Tzaraath - Knowledge

2415: 2032: 2423: 45: 1008:, both male lambs. One who could not afford this sacrifice would instead offer birds rather than lambs for the sin-offering and burnt-offering. Blood from the slaughtered guilt-offering was placed on his right ear, right thumb and right big toe; then some of the oil for the sacrifice was poured into the priest's left palm, and applied with the priest's right forefinger onto the 3156: 1267:

completely burnt; if a lesion reappears on the garment but not on the patch, the garment must be burned but the patch can be saved. To recapitulate, if the lesion remained as it was after the first week of confinement, it is washed and reconfined. If it remained as it was after the second week of confinement, it is burned.

2387:

in the skin, with, for example, spreading of the infection being tested for by isolating the fabric in question for first 7 days. The principal symptoms are described as being green or red spots, which spread within a week, or that do not change appearance at all after a fortnight, having been washed

1705:

At least two afflicted stones are necessary for removal of any stones and at least two new stones must be used to fill the void. If the afflicted wall is shared by two houses owned by two neighbors, both neighbors must help to remove the afflicted stones, scrape and place the new stones, but only the

1476:

must be able to see the entirety of the lesion. Thus, if the skin eruption or bald spot wraps around either the body or body parts, or occurs at the tip of terminal body parts—any place that would preclude the observation of the entire lesion at one time (i.e. wrapping around the torso, scalp or arm,

995:

then waited for seven days to begin the final steps of his purification ceremony; in this period he must avoid his own home, but may mix with other people. On the seventh day, he again washed his garments from impurity and again shaves off all of his hair, and was then deemed pure. On the eighth day,

811:

For bald patches or lesions of the scalp or beard, another confinement period of seven days is imposed. However, prior to this second confinement period, the individual is shaved around the lesion, but not in the lesion itself; according to the rabbis, a rim of two hairs surrounding the bald spot is

1530:

do not render impurity on parts of the body that are naturally concealed by other parts of the body according to specific regulations. For skin eruptions on the legs, men are inspected standing as though they are hoeing and women standing as though they are rolling dough. For eruptions on the arms,

1925:

of houses as having a practical benefit. According to one, as well as being a punishment for miserliness, it also demonstrated that the house owner was lying, if they had said they did not own certain objects neighbours had asked to borrow, since the biblical regulations require the house owner to

838:

have been met, either during the initial inspection or at either of the two follow-ups (when applicable) or even after a previous pronouncement of purity, the individual is declared impure. The individual is declared impure even if the lesion did not worsen or spread but remained the same—the skin

634:

covers a person's entire body, it is considered pure, and no isolation or purification ritual is needed. However, according to a minority interpretation, it is not the entire body, but the entire lesion (including any "islands" of previously healthy skin within the lesion) which must be covered by

1366:

infections in houses were to be treated similarly harshly according to the biblical regulations, and didn't have any exceptions; stones showing the symptoms had to be removed, and the house had to be scraped, with the removed stones and scraped-off clay being cast into a rubbish heap outside the

590:

consists of an abnormal skin texture as well as color. However, rabbinic interpretation almost universally concluded that these three terms refer to different shades of color (white like wool or like snow, etc.) rather than different textures. The rabbis even argued the phrase "its appearance is

1266:

tears the area with the eruption from the garment and burns the torn out portion completely. The torn out area is patched to allow for a reinspection of the area for return of the lesion. If, the eruption returns to the patch, there is no confinement period instituted and the entire garment is

2299:

in fact corresponds to no naturally occurring disease: "By establishing rigid criteria, almost everyone who was examined was destined to fail to meet the criteria for diagnosis. Therefore this passage was designed to integrate persons with disfiguring skin diseases back into society, not to

2339:. The symptoms that the text considers to be indicative of disease include those of the spread of superficial swellings or spots (where there had previously been a boil), and those of reddish-white sores in areas of baldness; the former condition is identified by the Bible as 2434:

as infecting the walls of houses; the symptoms it describes are depressions in the wall, which are green or red, and spread over a period of seven days. The description is regarded by scholars as again being strikingly similar to the wording of the description of

1367:

city, and if the infection returned once replacement stones were laid and daubed with clay, then the whole house had to be dismantled, with the rubble again going to the tip outside the city. Additionally, people who had been in a house while it was infected with

1967:; to speak derogatorily about others to one's friends is likened to birds, who chatter endlessly. Similarly, the one who speaks ill of others is haughty, holding himself or herself high above others, like the tall cedar. To be healed, the 2327:. Among other situations the text considers harmless are the appearance of dull white spots, white patches of skin without sores, and baldness without sores; the latter two of these are thought by scholars to most probably refer to 2010:

nowadays, since there are currently no priests with proven priestly lineage who can declare this status, or else because current priests do not have the necessary tradition or knowledge to determine the status, or because the

1686:, although an even mixture of sheep's wool and another type of wool (camel's wool, for example) can be afflicted. In a similar vein, a mixture of plant fibers containing linen is insusceptible unless it is at least half linen. 874:. They must tear their garments, keep their hair unkept or uncut (פרוע), and cover their upper lip; these practices are expressions of mourning. In a different interpretation, the mouth must be covered, to prevent contagion. 1336:

sees that the eruption has spread beyond what it had been, the afflicted stones are removed, the area around the afflicted stones is scraped and both the removed stones and clay plaster are cast into a place of impurity.

