic world after the 13th century AD. When direct trade was established with the Ottoman Empire during the 14th century, all kinds of carpets were at first indiscriminately given the trade name of "Turkish" carpets, regardless of their actual place of manufacture. Since the late nineteenth century,
1088:, Berlin. Radiocarbon dating confirmed that the "Dragon and Phoenix" carpet was woven in the mid 15th century, during the early Ottoman Empire. It is knotted with symmetric knots. The Chinese motif was probably introduced into Islamic art by the Mongols during the thirteenth century. Another carpet showing two medallions with two birds besides a tree was found in the Swedish church of Marby. More fragments were found in
1689:
1849:
2785:. In 1923, it was renamed Fethiye. Megri rugs often show a division of the inner field into three different long fields, with floral patterns inscribed. Prayer rug designs with stepped gable bands are also seen. Typical colours are yellow, bright red, light and dark blue, and white. Megri rugs are also sold under the name of Milas, and it is sometimes difficult to differentiate these two products of town manufacture.
2231:
termed stylization, comprizing series of small, incremental changes either in the overall design, or in details of smaller patterns and ornaments, over time. As a result, the prototype may be modified to an extent as to be barely recognizable. Initially misunderstood as the "degeneration" of a design, the process of stylization is now regarded as a genuine creative process within a distinct design tradition.
1577:, and standardized designs were introduced. This led to a rapid breakdown of the tradition, resulting in the degeneration of an art which had been cultivated for centuries. The process was recognized by art historians as early as in 1902. It is hitherto unknown when exactly this process of degeneration started, but it is observed mainly since the large-scale introduction of synthetic colours took place.
1841:
1833:
119:) to large, room-sized carpets. The earliest surviving examples of Anatolian rugs known today date from the thirteenth century. Distinct types of rugs have been woven ever since in court manufactures and provincial workshops, village homes, tribal settlements, or in the nomad's tent. Rugs were simultaneously produced at all different levels of society, mainly using sheep wool, cotton and
704:, are reared in their country, and also very valuable mules. The other two classes are the Armenians and the Greeks, who live mixt with the former in the towns and villages, occupying themselves with trade and handicrafts. They weave the finest and handsomest carpets in the world, and also a great quantity of fine and rich silks of cramoisy and other colours, and plenty of other stuffs.
1045:
1594:
602:
2931:Ürgüp carpets are distinguished by their colours. Brown-gold is dominant, bright orange and yellow are often seen. A medallion within a medallion frequently is set into the field, which is of a typical "Ürgüp red" colour, adorned with floral motifs. Palmettes fill the corner medallions and the main borders. The outermost secondary border often has reciprocal crenellations.
2928:") hanging from the prayer niche adorns the field. The prayer niches are often stepped, or drawn in at its sides in the classical "head-and-shoulders" shape. The field is often in bright red, and surrounded by golden yellow spandrels and borders. The fine weaving allows for elaborate ornamental patterns, which make the Avanos carpet easy to identify amongst other rugs.
2693:. Carpets were already produced there in the 16th century. Their largely floral, stylized patterns can be traced back to Ottoman floral designs of the sixteenth and seventeenth century. The main border is often composed of rows of three pomegranates, arranged like flowers in groups of three, held together by their stems. Typical is also a broad border of seven stripes (
2875:"). Innice rugs resemble Ladik rugs in their use of tulip ornaments, the bold red field complemented by the bright green foundation of the spandrels. Obruk rugs show the typical Konya design and colours, but their ornaments are more bold and stylized, resembling the Yürük traditions of the weavers from this village. Obruk rugs are sometimes also sold in Kayseri.
1672:(wool pile on cotton warp and weft): This particular combination facilitates a more intricate design-pattern than a "wool-on-wool carpet", as cotton can be finely spun which allows for a higher knot-count. A "wool-on-cotton" rug is often indicative of a town weaver. Due to their higher pile density, wool-on-cotton carpets are heavier than wool-on-wool rugs.
127:, which were so widely used in the area that Western rug dealers in the early 20th century adopted the term "Turkish" or "Ghiordes" knot for the technique. From the 1870s onwards, the Ottoman court manufactures also produced silk-piled rugs, sometimes with inwoven threads of gold or silver, but the traditional material of the majority of Anatolian rugs was
3049:
which are woven in the frontier area between Turkey, Iran, Armenia and
Georgia. Typical designs closely resemble the neighbouring Caucasian regions. Kars rugs often show "Kasak" designs as seen in Fachralo, Gendje, and Akstafa rugs, but their structure and materials are different. Kars or Hudut rugs often have goat's hair in pile and foundation.
2871:
ornament. The tulips are frequently shown upside down at the lower end of the prayer niche. The spandrels are often in golden yellow, and show water ewer ornaments. The "Ladik sinekli" design is also specific for Ladik. On a white or cream white field, a multitude of small black ornaments is arranged, which resemble flies (Turk.: "
1805:, immersing the yarn in the dyeing solution, and leaving it to dry exposed to air and sunlight. Some colours, especially dark brown, require iron mordants, which can damage or fade the fabric. This often results in faster pile wear in areas dyed in dark brown colours, and may create a relief effect in antique Turkish carpets.
2219:
their access to high-quality wool, and the employment of specialized weavers. Larger formats can be produced on the larger, stationary looms. Carpets are woven from cartoons, using material provided by the manufacturer. The town manufactories may accept commissions even from foreign countries, and produce carpets for export.
1232:
to the medallion Ushak carpets, the concept of the infinite repeat in star Ushak carpets is more accentuated and in keeping with the early
Turkish design tradition. Because of their strong allusion to the infinite repeat, the star Ushak design can be used on carpets of various size and in many varying dimensions.
3161:
3048:
in northeastern
Anatolia. Carpets produced around the town are similar to Caucasian rugs, with their colours more subdued. Kars is also used as a trade name, related to the quality of the weaving. Carpets of lower quality woven in the Kars region are sometimes called "Hudut" (i.e., frontier) carpets,
2912:
Kayseri rugs are distinguished by their fine weaving which characterizes the manufactory production, which is prevalent in this area. The rugs are produced mainly for export, and imitate designs from other regions. Wool, silk, and artificial silk are used. The top products of the
Kayseri manufactures
2798:
used at first were proved to be inconsistent, but soon chemistry provided new synthetic dyes with steady and standardized colours; this made the reproduction of the same pattern over and over again possible. The use of millimetric paper for designing the patterns allowed workers to reproduce patterns
2510:
As a group, Western
Anatolian rugs often show a bright brick red and lighter reddish colours. White accents are prominent, and green and yellow are more frequently seen than in rugs from other regions of Anatolia. The wefts are often dyed red. The selvages are reinforced over 3-4 warp cords. The ends
1514:
and other palaces in
Istanbul, contain a wide variety of colours and designs. The typical "palace carpet" features intricate floral designs, including the tulip, daisy, carnation, crocus, rose, lilac, and hyacinth. It often has quarter medallions in the corners. The medallion designs of earlier Ushak
1262:
Star and medallion Ushaks represent an important innovation, as in them, floral ornaments appear in
Turkish carpets for the first time. The replacement of floral and foliate ornaments by geometrical designs, and the substitution of the infinite repeat by large, centered compositions of ornaments, was
1258:
in the first half of the sixteenth century, they would have knowledge of, and access to Persian medallion carpets. Several examples are known to have been in Turkey at an early date, such as the carpet that Erdmann found in the Topkapı Palace. The Ushak carpet medallion, however, conceived as part of
1146:
show a yellow grid of geometric arabesques, with interchanging cruciform, octagonal, or diamond shaped elements. The oldest examples have "kufic" borders. The field is always red, and is covered with bright yellow leaves on an underlying rapport of octagonal or rhombiform elements. Carpets of various
1635:
is the most frequently used pile material in a Turkish rug because it is soft, durable, easy to work with and not too expensive. It is less susceptible to dirt than cotton, does not react electrostatically, and insulates against both heat and cold. This combination of characteristics is not found in
1503:
Jacquard looms. Within its early years of production, it had only produced textiles exclusively for the Ottoman palaces, and in 1878, a fire had caused extensive damage and had closed production until 1882. Carpet production had begun in Hereke in 1891 and became a center for expert carpet weavers.
1231:
carpets were woven in large formats. They are characterized by large dark blue star shaped primary medallions in infinite repeat on a red ground field containing a secondary floral scroll. The design was likely influenced by northwest Persian book design, or by Persian carpet medallions. As compared
2992:") frequently form the prayer niche. Opposed "double hook" ornaments fill the columns both in Karapinar and Karaman rugs. Another type of design often seen in Karapinar runners is composed of geometric hexagonal primary motifs arranged on top of each other, in subdued red, yellow, green, and white.
2761:. Their more elaborate, curvilinear "town designs" distinguish Smyrna carpets from the products of other Anatolian centers. Single ornaments are directly related to Ottoman "court" carpets. In particular, the main borders often contain elongated cartouches like those seen in "Transylvanian" carpets.
2667:
is inhabited mainly by a Turkish tribe called Karakecili. The rugs are often smaller, with cheerful bright red, light blue, white and pale green. The use of goats's hair for the warps hints at the nomadic origins of the tribe. The design is geometric, often combined with stylized floral motifs. The
2346:
Anatolia can be divided into three major areas of rug production, centered around local towns and marketplaces, which often lend their names to the rugs produced in the surrounding area. Western, Central, and Eastern Anatolia have distinct weaving traditions. However, commercially produced rugs are
1712:
were invented thereafter. Cheap, readily prepared and easy to use as they were compared to natural dyes, their use is documented in Ushak carpets already by the mid 1860s. The tradition of natural dyeing was recently revived, based on chemical analyses of natural dyes from antique wool samples, and
1354:
still shelters a variety of Anatolian carpets, called by convenience "Transylvanian carpets". By their preservation in Christian churches, unusual as the setting may be, the carpets were protected from wear and the changes of history, and often remained in excellent condition. Amongst these carpets
699:
In Turcomania there are three classes of people. First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own. They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping. Excellent horses, known
3034:
in 1915, East Anatolia had a large Armenian population, and sometimes carpets are identified as of Armenian production by their inscriptions. Information is also lacking with regard to the Kurdish and Turkish carpet production. Research in the 1980s has come to the conclusion that the tradition of
2230:
Patterns and ornaments from court manufactory rugs were reproduced by smaller (town or village) workshops. This process is well documented for Ottoman prayer rugs. As prototypical court designs were passed on to smaller workshops, and from one generation to the next, the design underwent a process
1890:
ends, sometimes including pile-woven tribal signs or village crests. The pile of the carpet is shorn with special knives in order to obtain an equal surface. In some carpets, a relief effect is obtained by clipping the pile unevenly. Finally, the carpet is washed before it is used, or goes to the
1324:
After the 1517 Ottoman conquest of the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt, two different cultures merged. The earlier tradition of the Mamluk carpet used "S" (clockwise) spun and "Z" (anti-clockwise)-plied wool, and a limited palette of colours and shades. After the conquest, the Cairene weavers adopted an
758:
Judging by their original size (Riefstahl reports a carpet up to 6 m long), the Konya carpets must have been produced in town manufactories, as looms of this size can hardly have been set up in a nomadic or village home. Where exactly these carpets were woven is unknown. The field patterns of
2581:
of northwest Turkey. As a market place for the surrounding villages, the name of Bergama is used as a trade name. The history of carpet weaving in Bergama probably dates back to the 11th century. Bergama carpets survived which date from the early 15th century. The best known carpet type woven for
1358:
The carpets termed "Transsylvanian carpets" by convenience today are of Ottoman origin, and were woven in Anatolia. Usually their format is small, with borders of oblong, angular cartouches whose centers are filled with stylized, counterchanging vegetal motifs, sometimes interspersed with shorter
1111:
More animal carpets were depicted in Italian paintings of the 14th and 15th century, and thus represent the earliest Oriental carpets shown in Renaissance paintings. Although only few examples for early Anatolian carpets have survived, European paintings inform the knowledge about late Seljuk and
3063:
tribes were living as nomads for most of their history, they tended to weave traditional tribal, rather than any local, design. If a rug with an overall Yürük design can be attributed to a specific region (as Yürüks also live in other regions of Anatolia), the name "Yürük" sometimes precedes the
2979:
Niğde is the market place for the surrounding area, and many rugs woven in the surrounding villages are sold under the trade name of Niğde. If a prayer rug design is used, the niche and spandrels are typically tall and narrow. Likewise, the central field is not substantially larger than the main
2680:
coast. Since the nineteenth century, intricately woven carpets are produced mainly in prayer rug design. The cotton foundation and finely knotted pile of wool and silk characterizes the Bandırma carpet as a product of town manufacture. Production declined during the late nineteenth century, with
2218:
Carpets were woven in town manufactures by organized manufactories. Usually, town manufactures have a larger range of patterns and ornaments and more artistically developed designs which can be executed by the weavers, the palette of colours is rich, and the weaving technique may be finer due to
1608:
In traditional households, women and girls take up carpet and kilim weaving as a hobby as well as a means of earning money. Women learn their weaving skills at an early age, taking months or even years to complete the pile rugs and flat woven kilims that were created for their use in daily life.
1150:
Holbein and Lotto carpets have little in common with decorations and ornaments seen on Ottoman art objects other than carpets. Briggs demonstrated similarities between both types of carpets, and Timurid carpets depicted in miniature paintings. The Holbein and Lotto carpets may represent a design
2655:
initiative runs workshops in the small hamlets around Ayvacık, which produce rugs in traditional designs and with natural dyes. The initiative also has workshops in the Yuntdağ area near Bergama, where people of Turkmen descent weave robust, thick carpets in largely geometric designs. Floral or
1894:
The upright pile of Turkish rugs usually falls in one direction, as knots are always pulled down before the string of pile yarn is cut off and work resumes on the next knot, piling row after row of knots on top of each other. When touching a carpet, this creates a feeling similar to stroking an
2870:
Konya-Ladik rugs often show prayer rug designs. Their fields are mostly in bright madder red, with stepped mihrab designs. Opposite, and sometimes above, the prayer niche are smaller gables. The gables are often arranged in groups of three, each gable decorated with a stylized, geometric tulip
2210:
produced in the court manufactures as special commissions or gifts. Their elaborate design required a division of work between an artist who created a design plan (termed "cartoon") on paper, and a weaver who was given the plan for execution on the loom. Thus, artist and weaver were separated.
