124:
256:
3012:
1392:
1402:
3022:
477:
3001:
3032:
205:
Turkmenistan ranks among the most repressive and closed societies in the world. The
Internet is heavily regulated and available only to a small fraction of the population. Censorship is ubiquitous and extensive. Surveillance is significant, and the few citizens who benefit from access to the Internet
86:
operator in the country with a 10-year exclusive license granted in 1994. Due to lack of competition, BCTI continued to operate without investing much to cover rural areas. The expensive cost of the service has limited the number of subscribers to a very small percentage of the general population.
153:
were forced out of business in 2001 when
TurkmenTelecom was granted a monopoly over data services. Dependence on expensive satellite channels limited the availability of Internet to only two thousand subscribers. To upgrade the Internet backbone, Ministry of Communication signed a contract with
271:
signal feed of 5 national channels is receivable over-the-air in all living areas across the country. Foreign TV channels are watched with a digital satellite receiver. In some places of
Ashgabat, cable service is available where satellite dishes are not allowed to be installed.
209:
Websites run by human rights organisations and news agencies are blocked. Moreover, ordinary citizens have no access to the World Wide Web, and instead are limited to the use of the
Turkmenet, an online community in Turkmen language, but effectively
1357:
226:
are not accessible through the
Turkmenet. Attempts to get around this censorship can lead to grave consequences. However, there is a local Turkmen social network, Gyzgyn, founded on 27 March 2012, which is currently accessible.
70:. The satellite will cover Europe and significant part of Asian countries and Africa and will have transmission for TV, radio broadcasting and the internet. The satellite's operations will be controlled by the state-run
535:
Starting from 2007 the
Ministry of Communication has organised the international exhibition "TurkmenTel" each year. Leading companies from all around the world are invited to Ashgabat to exhibit their technologies.
38:
has been the primary provider of public telephone, email and internet services, and through a subsidiary has been operating a GSM mobile network in competition with a private mobile operator, BCTI (BCTI became
102:. The number of mobile phone subscribers has now reached over 4,440,000 (MTS - 1,440,000 and Altyn Asyr GSM 3,000,000). With a population of 5 million, this translates into 88.8% mobile penetration rate.
30:
has a state-controlled press and monitored communication systems. Turkmenistan's telecommunications services are considered to be the least developed of all the
Commonwealth of Independent States (
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1331:
177:
and 2 Mbit/s mobile internet service in March 2010. The move surprised mobile customers as the provider were known for inferior but cheaper service. In 2013 Altyn Asyr launched a
1316:
594:
375:
230:
Internet censorship in
Turkmenistan was classified as pervasive in the political area and as selective in the social, conflict/security and internet tools areas by the
34:) countries. Overall, the telecom market in this predominantly rural country is relatively small but has been trying boldly to expand in recent years. The state-owned
188:
In
Turkmenistan, as of November 2023, 3,149,178 people are connected to the Internet. Of these, 421,609 are wired Internet users, and 2,727,569 are mobile users.
574:
159:
299:
2276:
552:
1367:
940:
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IPTV has been developing fast as a cheap alternative to regular television. The IPTV service is used by more than 100,000 subscribers in
Ashgabat.
90:
The Mobile phone sector started to improve rapidly after the expiration of company's exclusive license in 2004. The Russian mobile phone operator
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1281:
963:
1438:
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1326:
712:
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fiber optic channel. As a result of this development, TurkmenTelecom started offering an access to the higher speed Internet with
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699:"Number of subscribers to national cellular communication operator "Altyn Asyr" exceeded 3 million | Turkmenistan.ru"
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was launched in April 2015, the satellite has an anticipated service life of 15 years. The satellite was launched aboard
181:
network based on LTE. In 2013, unlimited use of the internet became available, reducing the total cost of services from
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71:
31:
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https://turkmenportal.com/blog/51361/usluga-alem-tv-teper-dostupna-dlya-polzovatelei-iptv-ot-turkmentelekom-i-agts
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for an international audience. Since 1 July 2016 all national channels in Turkmenistan are broadcast by the
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test transmissions have only taken place in the capital and there are no digital switch-over plans as yet.
