51:
817:
416:
851:
428:
440:
8417:
798:, complained about the complexity of two sets of voters – those who had paid their poll tax and could vote in all elections, and those who had not and could vote only in federal elections. Additionally, non-payers could still be deterred by such requirements as having to register far in advance of the election and retain records of such registration. Some states also continued to exercise discrimination in the application of
760:, which among other issues investigated the poll tax. Considering that opposition to federal poll tax regulation in 1948 was claimed as based on the Constitution, the Committee noted that a constitutional amendment might be the best way to proceed. Still, little occurred during the 1950s. Members of the anti-poll tax movement laid low during the anti-Communist frenzy of the period; some of the main proponents of poll tax abolition, such as
6231:
1060:
Arkansas effectively repealed its poll tax for all elections with
Amendment 51 to the Arkansas Constitution at the November 1964 general election, several months after this amendment was ratified. The poll-tax language was not completely stricken from its Constitution until Amendment 85 in 2008. Of
779:
returned to this issue. His administration urged
Congress to adopt and send such an amendment to the states for ratification. He considered the constitutional amendment the best way to avoid a filibuster, as the claim that federal abolition of the poll tax was unconstitutional would be moot. Still,
699:
spoke out against the tax. He publicly called it "a remnant of the
Revolutionary period" that the country had moved past. However, Roosevelt's favored liberal Democrats in the South lost in the 1938 primaries to the reigning conservative Southern Democrats, and he backed off the issue. He felt that
1074:
The state of
Virginia accommodated the amendment by providing an "escape clause" to the poll tax. In lieu of paying the poll tax, a prospective voter could file paperwork to gain a certificate establishing a place of residence in Virginia. The papers would have to be filed six months in advance of
748:
declared, "If the poll tax bill passes, the next step will be an effort to remove the registration qualification, the educational qualification of
Negroes. If that is done we will have no way of preventing the Negroes from voting." This fear explains why even Southern Senators from states that had
601:
The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for
President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to
713:
in the Senate by
Southern senators and a few Northern allies who valued the support of the powerful and senior Southern seats. This bill would be re-proposed in the next several Congresses. It came closest to passage during World War II, when opponents framed abolition as a means to help overseas
998:
Ratification was completed on
January 23, 1964. The Georgia legislature did make a last-second attempt to be the 38th state to ratify. This was a surprise as "no Southern help could be expected" for the amendment. The Georgia Senate quickly and unanimously passed it, but the House did not act in
679:
From 1900 to 1937, such use of the poll tax was nearly ignored by the federal government. Several state-level initiatives repealed poll taxes during this period for two reasons: firstly that they encouraged corruption since wealthy persons could and would pay other people's poll taxes; secondly,
704:
programs and did not want to further antagonize them. Still, efforts at the
Congressional level to abolish the poll tax continued. A 1939 bill to abolish the poll tax in federal elections was tied up by the Southern Bloc, lawmakers whose long tenure in office from a one-party region gave them
662:
candidates in the late 19th century, temporarily disturbing
Democratic rule. Proponents of the poll tax downplayed this aspect and assured white voters they would not be affected. Passage of poll taxes began in earnest in the 1890s, as Democrats wanted to prevent another Populist-Republican
787:
Kennedy's gaining his support helped splinter the monolithic Southern opposition to the amendment. Ratification of the amendment was relatively quick, taking slightly more than a year; it was rapidly ratified by state legislatures across the country from August 1962 to January 1964.
654:. This required that voting not be limited by "race, color, or previous condition of servitude". All voters were required to pay the poll tax, but in practice it most affected the poor. Notably this affected both African Americans and poor white voters, some of whom had voted with
784:, a conservative Democrat from Florida, introduced the amendment to the Senate. Holland had opposed most civil rights legislation during his career. Holland himself had tried several times ever since he entered the US Senate in 1946 to ban the poll tax but was unsuccessful.
529:
both in their state laws and in their state constitutions throughout the late-19th and early-20th centuries. This became possible and more widespread as the Democratic Party regained control of most levels of government in the South in the decades that followed the end of
739:
to end the filibuster required a two-thirds supermajority of 48 votes at the time, and so the bill was not brought to a vote. Those in favor of abolition of the poll tax considered a constitutional amendment after the 1946 defeat, but that idea did not advance either.
858:
Congress proposed the Twenty-fourth Amendment on August 27, 1962. The amendment was submitted to the states on September 24, 1962, after it passed with the requisite two-thirds majorities in the House and Senate. The final vote in the House was 295–86 (132–15 in the
667:
had enacted a poll tax, many within new constitutions that contained other provisions as barriers to voter registration, such as literacy or comprehension tests administered subjectively by white workers. The poll tax was used together with other devices such as
743:
The tenor of the debate changed in the 1940s. Southern politicians tried to re-frame the debate as a constitutional issue, but private correspondence indicates that black disenfranchisement was still the true concern. For instance, Mississippi Senator
690:
privilege of voting is not derived from the United States, but is conferred by the state and, save as restrained by the Fifteenth and Nineteenth Amendments and other provisions of the Federal Constitution, the state may condition suffrage as it deems
7426:
3344:
1081:, the Court unanimously found such measures unconstitutional. It declared that for federal elections, "the poll tax is abolished absolutely as a prerequisite to voting, and no equivalent or milder substitute may be imposed."
649:
Southern states had adopted the poll tax as a requirement for voting as part of a series of laws in the late 19th century intended to exclude black Americans from politics so far as practicable without violating the
1100:, rather than the Twenty-Fourth Amendment. As such, issues related to whether burdens on voting are equivalent to poll taxes in discriminatory effect have usually been litigated on Equal Protection grounds since.
1061:
the five states originally affected by this amendment, Arkansas was the only one to repeal its poll tax; the other four retained their taxes. These were struck down in 1966 by the US Supreme Court decision in
1067:(1966), which ruled poll taxes unconstitutional even for state elections. Federal district courts in Alabama and Texas, respectively, struck down these states' poll taxes less than two months before the
2493:
794:
called the amendment a "triumph of liberty over restriction" and "a verification of people's rights". States that had maintained the poll tax were more reserved. Mississippi's Attorney General,
2183:
402:
326:
269:
2001:
115:
1075:
voting, and the voter had to provide a copy of that certificate at the time of voting. This measure was expected to decrease the number of legal voters. In the 1965 Supreme Court decision
6456:
3203:
2508:
1938:
3208:
2458:
676:" designed to exclude blacks, as well as threats and acts of violence. For example, potential voters had to be "assessed" in Arkansas, and blacks were utterly ignored in the assessment.
3378:
1329:
6895:
2039:
624:
3610:
2306:
7421:
1390:
6650:
2408:
8093:
6655:
6635:
6625:
6386:
2178:
6645:
6640:
6630:
6620:
3600:
3125:
1506:
7281:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
3173:
3140:
7611:
2478:
7998:
6660:
2011:
1895:
1695:
1627:
2463:
1881:
395:
261:
8068:
5989:
3317:
2659:
1856:
234:
2498:
7359:
6587:
6579:
3351:
3262:
3252:
1876:
1871:
1861:
1851:
680:
because they discouraged white voting more than many populist Southern politicians desired. The poll tax survived a legal challenge in the 1937 Supreme Court case
470:
256:
251:
241:
229:
5969:
7001:
6516:
3242:
1831:
207:
7416:
8462:
7971:
6924:
6872:
6575:
6013:
3247:
3220:
1841:
1836:
1805:
1800:
1097:
589:. Subsequent litigation related to potential discriminatory effects of voter registration requirements has generally been based on application of this clause.
586:
539:
219:
214:
192:
187:
8452:
7770:
7765:
7760:
6571:
5767:
3237:
1846:
1826:
1810:
651:
224:
202:
197:
20:
7459:
6890:
3937:
3636:
2403:
1777:
177:
8175:
7981:
7781:
7776:
7656:
7404:
6453:
6061:
5909:
3565:
3356:
2654:
1782:
1746:
182:
155:
7509:
7286:
6907:
6565:
6216:
3661:
3058:
2488:
2383:
1751:
1731:
1721:
160:
140:
130:
8457:
8195:
8165:
7976:
7351:
3215:
2193:
1761:
1756:
1741:
1736:
1726:
1716:
170:
165:
150:
145:
135:
125:
3656:
749:
abolished the poll tax still opposed the bill; they did not want to set a precedent that the federal government could interfere in state elections.