2209:
Representative "court" rugs were woven by special workshops, often founded and protected by the sovereign, with the intention to represent power and status. As such, representative carpets have developed a specific design tradition influenced by the courts of the surrounding empires. Rugs were
2608:
region. These carpets are characterized by their high knot density (1000-1400 per square meter), and subdued colours. They show geometrical patterns in dark red, brown, and black-blue. By their fine weaving, colours and design they resemble Caucasian designs, and are mainly woven by people of
1502:
A weaving workshop was established in 1843 in Hereke that supplied the royal palaces with silk brocades and other textiles. The Hereke Imperial Factory included looms that produced cotton fabric, in 1850 the cotton looms were moved to a factory in Bakirkoy, west of Istanbul, being replaced by
2222:
Rugs produced in villages are often produced in individual homes, but at least partly commissioned and supervised by guilds or manufacturers. Home production may not require full-time labour, but could be performed when time allows, besides other household tasks. Village carpets as essential
1568:
The modern history of carpets and rugs began in the nineteenth century when increasing demand for handmade carpets arose on the international market. However, the traditional, hand-woven, naturally dyed Turkish carpet is a very labour-intense product, as each step in its manufacture requires
1447:
Carpets are rarely found in Anatolia itself from the transitional period between the classical Ottoman era and the nineteenth century. The reason for this remains unclear. Carpets which can be reliably dated to the eighteenth century are of a small format. At the same time, western European
2200:
Carpets and rugs were simultaneously produced by and for the four different social levels of court, town, rural village, and tribe. Elements of town design were often reproduced in rural production, and integrated by the village weavers into their own artistic tradition by a process called
1878:. Each knot is made on two warps. With this form of knotting, each end of the pile thread is twisted around two warp threads at regular intervals, so that both ends of the knot come up between two strands on one side of the carpet. The thread is then pulled downwards and cut with a knife.
1249:
carpets usually have a red or blue field decorated with a floral trellis or leaf tendrils, ovoid primary medallions alternating with smaller eight-lobed stars, or lobed medallions, intertwined with floral tracery. Their border frequently contains palmettes on a floral and leaf scroll, and
2793:
in Pisidia emerged as a new centre of Anatolian rug production in the late 1880s. The city, until then renowned for its rose production, developed into a competitive carpet weaving centre with significant export activity. A major role in this development was played by the Oriental Carpet
3021:
State-owned manufactories, some of them organized as weaving schools, produce rugs in Sivas. The design imitates carpets from other regions, especially Persian designs. Traditional Sivas carpets were distinguished by their dense and short, velvet-like pile in elaborate designs which are
1656:
of rugs. Cotton is stronger than wool, and, when used for the foundation, makes a carpet lie flat on the ground, as it is not as easily distorted as woolen strings. Some weavers, such as Turkomans, also use cotton for weaving small white details into the rug in order to create contrast.
1569:
considerable time, from the preparation, spinning, dyeing of the wool to setting up the loom, knotting each knot by hand, and finishing the carpet before it goes to market. In an attempt to save on resources and cost, and maximise on profit in a competitive market environment, synthetic
2175:
In Anatolia, several ethnic minorities have maintained separate traditions, e.g., the Greek, Armenians, and Kurds. Whilst Greeks and Armenians were involved in carpet weaving and trading in the past, no design motifs have been clearly associated with their distinct, Christian culture.
890:
settled in South-western Anatolia in the eleventh century, and moved back to the Caspian sea later. The Tekke tribes of Turkmenistan, living around Merv and the Amu Darya during the 19th century and earlier, wove a distinct type of carpet characterized by stylized floral motifs called
1636:
other natural fibers. Wool comes from the coats of sheep. Natural wool comes in colors of white, brown, fawn, yellow and gray, which are sometimes used directly without going through a dyeing process, sheep's wool also takes dyes well. Traditionally, wool used for Turkish carpets is
1584:
were started aiming at re-establishing the ancient tradition of carpet weaving from handspun, naturally dyed wool. The return to traditional dyeing and weaving by the producers, and the renewed customer interest in these carpets was termed by Eilland as the "Carpet Renaissance".
1506:
Hereke carpets are known primarily for their fine weave. Silk thread or fine wool yarn and occasionally gold, silver and cotton thread are used in their production. Wool carpets produced for the palace had 60–65 knots per square centimeter, while silk carpets had 80–100 knots.
2713:, and lies about 100 km east of İzmir on the road to Ușak. Together with Ușak, Gördes, Lâdik and Bergama it belongs to the most important rug weaving centers of Anatolia. Prayer rug designs are common, with straight-lined mihrab niches. Another specific design is called "
2532:
inscriptions. He often signed his carpets. Tossounian made silk rugs with high pile, glowing colours, and red kilim endings. The design was inspired by Persian animal carpets of the "Sanguszko" type. Colours are very elaborate, carmine red, jade green, yellow, and dark bright
1812:, nearly every colour and shade can be obtained so that it is nearly impossible to identify, in a finished carpet, whether natural or artificial dyes were used. Modern carpets can be woven with carefully selected synthetic colours, and provide artistic and utilitarian value.
1099:
The "Dragon and Phoenix" and the "Marby" rugs were the only existing examples of Anatolian animal carpets known until 1988. Since then, seven more carpets of this type have been found. They survived in Tibetan monasteries and were removed by monks fleeing to Nepal during the
2294:
in contemporary Turkey have in large parts acquired sedentary lifestyles. Some aspects of the tradition, like the use of specific materials, dyes, weaving or finishing techniques or designs may have been preserved, which can be identified as specifically nomadic or tribal.
1253:
Medallion Ushak carpets with their curvilinear patterns significantly depart from the designs of earlier Turkish carpets. Their emergence in the sixteenth century hints at a potential impact of Persian designs. Since the Ottoman Turks occupied the former Persian capital of
1515:
carpets was widely used at the Hereke factory. These medallions are curved on the horizontal axis and taper to points on the vertical axis. Hereke prayer rugs feature patterns of geometric motifs, tendrils and lamps as background designs within the representation of a
1346:
was part of the Ottoman Empire from 1526-1699. It was an important center for the carpet trade with Europe. Carpets were also valued in Transylvania, and Turkish carpets were used as decorative wall furnishings in Christian Protestant churches. Amongst others, the
2347:
often woven irrespective of local design traditions. Preferential use of different materials and dyes, as well as characteristic designs, sometimes allow for a more specific assignment of a carpet to one of the three regions, or to a more specific weaving place.
1815:
The Anatolian rug is distinct from carpets of other provenience in that it makes more pronounced use of primary colours. Western Anatolian carpets prefer red and blue colours, whereas Central Anatolian use more red and yellow, with sharp contrasts set in white.
1660:
Wool-on-wool (wool pile on wool warp and weft): This is the most traditional type of Anatolian rug. Wool-on-wool carpet weaving dates back further and utilizes more traditional design-motifs than its counterparts. Because wool cannot be spun extra finely, the
1427:
Anatolian carpets of the "Transylvanian" type were also kept in other European churches in Hungary, Poland, Italy and Germany, whence they were sold, and reached European and American museums and private collections. Aside from the Transylvanian churches, the
1405:
By the time "Transylvanian" carpets appear in Western paintings for the first time, royal and aristocratic subjects had mostly progressed to sit for portraits which depict Persian carpets. Less wealthy sitters are still shown with the Turkish types: The 1620
102:
migrating from Central Asia, as well as Armenian people, Caucasian and Kurdic tribes either living in, or migrating to Anatolia at different times in history contributed their traditional motifs and ornaments. The arrival of Islam and the development of the
107:
has profoundly influenced the Anatolian rug design. Its ornaments and patterns thus reflect the political history and social diversity of the area. Since rug export was so popular within Iran, the cultural motives and display on the Anatolian rugs vary.
2737:. It is one of the most renowned and important carpet centres. According to their structure and patterns there are several types of carpets called "star", "medallion" and "white-ground" Ușak carpets. Frequently depicted by European painters during the
3141:
2321:
Within the genre of carpet weaving, the most authentic village and nomadic products were those woven to serve the needs of the community, which were not intended for export or trade other than local. This includes specialized bags and bolster covers
2125:
The main fields of Anatolian rugs are frequently filled with redundant, interwoven patterns in "infinite repeat". Thus, the rug represents a section of an infinite pattern, which is imagined as continuing beyond its borders and into the infinite.
1308:. Bird rugs have an allover geometrical field design of repeating quatrefoils enclosing a rosette. Although geometric in design, the pattern has similarities to birds. The rugs of the white ground group have been attributed to the nearby town of
2983:
Carpets from Karapinar and Karaman geographically belong to the Konya area, but their design is more similar to the rugs woven in the Niğde area. The design of some Karapinar rugs shows similarities, but is not related, to Turkmen door rugs
1915:
and their interaction with surrounding cultures, in their central Asian origin as well as during their migration, and in Anatolia itself. The most important cultural influences came from the Chinese culture, and from Islam. Carpets from the
2593:
lies north of Bergama in the İzmir Province of northwest Turkey. By structure and colours they belong to the Bergama group. Small format rugs show geometrical designs, often adorned with latched hooks, which closely resembles Caucasian
885:
confirm that the Turkoman tribes produced carpets in Anatolia. What types of carpets were woven by the Turkoman Beyliks remains unknown, since we are unable to identify them. One of the Turkoman tribes of the Beylik group, the
1209:
1617:
Makers of handmade rugs use only natural fibres. The most common materials used for the pile are wool, silk and cotton. Nomadic and village weavers sometimes also use goat- and camel-hair. Traditionally, spinning is done by
1083:
Very few carpets still exist today which represent the transition between the late Seljuq and early Ottoman period. A traditional Chinese motif, the fight between phoenix and dragon, is seen in an Anatolian rug today at the
1881:
After a row of knots has been inserted, one or two, sometimes more, rows of wefts are woven in, and the fabric is compacted by beating with a heavy comb. Once the carpet is finished, it is cut from the loom. The sides or
158:
from the last third of the 19th century onwards. The mass production of cheap rugs designed for commercial success had brought the ancient tradition close to extinction. In the late twentieth century, projects like the
2799:
exactly in all their details. Isparta carpet weaving suffered a severe blow after the expulsion of the Greek Orthodox population in 1922, however Isparta remained a centre for washing and finishing carpets until today.
831:
2633:. Carpets are mainly woven in smaller villages to the south of Çanakkale. They show large squares, rhombi or polygons in their fields and strong colours like brick red, bright dark blue, saffron yellow and white.
4969:
Bergama Heybe ve Torba: Traditional bags of the Yürüks in Northwest Anatolia, Observations from 1970 to 2007 / Traditionelle Taschen der Yürüken Nordwest-Anatoliens. Beobachtungen in den Jahren zwischen 1970 bis
1128:. The large Holbein type show two or three large medallions, often including eight-pointed stars. Their field is often covered in minute floral ornaments. These "Ushak" carpets can be found in places such as the
759:
the Konya rugs are mostly geometric, and small in relation to the carpet size. Similar patterns are arranged in diagonal rows: Hexagons with plain, or hooked outlines; squares filled with stars, with interposed
617:
The origin of carpet weaving remains unknown, as carpets are subject to use, wear, and destruction by insects and rodents. Controversy arose over the accuracy of the claim that the oldest records of flat woven
142:
rugs have been subject to art historic and scientific interest in the Western world. The richness and cultural diversity of rug weaving were gradually better understood. More recently, also flat woven carpets
2242:
2017:"And under these there were strewed purple carpets of the finest wool, with the carpet pattern on both sides. And there were handsomely embroidered rugs very beautifully elaborated on them." (Book V, p. 314)
1177:
770:" of the following period, depictions of animals are rarely seen in the Seljuq fragments. Rows of horned quadrupeds placed opposite to each other, or birds beside a tree can be recognized on some fragments.
5297:
Ppapadaki, I.A., " Spartali Iordanis Styloglou (1887-1948), contribution to the development of carpet weaving in Isparta, Asia Minor", Deltion tis Etairias Meletis tis Kath Imas Anatolis, 2 (2006), 161-175.
2223:
household items were part of a tradition that was at times influenced by, but essentially distinct from the invented designs of the workshop production. Frequently, mosques had acquired rural carpets as
3460:"Journal of History School - MOTIF-ORIENTED CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TURKISH CARPETS ILLUSTRATED IN ENGLISH ARISTOCRATIC PORTRAYS OF RENAISSANCE AND EFFECTS OF THE CARPETS ON BRITISH CARPET PRODUCTION"
2227:, which provided material for studies. Rural carpets rarely include cotton for warps and wefts, and almost never silk, as these materials had to be purchased on the market by the individual weaver.
1193:
3330:
1955:
In his essay on centralized designs, Thompson relates the central medallion pattern, frequently found in Anatolian rugs to the "lotus pedestal" and "cloud collar (yun chien)" motifs, used in
1895:
animal's fur. This can be used to determine where the weaver has started knotting the pile. The pile in Turkish carpets is usually between 2 and 4 mm thick. Coarse nomadic rugs like the
626:
excavations, dated to circa 7000 BC. The excavators' report remained unconfirmed, as it states that the wall paintings depicting kilim motifs had disintegrated shortly after their exposure.
2286:
in Anatolia, and the consequent loss of specific traditions, it has become difficult to identify a genuine "nomadic rug". Social or ethnic groups known for their nomadic lifestyle like the
3299:
2266:
915:; in 1326, the Ottomans conquered Bursa, which became the first capital of the Ottoman state. By the late 15th century, the Ottoman state had become a major power. In 1517, the Egyptian
2051:
Empires have coexisted for more than 400 years. Artistically, both empires have developed similar styles and decorative vocabulary, as exemplified by mosaics and architecture of Roman
2003:) that carpets ("polymita") were invented in Alexandria. It is unknown whether these were flatweaves or pile weaves, as no detailed technical information can be gained from the texts.