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99:
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to other Commonwealth of Independent States republics and to other countries by leased connections to the
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1962:
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17:
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2011:
2006:
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987:
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Individual access to the Internet was first authorised in 2008, and access has since increased.
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1938:
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2001:
877:
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1901:
465:
8:
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1346:
1019:
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63:
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2707:
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2507:
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1985:
1558:
1554:
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308:
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142:
91:
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1401:
698:
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2771:
2700:
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2412:
2387:
2362:
2322:
2172:
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2016:
1828:
1507:
388:
40:
323:
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1512:
991:
127:
35:
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2342:
2177:
2130:
2105:
2063:
899:"The signal of freedom, part 4: Berdimuhammedov knows why the caged bird sings"
182:
291:
259:
98:
and state-owned communication company TurkmenTelekom opened a new subsidiary,
3050:
2839:
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2407:
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2199:
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67:
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2073:
1591:
1447:
898:
191:
146:
123:
52:
27:
109:
was the first in Turkmenistan to present an opportunity to switch over to
2917:
2567:
2477:
2462:
2422:
2382:
2241:
1467:
1405:
395:
169:
In 2008, MTS started offering Internet service to mobile subscribers via
1416:
800:
755:
2922:
2629:
2327:
2236:
2192:
2162:
2140:
1482:
518:
458:
929:
295:
287:
2907:
2372:
2187:
1954:
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419:
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are closely monitored by state agencies. Self-censorship is common.
2902:
2892:
2809:
2634:
2457:
1811:
1497:
1492:
1487:
801:Количество интернет-пользователей в Туркменистане превысило 3,1 млн
595:"SpaceX Will Launch Turkmenistan Satellite for Thales Alenia Space"
430:
403:
312:
215:
138:
131:
59:
951:
813:"5 Places Where Internet Access is REALLY Expensive | UN Dispatch"
666:
234:
in December 2010. Turkmenistan was listed as an internet enemy by
2897:
2882:
2100:
1730:
1502:
780:
223:
219:
2927:
2887:
2209:
870:"Ennemis d'Internet - Turkmenistan - Reporters Without Borders"
579:
415:
399:
56:
730:
2912:
2849:
2157:
1477:
752:"TMCELL starts to connect the subscribers to the LTE network"
422:
339:
Previously, all 7 of the national channels were aired on the
273:
1006:
2854:
621:"China to Launch the first Turkmen Communication Satellite"
407:
170:
163:
110:
95:
639:"US Says SpaceX to Launch Turkmenistan's Maiden Satellite"
83:
1001:
402:
international gateway switch; a new telephone link from
51:
The launch of the first Turkmen communication satellite
727:"Home internet | Интернет Провайдер Туркменистана"
347:
national satellite that was launched on 27 April 2015.
178:
174:
918:
713:"Лента событий | Интернет-газета Turkmenistan.Ru"
685:"Telecompaper – Telecom news and research – News Home"
667:"Лента событий | Интернет-газета Turkmenistan.Ru"
653:"Turkmenistan to launch first space satellite in 2015"
332:
Türkmenistan Sport - sports channel, launched in 2012.
835:
833:
984:
1002:
Software & Telecommunications services Ashgabat
414:in Ashgabat switches international traffic through
830:
3048:
311:(Inheritance) on channel R5 (93.25 MHz) in
286:(Golden Age) on channel R1 (49.75 MHz) in
1041:
553:"Turkmenistan - Telecoms, Mobile and Internet"
1970:
1432:
1027:
864:
862:
860:
2985:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
3021:
1977:
1963:
1439:
1425:
1034:
1020:
857:
326:- Turkmen Music channel, launched in 2009.
1446:
980:Ministry of Communication of Turkmenistan
72:Turkmenistan National Space Agency (TNSA)
841:"Turkmenistan | OpenNet Initiative"
320:- News channel broadcast in 7 languages.