663:
coalition. Despite election violence and fraud, African Americans were still winning numerous local seats. By 1902, all eleven states of the former
575:. The amendment prohibited requiring a poll tax for voters in federal elections. But it was not until 1966 that the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6–3 in
6550:
3690:
3423:
3166:
8026:
7276:
4520:
4411:
3831:
2584:
1685:
1665:
1620:
618:
381:
372:
105:
85:
8135:
7830:
7626:
7363:
6784:
6545:
6066:
3626:
3555:
3489:
3069:
1675:
1670:
95:
90:
8330:
8103:
7966:
7700:
5974:
4312:
4231:
3631:
3198:
2438:
1680:
1660:
1655:
100:
80:
75:
7621:
7399:
7786:
7270:
2876:
1928:
463:
306:
7729:
6789:
5944:
5939:
5727:
5709:
4441:
4350:
3728:
3366:
3339:
3159:
2589:
2388:
1398:
577:
8120:
7791:
7683:
7389:
7380:
7081:
6937:
6929:
4490:
4192:
3590:
2124:
1650:
1613:
811:
67:
32:
7319:
6486:
6481:
6046:
4597:
4299:
3768:
3560:
2363:
2333:
2119:
2084:
2064:
338:
333:
316:
58:
8477:
7807:
7409:
6841:
6530:
6081:
6036:
5704:
4587:
4515:
4241:
4121:
3550:
3312:
2368:
1135:
757:
8053:
7812:
7340:
5995:
4383:
3983:
3443:
3373:
2579:
531:
456:
8205:
8078:
7719:
6758:
4361:
3494:
2669:
2338:
2216:
6829:
2353:
19:
This article is about the 1964 U.S. Constitution Amendment. For the failed proposal to amend the Constitution of Ireland, see
8145:
7086:
6794:
6511:
5732:
3852:
3758:
3711:
2891:
1981:
1976:
1903:
1063:
277:
709:
was able to force the bill to be considered, and the House passed the bill 254–84. However, the bill was unable to defeat a
8083:
7751:
7571:
7504:
6880:
6560:
6438:
6118:
4582:
4530:
4476:
3878:
3605:
3464:
3104:
2624:
2418:
1595:
8155:
7802:
7797:
7472:
7019:
6963:
6912:
6535:
6476:
6418:
6096:
4525:
4461:
3824:
3685:
3575:
3515:
3280:
3000:
2619:
2211:
1583:
854:
The official Joint Resolution of Congress proposing what became the 24th Amendment as contained in the National Archives
8472:
8442:
8150:
6902:
6555:
6525:
6471:
6448:
6267:
4535:
4510:
4495:
4224:
3892:
3428:
3182:
2256:
543:
350:
1518:
1200:
727:
In 1946, the Senate came close to passing the bill. 24 Democrats and 15 Republicans approved an end to debate, while 7
7014:
6041:
5914:
4388:
4165:
3361:
2599:
1961:
1636:
1549:
655:
40:
1457:"S.J. RES. 29. CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT TO BAN THE USE OF POLL TAX AS A REQUIREMENT FOR VOTING IN FEDERAL ELECTIONS"
735:
Republicans joined the 19 Southern Democrats in opposition. The result was a 39–33 vote in favor of the bill, but a
8170:
8160:
8140:
7988:
7961:
6942:
6743:
6702:
6461:
6391:
6076:
5818:
4289:
4176:
3716:
3099:
2443:
7892:
6540:
8190:
8021:
7840:
7739:
7734:
7477:
7394:
6978:
6885:
6614:
6491:
6408:
6381:
6103:
6091:
4567:
4505:
3753:
3479:
3230:
2448:
2433:
526:
508:
388:
345:
7343:
7039:
6413:
6371:
6355:
3817:
3748:
3520:
3388:
2855:
1189:
1169:
8467:
8447:
8005:
7904:
7898:
7713:
7631:
7616:
7548:
7375:
7312:
7122:
6466:
6443:
6433:
6398:
6113:
6056:
5855:
4197:
4170:
3988:
3773:
3580:
2629:
2569:
2158:
780:
some liberals opposed Kennedy's action, feeling that an amendment would be too slow compared to legislation.
664:
522:
8237:
7882:
7850:
7091:
7034:
6496:
6428:
6423:
6403:
6235:
6201:
6108:
5964:
5949:
5573:
5093:
4617:
4418:
4325:
4214:
3119:
2917:
2348:
2221:
2026:
1908:
1708:
1475:"S.J. RES. 29. APPROVAL OF RESOLUTION BANNING THE POLL TAX AS PREREQUISITE FOR VOTING IN FEDERAL ELECTIONS"
868:
357:
284:
867:) with 54 members voting present or abstaining, while in the Senate the final vote was 77–16 (30–1 in the
8228:
7863:
7694:
7576:
7265:
7175:
7146:
7061:
6984:
6856:
6325:
6008:
5742:
5503:
4500:
4466:
4446:
4330:
4209:
3916:
3680:
3585:
3133:
3037:
2995:
2990:
2393:
2079:
2044:
860:
1358:
1299:
511:
or other types of tax. The amendment was proposed by Congress to the states on August 27, 1962, and was
8264:
8200:
7856:
7688:
6992:
6305:
6086:
5954:
5924:
4908:
4663:
4552:
4482:
3953:
3545:
3510:
3087:
2534:
2503:
2226:
1991:
1986:
492:
8185:
7875:
7646:
6809:
6799:
6779:
6592:
5752:
5583:
5553:
5488:
4973:
4612:
4592:
4562:
4471:
4405:
4378:
4344:
4087:
3868:
3646:
3334:
2835:
2715:
2514:
2246:
2069:
1946:
1792:
1128:
1088:
case held that the poll tax was unconstitutional at every level, not just for federal elections. The
695:
The issue remained prominent, as most African Americans in the South were disenfranchised. President
362:
7514:
8420:
8342:
8043:
8031:
7641:
7305:
6738:
6692:
5653:
5613:
5138:
5043:
4451:
4400:
4393:
4366:
4306:
4187:
4097:
4021:
3329:
3324:
3307:
2804:
2674:
2538:
2398:
2317:
2163:
2153:
2021:
1109:
872:
8282:
8098:
7636:
7260:
7252:
7196:
7101:
6774:
6723:
6697:
6003:
5418:
5188:
4853:
4833:
4748:
4703:
4279:
4236:
4219:
4057:
4026:
3978:
3899:
3290:
3225:
2594:
2542:
2468:
2296:
2173:
2168:
2104:
2074:
2016:
1093:
864:
795:
582:
8336:
8130:
7940:
7180:
7152:
7008:
6260:
5458:
5193:
5178:
5173:
5048:
4903:
4743:
4688:
4258:
4108:
4031:
4002:
3964:
3721:
3448:
3295:
2757:
2276:
2201:
2148:
2099:
1923:
518:
301:
8180:
1578:
8318:
8306:
7868:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7543:
7467:
6753:
6376:
6051:
5588:
5403:
5033:
4938:
4918:
4888:
4577:
4572:
4319:
4284:
4182:
4146:
3840:
3570:
3383:
2964:
2343:
2311:
2142:
1971:
1918:
696:
581:
that poll taxes for any level of elections were unconstitutional. It said these violated the
294:
1442:
50:
8399:
8058:
7845:
7706:
7530:
7520:
7188:
7157:
7096:
6950:
6320:
6071:
5959:
5757:
5638:
5543:
5353:
4983:
4141:
3873:
3109:
2664:
2378:
2373:
2328:
2301:
2251:
1996:
1596:
108 Congressional Record (Bound) - Volume 108, Part 13 (August 20, 1962 to August 30, 1962)
1588:
1077:
682:
548:
542:, women) from voting. Use of the poll taxes by states was held to be constitutional by the
420:
8:
8294:
8276:
8088:
7930:
7651:
7499:
7056:
6733:
6300:
5834:
5795:
5343:
5303:
5253:
5163:
5123:
5098:
5053:
4858:
4813:
4658:
4638:
4607:
4602:
4545:
4456:
4251:
4204:
4154:
4115:
3092:
2881:
2609:
2473:
2261:
2206:
2109:
1966:
1492:
504:
637: Cumulative poll tax (missed poll taxes from prior years must also be paid to vote)
8372:
8354:
8220:
8210:
7993:
7724:
7228:
7165:
7066:
6846:
6290:
6151:
5919:
5903:
5896:
5875:
5867:
5861:
5824:
5658:
5568:
5548:
5473:
5453:
5443:
5423:
5338:
5223:
5168:
5113:
5018:
4798:
4713:
4372:
4356:
4336:
4102:
4067:
3994:
3793:
3669:
3469:
3433:
2794:
2778:
2639:
2453:
2428:
2413:
2323:
2291:
2281:
2241:
2231:
1584:
108 Congressional Record (Bound) - Volume 108, Part 4 (March 16, 1962 to April 2, 1962)
1538:
999:
time. Georgia's ratification was apparently dropped after South Dakota's ratification.
