33:
189:, which was the predominant culture amongst the Muslims of Central Asia at the time. In subsequent centuries, the Turco-Persian culture was carried on further by the conquering Turco-Mongols to neighbouring regions, eventually becoming the predominant culture of the ruling and elite classes of South Asia (Indian subcontinent), specifically North India (
348:
by
Russians and other Europeans. Russians preserved this common name for this group down to the 20th century. Whereas most members of this group identified themselves by their ethnic or tribal names, most also considered themselves to be Muslims. Most of the population, both sedentary and nomadic,
239:
share extensive borrowed similarities in their personal pronouns, among other lexical similarities, which seem to date to before this era and already existed before the breakup of the Turkic people around 500 BCE. A still more ancient period of prolonged language contact between Turkic and Mongol
462:, Timur was "the product of an Islamized and Iranized society", and not steppe nomadic. To legitimize his conquests, Timur relied on Islamic symbols and language, referred to himself as the "Sword of Islam", and patronized educational and religious institutions. He converted nearly all the
442:
In order to successfully expand Islam, the
Mongols built mosques and other "elaborate places" requiring baths—an important element of Muslim culture. Sarai attracted merchants from other countries. The slave trade flourished due to strengthening ties with the
267:. More recently, due to the lack of a definitive demonstration of a genetic relationship, these similarities have been divided into these three known periods of language contact. The similarities have led to the proposal of a
447:. Growth of wealth and increasing demand for products typically produce population growth, and so it was with Sarai. Housing in the region increased, which transformed the capital into the center of a large Muslim Sultanate.
287:, which are considered to be the same in terms of their roots, found in the vocabulary in Mongolian language and Turkic loanwords. Also, words of Turkic origin are the most common loanwords in Mongolian vocabulary.
396:, Golden Horde and Chagatai Khanate ruled over large Muslim populations. The Ilkhanate and Chagatai Khanate in particular ruled over Muslim majority populations in Iran and Central Asia, respectively.
295:
Following the Mongol conquests, the ruling Mongol elites of the Mongol successor states began a process of assimilation with the non-Mongol populations that they ruled over. The population of the
439:(1342–1357), Islam, which among some of the Turks in Eurasia had deep roots going back into pre-Mongol times, gained general acceptance, though its adherents remained tolerant of other beliefs.
372:, a Turco-Mongol dynasty which gained power in Central Asia after the decline of the Chagatai khans. Chagatai is the predecessor of the modern Karluk branch of Turkic languages, which includes
342:, and others. The Horde was gradually Turkified and lost its Mongol identity, while the descendants of Batu's original Mongol warriors constituted the upper class. They were commonly called
407:. He proscribed Buddhism and Shamanism among the Mongols in Russia, thus reversing the spread of the Yuan culture. By 1315, Uzbeg had successfully Islamicized the Horde, killing
871:
227:, Turkic and Mongolic peoples exchanged words between each other, with Turkic languages being more active than Mongolic. Extensive lexical borrowings from
283:
language families, although Turkic and
Mongolic display the most extensive similarities. According to recent aggregation and research, there are
147:
998:
845:
742:
1053:
612:
240:
languages is indicated by further and more fundamental phonotactic, grammatical, and typological similarities (e.g. synchronic
992:
962:
905:
709:
575:
454:
converted to Islam and over time the
Chagatai elite became entirely Islamized. The Chagatai Khanate was succeeded by the
929:
839:
802:
773:
263:
In the past, these similarities were attributed to a genetic relationship and led to the widespread acceptance of an
678:
163:
736:
520:
388:
The
Mongols during the period of the early Mongol conquests and the conquests of Genghis Khan largely followed
83:
The Turco-Mongols founded many
Islamic successor states after the collapse of the Mongol khanates, such as the
1283:
530:
143:
451:
17:
415:
who opposed his religious policy and succession of the throne. Uzbeg Khan continued the alliance with the
1046:
563:
867:
423:
and his predecessors. He kept a friendly relationship with the Mamluk Sultan and his shadow Caliph in
444:
1278:
1273:
515:
232:
186:
897:
728:
A Turning Point in Mamluk
History: The Third Reign of Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad Ibn Qalāwūn (1310–1341)
617:
353:, which developed into the regional languages of Kypchak groups after the Horde disintegrated.
