594:
acquired through initiation. Members of the society were usually wealthy or upper-class, and initiation took place in adolescence. Initiation included several stages: showing the society spirit (where members ceremonially danced with duck-shaped rattles), laying down initiates (the initiates were sent into an unconscious trance after the society spirit possessed them), playing of the society spirit (members perform more dances for one or more nights), reviving the entranced initiates (the initiates, still unconscious, have blood dripped onto them and yelling society members lift them in the air a number of times until they awaken and run into the forest), bathing the initiate (initiates are bathed in a river by their parents, given ceremonial garments, fed, and taught the secret society spirit dance), and working or practicing the initiate (society members and new initiates practice the society spirit dance and novices become entranced, represented by vomiting blood).
53:
578:
among Twana culture. Illness could be a signal of soul loss or possession of a spirit. Young aspiring shamans, inheriting the shamanistic spirit or acquiring it through quests, became ill once the spirit possessed their body. The concept of the circle is also of deep importance within Twana culture, including among modern-day Twana. The cyclical nature of the circle is connected to many aspects of Twana life, such as the seasons, the moon and sun, the horizons, and gatherings where group members sit in a circle.
569:
potlatch sponsors. Women were known to wear leg and chin tattoos. Women's roles included gathering roots, berries, and nuts, and well as making baskets, cordage, mats, and blankets. Materials for such crafts included shredded cedar bark, sedge, cattail leaves. Twana women were to isolate during their menstrual periods, the first of which signaled a woman's eligibility for marriage. Marriage was arranged by families and could be between members of different villages.
585:
were a common event across most North
American Native tribes including the Twana. Twana potlatches could be held at any time of the year but were common in the winter. The extravagant gathering was hosted or sponsored by an individual man or group of men, who were the gift-donors. Guests were invited
560:
There were likely connections within the Twana tribes as well as with other tribal groups in the southern Coast Salish region. This included trade between other Salish groups, especially with those more inland for items that could not be found at the coast. Some items from the east included mountain
220:
The 9 groups who make up the Twana were historically completely autonomous and independent. The Twana were bound by no higher political power, but only by shared language, location, and cultural practices. While the area in the immediate vicinity of a group's village would be exclusive use, the vast
568:
Men and women had different roles within the Twana village. Wood carving was a primary craft practiced by men. Woodwork included planks, houses, canoes, utensils, and containers such as bent-corner boxes. Similarly, men carved bone, stone, and antler. Wealthy and high-status men included chiefs and
556:
The Twana Tribe’s primary resources were salmon (pink, coho, chum/dog, chinook, sockeye), cedar, and redwood. Other sources of food and material included herring, smelt, seals, sea otters, blacktail deer, black bear, elk, shellfish, fowl, and plant species such as bracken, camus, and wapato. Roots,
199:
came looking for sea otter pelts in the
Pacific Northwest. The trade was so extensive that the sea otter population was almost diminished by 1792, and there was subsequently little non-native contact in the region for about 30 years. The Twana along with dozens of nearby tribes then experienced the
577:
Twana beliefs include the heart and life souls that occupy each person, the loss of one being associated with illness and death, respectively. Deities include the sun and earth. Shamans held power to cause or cure illness, restore lost souls, and even cause death. Illness held certain significance
593:
Some upper-class individuals of the Twana were members of a secret society, named after the society sprit "growling of an animal." The society held exclusive events similar to the potlatch, with an individual sponsor, feasts, and gifting. All members of the society possessed the society spirit,
602:
Today, most of the Twana population live on the
Skokomish Indian Reservation and the Chehalis Indian Reservation. On the Skokomish Reservation, Twana members hold personal naming and salmon run festivals. There is a tribal K-4 school on the Reservation. The Twana language is spoken and taught
547:
Native
Americans of the Coast Salish region resided in semi-permanent villages, usually moving between summer and winter locations over the course of the year in accordance with fishing and crop seasons. Winter locations consisted of permanent plank houses and summer locations held temporary
194:
Ancestral origins of the Twana include the Proto-Salish people of the northwest
Americas who migrated into Washington and split into 23 distinct tribes, each speaking its own language. American contact with the Twana likely began around 1788 when traders participating in the
590:, clamshell-disk beads, robes, pelts, bone war clubs, canoes, and slaves. Upon death, bodies were not buried but placed in canoes or grave boxes, followed by a ceremonial gathering that included a feast and the deceased's belongings being given away.
