242:
219:
2234:
141:
116:
2377:
493:
248:
147:
1977:
1943:
1753:
1185:
5962:
2656:, and amino numeric chloride lighten skin through the inhibition of melanocyte maturation. However, these agents are associated with adverse effects. Cosmetic companies have been focused on developing novel whitening agents that selectively suppress the activity of tyrosinase to reduce hyperpigmentation while avoiding melanocyte cytotoxicity as tyrosinase is the rate-limiting step of the melanogenesis pathway.
1396:
2356:
1151:
1163:-derived tyrosinase in complex with a so-called "caddie protein". In all models, only the tyrosinase molecule is shown, copper atoms are shown in green and the molecular surface is shown in red. In models D and E, histidine amino acids are shown as a blue line representation. From model E, each copper atom within the active site is indeed complexed with three
2394:
1076:. The enzyme is mainly involved in two distinct reactions of melanin synthesis otherwise known as the Raper–Mason pathway. Firstly, the hydroxylation of a monophenol and secondly, the conversion of an o-diphenol to the corresponding o-quinone. o-Quinone undergoes several reactions to eventually form melanin. Tyrosinase is a
2607:, which gives an undesirable taste and color and also decreases the availability of certain essential amino acids as well as the digestibility of the products. As such, highly effective tyrosinase inhibitors are also needed in agriculture and the food industry. Well known tyrosinase inhibitors include
1725:
Tyrosinases have been isolated and studied from a wide variety of plant, animal, and fungal species. Tyrosinases from different species are diverse in terms of their structural properties, tissue distribution, and cellular location. No common tyrosinase protein structure occurring across all species
2237:
Mutations in the tyrosinase gene that have been shown to cause albinism in animals. Colored boxes indicate regions in the protein encoded by one of five exons (see figure of gene structure). Positions refer to amino acid positions in protein of each species. Modified after Miura et
3746:
Kim, Young-Hyun; Park, Sang-Je; Choe, Se-Hee; Lee, Ja-Rang; Cho, Hyeon-Mu; Kim, Sun-Uk; Kim, Ji-Su; Sim, Bo-Woong; Song, Bong-Seok; Lee, Youngjeon; Jin, Yeung Bae; Hong, Jung-Joo; Jeong, Kang-Jin; Kang, Philyong; Baek, Seung-Ho; Lee, Sang-Rae; Huh, Jae-Won; Chang, Kyu-Tae (2017).
2371:
Wild, nA: nigromaculatus Albino collected from
Hiroshima. Numbers outside of the parenthesis refer to the amino acid position of the mutated species, and the number in the parenthesis refers to the associated amino acid position in the human sequence. (Miura et al.
2639:
Lighter skin complexion has been associated with youth and beauty across various Asian cultures. Recent research by cosmetic companies has been focused on the development of novel whitening agents that selectively suppress tyrosinase activity to reduce
2042:, substrate analogues, free radical scavengers, and copper chelators, have been known to inhibit tyrosinase. Henceforth, the medical and cosmetic industries are focusing research on tyrosinase inhibitors to treat skin disorders.
2404:
to represent conservation grades from variable through conserved, respectively. At right is an alternative color scheme inspired by the earlier (now obsolete) ProteinExplorer's MSA3D (in which grades 4, 5, and 6 use the same
5580:
5276:
255:
154:
5449:
4181:
Qian, W., Liu, W., Zhu, D., Cao, Y., Tang, A., Gong, G., Su, H."Natural skin‑whitening compounds for the treatment of melanogenesis (Review)". Experimental and
Therapeutic Medicine 20.1 (2020): 173-185.
5485:
3457:
M. S. Eller, K. Ostrom, and B. A. Gilchrest, “DNA damage enhances melanogenesis,” Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 93, no. 3, pp. 1087–1092, 1996
1142:
The substrate specificity becomes dramatically restricted in mammalian tyrosinase which uses only L-form of tyrosine or DOPA as substrates, and has restricted requirement for L-DOPA as cofactor.
3635:
DamĂ©, Maria CecĂlia
Florisbal; Xavier, Gildenor Medeiros; Oliveira-Filho, José Paes; Borges, Alexandre Secorun; Oliveira, Henrique Nunes; Riet-Correa, Franklin; Schild, Ana Lucia (2012-07-20).
5554:
5517:
5576:
2126:(TGA), resulting in a shorter and inactive tyrosinase gene. Other albinos have point mutations that appear to inactivate Tyrosinase without truncation (see table and figure for examples).
5349:
2668:, melanin synthesis and parasite encapsulation. As a result, it is an important enzyme as it is the defensive mechanism of insects. Some insecticides are aimed to inhibit tyrosinase.
2384:). Open and closed boxes represent protein-coding and untranslated regions of exons, respectively, with exons labeled by numbers. Intron sizes are indicated by small numbers (in bp).
3467:
Witkop CJ (Oct 1979). "Albinism: hematologic-storage disease, susceptibility to skin cancer, and optic neuronal defects shared in all types of oculocutaneous and ocular albinism".
4147:
Rescigno A, Casañola-Martin GM, Sanjust E, Zucca P, Marrero-Ponce Y (March 2011). "Vanilloid derivatives as tyrosinase inhibitors driven by virtual screening-based QSAR models".
4190:
Lajis AFB and Ariff AB: Discovery of new depigmenting compounds and their efficacy to treat hyperpigmentation: Evidence from in vitro study. J Cosmet
Dermatol. 18:703–727. 2019.
1862:
and the catalytically active domain of the protein resides within melanosomes. Only a small, enzymatically inessential part of the protein extends into the cytoplasm of the
3382:
Hou L, Panthier JJ, Arnheiter H (Dec 2000). "Signaling and transcriptional regulation in the neural crest-derived melanocyte lineage: interactions between KIT and MITF".
2838:
Kumar CM, Sathisha UV, Dharmesh S, Rao AG, Singh SA (Mar 2011). "Interaction of sesamol (3,4-methylenedioxyphenol) with tyrosinase and its effect on melanin synthesis".
3749:"Identification and characterization of the tyrosinase gene ( TYR ) and its transcript variants ( TYR_1 and TYR_2 ) in the crab-eating macaque ( Macaca fascicularis )"
1350:
1661:
1520:
2873:
Barton DE, Kwon BS, Francke U (Jul 1988). "Human tyrosinase gene, mapped to chromosome 11 (q14----q21), defines second region of homology with mouse chromosome 7".
3417:
Hoek KS, Schlegel NC, Eichhoff OM, Widmer DS, Praetorius C, Einarsson SO, Valgeirsdottir S, Bergsteinsdottir K, Schepsky A, Dummer R, Steingrimsson E (Dec 2008).
4337:
3188:
Theos AC, Tenza D, Martina JA, Hurbain I, Peden AA, Sviderskaya EV, Stewart A, Robinson MS, Bennett DC, Cutler DF, Bonifacino JS, Marks MS, Raposo G (Nov 2005).
2495:
from the different taxa for evolutionary analysis in the depth become more crucial in present study. Similarly, the type-3 copper protein family perform various
2359:
Substituted amino acids of tyrosinase in albino frogs and corresponding amino acids in other vertebrate species (Miura et al., 2018). kW refers to the rice frog
3840:
4939:
2019:, it results in increased melanin synthesis. Decreasing tyrosinase activity has been targeted for the improvement or prevention of conditions related to the
4963:
4919:
4434:
3299:
2397:
791:
77:
772:
3900:
3827:
2242:
Knowing that there are a few studies about the genomic data of the tyrosinase gene, there are only a handful of studies on the mutations in albino
4524:
1936:
4012:
Mendes E, Perry Mde J, Francisco AP (May 2014). "Design and discovery of mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors and their therapeutic applications".
2817:
1773:
1369:
2799:
1756:
This is an alignment structure showing only the conserved region of protein nucleotide sequences of Frogs (Their genebank accession number
1171:. From models C and D, the active site for this protein can be seen to sit within a pillus formed on the molecular surface of the molecule.
4968:
4330:
4958:
4914:
4764:
4429:
1726:
has been found. The enzymes found in plant, animal, and fungal tissue frequently differ with respect to their primary structure, size,
2908:
Hearing VJ, Ekel TM, Montague PM, Nicholson JM (Feb 1980). "Mammalin tyrosinase. Stoichiometry and measurement of reaction products".
