393:
25:
224:
71:
479:
41:
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from
Mobilisation Day (M) + 10 to M + 5 . After learning the news from Sarajevo, Sazonov wanted to know whether, in accordance with measures ordered in February , the first Russian troops would now be able to land in the Bosphorus within 'four or five days' of mobilisation. Sazonov was preparing for a European war, in which Russia's key strategic objective was to seize Constantinople and the Straits.
32:
811:
Sazonov, Sukhomlinov, and
Grigorevich had drawn up a detailed plan for readying Russia to seize Constantinople and the Ottoman Straits in case of war. The plan covered the acceleration of the mobilisation timetable, which would see the first day troops could be put ashore at the Bosporus speeded up
589:
allow the free passage of all civilian vessels in peacetime, and requires Turkey to allow warships of some nations to traverse the straits in peacetime, but only under strict conditions – restrictions on number, size, length of stay if entering the Black Sea (if not a Black Sea power), advance
153:. Owing to their strategic importance in international commerce, politics, and warfare, the Straits have played a significant role in European and world history. Since 1936, they have been governed in accordance with the
688:
475:(Unkiar Skelessi), in which the Ottoman Empire guaranteed exclusive use of the Straits to "Black Sea Powers" (i.e., Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire) warships in the case of a general war.
291:
Strait"), about 30 kilometers (19 mi) long and only 700 meters (2,300 ft) wide, connects the Sea of
Marmara with the Black Sea in the north. It runs through the city of
989:
471:'s allies during wartime. This treaty became one in a series dealing with access to the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles. It evolved from the secret 1833
336:
Strait"), 68 km (42 mi) long and 1.2 km (0.75 mi) wide, connects the Sea of
Marmara with the Mediterranean in the southwest, near the city of
582:
570:, an ultimately unsuccessful operation to take control of the Straits following amphibious landings on the Gallipoli Peninsula (April 1915 to January 1916). The
154:
243:, and the Bosphorus is the winding vertical waterway that connects the two. The western banks of the Bosphorus constitute the geographic starting point of the
405:
904:
609:
530:
is visible along the shores of the lower peninsula, centered at the only point where a sharp outcropping juts into the otherwise-linear
Dardanelles.
999:
364:, which opened to traffic on 18 March 2022, connects the northwestern province of Çanakkale’s Gelibolu district on the European side and the
853:
551:
526:. The Dardanelles is the tapered waterway running diagonally between the two peninsulas, from the northeast to the southwest. The city of
444:
1035:
640:
130:. The straits and the Sea of Marmara are part of the sovereign sea territory of Turkey and are treated as Turkish internal waters.
566:— to cede Ottoman territory controlling and overlooking the Straits to the Russian Empire. Anglo-French troops then launched the
897:
1040:
663:
797:
757:
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24:
939:
472:
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416:, and the narrow crossings between Asia and Europe have provided migration and invasion routes (for Persians,
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216:, making them crucial international waterways, in particular for the passage of goods coming in from
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361:
964:
954:
994:
949:
693:
295:, making it a city located on two continents. It is crossed by three suspension bridges (the
173:
829:
Gerolymatos, André (2014). "The
Turkish Straits: History, Politics and Strategic Dilemmas".
8:
353:
341:
247:
continent, while the banks to the east are the geographic beginnings of the continent of
205:
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510:), and constitutes the banks of the continent of Europe, while the lower peninsula is
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road tunnel). There are plans for further crossings being debated at various stages.
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413:
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137:, the Straits are conventionally considered the boundary between the continents of
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Developments of economic activities threaten marine ecosystems including endemic
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308:
185:
689:"Groundbreaking ceremony for bridge over Dardanelles to take place on March 18"
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127:
83:
842:
1014:
868:
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448:
424:, the "Straits Question" involved the diplomats of Europe and the Ottomans.
412:
The
Straits have had major maritime strategic importance since at least the
223:
166:
432:
209:
527:
337:
333:
70:
563:
535:
483:
401:
344:, the Dardanelles strait was known as the Hellespont. The strait and the
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119:
106:. The Straits create a series of international passages that connect the
79:
58:
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satellite in
September 2006. The body of water at the upper left is the
420:, and Turks, for example) for even longer. In the declining days of the
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in 1917 ultimately stalled Russia's own plans to seize the
Straits.
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585:, which remains in force as of 2024. This Convention mandates that
369:
292:
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252:
169:
150:
123:
75:
54:
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188:. Specifically, the Straits allows maritime connections from the
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134:
102:) are two internationally significant waterways in northwestern
990:
Montreux
Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits
436:
244:
217:
138:
103:
62:
641:"Erdogan opens huge suspension bridge linking Europe and Asia"
511:
259:
The Turkish Straits are made up of the following waterways;
523:
248:
142:
746:
Windchy, Eugene G. (2014). "World War I (1917 to 1918)".
534:
The Straits became especially important in the course of
463:
was re-established by closing the Turkish straits to all
86:
in between, are known collectively as the Turkish straits
664:"An Economic Boom in Turkey Takes a Toll on Marine Life"
771:
Saznov made plans for a seizure of the Turkish straits.
583:
Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits
372:
side, and is the first bridge to cross over the strait.
53:
A map depicting the locations of the straits, with the
172:, the Turkish Straits connect various seas along the
558:
diplomacy of March – April 1915, the members of the
235:in April 2004. The body of water at the top is the
610:List of maritime incidents in the Turkish Straits
581:The modern treaty controlling access is the 1936
1012:
522:) and constitutes the banks of the continent of
1000:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
725:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 24–25.