716:
706:
669:
1474:
1456:
8406:
8384:
8348:
7920:
7661:
7484:
7204:
7127:
7071:
6956:
6728:
6345:
6253:
6019:
5934:
5929:
5889:
5762:
5533:
5518:
5483:
5263:
5183:
5128:
4913:
4077:
4072:
3944:
3930:
3923:
3884:
3525:
3151:
3114:
2860:
2845:
2825:
2699:
2574:
2553:
2525:
2129:
1956:
1545:
1421:
1185:
1165:
791:
555:
When the 24th Amendment was ratified in 1964, five states still retained a poll tax:
535:
3809:
1605:
8324:
8300:
8288:
8270:
8073:
7887:
7835:
7489:
7237:
7117:
7076:
7050:
7024:
6969:
6918:
6824:
6819:
6748:
6350:
6295:
6196:
6181:
6171:
6141:
5882:
5829:
5678:
5663:
5628:
5493:
5438:
5428:
5323:
5198:
5133:
5008:
4923:
4883:
4873:
4863:
4848:
4843:
4818:
4708:
4092:
4007:
3970:
3763:
3733:
3651:
3300:
3285:
2736:
2483:
2358:
2286:
2271:
2006:
1951:
1913:
1561:
879:
members voting present or abstaining. The following states ratified the amendment:
781:
765:
289:
7328:
7044:
6718:
6506:
6191:
6176:
6161:
5979:
5608:
5598:
5558:
5538:
5498:
5373:
5363:
5328:
5288:
5273:
5208:
5073:
5023:
4953:
4838:
4788:
4773:
4763:
4758:
4738:
4723:
4718:
4693:
4633:
4557:
4160:
4131:
4126:
4082:
4062:
4041:
4013:
3438:
3413:
3021:
2969:
2850:
2809:
2720:
2644:
2548:
2530:
2266:
2236:
2094:
776:
753:
608:
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
444:
8256:
8110:
7606:
7449:
7170:
6851:
6834:
6814:
6804:
6315:
6310:
6230:
6211:
5800:
5648:
5633:
5563:
5513:
5478:
5463:
5448:
5408:
5388:
5378:
5333:
5318:
5298:
5068:
5038:
5028:
4998:
4988:
4898:
4868:
4668:
4294:
4246:
4136:
3675:
3641:
3595:
2959:
2938:
2922:
2886:
2830:
2799:
2614:
845:
Years are 1977: Virginia; 1989: North Carolina; 2002: Alabama; and 2009: Texas.
761:
745:
816:
8436:
8366:
8215:
8063:
7601:
7553:
7525:
7441:
6335:
6206:
6136:
5984:
5850:
5673:
5603:
5508:
5358:
5293:
5278:
5268:
5228:
5153:
5143:
5103:
5088:
4978:
4968:
4928:
4878:
4753:
4678:
4648:
3783:
3778:
3706:
3474:
3064:
2985:
2943:
2912:
2840:
2762:
2634:
2604:
2520:
2423:
2134:
2089:
799:
721:
673:
714:
soldiers vote. However, after learning that the U.S. Supreme Court decision
8312:
7563:
7220:
7212:
6166:
6146:
5668:
5623:
5618:
5578:
5413:
5393:
5348:
5283:
5218:
5203:
5118:
5108:
5063:
5013:
5003:
4993:
4963:
4958:
4948:
4933:
4893:
4828:
4808:
4803:
4783:
4778:
4768:
4728:
4683:
4653:
4036:
3743:
3484:
3418:
850:
736:
659:
8360:
8246:
7494:
7436:
6340:
6186:
6156:
5783:
5747:
5688:
5683:
5643:
5593:
5528:
5523:
5433:
5383:
5313:
5308:
5248:
5233:
5083:
5078:
4943:
4823:
4793:
4733:
4698:
3959:
3016:
2896:
564:
496:
439:
6330:
5810:
5468:
5398:
5368:
5238:
5213:
5158:
5058:
4673:
4643:
2741:
710:
705:
seniority and command of numerous important committee chairmanships. A
432:
8048:
7029:
5788:
5258:
5243:
2649:
1330:"Canonizing the Civil Rights Revolution: The People and the Poll Tax"
500:
724:", the Southern block refused to approve abolition of the poll tax.
427:
8378:
7431:
6276:
5148:
3788:
3738:
3379:
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996
701:
623:
572:
560:
512:
7297:
5737:
2684:
2114:
1002:
The amendment was subsequently ratified by the following states:
769:
556:
7535:
5805:
3798:
1084:
While not directly related to the Twenty-fourth Amendment, the
830: Ratified amendment post-enactment, 1977, 1989, 2002, 2009
812:
Presidency of John F. Kennedy § Abolition of the poll tax
7245:
4540:
1300:"Spessard L. Holland Dies at 79; Former Senator From Florida"
1162:
Southern Liberal Journalists and the Issue of Race, 1920–1944
1142:
568:
6245:
7282:
Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States
3352:
Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act
1340:(1): 78–79 – via University of Chicago Law School.
5990:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
5768:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
6014:
African American founding fathers of the United States
4367:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
4232:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
3181:
1029:
The following states have not ratified the amendment:
3839:
1635:
1359:"24th Amendment, Banning Poll Tax, Has Been Ratified"
1280:
21:
Twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2001
7002:
Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain
1540:
Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South, 1944–1969
1268:
1256:
1182:
Days of Hope: Race and Democracy in the New Deal Era
538:
and often poor whites (and following passage of the
7657:
Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961
6062:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
3357:
Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act
1385:
1383:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1208:
3059:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
1560:
1537:
645:History of the poll tax by state from 1868 to 1966
8196:John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School
534:. The purpose of these poll taxes was to prevent
8434:
8069:U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
4598:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
3318:U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division
1380:
8027:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
7287:Music and women's suffrage in the United States
6908:Women's suffrage organizations and publications
4588:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
4521:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
4412:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
619:Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era
6795:National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869)
6067:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
3070:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
1368:. United Press International. January 24, 1964
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
8463:History of voting rights in the United States
8331:Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington
7701:Report to the American People on Civil Rights
7313:
6261:
5975:List of lynching victims in the United States
4313:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
3825:
3632:Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era
3167:
1621:
1129:"Twenty-Fourth Amendment to the Constitution"
464:
8453:Amendments to the United States Constitution
1602:House August 27 vote roll call p. 17670
1021:The following state rejected the amendment:
805:
700:he needed Southern Democratic votes to pass
4442:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
3729:Democratic backsliding in the United States
3367:Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act
1592:Senate March 27 vote roll call p. 5105
1443:"Historical Highlights: The 24th Amendment"
1422:"Ratification of Constitutional Amendments"
1344:
1327:
1292:
578:Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections
7320:
7306:
6938:Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial
6268:
6254:
4491:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
3832:
3818:
3174:
3160:
1628:
1614:
1579:CRS Annotated Constitution: 24th Amendment
471:
457:
8141:John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston)
7759:U.S. House of Representatives elections:
7627:Status of Women (Presidential Commission)
7271:Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar
6047:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
1445:. United States House of Representatives.
8458:History of taxation in the United States
7775:U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts:
6842:1920 United States presidential election
6082:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
4122:University of Georgia desegregation riot
3126:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution
1499:
1136:United States Government Printing Office
1055:
849:
815:
622:
8054:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
7082:Women's Rights National Historical Park
5996:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
5733:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
5728:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
3374:National Voter Registration Act of 1993
3330:Title I of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
1544:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1328:Ackerman, Bruce; Nou, Jennifer (2009).
503:from conditioning the right to vote in
8435:
8136:Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
7720:Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts
6759:Suffragette bombing and arson campaign
5910:African-American women in the movement
4362:White House Conference on Civil Rights
4193:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
3611:United States Virgin Islands residents
1535:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1226:
1214:
8146:John F. Kennedy International Airport
7301:
6800:Trial of Susan B. Anthony (1872–1873)
6615:International Woman Suffrage Alliance
6249:
4351:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
3813:
3155:
1609:
1558:
1419:
1148:
1064:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
758:President's Committee on Civil Rights
16:1964 amendment prohibiting poll taxes
8201:John F. Kennedy University (defunct)
7505:Migration and Refugee Assistance Act
7153:"The March of the Women" (1910 song)
6881:List of suffragists and suffragettes
6744:Women's Coronation Procession (1911)
6119:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
4583:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
4531:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
4477:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
3954:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
3879:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
3204:House Electors Qualifications Clause
3105:Constitution Day and Citizenship Day
1493:"Arkansas Code – Free Public Access"
7473:Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
7327:
4526:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
4462:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
4132:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
3093:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
2620:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
824: Ratified amendment, 1962–1964
515:by the states on January 23, 1964.
13:
7123:National Voting Rights Museum (US)
7087:Women's Suffrage National Monument
6903:Historiography of the Suffragettes
6857:Selma to Montgomery marches (1965)
5970:African-American churches attacked
4536:Montgomery Improvement Association
4511:Georgia Council on Human Relations
4496:Council of Federated Organizations
4467:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
4225:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
4183:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
3989:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
3893:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
3601:Northern Mariana Islands residents
3183:Voting rights in the United States
2184:Drafting and ratification timeline
1929:District of Columbia Voting Rights
1397:. January 26, 1964. Archived from
544:Supreme Court of the United States
327:Drafting and ratification timeline
14:
8489:
7796:Democratic National Conventions:
7632:University of Alabama integration
7015:Turning Point Suffragist Memorial
6042:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
5915:Jews in the civil rights movement
3362:Federal Voting Assistance Program
1637:Constitution of the United States
1572:
8416:
8415:
7166:"Sister Suffragette" (1964 song)
6964:Women's Rights Pioneers Monument
6810:Woman Suffrage Procession (1913)
6780:Declaration of Sentiments (1848)
6236:Civil rights movement portal
6229:
6077:Freedom Riders National Monument
5819:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
4331:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
4290:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
4177:Second Emancipation Proclamation
3769:Ranked-choice voting in the U.S.