999:
3327:"Expression, Purification, and Characterization of a Well-Adapted Tyrosinase from Peatlands Identified by Partial Community Analysis"
1006:
5439:
5020:
4529:
3841:
Rosaria
Esposito, Salvatore D'Aniello, Paola Squarzoni, Maria Rosa Pezzotti, Filomena Ristoratore and Antonietta Spagnuolo (2012).
1362:
5332:
4760:
2093:
is common, there have only been a few studies about the genetic mutations in the tyrosinase genes of animals. One of them was on
1995:
program( version 1.7)and the phylogenetic trees were constructed by the
Neighbour-joining method without distance correction. So
3916:"Origin, evolution and classification of type-3 copper proteins: lineage-specific gene expansions and losses across the Metazoa"
5507:
5246:
4323:
5604:
1313:
5982:
4481:
1609:
1468:
2782:
1681:
1540:
4621:
4444:
1876:
The derived TYR allele (rs2733832) is associated with lighter skin pigmentation in human populations. It is most common in
5224:
3244:"Tyrosinase inhibitors from natural and synthetic sources: structure, inhibition mechanism and perspective for the future"
5407:
5134:
4731:
4454:
2761:
1080:-containing enzyme present in plant and animal tissues that catalyzes the production of melanin and other pigments from
4934:
4424:
5681:
5380:
4929:
4846:
4755:
2426:
1792:) using Clustal Omega. (Note: (*) shows a conserved region,(.) shows more conserved and (:) shows less conserved.)
2562:
due to loss of one or more of these three subclasses and lineage-specific expansion of one or both of the remaining
241:
4315:
4459:
5419:
5365:
4601:
2786:
2765:
2519:
subclass. The ancestral protein gene underwent to two duplication i.e., first one prior to divergence of unknown
1307:
218:
2380:
This is a schematic representation of the intron-exon organization of tyrosinase (TYP) gene in humans (ClinVar:
4993:
4474:
4469:
4251:"Toward Artificial Mussel-Glue Proteins: Differentiating Sequence Modules for Adhesion and Switchable Cohesion"
3303:
2524:
1289:
836:
1669:
1528:
1294:
5837:
5144:
5139:
4856:
4519:
1957:
140:
115:
2483:. All of them have the capacity to produce melanin pigments. Their biosynthesis is governed by evolutionary
817:
2438:
1969:
57:
1374:
5648:
5497:
5082:
5033:
4500:
4300:
2574:
family like frogs, snakes and human suggests that it has evolved from one ancestral tyrosinase gene. The
1282:
2355:
5952:
5239:
4788:
4504:
4405:
4400:
2955:"Crystallographic evidence that the dinuclear copper center of tyrosinase is flexible during catalysis"
1665:
1524:
254:
153:
5938:
5925:
5912:
5899:
5886:
5873:
5860:
5822:
5643:
5594:
5566:
5534:
5129:
5124:
5077:
5038:
4683:
2504:
2368:
2252:
2173:
1961:
1622:
1481:
1217:
44:
2491:
tautomerase (dct). Among them Tyr plays significance role in melanin production. However, sequenced
1310:
1116:
247:
146:
5832:
5786:
5729:
5267:
5087:
4664:
4309:
3131:"Isolation and sequence of a cDNA clone for human tyrosinase that maps at the mouse c-albino locus"
2556:
2246:. Miura et al. (2018) investigates the amino acid mutations in the tyrosinase gene in three albino
2107:(ORF) of 1,593 bp long, which translates to 530 amino acids. Meanwhile, the tyrosinase gene of the
1999:
do not cluster with other amphibians. Branches and nodes are drawn according to identical patterns.
1698:
1234:
1200:
978:
931:
65:
5006:
4988:
3190:"Functions of adaptor protein (AP)-3 and AP-1 in tyrosinase sorting from endosomes to melanosomes"
5992:
5734:
5489:
5280:
4818:
4793:
4721:
4703:
4484:– this diagram does not include the pathway for β-leucine synthesis via leucine 2,3-aminomutase)
4464:
3496:"Approaches to identify inhibitors of melanin biosynthesis via the quality control of tyrosinase"
2009:
2599:
In the food industry, tyrosinase inhibition is desired as tyrosinase catalyzes the oxidation of
982:
957:
927:
906:
5628:
5544:
5293:
5205:
4998:
4851:
2460:
2364:
2257:
2192:
5028:
2376:
2008:
A mutation in the tyrosinase gene resulting in impaired tyrosinase production leads to type I
5755:
5674:
5424:
5397:
5232:
5200:
4564:
3894:
3821:
3086:
Mayer AM (November 2006). "Polyphenol oxidases in plants and fungi: going places? A review".
1855:
1154:
1066:
129:
3787:
1270:
5827:
5539:
5502:
5263:
5254:
4871:
4645:
4378:
4368:
4354:
3927:
3854:
3338:
3142:
3095:
3003:
2434:
2422:
2360:
2264:
2213:
1648:
1507:
4200:
Horsch J, Wilke P, Pretzler M, Seuss M, Melnyk I, Remmler D, et al. (November 2018).
1246:
8:
5987:
5791:
5525:
5015:
5011:
4924:
4809:
4439:
4202:"Polymerizing Like Mussels Do: Toward Synthetic Mussel Foot Proteins and Resistant Glues"
3790:"Genomic structure and evolutionary conservation of the tyrosinase gene family from Fugu"
2703:
2692:
2468:
2285:
1746:
1739:
1212:
1205:
85:
4249:
Arias S, Amini S, Horsch J, Pretzler M, Rompel A, Melnyk I, et al. (October 2020).
3931:
3858:
3342:
3268:
3243:
3146:
3099:
3007:
2994:
Mayer AM (Nov 2006). "Polyphenol oxidases in plants and fungi: going places? A review".
2233:
5724:
5288:
5057:
4606:
4350:
4275:
4250:
4226:
4201:
4037:
3958:
3915:
3877:
3842:
3671:
3636:
3612:
3587:
3563:
3536:
3359:
3326:
3281:
3214:
3189:
3063:
3038:
2731:
2544:
2496:
2484:
2345:
2104:
1807:
1714:
89:
5434:
4305:
3805:
3165:
3130:
1325:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
574:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
5322:
4449:
4280:
4231:
4164:
4129:
4078:
4029:
3994:
3963:
3945:
3882:
3809:
3770:
3728:
3720:
3676:
3658:
3617:
3568:
3517:
3476:
3440:
3435:
3418:
3399:
3364:
3273:
3219:
3170:
3111:
3068:
3019:
2976:
2943:
2925:
2921:
2890:
2886:
2855:
2641:
2600:
2552:
2305:
2059:
2020:
1981:
1656:
1614:
1515:
1473:
1301:
37:
4345:
4041:
3107:
3015:
2409:
Tyrosinase is a highly conserved protein in animals and apparently arose already in
1781:
1578:
1424:
5770:
5765:
5739:
5667:
5174:
4270:
4262:
4221:
4213:
4156:
4119:
4109:
4068:
4021:
3953:
3935:
3872:
3862:
3801:
3760:
3710:
3699:"Spontaneous tyrosinase mutations identified in albinos of three wild frog species"
3666:
3648:
3607:
3599:
3558:
3548:
3507:
3430:
3391:
3354:
3346:
3285:
3263:
3255:
3209:
3201:
3160:
3150:
3103:
3058:
3050:
3011:
2966:
2917:
2882:
2847:
2723:
2628:
2575:
2401:
2268:(rice frog). In total, five different populations were studied of which three were
1921:
1710:
1702:
1644:
1503:
334:
265:
209:
164:
3603:
1987:
of tyrosinase proteins. Tyrosinase sequences from ten vertebrates species( Genus:
1437:
69:
5817:
5801:
5714:
5412:
4750:
4626:
4509:
4073:
4056:
4025:
3867:
3588:"Skin whitening agents: medicinal chemistry perspective of tyrosinase inhibitors"
2851:
2500:
2078:
1947:
The Raper–Mason (melanogenesis) pathway, depicting the steps in melanin synthesis
1731:
1590:
1449:
1168:
309:
93:
4098:"Umbelliferone and esculetin: inhibitors or substrates for polyphenol oxidases?"
3697:
Miura, Ikuo; Tagami, Masataka; Fujitani, Takeshi; Ogata, Mitsuaki (2018-02-10).