264:
982:
952:
827:
567:
1039:
866:
Nakashima, Y. (n.d.). 語彙借用に見るモンゴル語とチュルク語の言語接触: 特にカザフ語及びトゥヴァ語との比較を中心として(Rep.). Retrieved from
726:
525:
284:
555:
142:
One of the khanates where Turkic-Mongolian traditions are experienced most intensely is the
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459:
8:
1076:
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synthesis that arose in Asia during the 14th century among the ruling elites of the
1133:
1108:
622:
427:. After a long delay and much discussion, he married a princess from his family to
365:
357:
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218:
136:
132:
108:
100:
77:
57:
1238:
1149:
1123:
875:
476:
471:
377:
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202:
92:
360:, the Turkic language that was adopted by the Mongol elites became known as the
1113:
1091:
455:
404:
373:
300:
104:
84:
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leaders to Islam during his lifetime. Timur decisively defeated the
Christian
151:
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296:
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112:
53:
921:
892:
Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on
Medieval Russian History
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1096:
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in Central Asia, founded by the Turco-Mongol warrior Timur. According to
253:
206:
198:
670:
400:
119:(1483–1530), a Turco-Mongol prince and a great-great-great-grandson of
68:
populations that they conquered and ruled over, thus becoming known as
1224:
797:, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 1 ("Origins").
794:
490:
393:
257:
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1206:
1155:
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304:
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1160:
1031:
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432:
416:
344:
331:
32:
1232:
1211:
1175:
424:
420:
403:(Öz-Beg) assumed the throne in 1313 and adopted Islam as the
368:
Turkic. The Chagatai language was the native language of the
316:
312:
235:
occurred from at latest the first millennium BCE. Turkic and
120:
116:
88:
73:
768:. Edimburgo: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 164–165.
412:
80:, while retaining Mongol political and legal institutions.
392:. However, the successor states of the Mongol Empire, the
642:"The Cambridge History of Egypt", Volume 1, (1998) P. 250
135:, exercising political and military authority during the
957:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 149–.
766:
Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol: The Battle of Manzikert
307:
who adopted Islam later, as well as smaller numbers of
830:. In Martine Irma Robbeets; Hubert Cuyckens (eds.).
550:
987:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 173–.
704:. Wisconsin: Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 757.
889:
763:
591:
64:of these khanates eventually assimilated into the
1022:Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, conqueror of the world
699:
1265:
610:
185:These Turco-Mongol elites became patrons of the
91:khanates that succeeded the Golden Horde (e.g.,
724:
1047:
950:
1013:
971:
944:
27:14th-century ethnocultural synthesis in Asia
818:
816:
814:
326:Most of the Horde's population was Turkic:
1054:
1040:
131:. The Turks and Tatars also ruled part of
323:, among others (whether Muslim or not).
977:
887:
822:
811:
788:
435:of Egypt. Under Uzbeg and his successor
31:
1019:
14:
1266:
791:Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective
1035:
896:. Indiana University Press. p.
146:. The ruling dynasty comes from the
984:The History of the Mongol Conquests
954:Language Policy in the Soviet Union
158:. There are Turkic peoples such as
24:
828:"Personal pronouns in Core Altaic"
25:
1300:
1001:from the original on 26 July 2023
932:from the original on 9 March 2020
848:from the original on 26 July 2023
757:
745:from the original on 26 July 2023
693:
681:from the original on 8 April 2016
663:
645:
604:
600:(Online Academic ed.). 2007.
271:instead, which also includes the
72:. These elites gradually adopted
1061:
671:"Egypt – The Mamluks, 1250–1517"
205:) and large parts of West Asia (
127:, which ruled almost all of the
1143:Related ethnic groups and clans
914:
881:
860:
834:. John Benjamins. p. 221.
782:
621:. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.).
718:
636:
584:
558:The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane
544:
521:Mongol invasions and conquests
212:
13:
1:
888:Halperin, Charles J. (1987).
702:The Later Crusades, 1189–1311
537:
531:Division of the Mongol Empire
870:(ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp).
789:Canfield, Robert L. (1991).
7:
764:Carole Hillenbrand (2007).
483:
383:
290:
10:
1305:
700:Kenneth M. Setton (1969).
653:"Mamluk | Islamic dynasty"
564:Cambridge University Press
269:Northeast Asian sprachbund
216:
1254:
1199:
1142:
1069:
611:Beatrice F. Manz (2000).
450:In the Chagatai Khanate,
299:was largely a mixture of
1256:Origin is controversial.
1020:Marozzi, Justin (2004).
725:Amalia Levanoni (1995).
924:Encyclopædia Britannica
874:5 February 2021 at the
657:Encyclopædia Britannica
598:Encyclopædia Britannica
516:Turco-Persian tradition
233:Proto-Mongolic language
187:Turco-Persian tradition
951:L.A. Grenoble (2006).
618:Encyclopaedia of Islam
319:, and people from the
265:Altaic language family
107:, which succeeded the
46:Turko-Mongol tradition
37:
731:. BRILL. p. 17.
526:List of Mongol states
411:princes and Buddhist
399:In the Golden Horde,
35:
1284:14th century in Asia
552:Beatrice Forbes Manz
474:, styling himself a
460:John Joseph Saunders
150:lineage, the son of
1077:Tatar confederation
659:. 30 November 2023.