716:
refers to rug export from Anatolian cities in the late 13th century: "That's where Turkoman carpets are made, which are exported to all other countries". He and the Moroccan merchant
1296:
motif, made of three coloured orbs arranged in triangles, often with two wavy bands positioned under each triangle. This motiv usually appears on a white ground. Together with the
799:
629:
The history of rug weaving in Anatolia must be understood in the context of the country's political and social history. Anatolia was home to ancient civilizations, such as the
3100:
956:
became a meeting point of diplomats, merchants and artists. During Suleiman I.'s reign, artists and artisans of different specialities worked together in court manufactures (
2025:
A carpet "with the pattern on both sides" could either be a flat-woven, or pile-woven carpet. Whether "purple" refers to the colour of the fabric or to the dyestuff (either
819:
1161:
115:, the Anatolian rug is distinguished by particular characteristics of its dyes and colours, motifs, textures and techniques. Examples range in size from small pillows (
1408:
2681:
inferior or artificial silk and mercerized cotton being used. The name of the town and region is nowadays often used for cheap imitations sold by other manufacturers.
1963:. Recently, Brüggemann further elaborated on the relationship between Chinese and Turkic motifs like the "cloud band" ornament, the origin of which he relates to the
79:. It denotes a knotted, pile-woven floor or wall covering which is produced for home use, local sale, and export, and religious purpose. Together with the flat-woven
3185:
2934:
Rugs from Kırşehir, Mucur and Ortaköy are closely related, and not easily distinguished from each other. Prayer and medallion designs are woven, as well as garden ("
2067:. The architectural elements seen in the Khirbat al-Mafjar complex are considered exemplary for the continuation of pre-Islamic, Roman designs in early Islamic art.
3116:
1147:
sizes up to 6 meters square are known. Ellis distinguishes three principal design groups for Lotto carpets: the Anatolian-style, kilim-style, and ornamental style.
3459:
1124:. The small Holbein type is characterized by small octagons, frequently including a star, which are distributed over the field in a regular pattern, surrounded by
1519:(prayer niche). Once referring solely to carpets woven at Hereke, the term "Hereke carpet" now refers to any high quality carpet woven using similar techniques.
657:. Rug weaving is assumed to already exist in Anatolia during this time, however there are no examples of pre-Turkic migration rugs in Anatolia. In 1071 AD, the
2741:
era, they are often given, as a term of convenience, the name of the painter on whose paintings corresponding carpets have been identified. The best known are
1665:
is often not as high as seen in a "wool-on-cotton" or "silk-on-silk" rug. Wool-on-wool carpets are more frequently attributed to tribal or nomadic production.
2165:
origin. The Caucasian tradition may have been integrated either by migrating Turkish tribes, or by contact with Turkmen people already living in Anatolia.
5366:
3700:
3314:
3200:
1932:
90:
Rug weaving represents a traditional craft dating back to prehistoric times. Rugs were woven much earlier than even the oldest surviving rugs like the
5475:
1871:
are woven ("shot") in after each row of knots in order to further stabilize the fabric. Wefts can be either undyed or dyed, mostly in red and blue.
6814:
3235:
3219:
1924:
areas are considered as most closely related to earlier Anatolian rugs, and their significance in the history of the art is now better understood.
94:
would suggest. During its long history, the art and craft of the woven carpet has absorbed and integrated different cultural traditions. Traces of
2920:
Carpets from Avanos, often in prayer rug design, are distinguished by their dense weaving. Typically, an elaborate pendant representing either a
6317:
3770:
3053:
Other East Anatolian rugs are usually not attributed to a specific location, but are classified according to their tribal provenience. As the
1259:
an endless repeat, represents a specific Turkish idea, and is different from the Persian understanding of a self-contained central medallion.
7126:
4482:
2830:
Central Anatolia is one of the main areas of carpet production in Turkey. Regional weaving centers with distinct designs and traditions are:
1448:
residences were more sparely equipped with Oriental carpets. It seems likely that carpets were not exported in large scale during this time.
976:, and influenced carpet weaving. Besides Istanbul, Bursa, Iznik, Kütahya and Ushak were homes to manufactories of different specializations.
75:
and its adjacent regions. Geographically, its area of production can be compared to the territories which were historically dominated by the
1936:
Detail of a "Lotto" rug with a cloud band border. The ornament is assumed to be of Chinese origin. In most Anatolian rugs, the borders are
3283:
3251:
2021:" to lie on a couch with silver feet, with a smooth Sardian carpet spread under it of the most expensive description." (Book VI, p. 401)
583:
1325:
Ottoman Turkish design. The production of these carpets continued in Egypt, and probably also in Anatolia, into the early 17th century.
6404:
6301:
268:
4272:
1967:. The early Anatolian "Phoenix and Dragon rug" depicts another traditional motif of Chinese mythology, the fight between the phoenix (
5609:
2060:
5361:
7445:
6354:
5195:
Old Eastern carpets: Masterpieces in German Private Collections = Alte Orientteppiche: Meisterstücke aus deutschen Privatsammlungen
2738:
2168:
A central medallion consisting of large, concentrically reduced rhomboid patterns with latch-hook ornaments is associated with the
135:
1886:
are usually overcast in wool. The selvages consist of up to ten warp threads. Especially village and nomadic rugs have flat-woven
7344:
6274:
5551:
3267:
87:
today, and derives from the ethnic, religious and cultural pluralism of one of the most ancient centres of human civilisation.
6208:
505:
1801:
The dyeing process involves the preparation of the yarn in order to make it susceptible for the proper dyes by immersion in a
5772:
5678:
5398:
4923:
4767:
4738:
4687:
4662:
4320:
4142:
3819:
3669:
163:
have successfully revived the tradition of Anatolian rug weaving using hand-spun, naturally-dyed wool and traditional designs
4472:
1541:
773:
The style of the Seljuq rugs has parallels amongst the architectural decoration of contemporaneous mosques such as those at
920:
2172:
of Anatolia. The name Yürük is usually given to nomads whose way of life has changed least from its central Asian origin.
1580:
In the late twentieth century, the loss of cultural heritage was recognized, and efforts started to revive the tradition.
774:
6281:
4704:
4227:
2063:
painting was traced back to late Roman origins and related to early Islamic floor mosaics found in the Umayyad palace of
1911:
Anatolian rug design integrates different strands of traditions. Specific elements are closely related to the history of
1696:
Traditional dyes used for Anatolian carpets are obtained from plants, insects and minerals. In 1856, the English chemist
226:
2118:
has focused on writing and ornament. The borders of Anatolian rugs frequently contain ornaments which were derived from
739:(1243–1302) are regarded as the first group of Anatolian rugs. Eight fragments were found in 1905 by F.R. Martin in the
7544:
4167:
3997:
3610:
3545:
2254:
2099:
in the Islamic tradition, which does not distinguish between religious and profane life. Since the codification of the
1104:. One of these carpets was acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art which parallels a painting by the Sienese artist
1035:
965:
7549:
7091:
6322:
6202:
6182:
6171:
5243:
5206:
5002:
4977:
4951:
4895:
4870:
4845:
4817:
4792:
4680:
Geknüpfte Kunst: Teppiche des Museums für Islamische Kunst / Museum für Islamische Kunst, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
4618:
4578:
4454:
4408:
4383:
4117:
4085:
3887:
3640:
2037:
lies in Western Anatolia, thus, this may be the earliest reference to carpet production in the region of Asia minor.
251:
3495:
1120:
Based on the distribution and size of their geometric medallions, a distinction is made between "large" and "small"
6198:
5487:
3724:
278:
41:
7131:
6167:
790:
576:
4995:
Oriental rugs : the collector's guide to selecting, identifying, and enjoying new and vintage oriental rugs
1640:. Before the yarn can be used for weaving, several strands have to be twisted together for additional strength.
7408:
7096:
6447:
6397:
6136:
5875:
5337:
5122:
5066:
4256:
3133:
3013:
1433:
1129:
1025:
767:
17:
3968:
Der Orientalische Knüpfteppich. tr. C. G. Ellis as Oriental Carpets: An Essay on Their History, New York, 1960
7116:
7066:
6161:
6146:
5440:
4297:
4013:
Inalick, Halil (1986). Pinner, R. (ed.). "The Yürüks. In: Carpets of the Mediterranean Countries 1400-1600".
1948:
in Central Asia is closely related to China. Contacts between Turks and China are documented since the early
1424:
1663 painting "Portrait of a family making music" depicts an Ottoman prayer rug of the "Transylvanian" type.
256:
5541:
2549:. Initially, the manufactory produced exclusively for the Ottoman court, which commissioned carpets for the
1108:: "The Marriage of the Virgin", 1423. It shows large confronted animals, each with a smaller animal inside.
83:, Anatolian rugs represent an essential part of the regional culture, which is officially understood as the
6829:
6529:
6344:
6339:
6188:
6151:
5516:
5445:
2668:
borders sometimes contain rows of lozenges, as also seen in more elaborate form in "Transylvanian" carpets.
2095:, they were migrating mainly through lands which had already adopted Islam. Depicting animals or humans is
851:
273:
5356:
4032:
3903:
3854:
3745:
3635:. Translated by Beattie, May H.; Herzog, Hildegard. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
3603:
Carpet fragments: The Marby rug and some fragments of carpets found in Egypt (Nationalmuseums skriftserie)
7539:
7101:
6312:
6224:
6156:
5470:
2248:
Ottoman court prayer rug, Bursa, late 16th century (James Ballard collection, Metropolitan Museum of Art)
838:
377:
7534:
7141:
7081:
7061:
7056:
6839:
6472:
6240:
6067:
2859:
in Konya has a large collection of Anatolian rugs, including some of the carpet fragments found in the
1437:
1429:
1290:
Examples are also known of rugs woven in the Ushak area whose fields are covered by ornaments like the
1137:
569:
519:
263:
4550:
Atlihan, Serife (1993). "Traditional Weaving in One Village of Settled Nomads in Northwest Anatolia".
4531:
Boehmer, Harald (1983). "The Revival of Natural Dyeing in Two Traditional Weaving Areas of Anatolia".
4424:
4265:
2311:
irregular format due to frequent re-assembly of the loom, resulting in irregular tension of the warps;
2122:. Usually, these "kufic" borders consist of lam-alif- or alif-lam sequences in an interwoven pattern.
766:
The Beyşehir rugs are closely related to the Konya specimen in design and colour. In contrast to the "
7334:
7182:
7111:
6390:
6250:
6178:
5465:
5455:
5391:
3370:
689:
669:
372:
288:
5491:
7046:
6929:
6889:
6564:
1112:
early Ottoman carpets. By the end of the 15th century, geometrical ornaments became more frequent.
1016:
are associated with the old Ottoman capital of Bursa, in Western Anatolia near the Sea of Marmara.
926:
916:
713:
4352:
4336:
3664:] (in German) (1st ed.). Wiesbaden, Germany: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag. pp. 87–176.
7372:
3211:
3030:
We are currently unable to recognize specific local designs in east Anatolian carpets. Until the
2652:
2635:
2314:
pronounced abrash (irregularities within the same colour due to dyeing of yarn in small batches);
2111:
2000:
1581:
1479:" style developed out of French baroque designs. Carpets were woven after the patterns of French
1397:
1389:
1125:
1092:, today a suburb of the city of Cairo. A carpet with serial bird-and-tree medallions is shown in
309:
160:
36:
4057:
Pinner, R.; Franses, M. (1981). "East Mediterranean carpets in the Victoria and Albert Museum".
2153:
7382:
7121:
6924:
6704:
4223:
3576:
3392:
3176:
2952:
1480:
1216:
1074:
485:
293:
5660:
5435:
4463:
2075:
532:
7377:
7136:
7051:
6919:
6512:
6267:
5747:
2864:
1742:
1286:
White-ground "Selendi" rug with bird-like ornaments. Monastery Church of Sighișoara, Romania.
806:
744:
3134:
Patterns of Islamic origin: Calligraphic borders, infinite repeat field, prayer niche design
1874:
The pile knots are usually knotted by hand. Most rugs from Anatolia utilize the symmetrical
903:
Around 1300 AD, a group of Turkmen tribes under Suleiman and Ertugrul moved westward. Under
7529:
7307:
7177:
6517:
6492:
6482:
6230:
6194:
6040:
5880:
5855:
5536:
5531:
5521:
5511:
5506:
5496:
5450:
5430:
5415:
5384:
1794:
1697:
1532:
1496:
1451:
871:
448:
327:
2550:
1492:
1464:
8:
7493:
7236:
7167:
7106:
7000:
6980:
6975:
5994:
5951:
5865:
5501:
5480:
3337:
3092:
2676:
is the capital town of the province to which it has given its name. The town lies on the
2119:
2092:
2040:
1101:
882:
338:
246:
231:
4078:
Vorderasiatische Knüpfteppiche / Antique Rugs from the Near East, tra. C. G. Ellis, 1970
3626:
3624:
3622:
2901:
2640:
154:
The art and craft of the Anatolian rug underwent serious changes by the introduction of
7465:
7322:
6307:
5969:
5959:
5803:
5757:
5460:
3122:
2096:
2064:
1334:
1004:
for their carpets. The Ushak region, one of the centers of Ottoman "court" production,
475:
402:
388:
349:
241:
155:
4762:] (1st ed.). Wiesbaden, Germany: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag. pp. 87–176.
2905:
1351:
623:
7508:
7503:
7352:
7146:
7005:
6746:
6467:
5941:
5936:
5918:
5333:
5239:
5202:
5118:
5062:
4998:
4973:
4947:
4919:
4891:
4866:
4841:
4813:
4788:
4763:
4734:
4683:
4658:
4657:] (1st ed.). Wiesbaden, Germany: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag. pp. 51–60.
4614:
4574:
4513:
4450:
4404:
4379:
4356:
4316:
4291:
4252:
4163:
4138:
4113:
4081:
3993:
3883:
3815:
3665:
3636:
3619:
3606:
3541:
3080:
were market places for Kurdish kilims, rugs and smaller weavings like cradles, bags (
3031:
2822:
2814:
2557:
in 1891 and expert carpet weavers were brought in from the carpet weaving centers of
2108:
1562:: Tribal Kurdish Cuval, ca. 1880 in traditional design, with harsh synthetic colours.
1484:
1441:
1105:
859:
537:
421:
283:
236:
199:
179:
84:
6371:
3069:
2578:
1511:
71:) is a term of convenience, commonly used today to denote rugs and carpets woven in
7450:
7387:
7327:
7203:
7020:
6965:
6960:
6844:
6809:
6218:
6214:
6054:
5926:
5893:
5813:
5604:
5157:
4505:
4348:
2088:
2080:
2044:
1417:
736:
654:
453:
345:
209:
64:
4490:
3579:(December 1931). "Primitive Rugs of the "Konya" type in the Mosque of Beyshehir".