122:
964:"Telecommunications At The World Level"
14:
3049:
1984:
3067:Telecommunications in Asia by country
1958:
1420:
1015:
3031:
471:
440:List of newspapers in Turkmenistan:
930:https://turkmenportal.com/blog/4564
116:
62:. The satellite is built by French
24:
555:. Paul Budde Communication Pty Ltd
212:a censored version of the Internet
166:to the consumers in Turkmenistan.
137:Turkmenistan gained access to the
25:
3078:
973:
173:. Altyn Asyr was first to launch
149:). A small number of independent
3030:
3020:
3011:
3010:
2999:
2620:Free-space optical communication
1400:
1391:
1390:
997:TurkmenTel 2008 Official website
475:
254:
141:in 1997 through a contract with
956:
952:https://www.astu.tm/ru/about-us
945:
934:
923:
912:
891:
805:
794:
769:
744:
719:
705:
260:Example of Turkmenistan TV News
3057:Communications in Turkmenistan
1358:British Indian Ocean Territory
691:
677:
659:
645:
631:
613:
597:. 21 June 2013. Archived from
587:
567:
545:
454:Balkan newspaper, Turkmenistan
13:
1:
3062:Telecommunications by country
627:. Satrapia. 25 November 2012.
539:
530:
435:
241:
197:
3006:Telecommunication portal
2787:Telecommunications equipment
410:has been established; a new
376:automatic telephone stations
358:
279:List of broadcast stations:
158:for routing traffic through
46:
7:
2523:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
625:The Gazette of Central Asia
335:Arkadag - launched in 2023.
10:
3083:
2227:Telecommunications history
1042:Telecommunications in Asia
214:. Social networks such as
151:Internet Service Providers
2994:
2936:
2873:
2835:Public Switched Telephone
2795:
2759:
2716:
2657:
2647:telecommunication circuit
2608:Fiber-optic communication
2591:
2353:Francis Blake (telephone)
2300:
2148:Optical telecommunication
1992:
1916:
1842:
1797:
1788:
1753:
1744:
1668:
1659:
1582:
1573:
1458:
1386:
1345:
1305:
1047:
901:. New Eurasia. 2010-05-24
507:
298:, R4 (85.25 MHz) in
290:, R3 (77.25 MHz) in
253:
248:
236:Reporters Without Borders
77:
2746:Orbital angular-momentum
2183:Satellite communications
2022:Communications satellite
1107:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2625:Molecular communication
2448:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2277:Undersea telegraph line
2012:Cable protection system
1368:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
350:
194:(Top level domain): TM
2767:Communication protocol
2553:Charles Sumner Tainter
2368:Walter Houser Brattain
2313:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2121:Information revolution
134:
2741:Polarization-division
2473:Narinder Singh Kapany
2438:Erna Schneider Hoover
2358:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2338:Alexander Graham Bell
2069:online video platform
126:
2583:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2543:Almon Brown Strowger
2513:Charles Grafton Page
2168:Prepaid mobile phone
2096:Electrical telegraph
1647:World Heritage Sites
1607:Environmental issues
1282:United Arab Emirates
489:adding missing items
466:Neutral Turkmenistan
367:- main lines in use:
68:Spacebus 4000 family
2533:Johann Philipp Reis
2292:Wireless revolution
2254:The Telephone Cases
2111:Hydraulic telegraph
1673:Central Asian Union
1565:Neutrality Monument
1309:limited recognition
919:https://gyzgyn.com/
777:"Интернет для дома"
671:www.turkmenistan.ru
641:. 12 November 2013.
160:Transit-Asia-Europe
156:TATA Communications
64:Thales Alenia Space
2731:Frequency-division
2708:Telephone exchange
2578:Charles Wheatstone
2508:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2483:Innocenzo Manzetti
2418:Reginald Fessenden
2153:Optical telegraphy
1986:Telecommunications
1771:Telecommunications
1555:Saparmurat Niyazov
990:2013-01-23 at the
655:. 31 October 2012.
