484:"... In that same year, â La'um, king of Samanum and the land of the Ubrabium, Bahlu-kullim, king of Tuttul and the land of the Amnanum, Aialum, king of Abattum and the land of the Rabbum â these kings rebelled against him. The troops of Sumu-Epuh of the land of lamhad came as auxiliary troops (to rescue him) and in the city of Samanum the tribes gathered together against him, but by means of(his) mighty weapon he defeated these three kings of ... He vanquished their troops and their auxiliaries and inflicted a defeat on them. He heaped up their dead bodies. He tore down their walls and made them into mounds of rubble."
71:
43:
36:
64:
414:
387:
307:
489:
441:"In view of the fact that he protected the foundations of his city from danger, (the citizens of) his city requested from Astar in Eanna, Enlil in Nippur, Dagan in Tuttul, Ninhursag in Kes, Ea in Eridu, Sin in Ur, Samas in Sippar, (and) Nergal in Kutha, that (Naram-Sin) be (made) the god of their city, and they built within Agade a temple (dedicated) to him."
383:. An extramural cemetery from the same period was found 700 m (2,300 ft) away with graves of much poorer quality. In 2002 a geomagnetic prospection of the Early Bronze Age area of Mound D was conducted. It showed a 30 m (98 ft) square building near Palace A and remains of a wall around the palace complex.
464:, "Year in which Yahdun-Lim was victorious against the Yaminites and ... at the gate of Tutul". In his royal tutelary he was named as "Yahdun-Lim, son of Iaggid-Lim, king of Mari, Tuttul, and the land of Hana, mighty king, who controls the banks of the Euphrates ...". In a brick inscription from the building of the
433:(2334â2279 BC), the first ruler of the empire, recorded in a text "Sargon, the king bowed down to the god Dagan in Tuttul. He (the god Dagan) gave to him (Sargon) the Upper Land: Mari, Iarmuti, and Ebla far as the Cedar Forest and the Silver Mountains.". Tuttul was later mentioned by his Sargon's grandson
875:
Otto, Adelheid, "The
Organisation of Residential Space in the Mittani Kingdom as a Mirror of Different Models of Governance", Constituent, Confederate, and Conquered Space: The Emergence of the Mittani State, edited by Eva Cancik-Kirschbaum, Nicole Brisch and Jesper Eidem, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter,
507:
also included Tuttul in his royal tutelary. Hammurabi defeated Mari and the surrounding region in the 33rd year of his reign, presumably including Tuttul. Afterward the site apparently went into decline and occupation ceased entirely in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. Though there is no
673:
Kalla, G., "The
Refectory and the Kitchen in the Early Byzantine Monastery of Tell Biâa (Syria): The Egyptian and Palestinian Connections", In L. Blanke & J. Cromwell (Eds.), Monastic Economies in Late Antique Egypt and Palestine, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 181-211,
374:
in antiquity, but contained human and animal bones, jewelry, inlaid furniture, and a large array of pottery. Thirty two individuals (14 female, the rest adult and semi-adult males) were identified. One was intact and was accompanied by a flat axe, two shaft-hole axes, a
885:
Astour, Michael C., "A Reconstruction of the
History of Ebla (Part 2)", Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language, Volume 4, edited by Cyrus H. Gordon and Gary A. Rendsburg, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 57-196, 2002
663:
Heimpel, Wolfgang, "Translation of Texts from ARM 26/1", Letters to the King of Mari: A New
Translation, with Historical Introduction, Notes, and Commentary, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 173-283,
778:
Casana, Jesse, and Mitra
Panahipour, "Satellite-Based Monitoring of Looting and Damage to Archaeological Sites in Syria", Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology & Heritage Studies, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 128â51,