3488:
7302:
7162:
7015:
6874:
6849:
6834:
6804:
6776:
6539:
6502:
6442:
6245:
6126:
6121:
6116:
5931:
5767:
5734:
5651:
4731:
Masterpieces from the Department of Islamic Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
4489:
Geissler, CA; Brun, TA; Mirbagheri, I; Soheli, A; Naghibi, A; Hedayat, H (1981).
4476:
3424:
3419:
2860:
2710:
2582:
export which is attributed to the Bergama region is the so-called "large pattern
2187:
2048:
2030:
1996:
1724:
1421:
1413:
1240:
1152:
1085:
1057:
946:
740:
638:
467:
443:
435:
412:
356:
322:
170:
112:
4469:
4110:
Anatolian carpets from the collection of the Brukenthal National Museum in Sibiu
3523:
2913:
come very close to those from Hereke and Kum-Kapı. Ürgüp, Avanos and İncesu are
2546:
2330:) in Anatolia, which show designs adapted from the earliest weaving traditions.
1488:
1444:
near Stockholm in Sweden keep important collections of "Transylvanian" carpets.
720:
mention Aksaray as a major rug weaving center in the early-to-mid-14th century.
7488:
7362:
7246:
7187:
7076:
7030:
6995:
6990:
6934:
6909:
6899:
6884:
6824:
6799:
6783:
6729:
6669:
6594:
6574:
6569:
6462:
6427:
6098:
5984:
5860:
5762:
5719:
5714:
5198:
3407:
3382:
3058:
2856:
2840:
2742:
2677:
2605:
2583:
2493:
2181:
2010:
1972:
1945:
1917:
1912:
1864:
1649:
1184:
1121:
1093:
1005:
908:
887:
786:
658:
650:
642:
527:
317:
99:
76:
5629:
4509:
4184:
1713:
experimental re-creation of dyeing recipes and processes, in the early 1980s.
7523:
7297:
7276:
7213:
7025:
6985:
6879:
6869:
6859:
6854:
6819:
6771:
6751:
6714:
6674:
6619:
6584:
6477:
6457:
6111:
5999:
5870:
5850:
5752:
4360:
4215:
3387:
3362:
3045:
2893:
2826:
Central Anatolian double-niche rug (detail), 18th century, auctioned in 2021
2809:
2770:
2734:
2554:
2497:
2026:
1875:
1868:
1764:
1653:
1637:
1626:
together so that the resulting yarn is strong enough to be used for weaving.
1619:
709:
557:
480:
395:
221:
128:
124:
95:
3947:
Denny, Walter (1979). "The origin of the designs of Ottoman court carpets".
3065:
2964:
2302:
Unusual materials like warps made of goat's hair, or camel wool in the pile;
2180:
differs from Anatolian. Kurdish rugs are more often discussed together with
1991:
XVII,350 that the body of Patroklos is covered with a "splendid carpet". In
1867:
into which the pile nodes are knotted, and one or more shoots of horizontal
7440:
7433:
7418:
7413:
7241:
6970:
6944:
6939:
6914:
6904:
6894:
6766:
6709:
6684:
6659:
6634:
6579:
6559:
6359:
6234:
6004:
5707:
5697:
5689:
5526:
4918:(1st ed.). New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 45–.
3429:
3402:
3397:
3073:
3002:
2746:
2705:
2505:
2501:
2283:
2177:
2056:
1983:
There are documentary records of carpets being used by the ancient Greeks.
1960:
1956:
1921:
1824:
1339:
1264:
1143:
1009:
892:
825:
Seljuq carpet, 320 x 240 cm, from Alaeddin Mosque, Konya, 13th century
673:
5371:
4517:
4488:
2621:
2601:
1716:
According to these analyses, natural dyes used in Anatolian rugs include:
1557:, circa 1875; Southwestern Anatolia, with bright but harmonic natural dyes
850:
Early in the thirteenth century, the territory of Anatolia was invaded by
751:
in Konya province by R.M. Riefstahl in 1925. More fragments were found in
679:
30:
This article is about pile-woven Anatolian rugs. For flat-woven rugs, see
7498:
7292:
7256:
7086:
7010:
6761:
6756:
6689:
6649:
6614:
6554:
6534:
6497:
6437:
6076:
5885:
5674:
5668:
5656:
5407:
3928:
Franses, Michael; Bennett, Ian (1988). "The Vakiflar carpet collection".
3503:
3439:
3434:
2921:
2626:
2610:
2338:
2169:
2115:
1964:
1949:
1235:
961:
855:
717:
214:
151:, Cicim, Zili) have attracted the interest of collectors and scientists.
139:
120:
104:
91:
5594:
3035:
weaving has almost vanished, and more specific information may be lost.
2672:
2133:. A prayer rug is characterized by a niche at one end, representing the
1460:
1066:
748:
728:
7460:
7455:
7423:
7367:
7266:
7261:
7172:
6734:
6724:
6719:
6664:
6629:
6599:
6487:
6432:
6365:
5724:
5579:
5564:
5236:
Oriental Rugs: An Illustrated Lexicon of Motifs, Materials, and Origins
3538:
Travels of Marco Polo, the Venetian: the translation of Marsden revised
2914:
2889:
2848:
2287:
2130:
1896:
1859:
A variety of tools are needed in the construction of a handmade rug. A
1662:
1574:
785:, and may be related to Byzantine art. Today, the rugs are kept at the
685:
665:
661:
148:
6349:
4234:, by Jan Vermeer (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 89.15.21, p.71, fig. 101
4106:
Kobierce anatolijskie z kolekcji Muzeum Narodowego Brukenthala w Sibiu
3093:
Patterns of Central Asian origin: cloud band, lotus seat, cloud collar
2960:
1367:
1282:
985:
952:
As the political and economical influence grew of the Ottoman Empire,
7403:
7317:
6741:
6654:
6644:
6624:
6544:
6327:
6062:
5664:
5258:
Encyclopédie méthodique, ou, par ordre de matières, vol.2, Paris 1892
4671:
4249:
Carpets and their datings in Netherlandish paintings : 1540-1700
3483:
2968:
2006:
1968:
1899:
rugs, can be as thick as 12 mm. A special bedding carpet called
1863:, a horizontal or upright framework, is needed to mount the vertical
1756:
1746:
1292:
934:
863:
862:. These were later integrated into the Ottoman Empire by the sultans
646:
634:
610:
48:
4080:(5th ed.). München: Klinkhardt & Biermann. pp. 48–51.
2844:
2685:
2192:
1376:
1348:
997:
7470:
7428:
7357:
7271:
6694:
6609:
6604:
6382:
6332:
6106:
5989:
5979:
5742:
5599:
5142:(1st ed.). Herford: Bussesche Verlagsbuchhandlung. p. 10.
4946:(2 ed.). Munich: Verlag Kunst und Antiquitäten. p. 58 f.
4865:(1st ed.). London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. pp. 273–275.
4491:"The Role of Women and Girls in traditional rug and carpet weaving"
4403:(2 ed.). Munich: Verlag Kunst und Antiquitäten. p. 58 f.
4378:(5th ed.). Munich: Klinkhardt & Biermann. p. 158 ff.
3940:
3882:(1st ed.). Paris: L'Institut du Monde Arabe. 1989. p. 4.
3168:
3152:
2614:
2520:
2162:
2129:
A specific Islamic pattern is the mihrab pattern which defines the
1883:
1738:
1705:
1554:
1200:
1168:
953:
912:
867:
854:. The weakening of Seljuq rule allowed Turkmen tribes known as the
810:
630:
72:
4573:(2nd ed.). Albany, CA: Berkeley Hills Books. pp. 50–59.
4151:
2947:
2758:
2690:
2542:
1588:
7312:
6699:
6549:
6452:
6030:
6009:
5589:
5332:] (in German and English) (1st ed.). Wien: Eigenverlag.
5326:
Das Standardwerk des anatolischen Knüpfteppichs: Zentralanatolien
4967:
Steiner, Elisabeth; Pinkwart, Doris; Ammermann, Eberhart (2014).
4787:(1. publ. ed.). London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. p. 7.
4733:(2nd ed.). New York: Yale University Press. pp. 20–24.
4210:
Dimand and Mailey 1973, p 67, illustrating floral Herat rugs in
3738:
3077:
2972:
2880:
2795:
2789:
2777:
2730:
2573:
2138:
2052:
1992:
1906:
1848:
1802:
1701:
1688:
1343:
904:
875:
782:
188:
4937:
4935:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3689:(1st ed.). Herford: Bussesche Verlagshandlung. p. 149.
2757:
carpets are woven in the surrounding of the town today known as
2725:
2446:
wefts doubled back, polychrome, "zipper"-like selvage technique
2305:
high quality wool with long pile (Anatolian and Turkmen nomads);
1475:
By the end of the eighteenth century, the "turkish baroque" or "
1056:: Phoenix and Dragon carpet, 164 x 91 cm, Anatolia, circa 1500,
993:
601:
7218:
7071:
6864:
6639:
6589:
6522:
6413:
6082:
6014:
5964:
5834:
5829:
5808:
5793:
5584:
4909:
4907:
3970:(3rd ed.). Tübingen: Verlag Ernst Wasmuth. pp. 30–32.
3017:
East Anatolian rug (detail), Şarkişla-Sivas region, ca. 1800 AD
3006:
2956:
2885:
2855:
The town of Konya is the old capital of the Seljuq Empire. The
2782:
2753:
2600:
is not a town name, but a label for a carpet type woven in the
2562:
2537:
2525:
2134:
2104:
2034:
1790:
1774:
1669:
1644:
1623:
1598:
1516:
1255:
1133:
1089:
1070:
1044:
942:
938:
930:
752:
732:
606:
5376:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5034:
4812:(1st ed.). London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. p. 170.
4747:
4722:
4449:(2nd ed.). Albany, CA: Berkeley Hills Books. p. 36.
2188:
Social context: Court and town, village and nomadic production
7251:
7208:
6679:
6507:
6072:
6035:
5974:
5788:
5702:
5559:
5357:
Anatolian Carpets and Kilims: The Turkish Cultural Foundation
5032:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5014:
4932:
4273:"The Anatolian Rugs of Brukenthal National Museum Collection"
3974:
3835:
Briggs, Amy (1940). "Timurid Carpets; I. Geometric carpets".
2997:
2897:
2835:
2765:
2644:
2566:
2558:
2529:
2512:
2456:
2291:
2161:
Large, geometric shapes are considered to be of Caucasian or
2142:
2100:
1988:
1984:
1887:
1852:
1840:
1832:
1734:
1602:
1316:
of 1640 which mentions a "white carpet with leopard design".
1001:
981:
977:
778:
760:
735:, and were dated to the 13th century. These carpets from the
724:
672:. This is regarded as the beginning of the ascendancy of the
619:
144:
80:
31:
4904:
4831:
4829:
4705:"The deipnosophists, or, Banquet of the learned of Athenæus"
2541:
is a coastal town 60 kilometers from Istanbul on the bay of
1388:: Pieter de Hooch: Portrait of a family making music, 1663,
1199:
Type IV large-pattern Holbein carpet, 16th century, Central
1012:
were woven here. Gold-brocaded silk velvet carpets known as
5798:
5574:
5569:
4613:(3rd ed.). Boston: Little, Brown and Co. p. 139.
4598:(1st ed.). New York: Near Eastern Art Research Center.
4176:
3872:
3484:
Oriental Rug Review, August/September 1990 (Vol. 10, No. 6)
3040:
2648:
2630:
2224:
1860:
1809:
1709:
1676:
1630:
1593:
1570:
1355:
are well-preserved Holbein, Lotto, and Bird Ushak carpets.
989:
858:
to organize themselves into independent sovereignties, the
40:
Anatolian double-niche rug, Konya region, circa 1750–1800.
5193:
Spuhler, Friedrich; König, Hans; Volkmann, Martin (1978).
5011:
4218:(Metropolitan Museum of Art, 17.190.20), p. 67, fig. 94;
3959:
3904:"Medallion Ushak carpet at the Metropolitan Museum of Art"
3788:
3565:(1 ed.). Vienna: The I. and R. State and Court Print.
708:
Coming from Persia, Polo travelled from Sivas to Kayseri.
5151:
5149:
4879:
4826:
4315:(1st ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 71.
4137:(1st ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 72.
3814:(1st ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 44.
3717:
3076:
has a large Kurdish population. The towns of Hakkâri and
1760:
5221:
Wynn, A., Three Camels to Smyrna, Hali Publications 2008
5061:(Repr. ed.). Woodbridge: Antique Collectors' Club.
4966:
4728:
4251:. Woodbridge: Antique Collectors' Club. pp. 48–51.
4112:] (in Polish and English). Gdańsk: Muzeum Narodowe.
4104:
Ionescu, Stefano; Biedrońska-Słota, Beata, eds. (2013).
2781:
lies on the Turkish south coast, opposite the island of
933:(1520-1566), invaded Persia and forced the Persian Shah
4960:
4729:
Ekthiar, MD; Soucek, PP; Canby, SR; Haidar, NN (2012).
4160:
Altorientalische Teppiche in Siebenbürgen, 2010 reprint
4103:
4050:
3828:
3524:
Evidence for ancient kilim patterns found in Çatalhöyük
3173:"kufic" main border and "infinite repeat" field pattern
3149:"kufic" main border and "infinite repeat" field pattern
2651:. The carpets are of the Bergama type. Since 1981, the
2545:. A weaving workshop was established in 1843 by Sultan
1019:
680:
Seljuq rugs: Travelers' reports and the Konya fragments
52:
Bergama rug, west Anatolia, first half of 18th century.
5146:
5140:
700 Jahre Orienttepich / 700 Years of Oriental Carpets
4890:(German/English ed.). Wesel, Germany: U. Hülsey.
4602:
4025:
3500:Çatalhöyük: Excavations of a Neolithic Anatolian Höyük
2440:
wefts doubled back, mostly red, sometimes more colours
2196:
Cultural interactions in traditional carpet production
1522:
134:
In Europe, Anatolian rugs were frequently depicted in
5330:
Handbook of Anatolian Carpets : Central Anatolia
5104:
5102:
5100:
5098:
2350:
1065:: Animal carpet, around 1500, found in Marby Church,
5192:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5078:
3799:(1st ed.). Hamburg: Hauswedell. pp. 19–31.