552:
houses. Twana chiefs had their own speaker that delivered speeches to the villagers. There were individuals who made morning calls to wake up the village as well. Status and wealth was divided among social classes.
561:
goat hair and hemp fiber. Canoes were sourced from the western outer coast tribes. Fishing and hunting grounds could be shared among groups. Twana were not known to partake in violent conflict, however
1881:
178:, Vance Creek, Tahuya, and Duhlelap. By 1860 there were 33 settlements in total, with the Skokomish making up the majority of the population. Most descendants of all groups now are citizens of the
1876:
1886:
557:
berries, and nuts were also gathered in the region. Hides and shredded cedar bark were used to make aprons, skirts, breechclouts, shirts, leggings, robes, and moccasins.
1755:
1912:
2069:
1907:
1128:
586:
from nearby villages and tribes, who recipients of the hosts' gifts, as a display of wealth and power. These items of wealth could include woven blankets,
1993:
1810:
1158:
1088:
1163:
1765:
1463:
1083:
1238:
1118:
1067:
1458:
1143:
1138:
2064:
1785:
958:
1188:
1093:
1790:
1398:
212:
in 1855, which required all Native
Americans to migrate off their lands and into reservations within one year after it was passed.
1891:
208:(1853). American settlers began moving onto the lands alongside the Twana and other tribes for a short period of time until the
1039:
1760:
876:
820:
772:
745:
718:
691:
1855:
1590:
1565:
603:
through a language project, and similarly there is a basket project that several neighboring tribes take part in.
1845:
1595:
1973:
1525:
1545:
1530:
1253:
1243:
1715:
1620:
1550:
1263:
1218:
892:
565:
had the ability to harm other groups if needed. Coast Salish conflict was generally defensive in nature.
1820:
1705:
1645:
1610:
1078:
1032:
1780:
1373:
917:
1805:
163:
are the main surviving group and self-identify as the Twana today. The spoken language, also named
1835:
1695:
1690:
1635:
1570:
1500:
1288:
1213:
1208:
581:
Ceremonies included the winter dance, soul recovery, elaborately painting boards, and
Tamanawas.
174:
The nine groups making up the Twana are the Dabop, Quilcene, Dosewallips, Duckabush, Hoodsport,
1958:
1927:
1830:
1815:
1740:
1725:
1640:
1605:
1580:
1505:
1313:
1298:
1062:
179:
167:, is part of the Central Coast Salish language group. The Twana language is closely related to
708:
2059:
1660:
1575:
1515:
1328:
1293:
1025:
762:
209:
183:
2021:
1840:
1825:
1770:
1745:
1710:
1685:
1670:
1665:
1655:
1625:
1585:
1535:
1428:
1223:
1183:
1123:
205:
152:
115:
8:
2003:
1675:
1650:
1630:
1615:
1540:
1520:
1283:
1258:
1248:
1113:
1072:
52:
632:
1948:
1735:
1680:
1600:
1560:
1555:
1510:
1323:
1273:
1268:
1203:
529:
492:
196:
82:
2038:
1968:
1963:
1700:
1408:
1003:
983:
872:
816:
768:
741:
714:
687:
305:
2033:
2010:
1998:
1917:
1468:
1418:
1413:
1403:
1388:
1378:
1278:
1233:
1108:
995:
379:
175:
160:
98:
999:
1983:
1850:
1775:
1750:
1720:
1448:
1423:
1363:
1308:
1228:
1168:
1103:
866:
810:
735:
681:
395:
386:
333:
548:
tent-style dwellings. Permanent villages could include homes, sweat houses, and
2028:
1988:
1935:
1860:
1353:
1198:
1178:
1098:
164:
142:
94:
22:
2053:
1978:
1730:
1393:
1318:
1193:
463:
201:
29:
1800:
1795:
1368:
1358:
1048:
1007:
789:"Skokomish Indian Tribe – A website for the Skokomish Tribe and its people"
734:
Committee, Olympic
Peninsula Intertribal Cultural Advisory (June 1, 2003).