3686:Women's poll tax repeal movement
2040:Convention to propose amendments
910:Rhode Island (February 14, 1963)
895:West Virginia (February 1, 1963)
438:
426:
414:
49:
8478:Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson
8191:John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge
7808:U.S. presidential election 1960
7597:Federal housing segregation ban
7478:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
7352:U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
6979:Kate Sheppard National Memorial
6739:Battle of Downing Street (1910)
6382:1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act
6104:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
6092:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
4568:National Council of Negro Women
4506:Deacons for Defense and Justice
3313:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
3231:Privileges or Immunities Clause
1529:
1512:
1485:
1467:
1449:
1435:
1413:
1321:
1025:Mississippi (December 20, 1962)
994:South Dakota (January 23, 1964)
686:, which unanimously ruled that
602:pay any poll tax or other tax.
7344:President of the United States
6790:Ohio Women's Convention (1850)
6775:Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
3984:Mansfield school desegregation
3591:District of Columbia residents
3521:Multiple non-transferable vote
3444:Voter registration in the U.S.
3389:Election Assistance Commission
3209:Congressional Elections Clause
2655:Separation of church and state
1567:. University of Alabama Press.
1194:
1174:
1154:
1121:
967:Massachusetts (March 28, 1963)
842: Did not ratify amendment
116:Amendments to the Constitution
1:
7905:John F. Kennedy document hoax
7899:Happy Birthday, Mr. President
7893:Coretta Scott King phone call
7831:Birthplace and childhood home
7714:A rising tide lifts all boats
7617:Presidential Medal of Freedom
6114:National Voting Rights Museum
6057:Civil Rights Movement Archive
5856:Lynching in the United States
5743:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
4198:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
4171:University of Chicago sit-ins
3938:Davis v. Prince Edward County
3774:National Voting Rights Museum
3384:Help America Vote Act of 2002
2159:Virginia Ratifying Convention
1420:Mount, Steve (January 2007).
1115:
985:New Hampshire (June 12, 1963)
958:Pennsylvania (March 25, 1963)
928:Minnesota (February 27, 1963)
904:California (February 7, 1963)
886:New Jersey (December 3, 1962)
612:
523:Confederate States of America
8104:Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences
7572:Communications Satellite Act
6896:in majority-Muslim countries
6886:Timeline of women's suffrage
6825:Silent Sentinels (1917–1919)
6754:Open Christmas Letter (1914)
6703:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests
6275:
6109:National Civil Rights Museum
5965:March on Washington Movement
5950:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
4419:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
3637:Timeline of women's suffrage
3120:National Constitution Center
2918:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
2217:Assemble and Petition Clause
1010:North Carolina (May 3, 1989)
1007:Virginia (February 25, 1977)
952:Connecticut (March 20, 1963)
937:North Dakota (March 7, 1963)
922:Colorado (February 21, 1963)
919:Michigan (February 20, 1963)
883:Illinois (November 14, 1962)
869:Senate Republican Conference
731:non-southern Democrats and 7
7:
8006:Gravesite and Eternal Flame
7864:Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana
7787:1960 presidential primaries
7695:We choose to go to the Moon
7577:Community Mental Health Act
7266:New Zealand ten-dollar note
6933:(Emmeline Pankhurst statue)
6847:"Give Us the Ballot" (1957)
6785:Rochester Convention (1848)
6570:Constitutional amendments:
6356:Women's liberation movement
5753:"This Little Light of Mine"
4501:Dallas County Voters League
4447:Atlanta Negro Voters League
4210:Letter from Birmingham Jail
3917:Brown v. Board of Education
3691:History of direct democracy
3681:Selma to Montgomery marches
3424:Initiatives and referendums
2991:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
2045:State ratifying conventions
1982:Equal Opportunity to Govern
1977:Electoral College abolition
1904:Congressional Apportionment
1559:Ogden, Frederic D. (1958).
1103:
943:Washington (March 14, 1963)
913:Indiana (February 19, 1963)
901:Maryland (February 6, 1963)
898:New York (February 4, 1963)
861:House Republican Conference
792:President Lyndon B. Johnson
382:Preamble and Articles I–VII
278:Congressional Apportionment
10:
8494:
7792:1960 presidential campaign
7725:State of the Union Address
7689:American University speech
7592:Federal affirmative action
7422:Presidential Proclamations
6805:Suffrage Hikes (1912–1914)
6087:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
5955:Holt Street Baptist Church
5925:16th Street Baptist Church
4909:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
4553:Nashville Student Movement
4483:An Appeal for Human Rights
3511:First-past-the-post voting
3281:U.S. Department of Justice
1536:Lawson, Steven F. (1976).
961:Wisconsin (March 26, 1963)
955:Tennessee (March 21, 1963)
931:New Mexico (March 5, 1963)
907:Alaska (February 11, 1963)
892:Montana (January 28, 1963)
809:
720:(1944) banned the use of "
616:
493:United States Constitution
18:
8473:1962 in American politics
8443:1964 in American politics
8394:
8255:
8186:John F. Kennedy Arboretum
8119:
8014:
7954:
7913:
7823:
7750:
7674:
7647:Oil Pollution Act of 1961
7562:
7549:Moscow–Washington hotline
7458:
7374:
7335:
7273:(2020 U.S. commemorative)
7136:
7110:
7092:International Women's Day
6869:
6767:
6711:
6610:
6603:
6364:
6283:
6225:
6127:
6029:
5843:
5776:
5718:
5697:
5584:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
5554:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
4626:
4618:Women's Political Council
4613:Wednesdays in Mississippi
4608:United Auto Workers (UAW)
4593:Southern Regional Council
4563:Northern Student Movement
4472:Committee for Freedom Now
4432:
4379:Memphis sanitation strike
4345:Voting Rights Act of 1965
4267:
4088:Savannah Protest Movement
4050:
3908:
3869:Journey of Reconciliation
3861:
3848:
3699:
3647:Woman Suffrage Procession
3619:
3538:
3503:
3457:
3406:
3399:
3335:Voting Rights Act of 1965
3271:
3189:
3078:
3050:
3030:
3009:
2978:
2952:
2931:
2905:
2869:
2818:
2787:
2771:
2750:
2729:
2708:
2692:
2683:
2562:
2444:Privileges and Immunities
2257:Congressional enforcement
2192:
2179:Rhode Island ratification
2070:Articles of Confederation
2057:
2035:
2012:Parental Rights amendment
1937:
1894:
1819:
1791:
1770:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1643:
1563:The Poll Tax in the South
1151:, pp. 4–13, 170–231.
1092:decision relied upon the
889:Oregon (January 25, 1963)
806:Proposal and ratification
363:Reconstruction Amendments
8343:Patricia Kennedy Lawford
8044:Civil Rights Act of 1964
8032:Profile in Courage Award
7642:All-Channel Receiver Act
7612:Pilot Food Stamp Program
7176:Women's suffrage in film
7147:The Women's Marseillaise
7035:Suffragette Handkerchief
6913:Women's rights activists
6693:Hong Kong 1 July marches
4452:Atlanta Student Movement
4401:Civil Rights Act of 1968
4326:1964–1965 Scripto strike
4307:Civil Rights Act of 1964
4205:1963 Birmingham campaign
4098:Civil Rights Act of 1960
4022:Civil Rights Act of 1957
3586:American Samoa residents
3325:Civil Rights Act of 1960
3308:Civil Rights Act of 1957
2675:Unitary executive theory
2449:Privileges or Immunities
2164:New York Circular Letter
2154:Massachusetts Compromise
1507:Poll Tax Battle Long One
1110:2018 Florida Amendment 4
1013:Alabama (April 11, 2002)
1005:
991:Maine (January 16, 1964)
988:Kentucky (June 27, 1963)
973:Florida (April 18, 1963)
970:Nebraska (April 4, 1963)
946:Vermont (March 15, 1963)
925:Ohio (February 27, 1963)
916:Utah (February 20, 1963)
873:Senate Democratic Caucus
836: Rejected amendment
421:United States portal
31:This article is part of
8283:Patrick Bouvier Kennedy
8206:John F. Kennedy Stadium
8039:Twenty-fourth Amendment
7637:Voter Education Project
7277:2020 US ten-dollar bill
7261:Susan B. Anthony dollar
7198:Not for Ourselves Alone
6820:Suffrage Special (1916)
6749:Great Pilgrimage (1913)
6698:2014 Hong Kong protests
6296:Right to run for office
6004:Voter Education Project
5758:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
5419:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
4854:Josephine Dobbs Clement
4280:Chester school protests
4275:Twenty-fourth Amendment
4237:Detroit Walk to Freedom
3979:Tallahassee bus boycott
3900:Baton Rouge bus boycott
3291:Enforcement Act of 1870
3226:Equal Protection Clause
2595:Dormant Commerce Clause
2439:Presidential succession
2174:Fayetteville Convention
2169:Hillsborough Convention
2105:Three-fifths Compromise
2085:Philadelphia Convention
2075:Mount Vernon Conference
1962:Campaign finance reform
1094:Equal Protection Clause
982:Missouri (May 13, 1963)
964:Kansas (March 28, 1963)
949:Nevada (March 19, 1963)
865:House Democratic Caucus
796:Joseph Turner Patterson
592:
583:Equal Protection Clause
485:Twenty-fourth Amendment
8400:← Dwight D. Eisenhower
8337:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
8131:Harvard Kennedy School
8049:Apollo 11 Moon landing
7942:A Nation of Immigrants
7432:Presidential limousine
6944:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
6593:1965 Voting Rights Act
6217:Movement photographers
5459:Bernice Johnson Reagon
5179:Martin Luther King Sr.