501:Tatar confederation
468:Knights Hospitaller
309:Finno-Ugric peoples
223:Before the time of
129:Indian subcontinent
675:Country Studies US
364:, a descendant of
246:grammatical gender
237:Mongolic languages
182:under their rule.
38:
1261:
1260:
1129:Astrakhan Khanate
994:978-0-8122-1766-7
964:978-0-306-48083-6
907:978-0-253-20445-5
711:978-0-299-04844-0
577:978-0-521-34595-8
511:Chagatai language
429:Al-Nasir Muhammad
362:Chagatai language
313:Sarmato-Scythians
252:, highly similar
97:Astrakhan Khanate
16:(Redirected from
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1109:Chagatai Khanate
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1024:. HarperCollins.
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351:Kypchak language
219:Altaic languages
137:Mamluk Sultanate
109:Chagatai Khanate
101:Khanate of Kazan
78:Turkic languages
58:Chagatai Khanate
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1110:
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804:0-521-52291-9
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250:agglutination
247:
243:
242:vowel harmony
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191:Mughal Empire
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102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
79:
76:, as well as
75:
71:
70:Turco-Mongols
67:
63:
62:Mongol elites
60:. The ruling
59:
55:
51:
50:ethnocultural
47:
43:
34:
30:
19:
1239:
1186:Aimaq people
1102:Budjak Horde
1082:Golden Horde
1063:Turco-Mongol
1062:
1021:
1015:
1003:. Retrieved
983:
973:
953:
946:
936:17 September
934:. Retrieved
923:
916:
891:
883:
862:
850:. Retrieved
831:
790:
784:
765:
759:
747:. Retrieved
727:
720:
701:
695:
683:. Retrieved
674:
665:
656:
647:
638:
626:. Retrieved
616:
613:"Tīmūr Lang"
606:
597:
586:
557:
546:
475:
452:Mubarak Shah
449:
441:
398:
387:
355:
349:adopted the
343:
340:Khwarezmians
325:
297:Golden Horde
294:
262:
248:, extensive
229:Proto-Turkic
225:Genghis Khan
222:
195:Central Asia
184:
154:, who was a
141:
113:Central Asia
82:
69:
54:Golden Horde
45:
42:Turco-Mongol
41:
39:
36:Asia in 1335
29:
18:Turko-Mongol
1097:Nogai Horde
685:13 November
566:. pp.
254:phonotactic
213:Antecedents
207:Middle East
199:Tarim Basin
152:Ögedei khan
103:), and the
1268:Categories
1246:Tug banner
738:9004101829
538:References
256:rules and
244:, lack of
217:See also:
1289:Ethnology
1225:Ergenekon
1005:3 October
795:Cambridge
749:3 October
491:Ilkhanate
419:begun by
394:Ilkhanate
258:phonology
231:into the
1217:Tengrism
1207:Kurultai
1156:Keraites
999:Archived
981:(2001).
930:Archived
872:Archived
852:29 April
846:Archived
826:(2013).
743:Archived
679:Archived
628:24 April
554:(1989).
484:See also
464:Borjigin
437:Jani Beg
390:Tengrism
384:Religion
328:Kipchaks
321:Caucasus
291:Language
285:doublets
273:Tungusic
197:and the
172:Altaians
168:Kipchaks
56:and the
1200:Culture
1191:Hazaras
1166:Naimans
593:"Timur"
506:Hazaras
470:at the
417:Mamluks
356:In the
305:Mongols
281:Japonic
180:Naymans
176:Kyrgyzs
160:Teleuts
48:was an
1221:Tengri
1171:Merkit
1161:Barlas
1070:States
991:
961:
904:
838:
801:
772:
735:
708:
574:
496:Barlas
433:Sultan
409:Jochid
378:Uyghur
366:Karluk
345:Tatars
332:Cumans
279:, and
277:Korean
164:Kimeks
156:Muslim
87:, the
66:Turkic
1233:Erlik
1229:Ülgen
1212:Kumis
1176:Ongud
1150:Avars
623:Brill
477:ghazi
425:Cairo
421:Berke
413:lamas
401:Uzbeg
374:Uzbek
317:Slavs
301:Turks
148:Melig
133:Egypt
121:Timur
117:Babur
89:Tatar
74:Islam
1240:Deel
1007:2020
989:ISBN
959:ISBN
938:2019
902:ISBN
854:2017
836:ISBN
799:ISBN
770:ISBN
751:2020
733:ISBN
706:ISBN
687:2015
630:2014
572:ISBN
570:–9.
376:and
303:and
260:).
40:The
898:111
868:PDF
209:).
193:),
111:in
44:or
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1227:,
1223:,
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928:.
900:.
844:.
813:^
793:.
741:.
677:.
673:.
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