438:
425:
129:
111:
2015:
1383:
168:
156:
1953:
1453:
1173:
516:
78:
764:
Twana
Narratives: Native Historical Accounts of a Coast Salish Culture
1479:
1438:
1433:
1343:
1338:
562:
1348:
1148:
587:
582:
549:
200:
ceding of their land with a series of treaties, starting with the
1443:
1303:
1153:
612:
1484:
1474:
1333:
1133:
1017:
416:
A flat on the
Skokomish River between villages 2 and 4, called
356:
812:
First Peoples, First Contacts: Native Peoples of North America
868:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples
1756:
Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon
680:
Thompson, M. Terry; Egesdal, Steven M. (January 1, 2008).
788:
221:
majority of land was used freely by all Twana groups.
737:
Native Peoples of the Olympic Peninsula: Who We Are
984:"The Cultural Setting of the Twana Secret Society"
542:
977:
975:
973:
656:tuwaduq - The Twana Language E-Dictionary Project
2051:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
182:and live on the Skokomish Indian Reservation at
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
679:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
970:
683:Salish Myths and Legends: One People's Stories
1033:
151:) is the collective name for a group of nine
2070:Native American tribes in Washington (state)
829:
662:
523:
496:
471:
442:
429:
417:
408:
399:
364:
337:
309:
281:
257:
146:
1040:
1026:
982:Elmendorf, William W. (October 12, 1948).
51:
981:
941:
760:
733:
572:
893:"Creation of Washington Territory, 1853"
864:
653:
1892:Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs
1882:South Puget Intertribal Planning Agency
918:"Treaty of Point No Point, 1855 | GOIA"
2052:
1877:Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission
1021:
706:
1887:Washington Indian Gaming Association
956:
808:
73:Regions with significant populations
1766:Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis
761:Elmendorf, William Welcome (1993).
394:The confluence of the forks of the
57:Portrait of a Quilcene boy, c. 1913
13:
14:
2081:
2065:Culture of the Puget Sound region
1856:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
707:Ricky, Donald (January 1, 1999).
16:Indigenous group in North America
1047:
740:. University of Oklahoma Press.
950:
935:
910:
885:
543:Pre-contact and reservation era
1870:Organizations and institutions
1846:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
946:. Washington State University.
944:The Structure of Twana Culture
942:Elmendorf, William W. (1960).
802:
781:
754:
727:
700:
647:
625:
407:The mouth of McTaggert Creek (
1:
1761:Confederated Tribes of Siletz
1000:10.1525/aa.1948.50.4.02a00050
809:King, Jonathan C. H. (1999).
618:
597:
515:People at the far end of the
110:Traditional tribal religion,
1591:Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council
1526:Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation
815:. Harvard University Press.
713:. Somerset Publishers, Inc.
522:The mouth of Mission Creek (
280:The mouth of Donovan Creek (
262:), at the head of Dabob Bay
215:
7:
1791:Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe
1716:Tsleil-Waututh First Nation
1621:Tsleil-waututh First Nation
871:. Oxford University Press.
654:Drachman, Gaberell (2020).
606:
10:
2086:
1821:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
1706:Yakweakwioose First Nation
1611:Yakweakwioose First Nation
1566:Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation
897:www.oregonencyclopedia.org
633:"Skokomish Tribe | NPAIHB"
537:
363:The mouth of Finch Creek (
189:
27:
20:
1926:
1900:
1869:
1786:Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe
1781:Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe
1493:
1055:
658:. Skokomish Indian Tribe.
127:
122:
109:
104:
93:
88:
77:
72:
67:
62:
50:
44:
43:
1806:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
865:Pritzker, Barry (2000).
437:The former lower end of
300:Dosewallips River people
210:Treaty of Point No Point
28:Not to be confused with
1943:Sliammon/Mainland Comox
1836:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
1696:Tsawwassen First Nation
1691:Snuneymuxw First Nation
1636:Kwikwetlem First Nation
1571:Skawahlook First Nation
988:American Anthropologist
686:. U of Nebraska Press.