5174:Martin Luther King Jr.
4744:William Holmes Borders
4516:Highlander Folk School
4406:Poor People's Campaign
4259:St. Augustine movement
4109:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
4032:Katz Drug Store sit-in
4003:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
3965:Montgomery bus boycott
3296:Second Enforcement Act
2758:William Samuel Johnson
2630:Nondelegation doctrine
2202:Admission to the Union
2149:Anti-Federalist Papers
2100:Connecticut Compromise
979:Delaware (May 1, 1963)
934:Hawaii (March 6, 1963)
855:
847:
693:
646:
610:
8319:Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.
8307:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.
7999:attending dignitaries
7587:Executive Order 11110
7468:Alliance for Progress
7405:Judicial appointments
6925:Belmont–Paul Monument
6852:Freedom Summer (1964)
6729:Women's Sunday (1908)
6052:Civil Rights Memorial
5940:Bethel Baptist Church
5589:Charles Kenzie Steele
5034:Audrey Faye Hendricks
4939:Myrlie Evers-Williams
4919:Patricia Stephens Due
4889:Abraham Lincoln Davis
4824:Colia Lafayette Clark
4578:Operation Breadbasket
4573:National Urban League
4320:Katzenbach v. McClung
4188:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
3841:Civil rights movement
3749:Elections in the U.S.
3606:Puerto Rico residents
3345:covered jurisdictions
2965:Richard Dobbs Spaight
2434:Presidential Electors
2409:Original Jurisdiction
2349:Full Faith and Credit
2222:Assistance of Counsel
2143:The Federalist Papers
1972:Crittenden Compromise
1395:The Milwaukee Journal
1391:"End of the Poll Tax"
1056:Post-ratification law
976:Iowa (April 24, 1963)
940:Idaho (March 8, 1963)
853:
819:
768:, had been committed
697:Franklin D. Roosevelt
688:
626:
596:
546:in the 1937 decision
403:Unratified Amendments
270:Unratified Amendments
59:Preamble and Articles
8468:1962 in American law
8448:1964 in American law
8099:U.S. five cent stamp
8059:Kennedy Space Center
7707:Ich bin ein Berliner
7531:Cuban Missile Crisis
7521:Bay of Pigs Invasion
7427:Presidential pardons
7190:Shoulder to Shoulder
7159:The Mother of Us All
7102:Women's Equality Day
7097:Susan B. Anthony Day
6951:Suffragette Memorial
6556:District of Columbia
6326:Non-resident citizen
6097:other King memorials
6072:Freedom Rides Museum
6009:1960s counterculture
5960:Edmund Pettus Bridge
5639:Walter Francis White
5544:Alexander D. Shimkin
4058:New Year's Day March
4027:Ministers' Manifesto
3874:Executive Order 9981
3134:A More Perfect Union
3110:Constitution Gardens
3031:Convention Secretary
2693:Convention President
2665:Symmetric federalism
2660:Separation of powers
2394:Necessary and Proper
2389:Natural-born citizen
2334:Freedom of the Press
2272:Copyright and Patent
2262:Contingent Elections
2080:Annapolis Convention
1600:Congressional Record
1589:Congressional Record
1520:Harman v. Forssenius
1202:Breedlove v. Suttles
1180:Sullivan, Patricia;
1098:Fourteenth Amendment
1078:Harman v. Forssenius
1016:Texas (May 22, 2009)
683:Breedlove v. Suttles
587:Fourteenth Amendment
549:Breedlove v. Suttles
540:Nineteenth Amendment
43:of the United States
8407:Lyndon B. Johnson →
8295:Tatiana Schlossberg
8277:John F. Kennedy Jr.
8094:U.S. postage stamps
8089:Kennedy half dollar
8079:Cultural depictions
7932:Profiles in Courage
7652:Revenue Act of 1962
7500:Trade Expansion Act
7360:U.S. Representative
7057:Hunger Strike Medal
6734:Black Friday (1910)
5835:Mary McLeod Bethune
5796:Sermon on the Mount
5763:"We Shall Overcome"
5344:William Lewis Moore
5124:Frank Minis Johnson
5099:Richie Jean Jackson
5054:Donald L. Hollowell
4859:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
4664:Gwendolyn Armstrong
4659:William G. Anderson
4639:Victoria Gray Adams
4603:The Freedom Singers
4457:Black Panther Party
4242:March on Washington
4155:Garner v. Louisiana
4116:Boynton v. Virginia
3141:Worldwide influence
2882:Gunning Bedford Jr.
2610:Executive privilege
2590:Criminal sentencing
2513:Title of Nobility (
2504:Taxing and Spending
2404:Oath or Affirmation
2364:House Apportionment
2227:Case or Controversy
2110:Committee of Detail
2002:"Liberty" amendment
1967:Christian amendment
1523:, majority opinion.
1509:, Associated Press.
1205:, majority opinion.
1160:Kneebone, John T.;
1071:ruling was issued.
670:grandfather clauses
652:Fifteenth Amendment
445:Politics portal
396:Amendments XI–XXVII
8373:John F. Fitzgerald
8355:Jean Kennedy Smith
8265:Jacqueline Bouvier
8211:Kennedy Expressway
8181:Runnymede memorial
7982:in popular culture
7883:Castle Hot Springs
7437:Presidential yacht
7200:(1999 documentary)
7067:Suffrage jewellery
6291:Universal suffrage
6152:Michael Eric Dyson
6037:In popular culture
5920:Fifth Circuit Four
5904:Loving v. Virginia
5897:Hernandez v. Texas
5876:Buchanan v. Warley
5868:Separate but equal
5862:Plessy v. Ferguson
5825:Frederick Douglass
5659:Robert F. Williams
5569:Kelly Miller Smith
5549:Fred Shuttlesworth
5474:Frederick D. Reese
5454:George Raymond Jr.