3352:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5303:
2137:in every mosque, a directional point to direct the
2033:could have been used) remains unknown. The town of
1692:
Naturally dyed wool in a Turkish carpet manufacture
27:
Term commonly used to denote rugs woven in Anatolia
4997:(1st ed.). Pennsylvania, Pa.: Courage Press.
4840:. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. pp. 139–143.
4033:"Ottoman-Cairene carpet in the Met. Museum of Art"
3605:(1937 reprint ed.). Swedish National Museum.
3569:
3245:prayer rug, 18th century, Mevlâna Mausoleum, Konya
3229:prayer rug, Tilavet room, Mevlâna Mausoleum, Konya
5075:
4986:
4941:
4398:
3746:"Animal carpet at the Metropolitan Museum of Art"
3413:
2043:was ruled by the Roman Empire since 133 BCE. The
1396:: "Transylvanian" type prayer rug, 17th century,
1328:
613:motifs. Floral motifs were common in Ottoman art.
7521:
5323:
5300:
5197:(in German and English) (1st ed.). Munich:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5182:
4636:From Konya to Kokand - Rare Oriental Carpets III
3701:"Doris Duke's Shangri La | Ottoman Silk Velvets"
2277:
1978:
1903:may reach a pile thickness of 20 to 25 mm.
1783:by double dyeing with madder red and yellow dye,
1239:Fragment of a Medallion Ushak carpet, ca. 1600.
1096:'s painting "Marriage of the Virgin" (1448–52).
968:were performed in the calligraphy workshops, or
845:
723:The earliest surviving woven rugs were found in
5056:
4099:
4097:
3536:Marsden, William (2010). Wright, Thomas (ed.).
1589:Carpet weaving: Materials, technique, processes
1270:Another small group of Ushak carpets is called
980:became known for its silk cloths and brocades,
837:Animal carpet, dated to the 11th–13th century,
6318:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
4885:
4417:
4075:
3927:
3526:. Turkishculture.org. Retrieved on 2012-01-27.
3064:regional name. The region around the towns of
2988:), as three columns crowned by double hooks ("
2213:
1907:Origins and traditions of Anatolian rug design
1828:Turkish (roller beam) loom and weavers (1908).
1277:
1187:, carpet with a small-pattern "Holbein" design
7127:Textile Museum (George Washington University)
6398:
5392:
5372:Over 170 pictures from Istanbul carpet museum
5282:
5179:
4376:Vorderasiatische Knüpfteppiche aus alter Zeit
4353:10.1038/scientificamerican09281901-21530asupp
4242:
4240:
4056:
3630:
2715:
2695:
2511:of the rug are often protected by flat weave
2443:wefts doubled back, red, yellow, more colours
2324:
1215:Western Anatolian ‘Lotto’-rug, 16th century,
970:
577:
5229:
5227:
5117:] (in German). München: Prestel Verlag.
4992:
4944:Teppiche der Bauern und Nomaden in Anatolien
4401:Teppiche der Bauern und Nomaden in Anatolien
4094:
3596:
3594:
2148:
1844:Persian (asymmetric) knot, open to the right
1510:The oldest Hereke carpets, now exhibited in
1115:
5108:
4162:(1st ed.). Leipzig: Anton Hiersemann.
3797:The "Lotto" pattern as a fashion in carpets
2515:containing a small ornament woven in pile.
2308:small format fitting for a horizontal loom;
2298:Criteria for a nomadic production include:
1927:
6405:
6391:
6302:Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World
5399:
5385:
5362:Ottoman carpets in the Metropolitan Museum
5324:Butterweck, Georg; Orasch, Dieter (1986).
5267:
4753:
4648:
4279:. Archived from the original on 2012-03-09
4237:
4157:
3847:
3655:
2235:Stylization in Anatolian prayer rug design
1312:, based on an Ottoman official price list
584:
570:
123:. Anatolian rugs are most often tied with
5224:
5057:Zipper, Kurt; Fritzsche, Claudia (1989).
4838:Oriental Rugs - A New Comprehensive Guide
4611:Oriental Rugs - A New Comprehensive Guide
4076:von Bode, Wilhelm; Kühnel, Ernst (1985).
3591:
3575:
3563:A History of Oriental Carpets before 1800
3147:Type I small-pattern Holbein carpet with
2577:is the capital town of a district in the
2392:wool, dyed red, sometimes brown and white
1648:is used primarily in the foundation, the
1573:, non-traditional weaving tools like the
1456:" style, and the Hereke court manufacture
7446:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting
6355:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting
4702:
4633:
4593:
4373:
3880:Tapis - Present de l'orient a l'occident
3855:"Star Ushak, Metropolitan Museum of Art"
3012:
2821:
2813:
2398:wool, mostly brown, sometimes dyed blue
2337:
2191:
2157:Anatolian kilim with a geometric pattern
2152:
2074:
1995:Book VII and X "carpets" are mentioned.
1931:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1687:
1592:
1459:
1281:
1234:
600:
47:
35:
6275:Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands
5270:Oriental rugs and the stories they tell
5137:
4888:Carpets of the Vakiflar Museum Istanbul
4835:
4677:
4608:
4568:
4549:
4530:
4444:
4310:
4182:
4132:
4012:
3987:
3965:
3809:
3684:
3633:Seven Hundred Years of Oriental Carpets
3535:
3206:17th-century Turkish prayer rug with a
2769:lies on the south-western coast of the
2055:. A Turkish carpet pattern depicted on
1319:
755:, today a suburb of the city of Cairo.
14:
7522:
4886:Balpinar, Belkis; Hirsch, Udo (1988).
4498:American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3834:
3560:
2395:wool, brown, white, dyed red or yellow
813:, Turkey. Seljuq Period, 13th century.
6386:
5380:
5233:
4913:
4782:
4682:(1st ed.). Munich: Ed. Minerva.
4347:(1343supp): 21530–21530. 1901-09-28.
4246:
4192:(1st ed.). Rome: Verduci Editore
3946:
3794:
3517:
3320:Edirne Selimiye Mosque interior with
3087:
2689:lies about 100 km north-east of
2317:inclusion of flat weaves at the ends.
2272:Bergama prayer rug, late 19th century
2079:Bursa prayer rug, late 16th century,
2070:
1167:Type I small-pattern Holbein carpet,
937:(1524–1576) to move his capital from
6412:
4942:Brüggemann, W.; Boehmer, H. (1982).
4860:
4807:
4399:Brüggemann, W.; Boehmer, H. (1982).
4186:Antique Ottoman Rugs in Transylvania
3992:(1st ed.). London: Oguz Press.
3600:
2924:or a triangular protective amulet ("
2639:is a village south of Çanakkale and
2617:descent who migrated into this area.
2382:wool and goat hair, white and brown
2204:
1304:rugs, they form a group of known as
1300:and a very small group of so-called
6282:Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam
5155:
4972:(in German, English, and Turkish).
4552:Oriental Carpet and Textile Studies
4479:. kilims.org. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
4228:National Gallery of Art, Washington
4015:Oriental Carpet and Textile Studies
3990:History of the Early Turkish Carpet
3540:. : Bibliobazaar, Llc. p. 28.
3025:
2803:
2487:
2379:wool, mostly white, sometimes brown
2009:describes luxurious carpets in his
1940:, i.e., do not continue diagonally.
1622:. Several strands of yarn are then
1523:Modern history: Decline and revival
98:can be observed in Anatolian rugs;
24:
5367:Ottoman Silk Velvets at Shangri La
2475:cochineal red, blue, white accents
2351:Regional technical characteristics
1683:
898:
25:
7561:
7092:Museum of Applied Arts (Budapest)
6183:Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem
5350:
3687:Siebenhundert Jahre Orientteppich
2625:lies on the eastern shore of the
2465:kilim, brown, red, blue, striped
684:In the early fourteenth century,
5628:
3355:
3329:
3313:
3298:
3282:
3266:
3250:
3234:
3218:
3199:
3184:
3160:
3140:
3115:
3099:
2282:With the end of the traditional
2265:
2253:
2241:
1540:
1531:
1375:
1366:
1223:
1208:
1192:
1176:
1160:
1043:
1034:
830:
818:
798:
551:
187:
7132:Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum
5406:
5291:
5276:
5261:
5252:
5215:
5131:
4854:
4801:
4776:
4696:
4642:
4627:
4587:
4562:
4543:
4524:
4438:
4392:
4367:
4329:
4304:
4204:
4126:
4069:
4006:
3921:
3896:
3803:
3775:National Gallery London NG 1317
3763:
3693:
3678:
3649:
1708:. A variety of other synthetic
791:Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum
7409:Early Anatolian animal carpets
7097:Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna
5285:Advances in Carpet Manufacture
3554:
3529:
3477:
3452:
3414:Other related rugs and carpets
2818:Old Anatolian Konya Prayer Rug
2462:kilim, red, yellow, polychrome
1434:Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest)
1026:Early Anatolian Animal carpets
13:
1:
7117:Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin
4470:"Kilim Rugs: Timeless Beauty"
3795:Ellis, Charles Grant (1975).
3445:
3108:"cloud band" border and field
2553:. Carpet production began in
2278:Nomadic and tribal production
1979:Romano-Hellenistic traditions
1737:, several chamomile species (
1241:Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin
1151:tradition dating back to the
988:were famous for ceramics and
846:Rugs of the Anatolian Beyliks
609:cushion cover, with stylized
6340:Mathematics and architecture
4638:. Munich: Eberhart Herrmann.
4594:McMullan, Joseph V. (1965).
2847:, Keçimuslu, Ladik, Innice,
2656:prayer rug designs are rare.
2459:, red, or polychrome stripes
1612:
1409:Portrait of Abraham Grapheus
688:wrote in the account of his
7:
7102:Museum of Islamic Art, Doha
5283:Goswami, K.K., ed. (2017).
4916:How to Read Islamic carpets
4836:Eilland, Murray L. (1981).
4754:Brüggemann, Werner (2007).
4649:Brüggemann, Werner (2007).
4634:Herrmann, Eberhart (1982).
4609:Eilland, Murray L. (1981).
4311:Spuhler, Friedrich (2012).
4133:Spuhler, Friedrich (2012).
3810:Spuhler, Friedrich (2012).
3725:"Dragon and Phoenix Carpet"
3656:Brüggemann, Werner (2007).
3348:
3125:double-niche carpet with a
2709:is the capital town of the
2214:Town and village production
2091:moved from Central Asia to
1278:White ground (Selendi) rugs
1102:Chinese cultural revolution
839:Museum of Islamic Art, Doha
664:defeated the Roman Emperor
227:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
10:
7566:
7142:Victoria and Albert Museum
7082:Metropolitan Museum of Art
7062:Brukenthal National Museum
7057:Dar al Athar al Islamiyyah
4374:von Bode, Wilhelm (1902).
4313:Carpets from Islamic Lands
4277:Brukenthal National Museum
4135:Carpets from Islamic Lands
3812:Carpets from Islamic Lands
2807:
2491:
2333:
1467:, Pink Hall, with typical
1438:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1430:Brukenthal National Museum
1332:
1267:the "pattern revolution".
1138:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1023:
1020:15th century "animal" rugs
881:Literary sources like the
596:
29:
7545:Oriental rugs and carpets
7479:
7396:
7343:
7285:
7237:Ghiordes and Senneh knots
7227:
7196:
7183:Truckmount carpet cleaner
7155:
7112:Museum of Textiles (Lyon)
7039:
6953:
6792:
6420:
6323:Influences on Western art
6291:
6259:
6135:
6097:
6053:
6023:
5950:
5917:
5908:
5843:
5822:
5781:
5733:
5688:
5644:
5637:
5626:
5550:
5423:
5414:
5268:Gregoriann, A.T. (1977).
4993:O'Bannon, George (1995).
4914:Denny, Walter B. (2014).
4709:The Literature collection
4703:of Naucratis, Athenaeus.
4296:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4183:Ionescu, Stefano (2005).
4158:Schmutzler, Emil (1933).
3771:"National Gallery London"
3371:Carpet weaving in Isparta
2149:Other cultural influences
1959:, which he dated back to
1944:The early history of the
1250:pseudo-kufic characters.
1116:Holbein and Lotto carpets
1073:. Wool, 160 cm x 112 cm,
949:was agreed upon in 1555.
7550:Turkish rugs and carpets
7303:Madder (Rubia tinctorum)
7047:Azerbaijan Carpet Museum
5234:Stone, Peter F. (2013).
5109:Iten-Maritz, J. (1975).
4785:Islamic geometric design
4569:Eilland, Emmett (2003).
4445:Eilland, Emmett (2003).
3376:
3084:) and tent decorations.
2478:no cochineal red, yellow
2107:in 651 AD/19 AH and the
2013:, written about 230 AD.
1957:the art of Buddhist Asia
1928:Central Asian traditions
1836:Turkish (symmetric) knot
1725:Madder (Rubia tinctorum)
927:Suleiman the Magnificent
917:Sultanate of the Mamluks
7373:DOBAG Carpet Initiative
5111:Der Anatolische Teppich
4510:10.1093/ajcn/34.12.2776
3705:www.shangrilahawaii.org
3577:Riefstahl, Rudolf Meyer
3212:National Museum, Warsaw
2524:is the largest city of
2112:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
1733:from plants, including
1432:in Sibiu, Romania, the
1398:National Museum, Warsaw
1390:Cleveland Museum of Art
737:Anatolian Seljuq Period
161:DOBAG Carpet Initiative
131:, naturally-dyed wool.
7383:Savonnerie manufactory
7378:A & M Karagheusian
7122:Saint Louis Art Museum
6313:Indo-Saracenic Revival
5165:www.transsylvanian rug
5138:Erdmann, Kurt (1966).
4863:Oriental Carpet Design
4810:Oriental Carpet Design
4678:Beselin, Anna (2011).
4425:"TCF Natural Dyes Lab"
4337:"Oriental Rug-Weaving"
4232:Woman with a Water Jug
4224:Philippe de Champaigne
4220:Portrait of Omer Talon
4212:A Visit to the Nursery
3988:Erdmann, Kurt (1977).
3966:Erdmann, Kurt (1965).
3685:Erdmann, Kurt (1966).
3631:Erdmann, Kurt (1970).