978:
Eva
Strommenger, Kay Kohlmeyer, "Tall Bi'a/TuttulâI. Die altorientalischen Bestattungen", Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft (WVDOG), SaarbrĂŒcker Druckerei und Verlag, SaarbrĂŒcken,
530:
This town has sometimes also been called the "Northern Tuttul" or "Tuttul on the Balih" with reference to an implied "Southern Tuttul", which was possibly located on the Middle
Euphrates between the ancient cities of
799:
Akkermans, P. M. M. G. and
Schwartz, G. M., "The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (ca. 16,000â300 BC)", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003
929:
Durand, Jean-Marie and Marti, Lionel, "Chronique du moyen-Euphrate 2. Relecture de documents d'Ekalte, Emar et Tuttul", Revue d'assyriologie et ar-chĂ©ologie orientale, 97, pp. 141â180, 2003
866:
Yamada, Masamichi, "The second military conflict between 'Assyria' and 'ážȘatti' in the reign of
Tukulti-Ninurta I", Revue dâAssyriologie et dâarchĂ©ologie Orientale, vol. 105, pp. 199â220, 2011
948:
Selz, Gudrun, "Tage in Tell Bi'a", Gedenkschrift fĂŒr Mark A. Brandes (1929-2011), hrsg. v. Karin Stella
Schmidt, Karin Hornig (Alter Orient und Altes Testament 423), pp. 269â276, 2015
701:
Malamat, Abraham, "The Kingâs Table and Provisioning of Messengers: The Recent Old Babylonian Texts from Tuttul and the Bible", Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 172â77, 2003
1014:
314:
The site has an area of about 40 hectares with the main mound and a few subsidiary mounds surrounded by small mounds which are the remains of a city wall. After studying texts at
620:
Archi, Alfonso, "The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background", in Collins, B. J.; Michalowski, P. (eds.), Beyond Hatti: a tribute to Gary Beckman. Atlanta: Lockwood Press, 2013
318:, Georges Dossin traveled to a site he called "Tell Biya" and identified it as Tuttul, ending much speculation as to its location. Tuttul appeared often in the texts from Mari.
1009:
926:
Durand, Jean-Marie, and Lionel Marti, "Chroniques du Moyen-Euphrate 3. Les documents du Tell Bi'a", Revue d'assyriologie et d'archĂ©ologie orientale 98, pp. 121â150, 2004
719:
Otto, Adelheid, "Local, regional, and international. Seal impressions from the palace of SamĆĄi-Adad in Tall BiÊ»a/Tuttul", Languages and cultures in contact, pp. 337-353, 1999
1019:
749:
Peltenburg, Edgar, "Conflict and Exclusivity in Early Bronze Age Societies of the Middle Euphrates Valley", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 233â52, 2013
683:
Kalla, GĂĄbor, "Christentum am oberen Euphrat. Das byzantinische Kloster von Tall Biâa", Antike Welt, Zeitschrift fĂŒr ArchĂ€ologie und Kulturgeschichte 30.2, pp. 131-142, 1999
595:
George, Andrew, and Manfred Krebernik, "Two Remarkable Vocabularies: Amorite-Akkadian Bilinguals!", Revue d'assyriologie et d'archeologie orientale 116.1, pp. 113-166, 2022
363:
period. Some Early Dynastic I period remains were found below that and the water table was encountered before virgin soil was reached. A few private homes adjacent to the
692:
Miglus, Peter A., "Der altbabylonische Palast in Tuttul (Tall BiÊża): funktionale und historische Aspekte", Der Palast im antiken und islamischen Orient, pp. 139-150, 2019
985:
Eva Strommenger, Kay Kohlmeyer, "Tall Bi'a/TuttulâIII. Die Schichten des 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr. im ZentralhĂŒgel E", SaarbrĂŒcker Druckerei und Verlag, SaarbrĂŒcken, 2000
394:
A number of cuneiform tablets were found at the site, mostly in the Old Babylonian palace. About 51 were used in fill and are somewhat older, thought to be from the
845:
Owen, David I., "Transliterations, Translations, and Brief Comments", The Nesbit Tablets, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 13-110, 2016
1029:
994:
Peter A. Miglus, Eva Strommenger, "Tall Bi'a/TuttulâVIII. Stadtbefestigungen, HĂ€user und Tempel", SaarbrĂŒcker Druckerei und Verlag, SaarbrĂŒcken, 2002
370:
At the Early Dynastic level on the southern end of Mound E six above ground multichambered rectilinear royal tombs were found. The tombs had been
951:
Herbordt, S., et al., "Ausgrabungen in Tall Bi'a 1981", Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orientgesellschaft zu Berlin Berlin 114, pp. 79â101, 1982
857:
Frayne, Douglas, "Mari", Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 B.C.): Early Periods, Volume 4, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 593-649, 1990
940:
935:
760:
Kohlmeyer, Kay, et al., "Geomagnetic prospection of the Early Bronze Age town of Tuttul/Tell Bi'a, Syria", Archaeologia Polona 41, pp 211, 2003
982:
Manfred Krebernik, "Tall Bi'a/TuttulâII. Die Altorientalischen Schriftfunde", WVDOG 100, SaarbrĂŒcker Druckerei und Verlag, SaarbrĂŒcken, 2001
960:
Strommenger, E., et al., "Ausgrabungen in Tall Bi'a 1985", Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin 119, pp. 7â49, 1987
957:
Strommenger, E., et al., "Ausgrabungen in Tall Bi'a 1984", Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin 118, pp. 7â44, 1986
402:. Two tablets were somewhat later in date. There is also a bronze axe, from the antiquities market, inscribed ""Il'e-Lim, lord of Tuttul".
972:
Strommenger, Eva, "Die Ausgrabungen in Tall Bi'a 1993", Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin 126, pp. 11â31, 1994
932:
Hemker, Christiane, "Eine Beterstatuette aus Tuttul", Beschreiben und Deuten in der ArchĂ€ologie des Alten Orients, pp. 93â102, 1994
636:
Woods, Christopher, "On the Euphrates", Zeitschrift fĂŒr Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische ArchĂ€ologie, vol. 95, no. 1-2, pp. 7-45, 2005
298:" at Tuttul, a poorly understood entity which has been suggested as the deified Euphrates, which was recorded as receiving sacrifices.
790:
Casana, Jesse, "Satellite imagery-based analysis of archaeological looting in Syria", Near Eastern Archaeology 78.3, pp. 142-152, 2015
1039:
969:
Strommenger, Eva, "Ausgrabungen in Tall Bi'a 1992", Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin 125, pp. 5â31, 1933
963:
Strommenger, E., "Ergebnisse der Palastgrabung in Tall Bi'a bis 1987", Al-hawliyyat al-atariyya as-suriyya 40, pp. 100â110, 1990
945:
Otto, Adelheid, "Siegelabrollungen aus Tall Bi'a", Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin 124, pp. 45â78, 1992
937:
M. Krebernik, "Schriftfunde aus Tell Biâa 1990", Mit-teilungen der deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin 123, pp. 41â69, 1991
924:
1024:
740:
Ildiko Bosze, "Analysis of the Early Bronze Age Graves in Tell Bi'a (Syria)", BAR International Series, 2009 ISBN 978-1407305295
942:
Krebernik, Manfred, "Schriftfunde aus Tall Bi'a 1992". Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 125, pp. 51â60, 1993
325:
led by Eva Strommenger. The focus of the excavation has been on the central mound, Mound E. It was topped by the remains of a
891:
769:
Heimpel, Wolfgang, "On the Recently Published Old Babylonian Texts from Tuttul", Orientalia, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 307â26, 2003
625:
140:
911:
Goetze, Albrecht, "Tuttul in a âCappadocianâ Proper Name", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 110â110, 1953
1034:
988:
Adelheid Otto, "Tall Biâa/TuttulâIV. Siegel und Siegelabrollungen", SaarbrĂŒcker Druckerei und Verlag, SaarbrĂŒcken, 2004
820:
Douglas R. Frayne, "Akkad", The Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334â2113), University of Toronto Press, pp. 5-218, 1993
825:
804:
645:
Dossin, Georges, "Le site de Tuttul-sur-Balßh", Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 68.1, pp. 25-34, 1974
609:
527:
a large monastery was built. Its period of use is unknown, but one of the mosaics is dateable to the 6th century AD.