5444:A. Philip Randolph
5424:Fay Bellamy Powell
5339:Queen Mother Moore
5224:Z. Alexander Looby
5169:Coretta Scott King
5114:Barbara Rose Johns
5094:Jimmie Lee Jackson
5019:William E. Harbour
4799:Stokely Carmichael
4714:Randolph Blackwell
4384:King assassination
4373:Loving v. Virginia
4357:March Against Fear
4337:How Long, Not Long
4215:Children's Crusade
4166:Cambridge movement
4103:Ax Handle Saturday
4068:Greensboro sit-ins
3995:Give Us the Ballot
3794:Voter registration
3670:Give Us the Ballot
3566:Transgender people
3470:Grandfather clause
3434:Provisional ballot
2795:William Livingston
2779:Alexander Hamilton
2585:Criminal procedure
2580:Constitutional law
2515:Foreign Emoluments
2479:State of the Union
2464:Self-Incrimination
2454:Recess appointment
2247:Compulsory Process
1909:Titles of Nobility
1401:on October 1, 2015
1366:The New York Times
1309:. November 7, 1971
1307:The New York Times
863:and 163–71 in the
856:
848:
717:Smith v. Allwright
707:discharge petition
647:
307:D.C. Voting Rights
285:Titles of Nobility
8430:
8429:
8385:Billie and Debbie
8349:Robert F. Kennedy
8176:Portland memorial
8156:Brooklyn memorial
7946:
7936:
7926:
7922:Why England Slept
7684:Inaugural address
7670:
7669:
7662:Wetlands Loan Act
7485:Flexible response
7295:
7294:
7206:Iron Jawed Angels
7128:Umbrella Movement
7072:Suffragette penny
6986:Millicent Fawcett
6957:Portrait Monument
6865:
6864:
6719:WSPU march (1906)
6536:African Americans
6454:Spain (Civil War,
6346:Compulsory voting
6243:
6242:
6020:Eyes on the Prize
5935:A.G. Gaston Motel
5930:Kelly Ingram Park
5890:Sweatt v. Painter
5574:Mary Louise Smith
5534:Cleveland Sellers
5519:Michael Schwerner
5484:Gloria Richardson
5264:Thurgood Marshall
5184:Bernard Lafayette
4914:John Wesley Dobbs
4428:
4427:
4147:Birmingham attack
4127:Rock Hill sit-ins
4078:Sibley Commission
4073:Nashville sit-ins
3945:Gebhart v. Belton
3931:Briggs v. Elliott
3924:Bolling v. Sharpe
3885:Sweatt v. Painter
3807:
3806:
3754:Electoral College
3576:African Americans
3534:
3533:
3526:One man, one vote
3495:Voter suppression
3149:
3148:
3115:Constitution Week
3100:Independence Mall
3088:National Archives
3046:
3045:
2861:Gouverneur Morris
2846:Thomas Fitzsimons
2826:Benjamin Franklin
2700:George Washington
2600:Enumerated powers
2575:Concurrent powers
2570:Balance of powers
2399:No Religious Test
2339:Freedom of Speech
2130:Independence Hall
2053:
2052:
1957:Bricker amendment
1890:
1889:
871:and 47–15 in the
846:
643: No poll tax
536:African Americans
505:federal elections
481:
480:
8485:
8419:
8418:
8325:Rosemary Kennedy
8301:Jack Schlossberg
8289:Rose Schlossberg
8271:Caroline Kennedy
8166:Hyannis memorial
7944:
7934:
7924:
7888:Hammersmith Farm
7836:Kennedy Compound
7602:Fifty-mile hikes
7490:Kennedy Doctrine
7456:
7455:
7417:Executive Orders
7367:
7355:
7347:
7322:
7315:
7308:
7299:
7298:
7118:Age of candidacy
7051:Holloway Jingles
7025:Pankhurst Centre
6996:(2008 sculpture)
6919:Leser v. Garnett
6724:Mud March (1907)
6608:
6607:
6541:Native Americans
6351:Disfranchisement
6270:
6263:
6256:
6247:
6246:
6234:
6233:
6197:Charles M. Payne
6182:Steven F. Lawson
6172:David Halberstam
6142:Clayborne Carson
5883:Hocutt v. Wilson
5830:W. E. B. Du Bois
5679:Sammy Younge Jr.
5664:Q. V. Williamson
5629:Wyatt Tee Walker
5494:Bernice Robinson
5439:Lincoln Ragsdale
5429:Rodney N. Powell
5324:Douglas E. Moore
5199:Sanford R. Leigh
5134:J. Charles Jones
5009:Fannie Lou Hamer
4924:Joseph Ellwanger
4884:Jonathan Daniels
4874:Claudette Colvin
4864:Annie Lee Cooper
4849:Kathleen Cleaver
4844:Eldridge Cleaver
4819:Shirley Chisholm
4709:Gloria Blackwell
4300:workers' murders
4247:"I Have a Dream"
4142:Anniston bombing
4093:Greenville Eight
4008:Little Rock Nine
3971:Browder v. Gayle
3859:
3858:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3811:
3810:
3764:Electoral system
3759:Electoral reform
3734:Disfranchisement
3722:Native Americans
3712:Campaign finance
3657:U.S. suffragists
3652:Silent Sentinels
3581:Native Americans
3404:
3403:
3301:Ku Klux Klan Act
3286:Enforcement Acts
3176:
3169:
3162:
3153:
3152:
2996:Charles Pinckney
2805:William Paterson
2737:Nathaniel Gorham
2690:
2689:
2469:Speech or Debate
2297:Equal Protection
2007:Ludlow amendment
1992:Flag Desecration
1987:Federal Marriage
1952:Blaine amendment
1914:Corwin Amendment
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1568:
1566:
1555:
1543:
1524:
1516:
1510:
1505:Chadwick, John.
1503:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1387:
1378:
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1375:
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1363:
1355:
1342:
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1325:
1319:
1318:
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1304:
1296:
1290:
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1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
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1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1198:
1192:
1178:
1172:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1125:
878:
844:
841:
835:
829:
823:
782:Spessard Holland
766:Vito Marcantonio
756:established the
734:
730:
642:
636:
630:
507:on payment of a
473:
466:
459:
443:
442:
431:
430:
419:
418:
417:
53:
28:
27:
8493:
8492:
8488:
8487:
8486:
8484:
8483:
8482:
8433:
8432:
8431:
8426:
8390:
8313:Rose Fitzgerald
8297:(granddaughter)
8291:(granddaughter)
8251:
8240:John F. Kennedy
8231:John F. Kennedy
8223:John F. Kennedy
8171:London memorial
8161:Dallas memorial
8122:
8115:
8010:
7994:Riderless horse
7950:
7909:
7819:
7746:
7676:
7666:
7558:
7454:
7378:
7370:
7358:
7350:
7339:
7331:
7329:John F. Kennedy
7326:
7296:
7291:
7256:(upcoming film)
7182:Votes for Women
7138:
7132:
7106:
7045:Holloway brooch
7040:Holloway banner
6871:
6861:
6830:Night of Terror
6763:
6707:
6599:
6360:
6279:
6274:
6244:
6239:
6228:
6221:
6202:Thomas E. Ricks
6192:Diane McWhorter
6177:Vincent Harding
6162:Adam Fairclough
6129:
6123:
6025:
5980:Freedom Schools
5839:
5772:
5720:
5714:
5705:Omaha, Nebraska
5693:
5609:Hartman Turnbow
5599:Dorothy Tillman
5559:Glenn E. Smiley
5539:Charles Sherrod
5499:Jo Ann Robinson
5374:Charles Neblett
5364:Elijah Muhammad
5329:Harriette Moore
5289:Floyd McKissick
5274:Franklin McCain
5209:Stanley Levison
5074:T. R. M. Howard
5024:Vincent Harding
4954:Walter Fauntroy
4839:Xernona Clayton
4789:John H. Calhoun
4774:Aurelia Browder
4764:Stanley Branche
4759:Raylawni Branch
4739:Joseph E. Boone
4724:Ezell Blair Jr.
4719:Unita Blackwell
4694:Harry Belafonte
4634:Ralph Abernathy
4622:
4558:Nation of Islam
4434:
4424:
4263:
4220:Birmingham riot
4161:Albany Movement
4083:Atlanta sit-ins
4063:Sit-in movement
4046:
4042:Biloxi wade-ins
4014:Cooper v. Aaron
3904:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3808:
3803:
3695:
3615:
3530:
3499:
3465:Electoral fraud
3453:
3449:Voting in space
3439:Recall election
3414:Absentee ballot
3395:
3273:
3267:
3191:
3185:
3180:
3150:
3145:
3080:
3074:
3042:
3038:William Jackson
3026:
3022:Abraham Baldwin
3005:
2974:
2970:Hugh Williamson
2948:
2927:
2901:
2892:Richard Bassett
2865:
2851:Jared Ingersoll
2814:
2810:Jonathan Dayton
2783:
2767:
2746:
2725:
2721:Nicholas Gilman
2704:
2679:
2645:Reserved powers
2625:Judicial review
2558:
2354:General Welfare
2277:Double Jeopardy
2188:
2115:List of Framers
2095:New Jersey Plan
2049:
2031:
2027:Victims' Rights
1947:Balanced budget
1933:
1886:
1815:
1787:
1766:
1690:
1639:
1634:
1575:
1552:
1532:
1527:
1517:
1513:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1345:
1334:Chicago Unbound
1326:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1195:
1179:
1175:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1106:
1058:
1019:
876:
843:
839:
837:
833:
831:
827:
825:
821:
814:
808:
777:John F. Kennedy
754:Harry S. Truman
732:
728:
644:
640:
638:
634:
632:
628:
621:
615:
595:
519:Southern states
495:prohibits both
477:
437:
425:
415:
413:
367:
311:
267:
266:
110:
42:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8491:
8481:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8428:
8427:
8425:
8424:
8411:
8410:
8403:
8395:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8388:
8382:
8376:
8370:
8364:
8358:
8352:
8346:
8340:
8334:
8328:
8322:
8316:
8310:
8304:
8298:
8292:
8286:
8280:
8274:
8268:
8261:
8259:
8253:
8252:
8250:
8249:
8244:
8242: (CVN-79)
8235:
8226:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8127:
8125:
8117:
8116:
8114:
8113:
8111:Operation Sail
8108:
8107:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8035:
8034:
8024:
8018:
8016:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8008:
8003:
8002:
8001:
7996:
7986:
7985:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7972:media coverage
7969:
7958:
7956:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7948:
7938:
7928:
7917:
7915:
7911:
7910:
7908:
7907:
7902:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7873:
7872:
7871:
7866:
7855:Navy service:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7827:
7825:
7821:
7820:
7818:
7817:
7816:
7815:
7805:
7800:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7756:
7754:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7744:
7743:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7722:
7717:
7710:
7703:
7698:
7691:
7686:
7680:
7678:
7672:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7607:Food for Peace
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7568:
7566:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7542:Soviet Union:
7540:
7539:
7538:
7528:
7523:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7481:
7480:
7470:
7464:
7462:
7460:Foreign policy
7453:
7452:
7450:Situation Room
7447:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7413:
7412:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7386:
7384:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7368:
7356:
7348:
7336:
7333:
7332:
7325:
7324:
7317:
7310:
7302:
7293:
7292:
7290:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7250:
7249:(2022 musical)
7242:
7241:(2018 musical)
7234:
7226:
7218:
7210:
7202:
7194:
7186:
7178:
7173:
7171:Suffrage plays
7168:
7163:
7155:
7150:
7142:
7140:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7114:
7112:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7005:
6998:
6994:Great Petition
6990:
6982:
6975:
6967:
6960:
6953:
6948:
6940:
6935:
6931:Rise up, Women
6927:
6922:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6899:
6898:
6893:
6883:
6877:
6875:
6867:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6835:Prison Special
6832:
6822:
6817:
6815:Suffrage Torch
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6771:
6769:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6715:
6713:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6689:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6611:
6605:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6595:
6590:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6523:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6501:
6500:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6487:Cayman Islands
6477:United Kingdom
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6374:
6368:
6366:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6287:
6285:
6281:
6280:
6273:
6272:
6265:
6258:
6250:
6241:
6240:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6214:
6212:Akinyele Umoja
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6133:
6131:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5900:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5858:
5853:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5801:Mahatma Gandhi
5798:
5793:
5792:
5791:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5724:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5710:South Carolina
5707:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5649:Hosea Williams
5646:
5641:
5636:
5634:Hollis Watkins
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5564:A. Maceo Smith
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5514:Bernie Sanders
5511:
5506:
5504:Angela Russell
5501:
5496:
5491:
5489:David Richmond
5486:
5481:
5479:Walter Reuther