3393:Konya Carpets and Rugs
3177:Saint Louis Art Museum
3110:, Mecidi period design
3018:
2827:
2819:
2716:
2696:
2343:
2325:
2197:
2158:
2084:
2045:East Roman (Byzantine)
2023:
2007:Athenaeus of Naucratis
1941:
1856:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1808:With modern synthetic
1773:by double dyeing with
1693:
1605:
1491:(1839–1861) built the
1472:
1287:
1243:
1217:Saint Louis Art Museum
1075:Swedish History Museum
971:
919:was overthrown in the
743:in Konya, four in the
706:
614:
279:Constitutional history
53:
45:
7137:Turkmen Carpet Museum
7052:Carpet Museum of Iran
6268:Empire of the Sultans
5158:"Transsylvanian Tale"
4861:Ford, P.R.J. (1981).
4808:Ford, P.R.J. (1981).
3561:Martin, F.R. (1908).
3016:
2825:
2817:
2808:Further information:
2492:Further information:
2341:
2195:
2156:
2078:
2015:
1935:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1820:Weaving and finishing
1743:Matricaria chamomilla
1691:
1596:
1495:, modelled after the
1463:
1285:
1238:
789:in Konya, and at the
714:Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi
694:
605:17th-century Ottoman
604:
136:Renaissance paintings
51:
39:
7308:Indigofera tinctoria
7178:Hot water extraction
6966:Sir Francis Crossley
6231:Arab World Institute
6041:Ottoman illumination
5115:The Anatolian Carpet
4783:Broug, Eric (2013).
4247:Ydema, Onno (1991).
3193:"kufic" inner border
3171:‘Lotto carpet’ with
3106:Ushak carpet with a
1795:Indigofera tinctoria
1698:William Henry Perkin
1497:Palace of Versailles
1329:"Transylvanian" rugs
1320:Ottoman Cairene rugs
872:Mehmed the Conqueror
506:World Heritage Sites
111:Within the group of
7494:Armenian Orphan Rug
7168:Dry carpet cleaning
7107:Museo Poldi Pezzoli
6981:Arshag Karagheusian
6976:Arthur T. Gregorian
4760:The Oriental Carpet
4655:The Oriental Carpet
4571:Oriental Rugs Today
4533:Oriental Rug Review
4447:Oriental Rugs Today
4341:Scientific American
3662:The Oriental Carpet
3601:Lamm, C.J. (1985).
3496:"Mission Statement"
3338:Sultan Ahmed Mosque
2120:Islamic calligraphy
1876:Turkish double knot
1735:onion (Allium cepa)
1700:invented the first
1306:"white ground rugs"
1272:Double-niche Ushaks
907:, they founded the
895:in repeating rows.
883:Book of Dede Korkut
486:Olympic appearances
415:and performing arts
232:History of Anatolia
7540:Turkish inventions
7480:Notable individual
7466:Transylvanian rugs
7397:Carpets in culture
7335:Dyes in Uzbekistan
7323:Armenian cochineal
6308:Aniconism in Islam
6246:Toronto (Aga Khan)
6203:Khalili Collection
6068:Geometric patterns
5476:Bahmani and Deccan
5156:Ionescu, Stefano.
4475:2020-08-09 at the
4230:, p.70, fig. 98);
3343:prayer rug (saph).
3289:Central Anatolian
3088:Thematic galleries
3044:is the capital of
3019:
2828:
2820:
2643:near the ruins of
2344:
2260:Turkish prayer rug
2198:
2178:Kurdish rug design
2159:
2085:
2071:Islamic traditions
1961:Yuan dynasty China
1942:
1857:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1694:
1606:
1473:
1335:Transylvanian rugs
1288:
1244:
1136:in Paris, and the
966:miniature painting
921:Ottoman–Mamluk war
805:Rug fragment from
615:
274:Diplomatic history
54:
46:
7535:Culture of Turkey
7517:
7516:
7509:Coronation Carpet
7388:Ziegler & Co.
7353:Axminster Carpets
7031:Charles T. Yerkes
7006:Arthur Upham Pope
6380:
6379:
6049:
6048:
5904:
5903:
5876:Hardstone carving
5773:Chinese influence
5624:
5623:
5610:Stucco decoration
4925:978-1-58839-540-5
4769:978-3-89500-563-3
4756:Der Orientteppich
4740:978-1-58839-434-7
4689:978-3-938832-80-6
4664:978-3-89500-563-3
4651:Der Orientteppich
4504:(12): 2776–2783.
4322:978-0-500-97043-0
4144:978-0-500-97043-0
3821:978-0-500-97043-0
3671:978-3-89500-563-3
3658:Der Orientteppich
3324:prayer rug (saph)
3307:multiplied niches
3127:central medallion
3032:Armenian genocide
2659:The area between
2551:Dolmabahçe Palace
2485:
2484:
2366:Eastern Anatolia
2342:Regions of Turkey
2284:nomadic lifestyle
2205:Court manufacture
2065:Khirbat al-Mafjar
1493:Dolmabahçe Palace
1485:Aubusson tapestry
1465:Dolmabahçe Palace
1442:Skokloster Castle
1342:, in present-day
1106:Gregorio di Cecco
874:(1451-1481), and
594:
593:
558:Turkey portal
237:History of Thrace
180:Culture of Turkey
125:symmetrical knots
85:Culture of Turkey
16:(Redirected from
7557:
7451:Pictorial carpet
7328:Polish cochineal
7230:and installation
7021:Wilhelm von Bode
6961:James F. Ballard
6414:Rugs and carpets
6407:
6400:
6393:
6384:
6383:
6219:Majorelle Garden
5915:
5914:
5748:Hispano-Moresque
5642:
5641:
5632:
5441:Anatolian Seljuk
5421:
5420:
5401:
5394:
5387:
5378:
5377:
5344:
5343:
5321:
5298:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5265:
5259:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5231:
5222:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5190:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5162:
5153:
5144:
5143:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5106:
5073:
5072:
5054:
5009:
5008:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4939:
4930:
4929:
4911:
4902:
4901:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4833:
4824:
4823:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4495:
4486:
4480:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4295:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4244:
4235:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4191:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4101:
4092:
4091:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4010:
4004:
4003:
3985:
3972:
3971:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3628:
3617:
3616:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3581:The Art Bulletin
3573:
3567:
3566:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3502:. Archived from
3492:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:. 30 August 2021
3456:
3365:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3333:
3317:
3305:Prayer rug with
3302:
3286:
3270:
3254:
3238:
3222:
3203:
3188:
3175:, 16th century,
3164:
3144:
3119:
3103:
3026:Eastern Anatolia
2865:Eşrefoğlu Mosque
2804:Central Anatolia
2719:
2699:
2604:province in the
2488:Western Anatolia
2363:Central Anatolia
2360:Western Anatolia
2355:
2354:
2328:
2269:
2257:
2245:
2225:charitable gifts
2105:Uthman Ibn Affan
2081:James F. Ballard
1544:
1535:
1422:Pieter de Hoochs
1418:Thomas de Keyser
1379:
1370:
1212:
1196:
1183:The Harem Room,
1180:
1164:
1047:
1038:
974:
911:in northwestern
834:
822:
807:Eşrefoğlu Mosque
802:
745:Eşrefoğlu Mosque
655:Byzantine Empire
643:Ancient Persians
586:
579:
572:
556:
555:
554:
284:Cultural history
269:Military history
264:Economic history
210:Turkic migration
191:
182:
166:
165:
113:oriental carpets
96:Byzantine design
21:
7565:
7564:
7560:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7555:
7554:
7520:
7519:
7518:
7513:
7481:
7475:
7392:
7339:
7281:
7229:
7223:
7192:
7163:Carpet cleaning
7151:
7035:
7016:Friedrich Sarre
7001:George H. Myers
6949:
6788:
6777:Uzbek Napramach
6416:
6411:
6381:
6376:
6345:Moorish Revival
6293:
6287:
6255:
6172:Calligraphy Art
6138:
6131:
6093:
6045:
6019:
5946:
5910:
5900:
5866:Enamelled glass
5839:
5818:
5777:
5729:
5684:
5645:Regional styles
5633:
5620:
5546:
5517:Sudano-Sahelian
5424:Regional styles
5410:
5405:
5353:
5348:
5347:
5340:
5322:
5301:
5296:
5292:
5281:
5277:
5266:
5262:
5257:
5253:
5246:
5232:
5225:
5220:
5216:
5209:
5191:
5180:
5170:
5168:
5160:
5154:
5147:
5136:
5132:
5125:
5107:
5076:
5069:
5055:
5012:
5005:
4991:
4987:
4980:
4965:
4961:
4954:
4940:
4933:
4926:
4912:
4905:
4898:
4884:
4880:
4873:
4859:
4855:
4848:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4806:
4802:
4795:
4781:
4777:
4770:
4752:
4748:
4741:
4727:
4723:
4713:
4711:
4701:
4697:
4690:
4676:
4672:
4665:
4647:
4643:
4632:
4628:
4621:
4607:
4603:
4596:Islamic Carpets
4592:
4588:
4581:
4567:
4563:
4548:
4544:
4529:
4525:
4493:
4487:
4483:
4477:Wayback Machine
4468:
4464:
4457:
4443:
4439:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4397:
4393:
4386:
4372:
4368:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4309:
4305:
4289:
4288:
4282:
4280:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4245:
4238:
4209:
4205:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4156:
4152:
4145:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4074:
4070:
4055:
4051:
4041:
4039:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3986:
3975:
3964:
3960:
3945:
3941:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3910:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3861:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3808:
3804:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3777:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3754:
3752:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3709:
3707:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3629:
3620:
3613:
3599:
3592:
3574:
3570:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3534:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3509:
3507:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3478:
3469:
3467:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3425:Armenian carpet
3420:Oriental carpet
3416:
3379:
3361:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3344:
3334:
3325:
3318:
3309:
3303:
3294:
3287:
3278:
3271:
3262:
3255:
3246:
3239:
3230:
3223:
3214:
3204:
3195:
3191:Urgup rug with
3189:
3180:
3165:
3156:
3155:, 16th century.
3145:
3136:
3129:
3123:"Transylvanian"
3120:
3111:
3104:
3095:
3090:
3028:
2812:
2806:
2711:Manisa Province
2589:The village of
2508:
2490:
2420:Warp depression
2404:Number of wefts
2353:
2336:
2280:
2273:
2270:
2261:
2258:
2249:
2246:
2216:
2207:
2190:
2182:Persian carpets
2151:
2089:Turkic migrants
2073:
2061:"Paele Madonna"
2018:
1997:Pliny the Elder
1981:
1930:
1909:
1855:end and fringes
1822:
1777:and yellow dye,
1765:Tanner's sumach
1686:
1684:Dyes and dyeing
1629:
1615:
1591:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1525:
1458:
1452:19th century: "
1414:Cornelis de Vos
1403:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1337:
1331:
1322:
1280:
1247:Medallion Ushak
1226:
1219:
1213:
1204:
1197:
1188:
1181:
1172:
1171:, 16th century.