2822:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
2804:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1912:
tyrosinases are proposed to act as key regulators of carbon storage by removing
1789:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1693:
The two copper atoms within the active site of tyrosinase enzymes interact with
1329:
5966:
5855:
5796:
5638:
5618:
5613:
5255:
3765:
3748:
3135:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2677:
2665:
2649:
2582:
of this gene is probably responsible for the emergence of a tyrosinase-related
2508:
2115:
1917:
1828:
1345:
410:
3259:
2664:
Tyrosinase has a wide range of functions in insects, including wound healing,
5976:
5760:
5719:
5111:
4891:
4539:
3949:
3724:
3662:
3637:"A nonsense mutation in the tyrosinase gene causes albinism in water buffalo"
2711:
2620:
2456:
2452:
2393:
2313:
2151:
2094:
2016:
1822:
1811:
1727:
1320:
1131:
is formed (see reaction below). Hydrogens removed from catechol combine with
521:
3940:
3789:
3788:
Agnes Camacho-Hubner, Christelle Richard, Friedrich Beermann (20 Feb 2022).
3653:
3395:
3350:
3205:
3155:
1730:, and activation characteristics. However, all tyrosinases have in common a
470:
348:
5709:
5457:
5453:
5196:
5068:
4896:
4514:
4284:
4266:
4235:
4217:
4168:
4133:
4082:
4033:
3998:
3982:
3967:
3886:
3813:
3774:
3732:
3680:
3621:
3572:
3521:
3512:
3495:
3444:
3403:
3368:
3277:
3223:
3115:
3072:
3023:
2980:
2971:
2954:
2859:
2653:
2472:
2064:
2054:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1870:
1159:
1128:
327:
106:
3174:
2929:
2894:
2296:
1 and 3, and the third population lacked three nucleotides that encoded a
1618:
1477:
1046:
1041:
492:
5933:
5868:
5704:
4876:
4842:
3715:
3698:
3553:
3480:
2480:
2476:
2463:
in their synthesis, regulation or function in vertebrates three types of
2381:
1885:
1859:
1843:
1735:
1258:
881:
862:
4124:
4114:
4097:
3419:"Novel MITF targets identified using a two-step DNA microarray strategy"
2443:
family, in order to produce melanin pigments. Tyrosinase family related
5183:
4978:
4949:
4798:
4491:
4382:
4346:
3054:
2645:
2608:
2571:
2563:
2488:
2430:
2414:
2349:
2123:
2119:
2039:
2028:
1976:
1893:
1863:
1839:
1697:
to form a highly reactive chemical intermediate that then oxidizes the
1602:
1461:
1089:
1085:
226:
123:
73:
3914:
Aguilera, Felipe; McDougall, Carmel; Degnan, Bernard M. (2013-05-01).
2947:
1942:
1869:
As opposed to fungal tyrosinase, human tyrosinase is a membrane-bound
1752:
569:
5907:
5881:
5558:
5521:
5465:
5259:
5187:
5048:
4867:
4863:
4838:
4726:
4712:
4698:
4674:
2707:
2616:
2612:
2559:
2520:
2448:
2243:
2069:
2035:
1989:
Ambystoma, Xenopus, Homo, Elaphe, Thamnophis, Bufo, Rugosa, and Rana)
1984:
1832:
1825:
1743:
1400:
Tridimensional structure of a functional unit from octopus hemocyanin
1164:
736:
293:
280:
192:
179:
81:
4160:
3843:"New Insights into the Evolution of Metazoan Tyrosinase Gene Family"
2555:
residue. Thus, the evolution of these gene family is the lineage of
5961:
5337:
5151:
5115:
5102:
4834:
4779:
4655:
4617:
4574:
4543:
4146:
4096:
Sollai F, Zucca P, Sanjust E, Steri D, Rescigno A (December 2008).
3983:"Genetics of pigment cells:lessons from the tyrosinase gene family"
2738:
2735:
2719:
2700:
2689:
2685:
2624:
2579:
2567:
2532:
2410:
2321:
2108:
2090:
1909:
1694:
1585:
1444:
1184:
1124:
1112:
1108:
1081:
1030:
2487:
enzymes of the tyrosinase family( tyr, tyr1 and tyr2) also called
2400:
uses a series of nine colors from turquoise through white through
2332:
occurs in exons 1 and 3. The mutations of the third population of
2015:
Tyrosinase activity is very important. If uncontrolled during the
5633:
5155:
4741:
4636:
4613:
4588:
4579:
4415:
2727:
2696:
2681:
2604:
2539:). The structural comparison concluded that active site of α and
2512:
2464:
2418:
2309:
2289:
2024:
2012:, a hereditary disorder that affects one in every 20,000 people.
1992:
1818:
1814:
1802:
1706:
1597:
1456:
1277:
1073:
1062:
848:
803:
721:
717:
2953:
Matoba Y, Kumagai T, Yamamoto A, Yoshitsu H, Sugiyama M (2006).
61:
5920:
5690:
5475:
5470:
5429:
4905:
4592:
4391:
4358:
4301:
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 1
4055:
Rescigno A, Sollai F, Pisu B, Rinaldi A, Sanjust E (Aug 2002).
2492:
2297:
2099:(water buffalo). The tyrosinase mRNA sequence of the wild-type
1965:
1924:
1913:
1877:
1835:
1676:
1535:
1395:
1357:
1253:
1241:
1229:
1132:
1077:
1069:
1014:
758:
501:
3634:
2114:(GenBank JN_887463) is truncated at position 477, caused by a
1831:), a catalytically active domain (~ 37–42 kDa) containing the
1150:
48:, ATN, CMM8, OCA1, OCA1A, OCAIA, SHEP3, tyrosinase, Tyrosinase
5894:
5622:
5357:
5315:
5308:
5303:
5298:
4769:
2952:
2715:
2536:
2516:
2437:
at a certain point to allow the expression of members of the
1953:
1136:
3585:
2907:
2570:
conserved nucleotide alignments of the tyrosinase among the
1991:
were analyzed. The multiple alignments are generated by the
5402:
5390:
5385:
5375:
5370:
5353:
5327:
3980:
3324:
2583:
2528:
2507:
and structural analysis concluded that the original type-3
2444:
2363:
Wild type, kA: kawamurai Albino type, rW: rugosa Wild, rA:
2293:
2247:
1638:
1573:
1497:
1431:
1419:
1265:
1096:
5659:
3493:
3416:
2548:
2540:
2417:
tautomerase (Dtc), which encode for protein implicated in
4054:
2459:, as well as to approach human disorders associated with
4248:
4199:
4011:
3696:
3586:
Pillaiyar T, Manickam M, Namasivayam V (December 2017).
3325:
Panis F, Krachler RF, Krachler R, Rompel A (June 2021).
3187:
2837:
1107:
Tyrosinase carries out the oxidation of phenols such as
317:
4095:
3913:
3128:
2352:
which could result in a dysfunctional tyrosinase gene.
3494:
Ando H, Kondoh H, Ichihashi M, Hearing VJ (Apr 2007).
2421:
synthesis which are the common regulatory elements of
1880:, but is also found at lower, moderate frequencies in
5950:
3129:
Kwon BS, Haq AK, Pomerantz SH, Halaban R (Nov 1987).
1817:
consisting of three domains: a chloroplastic transit
1092:. In humans, the tyrosinase enzyme is encoded by the
482:
4964:
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
4920:
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
4435:
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
4061:
Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry
4057:"Tyrosinase inhibition: general and applied aspects"
3592:
Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry
3381:
2527:. The prior duplication gave rise to cytosolic form(
2320:
was also an amino acid substitution from Glycine to
2671:
1854:Mammalian tyrosinase is a single membrane-spanning
3300:"Allele Frequency For Polymorphic Site: rs2733832"
2778:
2776:
2774:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2308:where there was an amino acid substitution from a
4572:
2872:
264:
163:
5974:
2910:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Enzymology
16:Enzyme for controlling the production of melanin
4525:Aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase
2771:
2750:
2050:Known Tyrosinase inhibitors are the following:
3745:
3036:
2833:
2831:
2783:GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000004651
1937:microphthalmia-associated transcription factor
5675:
5240:
4331:
2648:. Traditional pharmacological agents such as
2467:producing pigment cells are well known since
2413:. The tyrosinase related protein (Tyrp1) and
3899:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3826:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3537:"An updated review of tyrosinase inhibitors"
3375:
3181:
3039:"Tyrosinases from crustaceans form hexamers"
1935:The gene for tyrosinase is regulated by the
1776:), Snakes (Their genebank accession numbers
1701:. The activity of tyrosinase is similar to
4969:3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
3541:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
3410:
3122:
2828:
2762:GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000077498
2634:
5682:
5668:
5247:
5233:
4959:Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
4915:Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
4430:Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
4338:
4324:
3460:
2901:
2866:
2503:and oxygen transport. The combine genetic
1394:
1183:
672:melanin biosynthetic process from tyrosine
4940:Methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase
4308:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
4274:
4225:
4123:
4113:
4072:
3957:
3939:
3876:
3866:
3764:
3714:
3670:
3652:
3611:
3562:
3552:
3511:
3434:
3358:
3267:
3213:
3164:
3154:
3062:
2970:
4530:Aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
4102:Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin
3500:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
3241:
3030:
2433:pigment cells, although different, thus
2392:
2375:
2354:
2232:
2003:
1975:
1941:
1751:
1149:
641:intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
4761:1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase
3469:The Alabama Journal of Medical Sciences
2644:while avoiding cytotoxicity of healthy
2594:
1858:. In humans, tyrosinase is sorted into
1788:) and Human (Genebank accession number
5975:
5021:Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
3466:
3331:Environmental Science & Technology
3237:
3235:
3233:
5663:
5228:
4482:Template:Leucine metabolism in humans
4319:
3692:
3690:
3534:
3085:
2993:
2936:
1102:
269:
230:
225:
168:
127:
122:
5440:24-hydroxycholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
4622:Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase
3981:F. Murisier and F. Beermann (2006).