5476:
5471:
5466:
5464:Cordell Reagon
5461:
5456:
5451:
5449:George Raymond
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5409:Charles Person
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5379:Huey P. Newton
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5334:Harry T. Moore
5331:
5326:
5321:
5319:Cecil B. Moore
5316:
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5039:Lola Hendricks
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2022:Single subject
2019:
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433:Law portal
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7164:
7162:
7160:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7148:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7135:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7115:
7113:
7109:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7052:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7010:
7006:
7004:
7003:
6999:
6997:
6995:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6983:
6981:
6980:
6976:
6974:
6972:
6968:
6966:
6965:
6961:
6959:
6958:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6945:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6932:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6874:
6868:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6766:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6710:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6609:
6606:
6602:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6526:United States
6524:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6439:Liechtenstein
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6363:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6336:Demeny voting
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6271:
6266:
6264:
6259:
6257:
6252:
6251:
6248:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6224:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6207:Timothy Tyson
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6137:Taylor Branch
6135:
6134:
6132:
6126:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
5997:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5985:Freedom songs
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5851:Jim Crow laws
5849:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5748:"Oh, Freedom"
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5717:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5674:Whitney Young
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5654:Kale Williams
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5614:Albert Turner
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5604:A. P. Tureaud
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5509:Bayard Rustin
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5359:William Moyer
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5294:Joseph McNeil
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5279:Charles McDew
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5269:Benjamin Mays
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5254:Vivian Malone
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5229:Joseph Lowery
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5154:Clyde Kennard
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5144:Vernon Jordan
5142:
5140:
5139:Matthew Jones
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5104:T. J. Jemison
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5089:Jesse Jackson
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4979:Robert Graetz
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4969:Golden Frinks
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4929:Charles Evers
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4879:Vernon Dahmer
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4834:Septima Clark
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4754:Bruce Boynton
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4679:James Baldwin
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4649:Mathew Ahmann
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4546:Youth Council
4544:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4431:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4137:Freedom Rides
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:Prior to 1954
3860:
3857:
3854:
3847:
3842:
3835:
3830:
3828:
3823:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3784:Secret ballot
3782:
3780:
3779:Redistricting
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3707:Ballot access
3705:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:Vote dilution
3502:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3490:Voter ID laws
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3475:Literacy test
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3429:Postal voting
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3216:1st Amendment
3214:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3165:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3065:Jacob Shallus
3063:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3002:
3001:Pierce Butler
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2986:John Rutledge
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2944:James Madison
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2913:James McHenry
2911:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:George Clymer
2839:
2837:
2836:Robert Morris
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2763:Roger Sherman
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:Massachusetts
2728:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:New Hampshire
2707:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:Plenary power
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:Equal footing
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:Trial by Jury
2524:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
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2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2379:Ineligibility
2377:
2375:
2374:Import-Export
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:Free Exercise
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2318:Ex Post Facto
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2302:Establishment
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
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2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:Confrontation
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
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2215:
2213:
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2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
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2185:
2182:
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2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:Syng inkstand
2133:
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2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2090:Virginia Plan
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
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2056:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2017:School Prayer
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
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1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
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1936:
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1577:
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1564:
1557:
1553:
1551:9780231039789
1547:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1533:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1495:. LexisNexis.
1494:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1444:
1438:
1423:
1416:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1308:
1301:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1277:, p. 82.
1276:
1271:
1265:, p. 70.
1264:
1259:
1253:, p. 80.
1252:
1247:
1241:, p. 74.
1240:
1235:
1229:, p. 68.
1228:
1223:
1217:, p. 57.
1216:
1211:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1137:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
881:
880:
874:
870:
866:
862:
852:
818:
813:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
783:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
747:
741:
738:
725:
723:
722:white primary
719:
718:
712:
708:
703:
698:
692:
687:
685:
684:
677:
675:
674:white primary
671:
666:
661:
657:
653:
625:
620:
609:
607:
603:
600:
590:
588:
584:
580:
579:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
550:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
524:
520:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
474:
469:
467:
462:
460:
455:
454:
452:
451:
446:
441:
436:
434:
429:
424:
422:
412:
411:
410:
409:
404:
401:
400:
397:
394:
393:
390:
387:
386:
383:
380:
379:
378:
377:
374:
371:
370:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
352:
351:Republicanism
349:
347:
344:
343:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
328:
325:
324:
322:
321:
318:
315:
314:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
279:
276:
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272:
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263:
260:
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186:
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176:
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159:
157:
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149:
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139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
123:
121:
120:
117:
114:
113:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
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69:
66:
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64:
63:
60:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
39:
38:
34:
30:
29:
26:
22:
8414:
8405:
8398:
8239:
8230:
8222:
8038:
8022:Bibliography
7941:
7931:
7921:
7876:
7869:Arthur Evans
7857:
7841:Hickory Hill
7675:Presidential
7622:Space policy
7564:New Frontier
7442:
7395:Inauguration
7253:
7244:
7236:
7229:
7221:
7214:Up the Women
7213:
7205:
7197:
7189:
7181:
7161:(1947 opera)
7158:
7077:Suffrage Oak
7062:Justice Bell
7049:
7007:
7000:
6993:
6985:
6977:
6970:
6962:
6955:
6943:
6930:
6917:
6617:conferences
6583:
6284:Basic topics
6227:
6167:David Garrow
6147:John Dittmer
6018:
5945:Brown Chapel
5902:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5874:
5860:
5817:
5669:Andrew Young
5624:A. T. Walden
5619:C. T. Vivian
5579:Maxine Smith
5414:Homer Plessy
5394:James Orange
5349:Irene Morgan
5304:William Ming
5284:Ralph McGill
5219:Viola Liuzzo
5204:Jim Letherer
5189:James Lawson
5119:Vernon Johns
5109:Esau Jenkins
5064:Myles Horton
5014:Fred Hampton
5004:Prathia Hall
4994:Dick Gregory
4964:Marie Foster
4959:James Forman
4949:James Farmer
4934:Medgar Evers
4894:Angela Davis
4829:Ramsey Clark
4809:James Chaney
4804:Johnnie Carr
4784:Ralph Bunche
4779:H. Rap Brown
4769:Ruby Bridges
4729:Joanne Bland
4704:Claude Black
4684:Marion Barry
4654:Muhammad Ali
4481:
4417:
4410:
4371:
4349:
4318:
4311:
4274:
4153:
4114:
4107:
4037:Kissing Case
4012:
3969:
3952:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3891:
3883:
3744:Election law
3662:Publications
3571:Young adults
3485:Voter caging
3419:Early voting
3407:Voter access
3274:and agencies
3272:Federal laws
3257:
3132:
3124:
3057:
2856:James Wilson
2819:Pennsylvania
2716:John Langdon
2474:Speedy Trial
2316:
2207:Appointments
2141:
1924:Equal Rights
1866:
1820:20th century
1599:
1587:
1562:
1539:
1530:Bibliography
1519:
1514:
1501:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1437:
1425:. Retrieved
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1399:the original
1394:
1370:. Retrieved
1365:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1306:
1294:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1234:
1222:
1210:
1201:
1196:
1181:
1176:
1161:
1156:
1144:
1123:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1028:
1020:
1001:
997:
857:
790:
786:
774:
751:
742:
737:cloture vote
726:
715:
694:
691:appropriate.