758:
227:) was an ancient Near East city. Tuttul is identified with the archaeological site of Tell Bi'a (also Tall Bi'a) in
1064:
425:(late 4th millennium BC) based on pottery shards. The earliest written record of Tuttul was during the time of the
552:
63:
35:
557:
445:
Tuttul is unrecorded during the Ur II period aside from a mention in one of the campaign records of the ruler
902:
Goetze, Albrecht, "An Old Babylonian Itinerary", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 51â72, 1963
836:
Frayne, Douglas, "Ć Ć«-SĂźn", Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC), Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 5-90, 1997
788:
562:
322:
731:
Weiss, Harvey, "Archaeology in Syria", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 101, no. 1, pp. 97â148, 1997
710:
Weiss, Harvey, "Archaeology in Syria", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 101â58, 1994
818:
583:
Dossin, Georges, âInscriptions de Fondation Provenant de Mariâ, Syria, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 152â69, 1940
539:. However, this is a debated issue. The identification of the so-called "Southern Tuttul" with modern
991:
Peter A. Miglus, Eva Strommenger, "Tall Bi'a/TuttulâVII. Der Palast A", Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 2007
954:
Strommenger, Eva, et al., "Ausgrabungen in Tall Biâ a 1982 und 1983", MDOG 116, pp. 15â64, 1984
966:
Strommenger, Eva, "Tall BiÊ»a 1985 und 1987", Archiv fĂŒr Orientforschung 36, pp. 221â227, 1989
504:
581:
513:
508:
archaeological evidence at the site, Tuttul is mentioned in late 2nd millennium BC New Kingdom
543:
is uncertain, as Hit is referenced to several times in the Mari archives via its modern name.
337:
1059:
1044:
449:. It has been suggested that the Duduli encountered in Ur III texts on occasion is Tuttul.
8:
437:(c. 2254â2218 BC), as one of the cities whose god was asked for him to become deified.
434:
519:
It appears that during the period, the Late Bronze Age, Tuttul served only as a small
340:(early 2nd millennium BC) with a palace termed the "Young/New Palace". This was where
887:
821:
800:
654:
Lewy, Hildegard, "Ć ubat-Ć amaĆĄ and Tuttul", Orientalia, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 1â18, 1958
621:
605:
395:
228:
206:
126:
104:
321:
Excavation was conducted in twelve seasons between 1980 and 1995 by a team from the
524:
326:
287:
604:
Feliu, LluĂs, "The god Dagan in Bronze Age Syria", Leiden Boston, MA: Brill, 2003
405:
A satellite survey of site in Syria showed that the site had been heavily looted.
430:
426:
360:
251:
1054:
1049:
349:
1003:
155:
142:
240:
532:
461:
422:
399:
315:
267:
255:
453:
500:
496:
473:
413:
364:
345:
341:
295:
263:
244:
472:
against his rule that included Tuttul. This revolt was supported by
509:
214:
536:
465:
457:
446:
386:
291:
279:
520:
477:
469:
380:
376:
371:
355:
Below that level was an "Old Palace" of the Early Dynastic III
330:
306:
282:
was also worshiped at Tuttul. The god Mullil (another name for
540:
488:
283:
275:
271:
259:
236:
232:
112:
294:, was also worshiped there. There was also a temple of the "
356:
1015:
Populated places disestablished in the 2nd millennium BC
348:
ruler (later ruler of the Upper Kingdom of Mesopotamia)
499:, ruler or Mari, son of Yahdun-Lim and contemporary of
1010:
Populated places established in the 4th millennium BC
516:
texts, as the two empires contested for that region.
1020:
Christian monasteries established in the 6th century
274:
and Tuttul. His two main temples were at Tuttul and
333:floors, and a refectory with omega-shaped benches.