3423:Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research
3248:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
2987:
2603:found in fruits and vegetables into
2118:in nucleotide 1431 which converts a
5135:4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
4732:Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase
4455:Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase
3230:
1555:Common central domain of tyrosinase
560:protein heterodimerization activity
13:
4935:3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase
4425:3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
3781:
3687:
3292:
2344:occurred in areas that are highly
1930:
1873:and has 13% carbohydrate content.
1842:domain (~15–19 kDa) shielding the
1738:. Here, two copper atoms are each
1088:which are synthesized in the skin
1072:for controlling the production of
14:
6004:
4930:3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase
4847:Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase
4756:Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase
4294:
3037:Jaenicke E, Decker H (Apr 2003).
2103:is 1,958 base pairs (bp) with an
1960:- Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase,
1084:by oxidation. It is found inside
550:protein homodimerization activity
5960:
4014:Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery
3436:10.1111/j.1755-148X.2008.00505.x
2722:could link by an intermolecular
2672:In mussel-glue inspired polymers
692:eye pigment biosynthetic process
491:
441:lumbar subsegment of spinal cord
253:
246:
240:
217:
152:
145:
139:
114:
5420:Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase
5366:Flavin-containing monooxygenase
4602:Serine hydroxymethyltransferase
4242:
4193:
4184:
4175:
4140:
4089:
4048:
4005:
3974:
3907:
3834:
3739:
3628:
3579:
3528:
3487:
3451:
3318:
3108:10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.08.006
3079:
3016:10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.08.006
2695:, lead to mussel-glue inspired
2589:
2447:plays an important role in the
2034:Several polyphenols, including
1972:- Tyrosinase- related protein 2
1956:- 5,6- dihydroxyphenylalanine,
1732:binuclear, type 3 copper centre
616:perinuclear region of cytoplasm
5016:Homocysteine methyltransferase
4994:Methionine adenosyltransferase
4475:Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase
4470:Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase
2810:
2792:
2531:) and latter duplication gave
2523:lineage and second one before
2288:because of the insertion of a
1810:are expressed as about 64–68 k
1145:
596:integral component of membrane
502:More reference expression data
471:More reference expression data
1:
5145:Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase
5140:Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase
4857:Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
4520:3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase
4460:α-Ketoisocaproate dioxygenase
3806:10.1016/s0378-1119(02)00411-0
3604:10.1080/14756366.2016.1256882
3194:Molecular Biology of the Cell
2744:
2659:
2499:including pigment formation,
2300:in exon 1. The population of
2045:
1964:- Glutathione-S-transferase;
1916:compounds, which inhibit the
1633:Available protein structures:
1492:Available protein structures:
697:cell population proliferation
238:
137:
5983:Genes on human chromosome 11
4074:10.1080/14756360210000010923
4026:10.1517/17460441.2014.907789
3987:Histology and Histopathology
3868:10.1371/journal.pone.0035731
3242:Kim YJ, Uyama H (Aug 2005).
2922:10.1016/0005-2744(80)90061-3
2887:10.1016/0888-7543(88)90153-X
2852:10.1016/j.biochi.2010.11.014
2388:
1903:
1849:
1720:
1705:, a related class of copper
707:melanin biosynthetic process
7:
5689:
5649:Deoxyhypusine monooxygenase
5083:Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase
5034:Cystathionine beta synthase
4501:Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
3703:Genes & Genetic Systems
2730:adsorb strongly to various
2084:
10:
6009:
5007:regeneration of methionine
4989:generation of homocysteine
4789:Ornithine aminotransferase
4505:Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase
4406:Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase
4401:Saccharopine dehydrogenase
3766:10.1016/j.gene.2017.07.047
1952:DHI- 5,6 dihydroxyindole,
1155:Crystallographic structure
437:retinal pigment epithelium
359:retinal pigment epithelium
5846:
5838:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
5810:
5779:
5748:
5697:
5644:Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase
5603:
5595:Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1
5575:
5567:Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
5553:
5535:Phenylalanine hydroxylase
5516:
5484:
5448:
5348:
5275:
5182:
5172:
5130:Tyrosine aminotransferase
5125:Phenylalanine hydroxylase
5110:
5100:
5078:Propionyl-CoA carboxylase
5066:
5047:
5039:Cystathionine gamma-lyase
4977:
4948:
4904:
4889:
4827:
4807:
4778:
4740:
4711:
4696:
4684:L-threonine dehydrogenase
4673:
4654:
4635:
4587:
4563:
4538:
4490:
4414:
4390:
4377:
4365:
4149:Drug Testing and Analysis
3260:10.1007/s00018-005-5054-y
2818:"Mouse PubMed Reference:"
2800:"Human PubMed Reference:"
2284:populations, there was a
2253:Pelophylax nigromaculatus
2174:Pelophylax nigromaculatus
1675:
1655:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1608:
1596:
1584:
1572:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1534:
1514:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1430:
1418:
1410:
1405:
1393:
1388:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1319:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1194:
1182:
1177:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1013:
994:
975:
971:
954:
950:
943:
924:
920:
903:
899:
892:
879:
875:
860:
856:
847:
834:
830:
815:
811:
802:
789:
785:
770:
766:
757:
742:
735:
731:
715:
520:
516:
499:
490:
481:
468:
417:
408:
387:Descending thoracic aorta
355:
346:
316:
308:
304:
287:
274:
237:
216:
207:
203:
186:
173:
136:
113:
104:
100:
55:
52:
42:
35:
30:
26:
21:
5730:Diffusion-limited enzyme
5088:Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
4665:D-cysteine desulfhydrase
4310:Medical Subject Headings
3920:BMC Evolutionary Biology
3302:. ALFRED. Archived from
2635:In the cosmetic industry
1796:
1713:are collectively termed
1178:monophenol monooxygenase
631:Golgi-associated vesicle
4819:Glutamate dehydrogenase
4794:Ornithine decarboxylase
4722:Histidine ammonia-lyase
4465:Leucine 2,3-aminomutase
3941:10.1186/1471-2148-13-96
3654:10.1186/1471-2156-13-62
3396:10.1242/dev.127.24.5379
3351:10.1021/acs.est.1c02514
3206:10.1091/mbc.E05-07-0626
3156:10.1073/pnas.84.21.7473
3043:The Biochemical Journal
2336:, and the mutations of
2010:oculocutaneous albinism
1007:Chr 7: 87.07 – 87.14 Mb
1000:Chr 11: 89.18 – 89.3 Mb
555:oxidoreductase activity
5629:Squalene monooxygenase
5545:Tryptophan hydroxylase
5294:HIF prolyl-hydroxylase
5206:Aspartate transaminase
5029:conversion to cysteine
4999:Adenosylhomocysteinase
4852:Glutathione synthetase
4267:10.1002/anie.202008515
4218:10.1002/anie.201809587
3513:10.1038/sj.jid.5700683
2972:10.1074/jbc.M509785200
2471:origin i.e., from the
2429:of the three types of
2406:
2385:
2373:
2316:, and the mutation of
2280:. In two of the three
2239:
2161:W477 -> Stop codon
2000:
1997:Ambystoma and Xenopus
1973:
1793:
1172:
1123:). In the presence of
545:monooxygenase activity
5823:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
5756:Allosteric regulation
5425:Methane monooxygenase
5398:Nitric oxide synthase
5201:Asparagine synthetase
4369:Essential amino acids
3535:Chang TS (Jun 2009).