689:
681:
678:
648:
605:
604:
598:
597:
576:
554:
547:
517:
488:
484:
482:
302:Equal Rights
268:
246:
41:Constitution
25:
8361:Ted Kennedy
8247:Yad Kennedy
7515:Vietnam War
7495:Peace Corps
7366:(1947–1953)
7354:(1953–1960)
7346:(1961–1963)
7232:(2015 film)
7230:Suffragette
7224:(2014 film)
7208:(2004 film)
7184:(1912 film)
7020:Eagle House
6873:(memorials)
6561:Puerto Rico
6472:Switzerland
6449:New Zealand
6341:Suffragette
6321:Non-citizen
6187:Doug McAdam
6157:Chuck Fager
5784:Nonviolence
5689:James Zwerg
5684:Bob Zellner
5644:Roy Wilkins
5594:Hank Thomas
5529:Pete Seeger
5524:Bobby Seale
5389:Jack O'Dell
5384:Edgar Nixon
5314:Amzie Moore
5309:Jack Minnis
5249:Mae Mallory
5234:Clara Luper
5194:Bernard Lee
5084:Cecil Ivory
5079:Ruby Hurley
5049:Oliver Hill
5044:Aaron Henry
4944:Chuck Fager
4904:Dave Dennis
4794:Guy Carawan
4734:Julian Bond
4699:James Bevel
4689:Daisy Bates
3960:Emmett Till
3843:(1954–1968)
3717:Citizenship
3458:Vote denial
3017:William Few
2897:Jacob Broom
2877:George Read
2751:Connecticut
2685:Signatories
2535:Legislative
2509:Territorial
2429:Presentment
2414:Origination
2369:Impeachment
2324:Extradition
2292:Engagements
2282:Due Process
2232:Citizenship
1919:Child Labor
1479:GovTrack.us
1461:GovTrack.us
1427:October 11,
1287:Lawson 1976
1275:Lawson 1976
1263:Lawson 1976
1251:Lawson 1976
1239:Lawson 1976
1227:Lawson 1976
1215:Lawson 1976
665:Confederacy
606:Section 2.
599:Section 1.
565:Mississippi
295:Child Labor
8437:Categories
8387:(hamsters)
8303:(grandson)
8273:(daughter)
8121:Memorials,
7846:La Querida
7390:Transition
7376:Presidency
7009:Resilience
6551:foreigners
6457:Francoist)
6387:aboriginal
6365:By country
6331:Voting age
6130:historians
5811:Satyagraha
5777:Influences
5469:James Reeb
5404:James Peck
5399:Rosa Parks
5369:Diane Nash
5239:Danny Lyon
5214:John Lewis
5159:A. D. King
5059:James Hood
4674:Ella Baker
4644:Zev Aelony
3561:Foreigners
3400:State laws
3340:amendments
3192:provisions
3129:(painting)
3081:and legacy
2939:John Blair
2788:New Jersey
2742:Rufus King
2640:Preemption
2554:War Powers
2489:Suspension
2307:Exceptions
1997:Human Life
1896:Unratified
1696:Amendments
1190:0807822604
1170:0807816604
1149:Ogden 1958
1116:References
810:See also:
775:President
752:President
711:filibuster
613:Background
527:poll taxes
346:Federalism
334:Convention
8363:(brother)
8351:(brother)
8321:(brother)
8238:USS
8229:USS
8123:namesakes
7977:reactions
7752:Elections
7030:Paulsdale
6462:Sri Lanka
6419:Hong Kong
6377:Australia
5789:Padayatra
5738:"Kumbaya"
5698:By region
5354:Bob Moses
5259:Bob Mants
5244:Malcolm X
5164:C.B. King
4984:Fred Gray
4627:Activists
4268:1964–1968
4051:1960–1963
3909:1954–1959
3199:Article I
2650:Saxbe fix
2539:Executive
2494:Take Care
2484:Supremacy
2359:Guarantee
2287:Elections
2058:Formation
1771:1795–1804
1184:, p. 107
1042:Louisiana
672:and the "
660:Fusionist
491:) to the
373:Full text
8421:Category
8379:Pushinka
8357:(sister)
8345:(sister)
8339:(sister)
8333:(sister)
8327:(sister)
8315:(mother)
8309:(father)
7967:timeline
7677:speeches
7443:Resolute
7381:timeline
6492:Scotland
6409:Colombia
6277:Suffrage
5719:Movement
5149:Tom Kahn
4433:Activist
3853:timeline
3789:Suffrage
3739:Election
3627:Timeline
3539:By group
3480:Poll tax
2932:Virginia
2906:Maryland
2870:Delaware
2772:New York
2549:Vicinage
2543:Judicial
2267:Contract
2237:Commerce
2125:Printing
1939:Proposed
1651:Preamble
1644:Articles
1104:See also
1045:Oklahoma
1036:Arkansas
875:) with 7
770:Marxists
702:New Deal
656:Populist
573:Virginia
561:Arkansas
525:adopted
513:ratified
509:poll tax
499:and the
497:Congress
68:Preamble
33:a series
7851:Wexford
7813:debates
7400:Cabinet
7254:Lioness
7139:culture
7137:Popular
7111:Related
6971:Forward
6414:Ecuador
6372:Austria
5844:Related
5434:Al Raby
4389:funeral
4252:Big Six
3700:Related
3620:History
3079:Display
3051:Related
3010:Georgia
2531:Vesting
2499:Takings
2384:Militia
2242:Compact
2194:Clauses
2120:Signing
2065:History
1405:July 4,
1372:July 4,
1313:July 4,
1164:p. 142
1096:of the
1051:Wyoming
1039:Georgia
1033:Arizona
585:of the
557:Alabama
339:Signing
317:History
8267:(wife)
8257:Family
8015:Legacy
7945:(1958)
7935:(1956)
7925:(1940)
7858:PT-109
7536:ExComm
7519:Cuba:
7238:Sylvia
6988:statue
6973:statue
6946:statue
6604:Events
6566:states
6546:felons
6467:Sweden
6444:Mexico
6434:Kuwait
6399:Canada
6030:Legacy
5806:Ahimsa
4435:groups
3896:(1950)
3888:(1950)
3849:Events
3799:Voting
3556:Felons
3137:(film)
2521:Treaty
2424:Postal
2419:Pardon
1548:
1188:
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1090:Harper
1086:Harper
1069:Harper
877:
840:
834:
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729:
641:
635:
629:
501:states
290:Corwin
35:on the
8381:(dog)
8285:(son)
8279:(son)
8084:films
8074:VISTA
7955:Death
7914:Books
7877:PT-59
7510:USAID
7364:MA–11
7246:Suffs
7222:Selma
6870:Women
6531:women
6503:laws
6497:Wales
6482:women
6429:Japan
6424:India
6404:Chile
6392:women
6316:Youth
6311:Black
6301:Women
6128:Noted
5721:songs
4541:NAACP
4394:riots
3551:Women
1362:(PDF)
1303:(PDF)
1132:(PDF)
569:Texas
262:XXVII
242:XXIII
215:XVIII
7803:1960
7798:1956
7782:1958
7777:1952
7771:1950
7766:1948
7761:1946
7740:1963
7735:1962
7730:1961
7445:desk
7362:for
7341:35th
6686:14th
6681:13th
6676:12th
6671:11th
6666:10th
6588:26th
6584:24th
6580:23rd
6576:19th
6572:15th
6517:1928
6512:1918
6507:1832
1546:ISBN
1429:2008
1407:2011
1374:2011
1315:2011
1186:ISBN
1166:ISBN
764:and
658:and
593:Text
571:and
483:The
257:XXVI
247:XXIV
235:XXII
208:XVII
188:XIII
161:VIII
8221:MV
6661:9th
6656:8th
6651:7th
6646:6th
6641:5th
6636:4th
6631:3rd
6626:2nd
6621:1st
6578:,
6306:Men
3546:Men
1686:VII
1666:III
1338:103
252:XXV
230:XXI
220:XIX
203:XVI
193:XIV
183:XII
156:VII
136:III
106:VII
86:III
8439::
6891:US
6768:US
6712:UK
6586:,
6582:,
6574:,
2541:/
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1882:27
1877:26
1872:25
1867:24
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1857:22
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1842:19
1837:18
1832:17
1827:16
1811:15
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1778:11
1762:10
1681:VI
1671:IV
1661:II
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225:XX
198:XV
178:XI
166:IX
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2517:)
1757:9
1752:8
1747:7
1742:6
1737:5
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487:(
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465:t
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273::
171:X
146:V
126:I
96:V
76:I
23:.
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