487:; you can help by
446:Turkmenskaya Iskra
232:OpenNet Initiative
143:MCI Communications
135:
82:BCTI was the only
3044:
3043:
2782:Store and forward
2777:Data transmission
2691:Network switching
2642:Transmission line
2488:Guglielmo Marconi
2453:Internet pioneers
2318:Mohamed M. Atalla
2287:Whistled language
1952:
1951:
1912:
1911:
1784:
1783:
1740:
1739:
1693:Foreign relations
1655:
1654:
1414:
1413:
1351:other territories
505:
504:
380:telephone numbers
265:
264:
105:In November 2023
16:(Redirected from
3074:
3034:
3033:
3024:
3023:
3014:
3013:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2875:Notable networks
2865:Wireless network
2805:Cellular network
2797:Types of network
2772:Computer network
2659:Network topology
2573:Thomas A. Watson
2428:Oliver Heaviside
2413:Philo Farnsworth
2388:Daniel Davis Jr.
2363:Charles Bourseul
2323:John Logie Baird
2032:Data compression
2027:Computer network
1979:
1972:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1932:
1925:
1795:
1794:
1766:
1751:
1750:
1683:Democratic Party
1666:
1665:
1580:
1579:
1535:
1534:
1524:
1523:
1508:Greater Khorasan
1473:Bactria–Margiana
1441:
1434:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1404:
1394:
1393:
1363:Christmas Island
1049:Sovereign states
1036:
1029:
1022:
1013:
1012:
985:MTS Turkmenistan
968:
967:
960:
954:
949:
943:
938:
932:
927:
921:
916:
910:
909:
907:
906:
895:
889:
888:
886:
885:
876:. Archived from
866:
855:
854:
852:
851:
837:
828:
827:
825:
824:
809:
803:
798:
792:
791:
789:
788:
779:. Archived from
773:
767:
766:
764:
763:
754:. Archived from
748:
742:
741:
739:
738:
729:. Archived from
723:
717:
716:
709:
703:
702:
695:
689:
688:
681:
675:
674:
663:
657:
656:
649:
643:
642:
635:
629:
628:
617:
611:
610:
608:
606:
601:on 12 April 2017
591:
585:
584:
571:
565:
564:
562:
560:
549:
500:
497:
479:
478:
472:
345:TürkmenÄlem 52°E
341:Yamal satellites
300:Uly Balkan Gerşi
258:
257:
246:
245:
117:Internet service
66:and is from the
41:MTS Turkmenistan
21:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3000:
2998:
2990:
2932:
2869:
2791:
2755:
2712:
2661:
2653:
2594:
2587:
2493:Robert Metcalfe
2348:Tim Berners-Lee
2296:
2116:Information Age
1988:
1983:
1953:
1948:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1908:
1838:
1834:Public holidays
1780:
1764:
1736:
1710:Law enforcement
1651:
1627:Protected areas
1569:
1532:
1530:
1521:
1519:
1513:Parthian Empire
1454:
1445:
1415:
1410:
1382:
1350:
1341:
1322:Northern Cyprus
1308:
1301:
1043:
1040:
1007:TurkmenTel 2007
992:Wayback Machine
976:
971:
962:
961:
957:
950:
946:
939:
935:
928:
924:
917:
913:
904:
902:
897:
896:
892:
883:
881:
868:
867:
858:
849:
847:
839:
838:
831:
822:
820:
811:
810:
806:
799:
795:
786:
784:
775:
774:
770:
761:
759:
750:
749:
745:
736:
734:
725:
724:
720:
711:
710:
706:
697:
696:
692:
683:
682:
678:
665:
664:
660:
651:
650:
646:
637:
636:
632:
619:
618:
614:
604:
602:
593:
592:
588:
573:
572:
568:
558:
556:
551:
550:
546:
542:
533:
510:
501:
495:
492:
476:
438:
383:
370:
369:500,000 (2006)
361:
353:
255:
249:External videos
244:
200:
128:Telephone booth
119:
80:
49:
36:Turkmen Telecom
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3080:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3028:
3018:
3008:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2726:Space-division
2722:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2563:Camille Tissot
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2538:Claude Shannon
2535:
2530:
2528:Tivadar Puskás
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2498:Antonio Meucci