2676:Tyrosinase activated
2543:forms are covered by
2396:
2379:
2358:
2236:
2023:of the skin, such as
2004:Clinical significance
1979:
1945:
1856:transmembrane protein
1755:
1728:glycosylation pattern
1153:
677:response to vitamin D
130:Chromosome 11 (human)
5833:Lineweaver–Burk plot
5540:Tyrosine hydroxylase
5264:steroid hydroxylases
4872:Glutamine synthetase
4646:Alanine transaminase
3716:10.1266/ggs.16-00061
3554:10.3390/ijms10062440
2595:In the food industry
2265:Fejervarya kawamurai
2262:(wrinkled frog) and
2214:Fejervarya kawamurai
2140:Amino Acid mutation
2017:synthesis of melanin
1821:(containing a ~4-9 k
1169:type 3 copper center
1167:residues, forming a
271:7 D3|7 49.01 cM
232:Chromosome 7 (mouse)
5490:iron–sulfur protein
5012:Methionine synthase
4925:Enoyl-CoA hydratase
4810:alpha-ketoglutarate
4727:Urocanate hydratase
4440:Enoyl-CoA hydratase
4261:(42): 18495–18499.
4212:(48): 15728–15732.
4115:10.1248/bpb.31.2187
3932:2013BMCEE..13...96A
3859:2012PLoSO...735731E
3343:2021EnST...5511445P
3337:(16): 11445–11454.
3147:1987PNAS...84.7473K
3100:2006PChem..67.2318M
3008:2006PChem..67.2318M
2511:possessed a single
2497:biological function
2324:. The mutation for
2286:frameshift mutation
2182:Deletion of a K228
2130:
1715:polyphenol oxidases
626:melanosome membrane
575:tyrosinase activity
395:ganglionic eminence
5792:Enzyme superfamily
5725:Enzyme promiscuity
5289:Prolyl hydroxylase
5058:Threonine aldolase
4607:Serine dehydratase
4351:Protein metabolism
3055:10.1042/BJ20021058
2601:phenolic compounds
2551:form covered with
2407:
2386:
2374:
2240:
2129:
2105:open reading frame
2001:
1974:
1794:
1709:. Tyrosinases and
1173:
1103:Catalyzed reaction
837:ENSMUSG00000004651
687:thymus development
650:Biological process
584:Cellular component
570:Polyphenol oxidase
540:copper ion binding
528:Molecular function
453:epithelium of lens
5948:
5947:
5657:
5656:
5323:Lysyl hydroxylase
5222:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5168:
5167:
5096:
5095:
4885:
4884:
4692:
4691:
4559:
4558:
4450:HMG-CoA reductase
4255:Angewandte Chemie
4206:Angewandte Chemie
3306:on 20 August 2016
2965:(13): 8981–8990.
2642:hyperpigmentation
2515:and grouped into
2334:P. nigromaculatus
2306:missense mutation
2282:P. nigromaculatus
2270:P. nigromaculatus
2259:Glandirana rugosa
2231:
2230:
2194:Glandirana rugosa
2060:4-Butylresorcinol
2021:hyperpigmentation
1982:phylogenetic tree
1980:A representative
1711:catechol oxidases
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1682:structure summary
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:structure summary
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1283:metabolic pathway
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1025:
1024:
990:
989:
965:
964:
939:
938:
914:
913:
888:
887:
869:
868:
843:
842:
824:
823:
798:
797:
779:
778:
727:
726:
702:visual perception
535:metal ion binding
512:
511:
508:
507:
477:
476:
464:
463:
402:
401:
300:
299:
199:
198:
6000:
5965:
5964:
5956:
5828:Hanes–Woolf plot
5771:Enzyme activator
5766:Enzyme inhibitor
5740:Enzyme catalysis
5684:
5677:
5670:
5661:
5660:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5226:
5225:
5180:
5179:
5108:
5107:
4902:
4901:
4709:
4708:
4585:
4584:
4570:
4569:
4388:
4387:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4317:
4316:
4289:
4288:
4278:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4229:
4197:
4191:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4127:
4117:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4076:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3961:
3943:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3898:
3890:
3880:
3870:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3825:
3817:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3768:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3718:
3694:
3685:
3684:
3674:
3656:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3615:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3566:
3556:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3515:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3438:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3362:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3271:
3239:
3228:
3227:
3217:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3168:
3158:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3066:
3049:(Pt 2): 515–23.
3034:
3028:
3027:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2950:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2835:
2826:
2825:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2796:
2790:
2780:
2769:
2759:
2726:. The resulting
2724:Michael-addition
2629:vanillic alcohol
2547:amino acids and
2451:, genetics, and
2272:and one each of
2202:G376 -> D376
2131:
2128:
1892:, and among the
1703:catechol oxidase
1630:
1629:
1552:
1551:
1489:
1488:
1398:
1386:
1385:
1337:
1336:
1189:Catechol-Quinone
1187:
1175:
1174:
1038:
1037:
1009:
1002:
985:
969:
968:
960:
948:
947:
944:RefSeq (protein)
934:
918:
917:
909:
897:
896:
873:
872:
854:
853:
828:
827:
809:
808:
783:
782:
764:
763:
733:
732:
662:response to cAMP
518:
517:
504:
495:
488:
487:
473:
429:stria vascularis
413:
411:Top expressed in
406:
405:
351:
349:Top expressed in
344:
343:
323:
322:
306:
305:
296:
283:
272:
257:
250:
244:
233:
221:
205:
204:
195:
182:
171:
156:
149:
143:
132:
118:
102:
101:
96:
47:
40:
19:
18:
6008:
6007:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5959:
5951:
5949:
5944:
5856:Oxidoreductases
5842:
5818:Enzyme kinetics
5806:
5802:List of enzymes
5775:
5744:
5715:Catalytic triad
5693:
5688:
5658:
5653:
5607:- miscellaneous
5599:
5571:
5549:
5512:
5480:
5444:
5435:14α-demethylase
5344:
5271:
5256:Oxidoreductases
5253:
5223:
5210:
5164:
5092:
5062:
5043:
4973:
4944:
4895:
4881:
4823:
4803:
4774:
4751:Proline oxidase
4736:
4704:α-ketoglutarate
4702:
4688:
4669:
4650:
4631:
4627:Creatine kinase
4577:
4555:
4534:
4510:Arylformamidase
4486:
4410:
4373:
4371:are in Capitals
4361:
4357:and catabolism
4344:
4297:
4292:
4247:
4243:
4198:
4194:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4161:10.1002/dta.187
4145:
4141:
4108:(12): 2187–93.
4094:
4090:
4053:
4049:
4010:
4006:
3979:
3975:
3912:
3908:
3892:
3891:
3839:
3835:
3819:
3818:
3786:
3782:
3744:
3740:
3695:
3688:
3633:
3629:
3584:
3580:
3533:
3529:
3492:
3488:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3415:
3411:
3390:(24): 5379–89.
3380:
3376:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3307:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3254:(15): 1707–23.
3240:
3231:
3200:(11): 5356–72.
3186:
3182:
3127:
3123:
3094:(21): 2318–31.
3084:
3080:
3035:
3031:
3002:(21): 2318–31.
2992:
2988:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2906:
2902:
2871:
2867:
2836:
2829:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2781:
2772:
2760:
2751:
2747:
2674:
2662:
2650:corticosteroids
2637:
2597:
2592:
2525:diversification
2501:innate immunity
2425:structure. The
2391:
2153:Bubalus bubalis
2096:Bubalus bubalis
2087:
2079:Tranexamic acid
2048:
2006:
1933:
1931:Gene regulation
1906:
1852:
1799:
1723:
1401:
1190:
1148:
1122:
1105:
1047:View/Edit Mouse
1042:View/Edit Human
1005:
998:
995:Location (UCSC)
981:
977:
956:
930:
926:
905:
818:ENSG00000077498
711:
645:
579:
565:protein binding
500:
469:
460:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
409:
398:
393:
391:ascending aorta
389:
385:
381:
377:
375:Achilles tendon
373:
371:skin of abdomen
369:
365:
361:
347:
291:
278:
270:
260:
259:
258:
251:
231:
208:Gene location (
190:
177:
169:
159:
158:
157:
150:
128:
105:Gene location (
94:TYR - orthologs
56:
43:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6006:
5996:
5995:
5993:Copper enzymes
5990:
5985:
5970:
5969:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5929:
5916:
5903:
5890:
5877:
5864:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5814:
5812:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5783:
5781:
5780:Classification
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5687:
5686:
5679:
5672:
5664:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5619:Heme oxygenase
5616:
5614:Cyclooxygenase
5610:
5608:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5586:
5584:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5563:
5561:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5531:
5529:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5494:
5492:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5462:
5460:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5362:
5360:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5325:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5285:
5283:
5281:2-oxoglutarate
5273:
5272:
5252:
5251:
5244:
5237:
5229:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5193:
5191:
5177:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5121:
5119:
5105:
5098:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5074:
5072:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5054:
5052:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4984:
4982:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4955:
4953:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4911:
4909:
4899:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4815:
4813:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4783:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4758:
4753:
4747:
4745:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4718:
4716:
4706:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4680:
4678:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4661:
4659:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4642:
4640:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4582:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4547:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4497:
4495:
4488:
4487:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4421:
4419:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4385:
4375:
4374:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4343:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4303:
4296:
4295:External links
4293:
4291:
4290:
4241:
4192:
4183:
4174:
4139:
4088:
4047:
4004:
3993:(5): 567–578.