1165:
1132:in Vienna, the
1122:Holbein carpets
1118:
1086:Pergamon Museum
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1061:
1058:Pergamon Museum
1050:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1028:
1022:
947:Peace of Amasya
901:
899:Ottoman carpets
848:
841:
835:
826:
823:
814:
803:
741:Alaeddin Mosque
682:
599:
590:
552:
550:
543:
542:
533:National anthem
523:
522:
511:
510:
501:
500:
491:
490:
471:
470:
459:
458:
439:
438:
427:
426:
417:
416:
383:
382:
373:Public holidays
368:
367:
333:
332:
313:
312:
301:
300:
299:
298:
289:Genetic history
203:
202:
178:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7563:
7553:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7515:
7514:
7512:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7489:Ardabil Carpet
7485:
7483:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7437:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7400:
7398:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7363:Cormar Carpets
7360:
7355:
7349:
7347:
7341:
7340:
7338:
7337:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7289:
7287:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7233:
7231:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7200:
7198:
7194:
7193:
7191:
7190:
7188:Vacuum cleaner
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7159:
7157:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7077:Mevlana Museum
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7043:
7041:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6996:William Morris
6993:
6991:Julius Lessing
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6957:
6955:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6796:
6794:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6786:
6781:
6780:
6779:
6774:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6738:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6417:
6410:
6409:
6402:
6395:
6387:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6372:Topkapı Scroll
6369:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6330:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6297:
6295:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6278:
6271:
6263:
6261:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6227:
6222:
6211:
6206:
6195:British Museum
6191:
6186:
6179:Islamic Museum
6175:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6143:
6141:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6103:
6101:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6085:
6080:
6070:
6065:
6059:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6027:
6025:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5956:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5923:
5921:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5890:Stained glass
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5861:Damascus steel
5858:
5853:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5739:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5700:
5694:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5672:
5654:
5648:
5646:
5639:
5635:
5634:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5556:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5427:
5425:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5404:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5352:
5351:External links
5349:
5346:
5345:
5338:
5299:
5290:
5275:
5260:
5251:
5244:
5223:
5214:
5207:
5199:Callwey Verlag
5178:
5167:. HALI 137, 53
5145:
5130:
5123:
5074:
5067:
5010:
5003:
4985:
4978:
4959:
4952:
4931:
4924:
4903:
4896:
4878:
4871:
4853:
4846:
4825:
4818:
4800:
4793:
4775:
4768:
4746:
4739:
4721:
4695:
4688:
4670:
4663:
4641:
4626:
4619:
4601:
4586:
4579:
4561:
4542:
4523:
4481:
4462:
4455:
4437:
4416:
4409:
4391:
4384:
4366:
4328:
4321:
4303:
4264:
4257:
4236:
4203:
4175:
4169:978-3777210155
4168:
4150:
4143:
4125:
4118:
4093:
4086:
4068:
4049:
4024:
4005:
3999:978-0905820026
3998:
3973:
3958:
3939:
3920:
3895:
3888:
3871:
3846:
3827:
3820:
3802:
3787:
3762:
3737:
3716:
3692:
3677:
3670:
3648:
3641:
3618:
3612:978-9171002914
3611:
3590:
3568:
3553:
3547:978-1142126261
3546:
3528:
3516:
3487:
3476:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3383:Bergama carpet
3378:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3341:multiple-niche
3335:
3328:
3326:
3322:multiple-niche
3319:
3312:
3310:
3304:
3297:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3215:
3205:
3198:
3196:
3190:
3183:
3181:
3166:
3159:
3157:
3146:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3121:
3114:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3051:
3050:
3027:
3024:
3011:
3010:
2977:
2976:
2910:
2909:
2857:Mevlana Museum
2853:
2852:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2786:
2774:
2762:
2750:
2729:lies north of
2722:
2702:
2682:
2669:
2657:
2618:
2595:
2587:
2579:İzmir Province
2570:
2534:
2494:Bergama carpet
2489:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:cochineal red
2479:
2476:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2335:
2332:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2240:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2189:
2186:
2150:
2147:
2072:
2069:
2011:Deipnosophists
1980:
1977:
1946:Turkic peoples
1929:
1926:
1913:Turkic peoples
1908:
1905:
1821:
1818:
1799:
1798:
1784:
1778:
1768:
1750:
1728:
1685:
1682:
1614:
1611:
1590:
1587:
1549:
1548:
1539:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1457:
1450:
1384:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1333:Main article:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1279:
1276:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1185:Topkapi Palace
1182:
1175:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1153:Timurid period
1117:
1114:
1094:Sano di Pietro
1052:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1018:
909:Ottoman Empire
900:
897:
847:
844:
843:
842:
836:
829:
827:
824:
817:
815:
804:
797:
787:Mevlana Museum
768:animal carpets
681:
678:
651:Ancient Greeks
622:come from the
598:
595:
592:
591:
589:
588:
581:
574:
566:
563:
562:
561:
560:
545:
544:
541:
540:
535:
530:
524:
518:
517:
516:
513:
512:
509:
508:
502:
498:
497:
496:
493:
492:
489:
488:
483:
478:
472:
466:
465:
464:
461:
460:
457:
456:
451:
446:
440:
434:
433:
432:
429:
428:
425:
424:
418:
411:
410:
409:
406:
405:
399:
398:
392:
391:
385:
384:
381:
380:
375:
369:
365:
364:
363:
360:
359:
353:
352:
342:
341:
335:
334:
331:
330:
325:
320:
318:Turkish people
314:
308:
307:
306:
303:
302:
297:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
260:
259:
254:
249:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
218:
217:
206:
205:
204:
198:
197:
196:
193:
192:
184:
183:
175:
174:
156:synthetic dyes
100:Turkic peoples
77:Ottoman Empire
61:Turkish carpet
26:
18:Turkish carpet
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7562:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7527:
7525:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7504:Bahar-e Kasra
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7478:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7421:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7395:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7350:
7348:
7346:
7345:Manufacturers
7342:
7336:
7333:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7298:Synthetic dye
7296:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7284:
7278:
7277:Warp and weft
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7226:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7195:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7154:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7067:Kidderminster
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7038:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7026:Thomas Whitty
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6986:Latif Karimov
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6952:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6791:
6785:
6782:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6772:Uzbek Julkhyr
6770:
6769:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6715:Shahsevan rug
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6518:Shabalyt-Buta
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6408:
6403:
6401:
6396:
6394:
6389:
6388:
6385:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6290:
6284:
6283:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6258:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6134:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6100:
6096:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6022:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5949:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5907:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5881:Ivory carving
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5732:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5680:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5631:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5549:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5402:
5397:
5395:
5390:
5388:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5341:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5294:
5286:
5279:
5271:
5264:
5255:
5247:
5245:9780804843737
5241:
5237:
5230:
5228:
5218:
5210:
5208:9783766703637
5204:
5200:
5196:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5150:
5141:
5134:
5126:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5070:
5064:
5060:
5059:Oriental rugs
5053:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5006:
5004:9781561385287
5000:
4996:
4989:
4981:
4979:9783000446191
4975:
4971:
4963:
4955:
4953:3-921811-20-1
4949:
4945:
4938:
4936:
4927:
4921:
4917:
4910:
4908:
4899:
4897:9783923185047
4893:
4889:
4882:
4874:
4872:9780500276648
4868:
4864:
4857:
4849:
4847:0-8212-1127-7
4843:
4839:
4832:
4830:
4821:
4819:9780500276648
4815:
4811:
4804:
4796:
4794:9780500516959
4790:
4786:
4779:
4771:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4750:
4742:
4736:
4732:
4725:
4710:
4706:
4699:
4691:
4685:
4681:
4674:
4666:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4637:
4630:
4622:
4620:0-8212-1127-7
4616:
4612:
4605:
4597:
4590:
4582:
4580:1-893163-46-6
4576:
4572:
4565:
4557:
4553:
4546:
4538:
4534:
4527:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4466:
4458:
4456:1-893163-46-6
4452:
4448:
4441:
4426:
4420:
4412:
4410:3-921811-20-1
4406:
4402:
4395:
4387:
4385:3-7814-0247-9
4381:
4377:
4370:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4324:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4299:
4293:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4260:
4254:
4250:
4243:
4241:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4216:Gabriel Metsu
4213:
4207:
4188:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4165:
4161:
4154:
4146:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4121:
4119:9788363185640
4115:
4111:
4107:
4100:
4098:
4089:
4087:3-7814-0247-9
4083:
4079:
4072:
4064:
4060:
4053:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4021:. London: 58.
4020:
4016:
4009:
4001:
3995:
3991:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3969:
3962:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3891:
3889:9782906062283
3885:
3881:
3875:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3842:
3838:
3831:
3823:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3798:
3791:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3726:
3720:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3688:
3681:
3673:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3644:
3642:9780520018167
3638:
3634:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3614:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3595:
3587:(4): 177–220.
3586:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3564:
3557:
3549:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3520:
3506:on 2016-01-01
3505:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3480:
3465:
3464:johschool.com
3461:
3455:
3451:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3388:Hereke carpet
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3363:Turkey portal
3353:
3342:
3339:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3311:
3308:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3197:
3194:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3047:
3046:Kars Province
3043:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3023:
3015:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2841:Konya-Derbent
2838:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2824:
2816:
2811:
2810:Konya carpets
2797:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2771:Aegean Region
2768:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2747:Lotto carpets
2744:
2740:
2736:
2735:Aegean Region
2732:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2629:near ancient
2628:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2498:Hereke carpet
2495:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2268:
2263:
2256:
2251:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2201:stylization.
2194:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2077:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:Tyrian purple
2022:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2002:
2001:nat. VIII, 48
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:-style carpet
1470:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1326:
1317:
1315:
1314:(narh defter)
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1284:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1224:Ushak carpets
1218:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1144:Lotto carpets
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1010:Lotto carpets
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
973:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
896:
894:
889:
884:
879:
878:(1512-1520).
877:
873:
870:(1421-1481),
869:
866:(1389-1402),
865:
861:
857:
853:
840:
833:
828:
821:
816:
812:
808:
801:
796:
795:
794:
793:in Istanbul.
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
769:
764:
762:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
705:
703:
698:
693:
691:
687:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
612:
608:
603:
587:
582:
580:
575:
573:
568:
567:
565:
564:
559:
549:
548:
547:
546:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
525:
521:
515:
514:
507:
504:
503:
495:
494:
487:
484:
482:
481:Oil wrestling
479:
477:
474:
473:
469:
463:
462:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
437:
431:
430:
423:
420:
419:
414:
408:
407:
404:
401:
400:
397:
394:
393:
390:
387:
386:
379:
376:
374:
371:
370:
362:
361:
358:
355:
354:
351:
347:
344:
343:
340:
337:
336:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
311:
305:
304:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
222:Turkification
220:
216:
213:
212:
211:
208:
207:
201:
195:
194:
190:
186:
185:
181:
177:
176:
172:
168:
167:
164:
162:
157:
152:
150:
146:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
106:
101:
97:
93:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
57:Anatolian rug
50:
43:
38:
33:
19:
7441:Magic carpet
7434:Tree of life
7419:Kilim motifs
7242:Knot density
6971:Kurt Erdmann
6747:Scandinavian
6493:Gasimushaghi
6364:
6360:Pseudo-Kufic
6300:
6280:
6273:
6266:
6189:Kuala Lumpur
6087:
5614:
5466:Indo-Islamic
5456:Great Seljuk
5416:Architecture
5329:
5325:
5293:
5284:
5278:
5272:. Scribners.
5269:
5263:
5254:
5235:
5217:
5194:
5169:. Retrieved
5164:
5139:
5133:
5114:
5110:
5058:
4994:
4988:
4968:
4962:
4943:
4915:
4887:
4881:
4862:
4856:
4837:
4809:
4803:
4784:
4778:
4759:
4755:
4749:
4730:
4724:
4714:13 September
4712:. Retrieved
4708:
4698:
4679:
4673:
4654:
4650:
4644:
4635:
4629:
4610:
4604:
4595:
4589:
4570:
4564:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4501:
4497:
4484:
4465:
4446:
4440:
4428:. Retrieved
4419:
4400:
4394:
4375:
4369:
4344:
4340:
4331:
4312:
4306:
4281:. Retrieved
4276:
4267:
4248:
4231:
4219:
4211:
4206:
4194:. Retrieved
4185:
4178:
4159:
4153:
4134:
4128:
4109:
4105:
4077:
4071:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4040:. Retrieved
4036:
4027:
4018:
4014:
4008:
3989:
3967:
3961:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3911:. Retrieved
3907:
3898:
3879:
3874:
3862:. Retrieved
3858:
3849:
3840:
3837:Ars Islamica
3836:
3830:
3811:
3805:
3796:
3790:
3778:. Retrieved
3774:
3765:
3753:. Retrieved
3749:
3740:
3728:. Retrieved
3719:
3708:. Retrieved
3704:
3695:
3686:
3680:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3632:
3602:
3584:
3580:
3571:
3562:
3556:
3537:
3531:
3519:
3508:. Retrieved
3504:the original
3499:
3490:
3479:
3468:. Retrieved
3463:
3454:
3430:Kurdish rugs
3403:Ushak carpet
3398:Milas carpet
3340:
3321:
3306:
3291:double-niche
3290:
3275:double-niche
3274:
3259:single niche
3258:
3243:single niche
3242:
3227:single niche
3226:
3208:single niche
3207:
3192:
3172:
3148:
3126:
3107:
3081:
3074:Van province
3059:
3054:
3052:
3039:
3029:
3020:
2996:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2946:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2911:
2879:
2872:
2869:
2854:
2834:
2829:
2788:
2776:
2764:
2752:
2724:
2714:
2704:
2694:
2684:
2671:
2664:
2660:
2634:
2620:
2597:
2590:
2584:Holbein Type
2572:
2547:Abdülmecid I
2536:
2519:
2509:
2506:Ushak carpet
2502:Milas carpet
2470:
2451:
2435:
2419:
2414:2-4 or more
2403:
2387:
2371:
2345:
2323:
2320:
2297:
2281:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2174:
2170:Yörük nomads
2167:
2160:
2128:
2124:
2086:
2057:Jan van Eyck
2039:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2005:
1982:
1954:
1943:
1937:
1910:
1900:
1893:
1880:
1873:
1858:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:gained from
1786:
1780:
1770:
1752:
1730:
1720:
1715:
1695:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1659:
1643:
1642:
1638:spun by hand
1632:Sheep's wool
1631:
1628:
1616:
1607:
1579:
1567:
1559:
1550:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1489:Abdülmecid I
1476:
1474:
1468:
1453:
1446:
1426:
1407:
1404:
1393:
1385:
1357:
1352:Black Church
1340:Transylvania
1338:
1323:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1271:
1269:
1265:Kurt Erdmann
1261:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1228:
1227:
1149:
1142:
1119:
1110:
1098:
1082:
1062:
1053:
1013:
969:
957:
951:
945:, until the
929:, the tenth
925:
902:
880:
849:
772:
765:
757:
722:
707:
701:
696:
695:
683:
674:Seljuq Turks
668:Diogenes at
628:
616:
323:Ethnic Kurds
294:LGBT history
252:Christianity
153:
133:
121:natural dyes
116:
110:
89:
68:
60:
56:
55:
7530:Turkish art
7499:Badding Rug
7293:Natural dye
7257:Rug hooking
7228:Manufacture
7087:Miho Museum
7011:Alois Riegl
6830:Bessarabian
6530:Bessarabian
6483:Demirchilar
6443:Azerbaijani
6292:Principles,
6260:Exhibitions
6213:Marrakech (
6209:Los Angeles
6177:Jerusalem (
6139:collections
6090:Calligraphy
5970:Indo-Muslim
5952:Calligraphy
5886:Mosque lamp
5844:Other media
5763:Mina'i ware
5652:Bangladeshi
5408:Islamic art
4065:(1): 39–40.
3440:Turkmen rug
3435:Persian rug
2922:Mosque lamp
2915:Cappadocian
2739:Renaissance
2627:Dardanelles
2411:2-4 or more
2408:2-4 or more
2376:wool, white
2116:Islamic art
1965:Han dynasty
1950:Han dynasty
1582:Initiatives
1560:Right image
1394:Right image
1077:, Stockholm
1063:Right image
962:Calligraphy
958:Ehl-i Hiref
856:Oghuz Turks
718:Ibn Battuta
215:Oghuz Turks
105:Islamic art
92:Pazyryk rug
69:Türk Halısı
7524:Categories
7461:Red carpet
7456:Prayer rug
7424:Elibelinde
7368:Dilmaghani
7267:Tack strip
7262:Rug making
7173:Floorcloth
6845:Chiprovtsi
6366:Stilfragen
6294:influences
6166:Istanbul (
6099:The garden
6055:Decoration
6024:Other arts
5919:Miniatures
5804:Embroidery
5758:Lustreware
5617:Decoration
5580:Mashrabiya
5488:Indonesian
5339:3900548005
5124:3791303651
5068:1851490914
4283:2012-01-27
4258:1851491511
3955:(I): 9–10.