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2468:Charles K. Kao
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
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2200:Semiconductor
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880:on 2016-02-01
879:
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846:
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814:
808:
802:
797:
783:on 2018-05-08
782:
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772:
758:on 2013-09-21
757:
753:
747:
733:on 2016-08-05
732:
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514:Turkmenportal
512:
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486:
483:This list is
481:
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467:
463:
460:
456:
455:
451:
448:
447:
443:
442:
441:
433:
432:
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425:stations - 1
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386:
381:
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368:
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328:
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324:Türkmen Owazy
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73:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
44:
42:
37:
33:
29:
19:
2718:Multiplexing
2593:Transmission
2558:Nikola Tesla
2548:Henry Sutton
2503:Samuel Morse
2433:Robert Hooke
2398:Amos Dolbear
2333:John Bardeen
2252:
2232:Telautograph
2136:Mobile phone
2091:Edholm's law
2074:social media
2007:Broadcasting
1852:Architecture
1802:Demographics
1770:
1729:
1698:Human rights
1678:Constitution
1592:Central Asia
1529:Khwarazmian
1448:Turkmenistan
1347:Dependencies
1277:Turkmenistan
1276:
1242:Saudi Arabia
958:
947:
936:
925:
914:
903:. Retrieved
893:
882:. Retrieved
878:the original
873:
848:. Retrieved
844:
821:. Retrieved
819:. 2012-06-08
816:
807:
796:
785:. Retrieved
781:the original
771:
760:. Retrieved
756:the original
746:
735:. Retrieved
731:the original
721:
707:
693:
679:
670:
661:
647:
633:
624:
615:
605:23 September
603:. Retrieved
599:the original
589:
578:
569:
557:. Retrieved
547:
534:
526:social media
493:
452:
449:(Soviet-era)
444:
439:
384:
378:and 500,000
371:
363:
362:
354:
338:
318:Turkmenistan
278:
266:
229:
208:
204:
201:
192:Country code
190:
187:
168:
147:MCI WorldCom
136:
120:
104:
89:
81:
53:TurkmenSat 1
50:
28:Turkmenistan
26:
2918:NPL network
2630:Radio waves
2568:Alfred Vail
2478:Hedy Lamarr
2463:Dawon Kahng
2423:Elisha Gray
2383:Yogen Dalal
2308:Nasir Ahmed
2242:Teleprinter
2106:Heliographs
1758:Agriculture
1559:Türkmenbaşy
1533:(1077–1231)
1522:(1037–1194)
1468:Yaz culture
1406:Asia portal
1307:States with
1227:Philippines
1167:South Korea
1162:North Korea
1057:Afghanistan
845:Opennet.net
817:UN Dispatch
559:28 November
496:August 2008
396:radio relay
292:Türkmenabat
3051:Categories
2964:Antarctica
2923:Toasternet
2845:Television
2328:Paul Baran
2260:Television
2244:(teletype)
2237:Telegraphy
2215:transistor
2193:Phryctoria
2163:Photophone
2141:Smartphone
2131:Mass media
1765:(currency)
1720:Parliament
1550:Soviet era
1545:Magtymguly
1483:Massagetae
1287:Uzbekistan
1262:Tajikistan
1177:Kyrgyzstan
1157:Kazakhstan
1077:Bangladesh
1067:Azerbaijan
905:2010-07-23
884:2016-02-14
874:En.rsf.org
850:2016-02-14
823:2017-03-22
787:2014-07-31
762:2014-07-28
737:2016-01-14
540:References
531:TurkmenTel
519:InAshgabat
485:incomplete
459:Balkanabat
436:Newspapers
387:linked by
365:Telephones
284:Altyn Asyr
242:Television
198:Censorship
107:Altyn Asyr
100:Altyn Asyr
43:in 2005).