3973:
3906:
3833:
3800:(1–2): 59–68.
3780:
3738:
3709:(4): 189–196.
3686:
3627:
3598:(1): 403–425.
3578:
3547:(6): 2440–75.
3527:
3486:
3459:
3450:
3409:
3374:
3317:
3291:
3229:
3180:
3141:(21): 7473–7.
3121:
3088:Phytochemistry
3078:
3029:
2996:Phytochemistry
2986:
2935:
2900:
2865:
2827:
2809:
2791:
2770:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2678:polymerization
2673:
2670:
2666:sclerotization
2661:
2658:
2636:
2633:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2509:copper protein
2390:
2387:
2369:nigromaculatus
2229:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2222:G57 -> R57
2220:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:Wrinkled Frog
2197:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2158:Water Buffalo
2156:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2116:point mutation
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2073:-ascorbic acid
2067:
2062:
2057:
2047:
2044:
2005:
2002:
1968:- Levo- Dopa,
1932:
1929:
1908:In peatlands,
1905:
1902:
1851:
1848:
1838:center, and a
1829:signal peptide
1798:
1795:
1722:
1719:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1642:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1625:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1305:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1180:
1179:
1147:
1144:
1120:
1104:
1101:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1011:
1010:
1003:
996:
992:
991:
988:
987:
973:
972:
966:
963:
962:
952:
951:
945:
941:
940:
937:
936:
922:
921:
915:
912:
911:
901:
900:
894:
890:
889:
886:
885:
877:
876:
870:
867:
866:
858:
857:
851:
845:
844:
841:
840:
832:
831:
825:
822:
821:
813:
812:
806:
800:
799:
796:
795:
787:
786:
780:
777:
776:
768:
767:
761:
755:
754:
749:
744:
740:
739:
729:
728:
725:
724:
713:
712:
710:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
657:response to UV
653:
651:
647:
646:
644:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
587:
585:
581:
580:
578:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
531:
529:
525:
524:
514:
513:
510:
509:
506:
505:
497:
496:
485:
479:
478:
475:
474:
466:
465:
462:
461:
459:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:
414:
403:
400:
399:
397:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
353:
352:
340:
339:
331:
320:
314:
313:
310:RNA expression
302:
301:
298:
297:
289:
285:
284:
276:
273:
268:
262:
261:
252:
245:
239:
235:
234:
229:
223:
222:
214:
213:
201:
200:
197:
196:
188:
184:
183:
175:
172:
167:
161:
160:
151:
144:
138:
134:
133:
126:
120:
119:
111:
110:
98:
97:
54:
50:
49:
41:
33:
32:
28:
27:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6005:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5957:
5954:
5940:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5927:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5914:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5901:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5888:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5875:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5862:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5797:Enzyme family
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5761:Cooperativity
5759:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5720:Oxyanion hole
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5685:
5680:
5678:
5673:
5671:
5666:
5665:
5662:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:BH4 dependent
5523:
5519:
5515:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5250:
5245:
5243:
5238:
5236:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5171:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5113:
5112:PHENYLALANINE
5109:
5106:
5104:
5099:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5065:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4893:
4892:propionyl-CoA
4888:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4806:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4540:PHENYLALANINE
4537:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4483:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4445:HMG-CoA lyase
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4370:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4341:
4336:
4334:
4329:
4327:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4187:
4178:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4155:(3): 176–81.
4154:
4150:
4143:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4067:(4): 207–18.
4066:
4062:
4058:
4051:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4020:(5): 533–54.
4019:
4015:
4008:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3902:
3896:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3853:(4): e35731.
3852:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3829:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3742:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3691:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3506:(4): 751–61.
3505:
3501:
3497:
3490:
3482:
3478:
3475:(4): 327–30.
3474:
3470:
3463:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3429:(6): 665–76.
3428:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2959:J. Biol. Chem
2956:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2916:(2): 251–68.
2915:
2911:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2832:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2749:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2708:enzymatically
2705:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:, containing
2683:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2621:vanillic acid
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2557:multicellular
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2457:pigment cells
2454:
2453:developmental
2450:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2383:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2314:Aspartic acid
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2256:(pond frog),
2255:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2122:(TGG) into a
2121:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2011:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1898:Mbuti Pygmies
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1734:within their
1733:
1729:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:Gene Ontology
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1259:NiceZyme view
1257:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1067:rate-limiting
1064:
1060:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
984:
980:
974:
970:
967:
961:
959:
953:
949:
946:
942:
935:
933:
929:
923:
919:
916:
910:
908:
902:
898:
895:
893:RefSeq (mRNA)
891:
884:
883:
878:
874:
871:
865:
864:
859:
855:
852:
850:
846:
839:
838:
833:
829:
826:
820:
819:
814:
810:
807:
805:
801:
794:
793:
788:
784:
781:
775:
774:
769:
765:
762:
760:
756:
753:
750:
748:
745:
741:
738:
734:
730:
723:
719:
714:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
652:
649:
648:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
586:
583:
582:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
530:
527:
526:
523:
522:Gene ontology
519:
515:
503:
498:
494:
489:
486:
484:
480:
472:
467:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
425:hair follicle
424:
420:
419:
416:
412:
407:
404:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
367:skin of thigh
366:
362:
358:
357:
354:
350:
345:
342:
341:
338:
336:
332:
330:
329:
325:
324:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
295:
290:
286:
282:
277:
267:
263:
256:
249:
243:
236:
228:
224:
220:
215:
211:
206:
202:
194:
189:
185:
181:
176:
166:
162:
155:
148:
142:
135:
131:
125:
121:
117:
112:
108:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
51:
46:
39:
34:
29:
25:
20:
5934:Translocases
5931:
5918:
5905:
5892:
5879:
5869:Transferases
5866:
5853:
5710:Binding site
5589:
5458:flavoprotein
5262:, including
5260:dioxygenases
5197:Asparaginase
5175:oxaloacetate
5159:
5069:succinyl-CoA
5027:
5005:
4987:
4897:succinyl-CoA
4515:Kynureninase
4479:
4367:
4258:
4254:
4244:
4209:
4205:
4195:
4186:
4177:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4125:11584/105440
4105:
4101:
4091:
4064:
4060:
4050:
4017:
4013:
4007:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3923:
3919:
3909:
3895:cite journal
3850:
3846:
3836:
3822:cite journal
3797:
3793:
3783:
3756:
3752:
3741:
3706:
3702:
3644:
3641:BMC Genetics
3640:
3630:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3544:
3540:
3530:
3503:
3499:
3489:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3453:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3308:. Retrieved
3304:the original
3294:
3251:
3247:
3197:
3193:
3183:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3046:
3042:
3032:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2962:
2958:
2938:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2881:(1): 17–24.
2878:
2874:
2868:
2846:(3): 562–9.
