52:
181:
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The overreaction of the helper T cells and overproduction of cytokines damage tissues, cause inflammation, and cell death. Type IV hypersensitivity can usually be resolved with topical corticosteroids and trigger avoidance.
508:
which would destroy the bacteria. Thereby TB can continue to replicate within macrophages. After several weeks, the immune system somehow ramps up and, upon stimulation with
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after being identified as foreign but, due to an immuno-escape mechanism peculiar to mycobacteria, TB bacteria block the fusion of their enclosing
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Hyperactivation of T-cells, cytokine release, recruitment of macrophages and other immune cells, inflammation
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Warrington, Richard; Watson, Wade; Kim, Harold L.; Antonetti, Francesca Romana (10 November 2011).
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751:"Pathogenesis of tuberculosis: interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with macrophages"
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730:. University of South Carolina School of Medicine - Microbiology and Immunology On-line
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reaction that can take a day or more to develop. Unlike the other types, it is not
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Marwa, K; Kondamudi, NP (1 January 2021). "Type IV Hypersensitivity
Reaction".
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205: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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destroy target cells on contact, whereas activated macrophages produce
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delayed-type hypersensitivity; DTH; cell-mediated hypersensitivity
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which wall off the infected cells, but results in significant
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Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon C. (1 May 2012).
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to the site of infection. These cells differentiate into
830:
127:, which stimulates the proliferation of further CD4 T
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862:
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McDonough, K.; Kress, Y.; Bloom, B. R. (July 1993).
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response. This response involves the interaction of
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623:"An introduction to immunology and immunopathology"
718:
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480:around injection site indicates previous exposure
865:"eMedicine - Hypersensitivity Reactions, Delayed"
1527:
1416:Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease
451:Chronic arthritis, inflammation, destruction of
155:and, on presentation with certain intracellular
147:, thus mediating the immune response. Activated
111:recognize foreign antigen in a complex with the
837:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
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139:(IFNÎł), inducing the further release of other T
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512:, the macrophages become capable of killing
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523:. The hyper-activated macrophages secrete
50:
792:
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638:
627:Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology
490:(TB) infection that comes under control:
345:Various, depending on underlying disease
221:Learn how and when to remove this message
1450:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
131:1 cells. CD4 T cells secrete
1528:
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427:antigens (e.g., myelin basic protein)
1272:Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
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863:Walter Duane Hinshaw (26 June 2021).
616:
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203:adding citations to reliable sources
174:
68:of allergic reactions, often called
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547:Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis
84:-mediated) but rather is a type of
13:
14:
1547:
1489:Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome
875:
611:
430:Myelin destruction, inflammation
1126:Hemolytic disease of the newborn
179:
1308:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
1170:Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
768:10.1128/iai.61.7.2763-2773.1993
190:needs additional citations for
856:
824:
742:
542:Some other clinical examples:
516:by forming phagolysosomes and
252:Environmental chemicals, like
66:Gell and Coombs classification
1:
1388:Postorgasmic illness syndrome
604:
348:Walled-off lesion containing
103:This reaction is caused when
70:delayed-type hypersensitivity
1445:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
724:"Hypersensitivity reactions"
699:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
552:Chronic transplant rejection
7:
1511:Systemic autoimmune disease
1347:Allergic contact dermatitis
1267:Hypersensitivity vasculitis
1150:Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
577:
248:Allergic contact dermatitis
10:
1552:
1017:common allergies include:
404:Inflammatory bowel disease
161:multinucleated giant cells
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599:Type III hypersensitivity
567:Graft-versus-host disease
39:
31:
26:
16:Type of allergic reaction
1262:Henoch–Schönlein purpura
1077:Eosinophilic esophagitis
594:Type II hypersensitivity
527:which recruits multiple
309:Diabetes mellitus type 1
170:
117:antigen-presenting cells
62:Type IV hypersensitivity
27:Type IV hypersensitivity
1378:Hashimoto's thyroiditis
1165:Guillain–Barré syndrome
696:Robbins Basic Pathology
589:Type I hypersensitivity
381:Hashimoto's thyroiditis
359:peripheral neuropathies
323:glutamate decarboxylase
1479:Autoimmune adrenalitis
496:cells are engulfed by
398:, follicular thymitis
291:Autoimmune myocarditis
268:), topical medication
411:and/or self antigens
1484:Autoimmune hepatitis
1463:Transplant rejection
1373:Giant cell arteritis
1303:Rheumatoid arthritis
1160:Goodpasture syndrome
1072:Autoimmune urticaria
728:microbiologybook.org
562:Giant cell arteritis
514:M. tuberculosis
493:M. tuberculosis
436:Rheumatoid arthritis
199:improve this article
950:autoimmune diseases
453:articular cartilage
317:proteins (possibly
1393:Reactive arthritis
1383:Multiple sclerosis
1277:Reactive arthritis
1175:Pemphigus vulgaris
1155:Bullous pemphigoid
1056:Penicillin allergy
992:Allergic urticaria
539:and local damage.