1001:
329:-era monastery, including a church, with intact
235:. Tell Bi'a is located near the modern city of
853:
851:
814:
812:
727:
725:
591:
589:
452:Tuttul is then mentioned in a year name of
848:
809:
417:The site of Tuttul from center to the East
359:period and a large public building of the
286:) was also said to "dwell" in Tuttul. The
1030:Archaeological sites in Raqqa Governorate
722:
586:
487:
412:
385:
305:
344:tablets dated to the last years of the
1002:
390:Tell Bi'a with Raqqa in the background
367:on Mound B South were also excavated.
421:The site has been occupied since the
239:and at the confluence of the rivers
13:
918:
14:
1076:
398:. The rest came from the time of
336:The level below the monastery is
1040:Former populated places in Syria
254:(c. 2000â1600 BC), Tuttul was a
69:
62:
41:
34:
1025:1980 archaeological discoveries
905:
896:
879:
869:
860:
839:
830:
793:
782:
772:
763:
752:
743:
734:
713:
704:
695:
686:
677:
553:Cities of the ancient Near East
667:
657:
648:
639:
630:
614:
598:
575:
558:List of Mesopotamian dynasties
310:Early Dynastic tombs at Tuttul
301:
70:
42:
1:
568:
468:temple in Mari he recorded a
563:List of Mesopotamian deities
492:Site of Tuttul West to North
323:Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft
7:
546:
10:
1081:
408:
379:with a bronze base, and a
1035:Bronze Age sites in Syria
523:center for Dagan. In the
352:(c. 1800 BC) were found.
192:
184:
179:
171:
134:
120:
98:
90:
28:
21:
1065:Byzantine sites in Asia
505:First Babylonian Empire
493:
486:
443:
418:
391:
311:
491:
482:
439:
416:
389:
309:
185:Excavation dates
156:35.95750°N 39.04750°E
105:Al-Raqqah Governorate
91:Alternative name
81:Show map of Near East
975:Excavation Reports
175:archaeological site
152: /
18:
494:
435:Naram-Sin of Akkad
419:
392:
312:
290:version of Dagan,
161:35.95750; 39.04750
78:Tuttul (Near East)
50:Shown within Syria
16:
892:978-1-57506-060-6
626:978-1-937040-11-6
456:(c. 1800 BC) the
396:Isin-Larsa period
266:in the region of
252:Middle Bronze Age
229:Raqqa Governorate
200:
199:
127:Upper Mesopotamia
53:Show map of Syria
1072:
912:
909:
903:
900:
894:
883:
877:
873:
867:
864:
858:
855:
846:
843:
837:
834:
828:
816:
807:
797:
791:
786:
780:
776:
770:
767:
761:
756:
750:
747:
741:
738:
732:
729:
720:
717:
711:
708:
702:
699:
693:
690:
684:
681:
675:
671:
665:
661:
655:
652:
646:
643:
637:
634:
628:
618:
612:
602:
596:
593:
584:
579:
525:Byzantine period
226:
225:
167:
166:
164:
163:
162:
157:
153:
150:
149:
148:
145:
130:
129:
116:
115:
108:
107:
82:
73:
72:
66:
54:
45:
44:
38:
19:
15:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1000:
999:
921:
919:Further reading
916:
915:
910:
906:
901:
897:
884:
880:
876:pp. 33-60, 2014
874:
870:
865:
861:
856:
849:
844:
840:
835:
831:
817:
810:
798:
794:
787:
783:
777:
773:
768:
764:
757:
753:
748:
744:
739:
735:
730:
723:
718:
714:
709:
705:
700:
696:
691:
687:
682:
678:
672:
668:
662:
658:
653:
649:
644:
640:
635:
631:
619:
615:
603:
599:
594:
587:
580:
576:
571:
549:
514:Middle Assyrian
427:Akkadian Empire
411:
361:Akkadian Empire
304:
223:
222:
196:Eva Strommenger
160:
158:
154:
151:
146:
143:
141:
139:
138:
125:
124:
111:
110:
103:
102:
86:
85:
84:
83:
80:
79:
76:
75:
74:
57:
56:
55:
52:
51:
48:
47:
46:
24:
12:
11:
5:
1078:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
998:
997:
996:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
938:
933:
930:
927:
920:
917:
914:
913:
904:
895:
878:
868:
859:
847:
838:
829:
808:
792:
781:
771:
762:
751:
742:
733:
721:
712:
703:
694:
685:
676:
666:
656:
647:
638:
629:
613:
597:
585:
573:
572:
570:
567:
566:
565:
560:
555:
548:
545:
410:
407:
350:Shamshi-Adad I
338:Old Babylonian
303:
300:
198:
197:
194:
193:Archaeologists
190:
189:
186:
182:
181:
177:
176:
173:
169:
168:
136:
132:
131:
122:
118:
117:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
77:
68:
67:
61:
60:
59:
58:
49:
40:
39:
33:
32:
31:
30:
29:
26:
25:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1077:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1005:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
977:
976:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
928:
925:
923:
922:
908:
899:
893:
889:
882:
872:
863:
854:
852:
842:
833:
827:
826:0-8020-0593-4
823:
819:
815:
813:
806:
805:0-521-79666-0
802:
796:
789:
785:
775:
766:
759:
755:
746:
737:
728:
726:
716:
707:
698:
689:
680:
670:
660:
651:
642:
633:
627:
623:
617:
611:
610:90-04-13158-2
607:
601:
592:
590:
582:
578:
574:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
544:
542:
538:
534:
528:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
506:
502:
498:
490:
485:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
442:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
415:
406:
403:
401:
397:
388:
384:
382:
378:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
308:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
278:and his wife
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
195:
191:
187:
183:
178:
174:
170:
165:
137:
133:
128:
123:
119:
114:
106:
101:
97:
93:
89:
65:
37:
27:
20:
907:
898:
881:
871:
862:
841:
832:
795:
784:
774:
765:
754:
745:
736:
715:
706:
697:
688:
679:
669:
659:
650:
641:
632:
616:
600:
577:
529:
518:
495:
483:
451:
444:
440:
420:
404:
393:
369:
354:
335:
320:
313:
262:, who was a
249:
218:
210:
202:
201:
1060:Holy cities
1045:Mari, Syria
476:, ruler of
423:Uruk period
400:Yasmah-Adad
302:Archaeology
258:to the god
256:sacred city
250:During the
211:tu-ut-tu-ul
159: /
135:Coordinates
1004:Categories
569:References
454:Yahdun-Lim
180:Site notes
144:35°57âČ27âłN
501:Hammurabi
497:Zimri-Lim
474:Sumu-Epuh
460:ruler of
365:city wall
346:Ekallatum
342:cuneiform
327:Byzantine
296:River-god
264:storm god
245:Euphrates
188:1980-1995
147:39°2âČ51âłE
17:Tell Bi'a
547:See also
215:Ugaritic
207:Akkadian
99:Location
537:Babylon
510:Hittite
503:of the
466:Shamash
458:Amorite
447:Shu-Sin
409:History
357:Eblaite
292:Kumarbi
288:Hurrian
280:Shalash
23:{{{1}}}
890:
824:
803:
624:
608:
521:cultic
478:Yamhad
470:revolt
431:Sargon
381:dagger
377:quiver
372:looted
331:mosaic
241:Balikh
219:đđđ
203:Tuttul
121:Region
94:Tuttul
1055:Dagon
1050:Raqqa
429:when
284:Enlil
276:Terqa
272:Terqa
260:Dagan
237:Raqqa
233:Syria
113:Syria
979:1998
888:ISBN
822:ISBN
801:ISBN
779:2014
674:2023
664:2003
622:ISBN
606:ISBN
535:and
533:Mari
512:and
462:Mari
316:Mari
268:Mari
243:and
172:Type
541:Hit
224:TTL
1006::
850:^
811:^
724:^
588:^
480:.
270:,
247:.
231:,
221:â
217::
213:,
209::
109:,
205:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