3710:2016-12-18
3510:2012-01-27
3470:2024-05-20
3446:References
3293:prayer rug
3277:prayer rug
3273:Gaziantep
3261:prayer rug
3072:, and the
3066:Diyarbakır
2965:Yeşilhisar
2884:(Kayseri,
2611:Circassian
2598:Yagcibedir
2139:worshipper
2131:Prayer rug
2097:prohibited
2083:collection
2031:madder red
1987:writes in
1971:) and the
1938:unresolved
1761:Oak acorns
1757:Oak apples
1663:knot count
1601:weaver in
1575:power loom
1551:Left image
1481:Savonnerie
1440:, and the
1386:Left image
1263:termed by
1229:Star Ushak
1126:arabesques
1054:Left image
1024:See also:
972:nakkaşhane
710:Abu'l-Fida
686:Marco Polo
666:Romanos IV
662:Alp Arslan
653:, and the
624:Çatalhöyük
449:Television
403:Literature
328:Minorities
7404:Eagle rug
7318:Cochineal
6840:Caucasian
6810:Axminster
6625:Bakshaish
6620:Bakhtiari
6585:Pakistani
6540:Catalogne
6473:Caucasian
6458:Arraiolos
6328:Grotesque
6241:Singapore
6225:Melbourne
6063:Arabesque
5492:Malaysian
4361:0036-8733
3408:Yürük rug
3241:Kirşehir
3225:Kirşehir
3169:Anatolian
2969:Karapinar
2959:, Maden,
2665:Eskisehir
2661:Balikesir
2622:Çanakkale
2602:Balıkesir
2427:sometimes
2114:reforms,
1969:Fenghuang
1747:Euphorbia
1613:Materials
1487:. Sultan
1293:Cintamani
864:Bayezid I
712:, citing
670:Manzikert
647:Armenians
639:Assyrians
635:Phrygians
611:carnation
499:Monuments
378:Festivals
366:Festivals
346:Mythology
339:Languages
129:hand-spun
44:M.2004.32
7471:War rugs
7429:Evil eye
7358:Brintons
7272:Underlay
7156:Cleaning
6875:Karabakh
6850:Crivelli
6835:Bradford
6805:Armenian
6752:Seychour
6710:Seraband
6660:Karadagh
6635:Borujerd
6580:Oriental
6560:Kashmiri
6503:Karabakh
6468:Borchaly
6448:Absheron
6333:Moresque
6193:London (
6137:Museums,
6122:Paradise
6107:Charbagh
6088:See also
5990:Nastaliq
5980:Muhaqqaq
5911:the book
5823:Woodwork
5782:Textiles
5743:Fritware
5615:See also
5600:Muqarnas
5595:Mocárabe
5552:Elements
4473:Archived
4292:cite web
4226:, 1649 (
3843:: 20–54.
3349:See also
3167:Western
3153:Anatolia
3001:(Sivas,
2953:Taşpınar
2951:(Niğde,
2936:mazarlik
2894:Kırşehir
2861:Alaeddin
2839:(Konya,
2796:anilines
2717:mazarlik
2673:Bandırma
2594:designs.
2521:Istanbul
2436:Selvages
2141:towards
2093:Anatolia
2049:Sasanian
2041:Anatolia
1891:market.
1884:selvages
1739:Anthemis
1706:mauveine
1668:Wool-on-
1597:Turkish
1555:Pile rug
1469:"mecidi"
1302:scorpion
1201:Anatolia
1169:Anatolia
1067:Jämtland
1060:, Berlin
954:Istanbul
913:Anatolia
868:Murad II
811:Beysehir
749:Beyşehir
729:Beyşehir
702:Turquans
631:Hittites
476:Football
389:Religion
350:folklore
242:Religion
171:a series
169:Part of
140:oriental
73:Anatolia
7482:carpets
7313:Carmine
7197:Fabrics
6935:Turkish
6930:Swedish
6910:Persian
6900:Memling
6890:Lilihan
6885:Holbein
6825:Bergama
6815:Bellini
6800:Arabian
6793:Carpets
6762:Turkmen
6757:Tibetan
6730:Varamin
6690:Mashhad
6685:Kurdish
6670:Kashmar
6650:Isfahan
6615:Ardabil
6595:Persian
6565:Lilihan
6555:Flokati
6550:Dhurrie
6535:Braided
6453:Aghajly
6438:Alcaraz
6428:Arabian
6350:Mudéjar
6251:Tripoli
6229:Paris (
6199:V&A
6127:Persian
6117:Ottoman
6031:Muraqqa
6010:Thuluth
5995:Persian
5942:Persian
5937:Ottoman
5909:Arts of
5894:Shabaka
5768:Persian
5735:Pottery
5720:Turkish
5715:Persian
5690:Carpets
5679:Ottoman
5675:Turkish
5669:Safavid
5657:Persian
5590:Minaret
5565:Banna'i
5537:Umayyad
5532:Timurid
5522:Swahili
5512:Ottoman
5507:Moorish
5497:Iranian
5471:Bengali
5451:Fatimid
5446:Chinese
5436:Ayyubid
5431:Abbasid
5171:22 June
4539:(9): 2.
4518:7315779
4196:12 July
4042:12 July
4037:The MET
3913:11 July
3908:The MET
3864:11 July
3859:The MET
3780:12 July
3755:12 July
3750:The MET
3730:10 July
3078:Erzurum
3070:Hakkâri
3055:Kurdish
2990:kotchak
2973:Karaman
2961:Yahyalı
2917:towns.
2902:Ortaköy
2881:Kayseri
2790:Isparta
2743:Holbein
2733:in the
2731:Denizli
2697:sobokli
2678:Marmara
2636:Ayvacık
2615:Turkmen
2606:Marmara
2574:Bergama
2533:indigo.
2530:Quranic
2471:Colours
2334:Regions
2163:Turkmen
2109:Umayyad
2053:Antioch
1999:wrote (
1993:Odyssey
1918:Bergama
1803:mordant
1745:), and
1702:aniline
1512:Topkapı
1344:Romania
1310:Selendi
1006:Holbein
986:Kütahya
935:Tahmasp
905:Osman I
876:Selim I
860:Beyliks
852:Mongols
783:Erzurum
775:Divriği
690:travels
597:History
538:Emblems
520:Symbols
422:Theatre
357:Cuisine
257:Judaism
200:History
65:Turkish
7219:Soumak
7204:Frieze
7147:Wilton
7072:Louvre
7040:Places
6954:People
6925:Sarouk
6870:Hereke
6865:Gabbeh
6860:Fitted
6855:Ersari
6820:Berber
6735:Zanjan
6725:Tabriz
6720:Shiraz
6705:Sarouk
6675:Kerman
6665:Kashan
6640:Gabbeh
6630:Bidjar
6600:Abadeh
6590:Petate
6575:Navajo
6570:Mughal
6523:Shedde
6433:Afghan
6235:Louvre
6215:Museum
6162:Ghazni
6147:Berlin
6112:Mughal
6083:Zellij
6015:Tughra
5965:Diwani
5960:Arabic
5932:Mughal
5927:Arabic
5835:Minbar
5830:Khatam
5814:Suzani
5809:Soumak
5794:Damask
5725:Prayer
5708:Motifs
5605:Sitara
5585:Mihrab
5542:Yemeni
5502:Mamluk
5481:Mughal
5336:
5242:
5205:
5121:
5065:
5001:
4976:
4950:
4922:
4894:
4869:
4844:
4816:
4791:
4766:
4737:
4686:
4661:
4617:
4577:
4516:
4453:
4430:9 July
4407:
4382:
4359:
4319:
4255:
4166:
4141:
4116:
4084:
3996:
3886:
3818:
3668:
3639:
3609:
3544:
3257:Konya
3007:Kangal
2986:"ensi"
2957:Fertek
2940:"saph"
2906:İncesu
2886:Avanos
2845:Selçuk
2783:Rhodes
2754:Smyrna
2686:Gördes
2563:Manisa
2555:Hereke
2538:Hereke
2526:Turkey
2513:kilims
2504:, and
2326:yastik
2135:mihrab
2035:Sardis
1973:dragon
1791:Indigo
1781:Orange
1775:Indigo
1731:Yellow
1727:roots,
1670:cotton
1645:Cotton
1517:mihrab
1477:mecidi
1454:Mecidi
1436:, the
1416:, and
1349:Brașov
1256:Tabriz
1134:Louvre
1090:Fostat
1071:Sweden
1000:, and
998:Gördes
943:Qazvin
939:Tabriz
931:Sultan
781:, and
753:Fostat
733:Fostat
659:Seljuq
649:, the
645:, the
641:, the
637:, the
633:, the
620:kilims
607:velvet
454:Cinema
310:People
173:on the
149:Soumak
117:yastik
7252:Rubia
7209:Jajim
6945:Yomut
6940:Ushak
6915:Pirot
6905:Milas
6895:Lotto
6880:Konya
6784:Yürük
6767:Uzbek
6680:Kilim
6655:Jozan
6645:Heriz
6545:Chobi
6508:Kilim
6488:Ganja
6463:Arran
6152:Cairo
6077:tiles
6073:Girih
6036:Hilya
6005:Taliq
5985:Naskh
5975:Kufic
5871:Glass
5856:Brass
5851:Music
5789:Batik
5753:Iznik
5703:Kilim
5665:Qajar
5661:Early
5560:Ablaq
5527:Tatar
5461:Hausa
5328:[
5161:(PDF)
5113:[
4758:[
4653:[
4494:(PDF)
4222:, by
4190:(PDF)
4108:[
3936:: 41.
3660:[
3377:Types
3082:heybe
3060:Yürük
2998:Sivas
2948:Niğde
2926:mosca
2898:Mucur
2890:Ürgüp
2873:sinek
2849:Obruk
2836:Konya
2778:Megri
2766:Milas
2759:İzmir
2691:İzmir
2653:DOBAG
2645:Assos
2641:Ezine
2591:Kozak
2567:Ladik
2559:Sivas
2543:İzmit
2457:kilim
2430:none
2388:Wefts
2372:Warps
2292:Kurds
2288:Yürük
2143:Mecca
2101:Quran
2087:When
1989:Ilias
1985:Homer
1922:Konya
1901:yatak
1897:Yürük
1888:kilim
1869:wefts
1865:warps
1853:Kilim
1771:Green
1753:Black
1723:from
1704:dye,
1654:wefts
1650:warps
1624:plied
1603:Konya
1014:Çatma
1002:Ladik
990:tiles
982:Iznik
978:Bursa
888:Tekke
779:Sivas
761:kufic
725:Konya
468:Sport
444:Radio
436:Media
413:Music
247:Islam
145:Kilim
81:kilim
42:LACMA
32:Kilim
7286:Dyes
7247:Pile
7214:Shag
6920:Quba
6695:Nain
6610:Arak
6605:Ahar
6513:Quba
6478:Chul
6421:Rugs
6168:Arts
6157:Doha
6000:Sini
5799:Ikat
5638:Arts
5575:Jali
5570:Iwan
5334:ISBN
5240:ISBN
5203:ISBN
5173:2015
5119:ISBN
5063:ISBN
4999:ISBN
4974:ISBN
4970:2007
4948:ISBN
4920:ISBN
4892:ISBN
4867:ISBN
4842:ISBN
4814:ISBN
4789:ISBN
4764:ISBN
4735:ISBN
4716:2015
4684:ISBN
4659:ISBN
4615:ISBN
4575:ISBN
4514:PMID
4451:ISBN
4432:2015
4405:ISBN
4380:ISBN
4357:ISSN
4317:ISBN
4298:link
4253:ISBN
4198:2015
4164:ISBN
4139:ISBN
4114:ISBN
4082:ISBN
4059:Hali
4044:2015
3994:ISBN
3949:Hali
3930:Hali
3915:2015
3884:ISBN
3866:2015
3816:ISBN
3782:2015
3757:2015
3732:2015
3666:ISBN
3637:ISBN
3607:ISBN
3542:ISBN
3336:The
3057:and
3041:Kars
3003:Zara
2863:and
2745:and
2726:Uşak
2706:Kula
2663:and
2649:Troy
2647:and
2631:Troy
2613:and
2565:and
2452:Ends
2424:none
2047:and
1920:and
1861:loom
1810:dyes
1787:Blue
1710:dyes
1677:Silk
1652:and
1620:hand
1571:dyes
1483:and
1298:bird
1008:and
994:Uşak
984:and
964:and
893:guls
731:and
528:Flag
348:and
7414:Gul
6742:Rya
6700:Qom
6498:Jek
5698:Gul
4506:doi
4349:doi
4214:by
2290:or
2103:by
2059:'s
2029:or
1721:Red
1599:rug
1412:by
1130:MAK
960:).
941:to
747:in
700:as
697:...
396:Art
59:or
7526::
6233:,
6217:,
6201:,
6197:,
6181:,
6170:,
5667:,
5663:,
5490:/
5302:^
5238:.
5226:^
5201:.
5181:^
5163:.
5148:^
5077:^
5013:^
4934:^
4906:^
4828:^
4707:.
4554:.
4535:.
4512:.
4502:34
4500:.
4496:.
4355:.
4345:52
4343:.
4339:.
4294:}}
4290:{{
4275:.
4239:^
4096:^
4063:IV
4061:.
4035:.
4019:II
4017:.
3976:^
3953:II
3951:.
3934:38
3932:.
3906:.
3857:.
3839:.
3773:.
3748:.
3703:.
3621:^
3593:^
3585:13
3583:.
3498:.
3462:.
3210:;
3151:,
3068:,
3005:,
2971:,
2967:,
2963:,
2955:,
2942:.
2904:,
2900:,
2896:,
2892:,
2888:,
2843:,
2561:,
2500:,
2496:,
2184:.
1975:.
1952:.
1789::
1763:,
1759:,
1755::
1741:,
1553::
1499:.
1155:.
1140:.
1069:,
996:,
992:,
923:.
809:,
777:,
727:,
692::
676:.
147:,
67::
6406:e
6399:t
6392:v
6237:)
6221:)
6205:)
6185:)
6174:)
6079:)
6075:(
5681:)
5677:(
5671:)
5659:(
5400:e
5393:t
5386:v
5342:.
5287:.
5248:.
5211:.
5175:.
5127:.
5071:.
5007:.
4982:.
4956:.
4928:.
4900:.
4875:.
4850:.
4822:.
4797:.
4772:.
4743:.
4718:.
4692:.
4667:.
4623:.
4583:.
4558:.
4556:4
4537:3
4520:.
4508::
4459:.
4434:.
4413:.
4388:.
4363:.
4351::
4325:.
4300:)
4286:.
4261:.
4200:.
4172:.
4147:.
4122:.
4090:.
4046:.
4002:.
3917:.
3892:.
3868:.
3841:7
3824:.
3784:.
3759:.
3734:.
3713:.
3674:.
3645:.
3615:.
3550:.
3513:.
3473:.
3179:.
3009:)
2984:(
2975:)
2908:)
2851:)
2749:.
2322:(
1797:.
1767:,
1749:,
1203:.
585:e
578:t
571:v
143:(
63:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.