2843:
2839:
2821:
2812:
2803:
2794:
2712:dopaquinones
2710:oxidized to
2675:
2663:
2654:hydroquinone
2638:
2598:
2590:Applications
2535:bound form (
2505:phylogenetic
2473:neural crest
2439:
2408:
2342:F. kawamurai
2341:
2337:
2333:
2330:F. kawamurai
2329:
2325:
2318:F. kawamurai
2317:
2301:
2281:
2278:F. kawamurai
2277:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2258:
2251:
2241:
2212:
2193:
2172:
2152:
2137:Common name
2111:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2070:
2065:Hydroquinone
2055:Azelaic acid
2049:
2033:
2014:
2007:
1996:
1988:
1949:
1946:
1934:
1907:
1890:North Africa
1882:Central Asia
1875:
1871:glycoprotein
1868:
1853:
1801:
1800:
1736:active sites
1724:
1692:
1247:BRENDA entry
1160:Streptomyces
1158:
1141:
1129:benzoquinone
1106:
1093:
1065:that is the
1058:
1057:
979:NP_001304326
976:
955:
932:NM_001317397
925:
904:
880:
861:
835:
816:
790:
771:
751:
746:
682:pigmentation
433:ciliary body
333:
326:
53:External IDs
5705:Active site
4877:Glutaminase
4843:glutathione
4552:(see below)
3384:Development
2714:, to which
2646:melanocytes
2576:duplication
2481:pineal body
2477:neural tube
2455:biology of
2427:development
2423:exon/intron
2367:Albino, nW
2350:vertebrates
2227:A0A1E1G7U0
2207:A0A1I9FZH0
2146:Uniprot ID
2075:- Vitamin C
1918:degradation
1886:Middle East
1860:melanosomes
1844:active site
1782:XP032076040
1742:with three
1740:coordinated
1560:Identifiers
1406:Identifiers
1235:IntEnz view
1195:Identifiers
1146:Active site
1090:melanocytes
1086:melanosomes
379:human penis
292:87,142,720
279:87,073,979
191:89,295,759
178:89,177,875
31:Identifiers
5988:EC 1.14.18
5977:Categories
5908:Isomerases
5882:Hydrolases
5749:Regulation
5590:Tyrosinase
5557:: reduced
5520:: reduced
5488:: reduced
5452:: reduced
5184:asparagine
5160:Tyrosinase
4979:METHIONINE
4950:ISOLEUCINE
4799:Agmatinase
4492:TRYPTOPHAN
4383:acetyl-CoA
4347:Metabolism
4306:Tyrosinase
2789:, May 2017
2768:, May 2017
2745:References
2734:with high
2660:In insects
2609:kojic acid
2572:vertebrate
2564:subclasses
2560:eukaryotes
2521:eukaryotic
2489:DOPAchrome
2440:tyrosinase
2431:vertebrate
2415:dopachrome
2382:NM_ 000372
2244:amphibians
2219:Rice Frog
2179:Pond Frog
2164:JN_887462
2124:stop codon
2120:Tryptophan
2112:B. bubalis
2101:B. bubalis
2046:Inhibitors
2040:stilbenoid
2036:flavonoids
1864:melanocyte
1840:C-terminal
1645:structures
1568:Tyrosinase
1504:structures
1414:Tyrosinase
1389:Tyrosinase
1304:structures
1271:KEGG entry
1218:9002-10-2
1059:Tyrosinase
667:metabolism
636:melanosome
337:(ortholog)
74:HomoloGene
5787:EC number
5559:ascorbate
5522:pteridine
5188:aspartate
5049:THREONINE
4868:glutamine
4864:glutamate
4839:glutamate
4713:HISTIDINE
4699:glutamate
4675:threonine
4355:synthesis
3950:1471-2148
3926:(1): 96.
3759:: 21–27.
3725:1880-5779
3663:1471-2156
2951:;
2840:Biochimie
2617:coumarins
2613:tropolone
2545:aliphatic
2485:conserved
2469:embryonic
2449:evolution
2389:Evolution
2361:kawamurai
2346:conserved
2338:G. rugosa
2326:G. rugosa
2302:G. rugosa
2274:G. rugosa
2029:age spots
1993:CLUSTAL W
1985:cladogram
1910:bacterial
1904:Bacterial
1850:Mammalian
1833:dinuclear
1826:thylakoid
1744:histidine
1721:Structure
1699:substrate
1603:PDOC00398
1591:IPR002227
1462:PDOC00398
1450:IPR002227
1224:Databases
1206:1.14.18.1
1165:histidine
983:NP_035791
958:NP_000363
928:NM_011661
907:NM_000372
737:Orthologs
591:cytoplasm
82:GeneCards
5811:Kinetics
5735:Cofactor
5698:Activity
5152:tyrosine
5116:tyrosine
5103:fumarate
4835:cysteine
4780:arginine
4656:cysteine
4618:creatine
4575:pyruvate
4544:tyrosine
4285:32596967
4236:30246912
4169:21125547
4134:19043197
4083:12530473
4042:12589166
4034:24708040
3999:16493586
3968:23634722
3887:22536431
3847:PLOS ONE
3814:12039032
3775:28756020
3733:28674275
3681:22817390
3622:28097901
3573:19582213
3522:17218941
3445:19067971
3404:11076759
3369:34156250
3278:15968468
3269:11139184
3224:16162817
3116:16973188
3073:12466021
3024:16973188
2981:16436386
2875:Genomics
2860:21144881
2785:–
2764:–
2739:energies
2736:adhesion
2732:surfaces
2728:polymers
2720:cysteine
2704:residues
2701:tyrosine
2697:polymers
2693:residues
2690:tyrosine
2686:cysteine
2682:peptides
2625:vanillin
2605:quinones
2580:mutation
2553:aromatic
2533:membrane
2435:converge
2411:bacteria
2402:burgundy
2322:Arginine
2143:GenBank
2134:Species
2091:albinism
2085:Genetics
1939:(MITF).
1914:phenolic
1815:proteins
1806:, plant
1790:AAA61242
1786:BBC55647
1778:BBC55580
1774:AAC17168
1770:BAV78831
1766:BAA02077
1762:CAJ82935
1758:CAR95491
1747:residues
1695:dioxygen
1662:RCSB PDB
1586:InterPro
1521:RCSB PDB
1445:InterPro
1375:proteins
1363:articles
1351:articles
1308:RCSB PDB
1135:to form
1125:catechol
1117:dioxygen
1113:dopamine
1109:tyrosine
1082:tyrosine
1031:Wikidata
716:Sources:
621:lysosome
611:membrane
445:gastrula
363:testicle
5967:Biology
5921:Ligases
5691:Enzymes
5605:1.14.99
5583:: other
5577:1.14.18
5555:1.14.17
5518:1.14.16
5486:1.14.15
5450:1.14.14
5350:1.14.13
5277:1.14.11
5156:melanin
4765:ALDH4A1
4742:proline
4637:alanine
4614:glycine
4589:glycine
4580:citrate
4416:LEUCINE
4359:enzymes
4276:7590116
4227:6282983
3959:3658974
3928:Bibcode
3878:3334994
3855:Bibcode
3672:3411452
3613:6010116
3564:2705500
3360:8375020
3339:Bibcode
3310:23 June
3286:8280251
3215:1266432
3175:2823263
3143:Bibcode
3096:Bibcode
3064:1223273
3004:Bibcode
2930:6766744
2895:3146546
2787:Ensembl
2766:Ensembl
2568:genomic
2513:peptide
2465:melanin
2461:defects
2419:melanin
2405:color).
2398:ConSurf
2310:Glycine
2292:within
2290:thymine
2187:Q04604
2167:J7FBF2
2025:melasma
1922:organic
1819:peptide
1803:In vivo
1707:oxidase
1598:PROSITE
1579:PF00264
1457:PROSITE
1425:PF00264
1330:QuickGO
1295:profile
1278:MetaCyc
1213:CAS no.
1074:melanin
1063:oxidase
849:UniProt
804:Ensembl
743:Species
722:QuickGO
606:nucleus
601:cytosol
457:utricle
312:pattern
170:11q14.3
38:Aliases
5953:Portal
5895:Lyases
5454:flavin
5333:ALKBH1
4906:VALINE
4593:serine
4392:LYSINE
4312:(MeSH)
4283:
4273:
4234:
4224:
4167:
4132:
4081:
4040:
4032:
3997:
3966:
3956:
3948:
3885:
3875:
3812:
3773:
3731:
3723:
3679:
3669:
3661:
3647:: 62.
3620:
3610:
3571:
3561:
3520:
3481:546241
3479:
3443:
3402:
3367:
3357:
3284:
3276:
3266:
3222:
3212:
3173:
3166:299318
3163:
3114:
3071:
3061:
3022:
2979:
2928:
2893:
2858:
2716:thiols
2699:. The
2627:, and
2566:. The
2493:genome
2365:rugosa
2348:among
2304:had a
2298:Lysine
2109:albino
2089:While
1966:L-Dopa
1925:carbon
1884:, the
1878:Europe
1836:copper
1677:PDBsum
1651:
1641:
1623:SUPFAM
1565:Symbol
1536:PDBsum
1510:
1500:
1482:SUPFAM
1438:CL0205
1411:Symbol
1358:PubMed
1340:Search
1326:AmiGO
1314:PDBsum
1254:ExPASy
1242:BRENDA
1230:IntEnz
1201:EC no.