2948:Americas
2937:Locations
2908:Internet2
2669:Bandwidth
2373:Vint Cerf
2270:streaming
2248:Telephone
2188:Semaphore
2079:streaming
1819:Education
1776:Transport
1725:President
1688:Elections
1622:Mountains
1602:Districts
1575:Geography
1540:Silk Road
1373:Hong Kong
1327:Palestine
1252:Sri Lanka
1247:Singapore
1127:Indonesia
524:Biz barde
420:satellite
393:microwave
372:domestic:
359:Telephone
269:analog TV
238:in 2011.
94:acquired
47:Satellite
18:Turkmenet
3016:Category
2903:Internet
2893:CYCLADES
2810:Ethernet
2760:Concepts
2684:terminal
2635:wireless
2458:Bob Kahn
2301:Pioneers
2126:Internet
2017:Cable TV
1939:Category
1882:Religion
1829:Language
1715:Military
1661:Politics
1642:Wildlife
1531:dynasty
1498:Hyrcania
1493:Khwarezm
1488:Margiana
1452:articles
1396:Category
1317:Abkhazia
1267:Thailand
1222:Pakistan
1202:Mongolia
1197:Maldives
1192:Malaysia
1092:Cambodia
988:Archived
575:"SpaceX"
431:Intelsat
412:exchange
404:Ashgabat
216:Facebook
139:Internet
132:Ashgabat
60:Falcon 9
3036:Commons
3026:Outline
2979:Oceania
2898:FidoNet
2883:ARPANET
2696:circuit
2265:digital
1994:History
1923:Outline
1887:Symbols
1862:Cuisine
1844:Culture
1790:Society
1746:Economy
1731:Ruhnama
1632:Regions
1587:Borders
1520:Empire
1518:Seljuk
1503:Parthia
1460:History
1292:Vietnam
1207:Myanmar
1187:Lebanon
1117:Georgia
1072:Bahrain
1062:Armenia
329:Aşgabat
313:Aşgabat
296:Daşoguz
288:Aşgabat
224:Twitter
220:YouTube
2974:Europe
2944:Africa
2928:Usenet
2888:BITNET
2825:Mobile
2701:packet
2210:MOSFET
2205:device
2002:Beacon
1944:Portal
1897:emblem
1892:anthem
1877:Sports
1857:Cinema
1824:Health
1763:Manat
1637:Rivers
1597:Cities
1450:
1337:Taiwan
1272:Turkey
1237:Russia
1172:Kuwait
1152:Jordan
1142:Israel
1102:Cyprus
1087:Brunei
1082:Bhutan
580:Forbes
508:Online
429:and 1
427:Orbita
416:Turkey
400:Moscow
78:Mobile
57:SpaceX
2957:South
2952:North
2913:JANET
2850:Telex
2840:Radio
2679:Nodes
2674:Links
2595:media
2173:Radio
2158:Pager
2086:Drums
2052:video
2047:image
2037:audio
1930:Index
1872:Music
1867:Media
1617:Lakes
1478:Dahae
1378:Macau
1297:Yemen
1257:Syria
1232:Qatar
1212:Nepal
1147:Japan
1122:India
1112:Egypt
1097:China
423:earth
389:cable
309:Miras
274:DVB-T
2969:Asia
2855:UUCP
2815:ISDN
1902:flag
1703:LGBT
1217:Oman
1182:Laos
1137:Iraq
1132:Iran
607:2014
561:2012
408:Iran
391:and
374:500
351:IPTV
294:and
222:and
171:GPRS
164:ADSL
111:eSIM
96:BCTI
2860:WAN
2830:NGN
2820:LAN
2101:Fax
2042:DCT
1349:and
491:.
406:to
267:An
130:in
92:MTS
84:GSM
32:CIS
3053::
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859:^
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832:^
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218:,
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179:4G
175:3G
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