524:
497:
472:
443:
430:
418:
409:
400:
365:
338:
310:
282:
276:People of the saltwater
258:
147:
1831:Skokomish Indian Tribe
1816:Quinault Indian Nation
1811:Nisqually Indian Tribe
1741:Esquimalt First Nation
1726:Union Bar First Nation
1646:Chemainus First Nation
1641:Semiahmoo First Nation
1606:Tzeachten First Nation
1581:Soowahlie First Nation
1546:Sq'éwlets First Nation
1531:Leq'á:mel First Nation
1506:Chawathil First Nation
960:The Twana and the Drum
573:Customs and ceremonies
328:Duckabush River people
180:Skokomish Indian Tribe
21:For the language, see
1661:Klahoose First Nation
1596:Stó꞉lō Tribal Council
1576:Skowkale First Nation
1516:Kwantlen First Nation
184:Skokomish, Washington
123:Related ethnic groups
1841:Squaxin Island Tribe
1826:Samish Indian Nation
1771:Cowlitz Indian Tribe
1746:Tsawout First Nation
1711:Tseycum First Nation
1671:Nanoose First Nation
1666:Malahat First Nation
1656:Homalco First Nation
1626:Musqueam Indian Band
1586:Squiala First Nation
1536:Matsqui First Nation
238:Village location(s)
206:Washington Territory
202:Oregon Treaty (1846)
155:in the northern-mid
153:Coast Salish peoples
1901:Culture and society
1676:Peters First Nation
1651:Halalt First Nation
1631:Katzie First Nation
1551:Seabird Island Band
1521:Katzie First Nation
424:Below the falls at
225:
40:
1601:Sumas First Nation
1561:Skway First Nation
1556:Skwah First Nation
1511:Cheam First Nation
635:. February 9, 2016
530:Belfair State Park
476:) at the prairies
348:čtslal̕aɬlaɬtəbəxʷ
224:
197:Maritime Fur Trade
38:
2047:
2046:
1701:Yale First Nation
957:Pulsifer, Ralph.
878:978-0-19-513877-1
822:978-0-674-62654-6
774:978-0-7748-0475-2
747:978-0-8061-3552-6
720:978-0-403-09866-8
710:Indians of Oregon
693:978-0-8032-1764-5
535:
534:
332:The mouth of the
306:Dosewallips River
304:The mouth of the
136:
135:
2077:
1616:Sts'ailes Nation
1042:
1035:
1028:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1011:
979:
968:
967:
965:
954:
948:
947:
939:
933:
932:
930:
928:
914:
908:
907:
905:
903:
889:
883:
882:
862:
827:
826:
806:
800:
799:
797:
795:
785:
779:
778:
758:
752:
751:
731:
725:
724:
704:
698:
697:
677:
660:
659:
651:
645:
644:
642:
640:
629:
527:
500:
475:
470:Up Vance Creek (
446:
433:
421:
412:
403:
368:
366:slal̕aɬlaɬtəbəxʷ
341:
313:
285:
261:
252:Long Spit people
226:
223:
150:
63:Total population
55:
41:
37:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2043:
1922:
1896:
1865:
1851:Suquamish Tribe
1776:Suquamish Tribe
1751:Cowichan Tribes
1736:T'Sou-ke Nation
1721:Squamish Nation
1686:shíshálh Nation
1681:Tla'amin Nation
1501:Aitchelitz Band
1489:
1051:
1046:
1016:
1015:
980:
971:
963:
955:
951:
940:
936:
926:
924:
916:
915:
911:
901:
899:
891:
890:
886:
879:
863:
830:
823:
807:
803:
793:
791:
787:
786:
782:
775:
759:
755:
748:
732:
728:
721:
705:
701:
694:
678:
663:
652:
648:
638:
636:
631:
630:
626:
621:
609:
600:
575:
545:
540:
396:Skokomish River
359:-country people
334:Duckabush River
218:
192:
58:
46:
36:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2083:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:Island Comox †
1932:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1861:Tulalip Tribes
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1264:Seabird Island
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1219:Tsleil-Waututh
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1164:Kwa-kwa-a-pilt
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1013:
994:(4): 625–633.