352:on its western shoreline were the scene of the
133:Located in the western part of the landmass of
61:in yellow. The sovereign national territory of
752:(2nd ed.) (published 2015). p. 283.
590:notification to Turkey, and other conditions.
898:
715:
282:
749:Twelve American Wars: Nine of Them Avoidable
538:(1914–1918) as a potential link between the
828:
554:(February – March 1915), but in the secret
404:strait, connecting Europe and Asia, is the
905:
891:
494:, while the one on the upper right is the
126:. The straits are on opposite ends of the
552:failed to take control of the Dardanelles
782:
477:
391:
222:
69:
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145:, as well as the dividing line between
1013:
638:
498:. The long, narrow upper peninsula is
431:concluded on 13 July 1841 between the
406:longest suspension bridge in the world
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912:
661:
562:agreed — in the event of victory in
387:
307:), and two underwater tunnels (the
40:
13:
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14:
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467:whatsoever, barring those of the
31:
1036:Straits of the Mediterranean Sea
39:
30:
23:
639:Butler, Daren (18 March 2022).
239:, the one at the bottom is the
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709:
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632:
1:
930:Russo-Ottoman Alliance (1799)
625:
960:League of the Three Emperors
719:; Stagos, Petros N. (1987).
550:. Anglo-French naval forces
459:— the "ancient rule" of the
255:is visible along both banks.
160:
7:
935:Treaty of Adrianople (1829)
789:July 1914: Countdown to War
593:
233:International Space Station
10:
1057:
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792:. London: Icon Books Ltd.
301:Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge
1041:Water transport in Turkey
945:London Straits Convention
940:Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi
920:
843:10.1163/22116001-02801003
662:Khan, S. (17 June 2013).
473:Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi
429:London Straits Convention
305:Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge
975:Constantinople Agreement
970:Anglo–Russian Convention
925:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
65:is highlighted in green.
965:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
955:Treaty of London (1871)
227:Satellite image of the
18:Two waterways in Turkey
995:Turkish straits crisis
950:Treaty of Paris (1856)
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118:. They consist of the
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1026:International straits
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398:1915 Çanakkale Bridge
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362:Çanakkale 1915 Bridge
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174:Eastern Mediterranean
73:
717:Rozakis, Christos L.
668:Yale Environment 360
427:By the terms of the
311:rail tunnel and the
50:class=notpageimage|
869:40.7225°N 28.2247°E
865: /
722:The Turkish Straits
694:Hürriyet Daily News
354:Battle of Gallipoli
342:classical antiquity
192:all the way to the
155:Montreux Convention
985:Treaty of Lausanne
980:Gallipoli campaign
587:Republic of Turkey
568:Gallipoli campaign
532:
410:
257:
198:Mediterranean Seas
88:
82:(yellow), and the
1031:Straits of Turkey
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556:Straits Agreement
486:, taken from the
382:harbour porpoises
231:, taken from the
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914:Straits Question
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414:Mycenaean period
388:Straits Question
366:Lapseki district
330:Çanakkale Boğazı
297:Bosphorus Bridge
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57:in red, and the
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496:Sea of Marmara
469:Ottoman Sultan
461:Ottoman Empire
445:United Kingdom
422:Ottoman Empire
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269:(also spelled
251:. The city of
241:Sea of Marmara
202:Atlantic Ocean
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128:Sea of Marmara
100:Türk Boğazları
84:Sea of Marmara
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482:View of the
433:Great Powers
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411:
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270:
264:
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212:through the
210:Indian Ocean
164:
151:Asian Turkey
132:
114:seas to the
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89:
15:
872: /
673:6 September
572:revolutions
564:World War I
536:World War I
484:Dardanelles
402:Dardanelles
356:during the
350:) peninsula
346:Gallipoli (
321:Dardanelles
120:Dardanelles
80:Dardanelles
78:(red), the
59:Dardanelles
1015:Categories
860:28°13′29″E
857:40°43′21″N
626:References
492:Aegean Sea
214:Suez Canal
208:, and the
837:: 58–79.
805:14 August
765:14 August
643:. Reuters
576:Petrograd
528:Çanakkale
500:Gallipoli
488:Landsat 7
418:Galatians
370:Anatolian
338:Çanakkale
334:Çanakkale
266:Bosphorus
237:Black Sea
229:Bosphorus
206:Gibraltar
190:Black Sea
182:Near East
170:waterways
161:Geography
124:Bosphorus
116:Black Sea
76:Bosphorus
786:(2013).
701:19 March
647:18 March
594:See also
542:powers'
508:Gelibolu
465:warships
378:dolphins
348:Gelibolu
309:Marmaray
303:and the
293:Istanbul
289:Istanbul
279:Boğaziçi
271:Bosporus
253:Istanbul
245:European
167:maritime
122:and the
55:Bosporus
822:Sources
605:Eurasia
544:Eastern
540:Entente
516:Turkish
504:Turkish
457:Prussia
453:Austria
400:on the
368:on the
326:Turkish
313:Eurasia
275:Turkish
178:Balkans
135:Eurasia
96:Turkish
796:
756:
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449:France
443:, the
441:Russia
437:Europe
360:. The
299:, the
218:Russia
200:, the
194:Aegean
184:, and
180:, the
176:, the
139:Europe
108:Aegean
104:Turkey
63:Turkey
512:Troad
340:. In
807:2020
794:ISBN
767:2020
754:ISBN
727:ISBN
703:2017
675:2017
649:2022
546:and
524:Asia
520:Biga
455:and
396:The
380:and
318:The
263:The
249:Asia
204:via
196:and
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143:Asia
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110:and
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