420:Multiple sclerosis
409:Enteric microbiota
296:Myosin heavy chain
272:epidermal necrosis
153:hydrolytic enzymes
115:on the surface of
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1213:Pernicious anemia
1208:Myasthenia gravis
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1008:Atopic dermatitis
997:Allergic rhinitis
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533:epithelioid cells
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21:Medical condition
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1536:Hypersensitivity
1506:Sjögren syndrome
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761:(7): 2763–2773.
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584:Hypersensitivity
510:interferon gamma
486:An example of a
352:and other cells
264:), metals (e.g.
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149:CD8 T cells
137:interferon gamma
74:hypersensitivity
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119:. These can be
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884:Classification
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302:Cardiomyopathy
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1457:Latex allergy
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755:Infect. Immun
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188:This section
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123:that secrete
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83:
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30:
25:
19:
1352:Mantoux test
1321:
1013:Food allergy
896:
858:
846:. Retrieved
833:
826:
814:. Retrieved
758:
754:
744:
732:. Retrieved
727:
695:
630:
626:
541:
537:inflammation
518:nitric oxide
513:
491:
488:tuberculosis
485:
465:Mantoux test
364:Schwann cell
335:destruction
276:inflammation
217:
208:
197:Please help
192:verification
189:
165:
113:MHC class II
109:1 cells
102:
90:T cells
69:
61:
60:
18:
1003:Anaphylaxis
999:(Hay fever)
848:28 November
498:macrophages
470:Tuberculin
396:hard goiter
350:macrophages
313:Pancreatic
121:macrophages
98:macrophages
32:Other names
1472:Autoimmune
1361:Autoimmune
1291:Autoimmune
1134:Autoimmune
1065:Autoimmune
834:StatPearls
605:References
474:Induration
463:reaction (
461:Tuberculin
341:Granulomas
262:poison oak
258:poison ivy
46:Immunology
1142:Cytotoxic
785:0019-9567
777:1098-5522
649:1710-1492
633:(1): S1.
529:monocytes
506:lysosomes
502:phagosome
455:and bone
440:Possibly
374:paralysis
333:beta cell
329:Insulitis
315:beta cell
280:skin rash
157:pathogens
145:cytokines
94:monocytes
64:, in the
41:Specialty
1530:Category
1431:multiple
1429:Unknown/
1231:Type III
1195:receptor
1044:Tree nut
843:32965899
811:19523447
667:22165815
578:See also
521:radicals
478:erythema
442:collagen
388:antigen
370:Neuritis
366:antigen
298:protein
284:blisters
254:urushiol
242:Effects
211:May 2017
82:antibody
1438:Foreign
1340:Foreign
1331:T cells
1322:Type IV
1245:Foreign
1120:Foreign
1091:Type II
1034:Seafood
980:Foreign
962:allergy
903:D006968
816:18 June
803:8514378
658:3245432
572:Leprosy
444:and/or
319:insulin
236:Disease
78:humoral
1459:(I+IV)
1191:Type V
1029:Peanut
958:Type I
841:
809:
801:
794:280919
791:
783:
775:
734:29 May
703:
665:
655:
647:
425:Myelin
282:, and
266:nickel
256:(from
96:, and
48:
1298:Lupus
1049:Wheat
966:atopy
807:S2CID
773:eISSN
525:TNF-α
504:with
357:Some
171:Forms
125:IL-12
105:CD4 T
80:(not
1499:APS2
1494:APS1
1408:GVHD
1095:ADCC
1024:Milk
948:and
898:MeSH
850:2021
839:PMID
818:2017
799:PMID
781:ISSN
736:2016
701:ISBN
663:PMID
645:ISSN
476:and
260:and
135:and
133:IL-2
1108:IgM
1103:IgG
1039:Soy
1019:Egg
971:IgE
789:PMC
763:doi
653:PMC
635:doi
201:by
1532::
1193:"/
901::
805:.
797:.
787:.
779:.
771:.
759:61
757:.
753:.
726:.
715:^
675:^
661:.
651:.
643:.
629:.
625:.
613:^
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394:,
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