969:
949:
934:
909:
884:
877:
828:
821:
801:
780:
773:
753:
746:
726:
719:
699:
692:
661:
646:
623:
622:
620:
617:
616:
615:
608:
605:
599:
596:
574:
571:
544:
541:
539:
536:
533:
532:
520:
512:
509:
503:
502:
489:
487:
484:
478:
477:
468:
460:
457:
451:
450:
449:
448:
435:
422:
414:
405:
390:
385:People of the
382:
377:
371:
370:
361:
353:
350:
344:
343:
330:
325:
322:
316:
315:
302:
297:
294:
288:
287:
278:
273:
270:
264:
263:
254:
249:
246:
240:
239:
236:
233:
230:
217:
214:
204:and later the
191:
188:
134:
133:
125:
124:
120:
119:
107:
106:
102:
101:
91:
90:
86:
85:
75:
74:
70:
69:
65:
64:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
34:
23:Twana language
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2082:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:Northern and
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1974:North Straits
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
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1796:Lummi Nation
1374:Upper Skagit
1369:Lower Skagit
1049:Coast Salish
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925:. Retrieved
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292:čtduswaylupš
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159:region. The
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130:Coast Salish
112:Christianity
35:Ethnic group
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2016:Lushootseed
1801:Makah Tribe
1541:Popkum Band
1494:Governments
1471:(Tillamook)
1384:Muckleshoot
922:goia.wa.gov
473:q̓ʷəlq̓ʷili
464:Cedar trees
320:čtduxʷyabus
256:Long Spit (
229:Twana Name
169:Lushootseed
157:Puget Sound
2054:Categories
1954:Halkomelem
1454:Sahewamish
1409:Snoqualmie
1289:Skawahlook
1214:Tsawwassen
1209:Snuneymuxw
1129:Humptulips
1079:Stz'uminus
639:August 31,
619:References
598:Modern-day
583:Potlatches
493:Tahuya Bay
431:č̓uq̓ʷaɬəɬ
419:č̓əlaxʷcəd
352:Hoodsport
324:Duckabush
311:duswaylupš
83:Washington
79:Hood Canal
1994:Semiahmoo
1949:Pentlatch
1928:Languages
1913:Mythology
1480:Quamichan
1459:Wynoochee
1439:Swinomish
1434:Suquamish
1419:Nisqually
1414:Skykomish
1404:Snohomish
1389:Sammamish
1379:Skokomish
1344:Penelakut
1339:Quamichan
1314:Tzeachten
1299:Soowahlie
1279:Shilshole
1254:Leq'á:mel
1249:Sts'ailes
1244:Sq'éwlets
1234:Semiahmoo
1144:Kilpahlas
1139:Khenipsen
1109:Esquimalt
1073:Sts'ailes
1063:Chawathil
511:Duhlelap
482:čttax̌uya
410:x̌c̓ay̓ay
380:Skokomish
375:squqəʔbəš
339:duxʷyabus
272:Quilcene
244:čttaʔbuxʷ
216:Divisions
176:Skokomish
161:Skokomish
116:syncretic
89:Languages
2039:Quinault
2022:Southern
2004:T'sou-ke
1999:Songhees
1969:Nooksack
1964:Squamish
1959:shíshálh
1449:Quinault
1424:Puyallup
1364:Nooksack
1349:Lamalcha
1329:Tsartlip
1324:T'souk-e
1294:Skowkale
1229:Squamish
1224:shíshálh
1204:Sliammon
1184:Musqueam
1169:Kwantlen
1159:Koksilah
1149:Klahoose
1104:Duwamish
1089:Comiaken
1008:18128883
607:See also
588:dentalia
550:potlatch
507:čxʷlələp
401:yəlal̕qu
283:qʷul̕sid
235:Meaning
148:təwəʔduq
132:peoples
114:, incl.
105:Religion
45:təwəʔduq
2034:Cowlitz
2011:Klallam
1984:Saanich
1469:Nehalem
1444:Tulalip
1354:Saanich
1304:Squiala
1199:Malahat
1189:Nanoose
1179:Matsqui
1154:Klallam
1124:Homalco
1099:Cowlitz
1094:Copalis
1056:Peoples
613:Tulalip
563:shamans
538:Society
498:tax̌uya
486:Tahuya
444:ʔiluʔəɬ
190:History
99:English
1989:Samish
1485:Somena
1475:Siletz
1464:Satsop
1394:Samish
1334:Somena
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1259:Popkum
1194:Nuxalk
1134:Katzie
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466:people
357:Slahal
259:tabuxʷ
248:Dabob
128:Other
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1979:Lummi
1936:Comox
1908:Music
1359:Lummi
1274:Skway
1269:Skwah
1239:Sumas
1068:Cheam
964:(PDF)
528:) at
517:canal
387:river
165:Twana
143:Twana
139:Twana
118:forms
95:Twana
39:Twana
1075:(WA)
1004:PMID
929:2023
904:2023
873:ISBN
817:ISBN
796:2023
769:ISBN
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715:ISBN
688:ISBN
641:2023
1918:Art
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