1133:oxygen
1115:using
1078:copper
1070:enzyme
1061:is an
1017:search
1015:PubMed
882:P11344
863:P14679
759:Entrez
483:BioGPS
449:cornea
62:606933
5847:Types
5623:HMOX1
5358:NADPH
5316:P4HTM
5309:EGLN3
5304:EGLN2
5299:EGLN1
5270:1.14)
4828:Other
4770:PYCR1
4480:(See
4038:S2CID
3282:S2CID
2445:genes
2372:2018)
2294:exons
2248:frogs
1970:TRP-2
1954:DHICA
1797:Plant
1619:SCOPe
1610:SCOP2
1478:SCOPe
1469:SCOP2
1290:PRIAM
1157:of a
1137:water
792:22173
752:Mouse
747:Human
718:Amigo
383:vulva
335:Mouse
328:Human
275:Start
210:Mouse
174:Start
107:Human
78:30969
70:98880
5939:list
5932:EC7
5926:list
5919:EC6
5913:list
5906:EC5
5900:list
5893:EC4
5887:list
5880:EC3
5874:list
5867:EC2
5861:list
5854:EC1
5639:21A2
5634:17A1
5508:11A1
5503:11B2
5498:11B1
5466:19A1
5413:NOS3
5408:NOS2
5403:NOS1
5391:FMO5
5386:FMO4
5381:FMO3
5376:FMO2
5371:FMO1
5354:NADH
5328:AlkB
5071:→TCA
4812:→TCA
4281:PMID
4232:PMID
4165:PMID
4130:PMID
4079:PMID
4030:PMID
3995:PMID
3964:PMID
3946:ISSN
3901:link
3883:PMID
3828:link
3810:PMID
3794:Gene
3771:PMID
3753:Gene
3729:PMID
3721:ISSN
3677:PMID
3659:ISSN
3618:PMID
3569:PMID
3518:PMID
3477:PMID
3441:PMID
3400:PMID
3365:PMID
3312:2016
3274:PMID
3220:PMID
3171:PMID
3112:PMID
3069:PMID
3020:PMID
2977:PMID
2948:1WX3
2926:PMID
2891:PMID
2856:PMID
2706:are
2688:and
2584:gene
2578:and
2479:and
2340:and
2328:and
2276:and
2027:and
1896:and
1808:PPOs
1784:and
1772:and
1670:PDBj
1666:PDBe
1649:ECOD
1639:Pfam
1615:1hc2
1574:Pfam
1529:PDBj
1525:PDBe
1508:ECOD
1498:Pfam
1474:1hc2
1434:clan
1432:Pfam
1420:Pfam
1370:NCBI
1311:PDBe
1266:KEGG
1111:and
1097:gene
773:7299
421:iris
318:Bgee
266:Band
227:Chr.
165:Band
124:Chr.
58:OMIM
5476:2E1
5471:2D6
5456:or
5430:3A4
5356:or
5338:FTO
4271:PMC
4263:doi
4222:PMC
4214:doi
4157:doi
4120:hdl
4110:doi
4069:doi
4022:doi
3954:PMC
3936:doi
3873:PMC
3863:doi
3802:doi
3798:285
3761:doi
3757:630
3711:doi
3667:PMC
3649:doi
3608:PMC
3600:doi
3559:PMC
3549:doi
3508:doi
3504:127
3431:doi
3392:doi
3388:127
3355:PMC
3347:doi
3264:PMC
3256:doi
3210:PMC
3202:doi
3161:PMC
3151:doi
3104:doi
3059:PMC
3051:doi
3047:371
3012:doi
2967:doi
2963:281
2944:PDB
2918:doi
2914:611
2883:doi
2848:doi
2718:of
2680:of
2312:to
2238:al.
2038:or
1962:GST
1958:GGT
1920:of
1894:San
1657:PDB
1516:PDB
1346:PMC
1302:PDB
1094:TYR
288:End
187:End
90:OMA
86:TYR
66:MGI
45:TYR
22:TYR
5979::
5581:19
5352::
5279::
5268:EC
5258::
5173:G→
5158::
5101:G→
4890:G→
4870::
4845::
4697:G→
4620::
4573:G→
4353:,
4349::
4279:.
4269:.
4259:59
4257:.
4253:.
4230:.
4220:.
4210:57
4208:.
4204:.
4163:.
4151:.
4128:.
4118:.
4106:31
4104:.
4100:.
4077:.
4065:17
4063:.
4059:.
4036:.
4028:.
4016:.
3991:21
3989:.
3985:.
3962:.
3952:.
3944:.
3934:.
3924:13
3922:.
3918:.
3897:}}
3893:{{
3881:.
3871:.
3861:.
3849:.
3845:.
3824:}}
3820:{{
3808:.
3796:.
3792:.
3769:.
3755:.
3751:.
3727:.
3719:.
3707:92
3705:.
3701:.
3689:^
3675:.
3665:.
3657:.
3645:13
3643:.
3639:.
3616:.
3606:.
3596:32
3594:.
3590:.
3567:.
3557:.
3545:10
3543:.
3539:.
3516:.
3502:.
3498:.
3473:16
3471:.
3439:.
3427:21
3425:.
3421:.
3398:.
3386:.
3363:.
3353:.
3345:.
3335:55
3333:.
3329:.
3280:.
3272:.
3262:.
3252:62
3250:.
3246:.
3232:^
3218:.
3208:.
3198:16
3196:.
3192:.
3169:.
3159:.
3149:.
3139:84
3137:.
3133:.
3110:.
3102:.
3092:67
3090:.
3067:.
3057:.
3045:.
3041:.
3018:.
3010:.
3000:67
2998:.
2975:.
2961:.
2957:.
2946::
2924:.
2912:.
2889:.
2877:.
2854:.
2844:93
2842:.
2830:^
2820:.
2802:.
2773:^
2752:^
2741:.
2652:,
2631:.
2623:,
2619:,
2615:,
2611:,
2586:.
2475:,
2250::
2031:.
1927:.
1900:.
1888:,
1866:.
1846:.
1823:Da
1812:Da
1780:,
1768:,
1764:,
1749:.
1668:;
1664:;
1647:/
1621:/
1617:/
1527:;
1523:;
1506:/
1480:/
1476:/
1328:/
1139:.
1127:,
1119:(O
1099:.
720:/
294:bp
281:bp
193:bp
180:bp
88:;
84::
80:;
76::
72:;
68::
64:;
60::
5955::
5941:)
5937:(
5928:)
5924:(
5915:)
5911:(
5902:)
5898:(
5889:)
5885:(
5876:)
5872:(
5863:)
5859:(
5683:e
5676:t
5669:v
5625:)
5621:(
5579:-
5528:)
5524:(
5266:(
5248:e
5241:t
5234:v
5199:/
5190:→
5186:→
5154:→
5118:→
5114:→
5067:→
5051:→
5031::
5014:/
5009::
4991::
4981:→
4952:→
4908:→
4894:→
4866:→
4841:→
4837:+
4808:→
4782:→
4763:/
4744:→
4715:→
4701:→
4677:→
4658:→
4639:→
4616:→
4595:→
4591:→
4578:→
4565:G
4546:→
4542:→
4503:/
4494:→
4418:→
4394:→
4381:→
4379:K
4339:e
4332:t
4325:v
4287:.
4265::
4238:.
4216::
4171:.
4159::
4153:3
4136:.
4122::
4112::
4085:.
4071::
4044:.
4024::
4018:9
4001:.
3970:.
3938::
3930::
3903:)
3889:.
3865::
3857::
3851:7
3830:)
3816:.
3804::
3777:.
3763::
3735:.
3713::
3683:.
3651::
3624:.
3602::
3575:.
3551::
3524:.
3510::
3483:.
3447:.
3433::
3406:.
3394::
3371:.
3349::
3341::
3314:.
3288:.
3258::
3226:.
3204::
3177:.
3153::
3145::
3118:.
3106::
3098::
3075:.
3053::
3026:.
3014::
3006::
2983:.
2969::
2932:.
2920::
2897:.
2885::
2879:3
2862:.
2850::
2824:.
2806:.
2549:β
2541:Îł
2537:Γ
2529:β
2517:α
2071:L
1950:.
1760:,
1717:.
1121:2
212:)
109:)
92::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