1313:

will then command that they empty the house of all of its contents prior to his inspection; this is to prevent further financial loss, because should the house be confined, everything within it became impure as well.

2388:

after the first week, or that return a week after having been torn out, if they also had faded with washing prior to being torn out. These descriptions are regarded by scholars as most probably indicative of certain

1735:

Only houses that possess four walls and four corners are susceptible. Similarly, only those houses that rest on the ground are susceptible, to the exclusion of those that are suspended above ground or are built on a

1026:, with the living bird representing the departure of ritual impurity. Hyssop might simply be a good implement to use for sprinkling, with cedar-wood perhaps having alleged medicinal properties. Alternatively, 2074:, which, owing to the undeveloped state of medical science at that period, were not distinguished. A wide range of diseases, infections, and skin conditions known to modern medicine have been suggested as 1235:

for inspection. A garment cannot be declared impure upon initial examination; rather, it is confined for seven days, and if on the seventh day, the eruption has spread, the garment is declared impure with

736:, the lesion must be a white patch tinged with red (נגע לבן אדמדם). This can occur in one of two places: within what are referred to as a man's posterior baldness (קרחת) and anterior baldness (גבחת). 1757:

Two storey houses are treated as two distinct houses and the beams that serve as the floor of the upper storey and the roof of the lower storey are allowed to remain with whichever house remains.

1910:(for 1. rebelling against Elisha's decision to not take payment for a miracle God had worked 2. working deceitfully to take the payment 3. lying to Elisha, saying he hadn't done the thing); and 820:

have still not been met, the individual is declared pure. He or she, must, however, wash both his or her body and garments; due to the confinement, he or she is considered impure in some sense.

1082:

would believe that God had sent him. God provides him with two signs to prove his mission: turning his rod into a snake and then back into a rod, and turning his hand into being stricken with

4488: 1441:

occurring where boils had previously healed, but not where unhealed boils exist, the Mishnah maintains that the appearance of the other symptoms in an unhealed boil or burn do not indicate

1567:

Even on the days when inspections are performed, they are only allowed for two hours each day: during the fourth and eighth hour of the day (corresponding roughly to 9–10 AM and 2–3 PM).

789:

If the criteria are not met by the lesion during the initial examination, the individual is confined to his home for seven days, pending a follow-up examination. If the criteria for

1109:

but must remain in confinement for seven days. The Torah, however, does not indicate that she went through any purification process similar to what is normally required. Miriam's

1623:

was not allowed into Temple grounds prior to his purification process, while the blood of the offering was not allowed out of the Temple grounds. To reconcile this dilemma, the

1255:

may instruct that the garment with the eruption be washed and confined once more for seven days. If upon a second re-evaluation after the second seven days of confinement, the

1575:

lesion, he becomes impure, even if he had no confirming signs. He may become pure only after another lesion forms. The exception is when a lesion appears on the tip of the

846:, not on any possible medical danger. The commands repeatedly discuss the sufferer's "pure" or "impure" status, only rarely mentioning "healing", and no Biblical story of 1887:

in the third stage of Rabbah's scheme, the clothes must be burnt, and the infection enters the person's skin; if repentance occurs here then purification could occur.

1321:

comes to perform the inspection, he looks for lesions on the wall that appear either intense green (ירקרקת) or intense red (אדמדמת) and that appear sunken below the

1764:(not, for example, barns or cattle stalls) and only houses that exist within the region of land originally divided among the 12 tribes, because the verse refers to 728:

if they meet the criteria mentioned by the Torah. Such an eruption on a bald scalp must appear in a distinct fashion, but is regulated by rules similar to that of

3427: 3052:

Hulse, E. V. (1976). The Nature of Biblical “leprosy” and the use of Alternative Medical terms in Modern translations of the Bible. Medical History, 20(02), 203.

2292:, chapter 1) also does not mention this characteristic. However Katzenelson concluded his analysis by listing many unanswered difficulties with Minh's opinion. 1456:, those on the extremities of the body (such as the fingers, toes, ears, nose, breasts, etc.), and those that occur in hairy parts of the body, do not indicate 4378: 471:

affects the skin in a manner resembling a wasp's sting. Other theories suggest a connection to the roots שרע ("to spread") or זרע ("seed", i.e. a growth).

2988:; this is especially necessary according to Maimonides, who asserts that these lesions manifest as pure hair loss without any concomitant skin eruption. 1877:

the first stage in the Rabbah's view was the infection of homes, and if repentance came here it only required removal of the affected stones for a cure.

655:

and do not carry impurity. During the healing phases of these wounds, however, if certain signs that mimic those of the aforementioned patches appear,

1113:

is described as "like snow", perhaps less due to the white color than due to the production of skin flakes, which is common in various skin diseases.

970:. "Living" water was placed in an earthenware vessel, over which one of the birds was slaughtered and into which the blood was allowed to run. The 4508: 1742:

only affects houses that are built entirely out of stones, wood and clay plaster. If any of the four walls are built or internally overlaid with

913:, if the white hairs were plucked before the inspection then the person was not declared impure. Similarly, in the Biblical description of house- 2267: 2022:

is not regarded as a direct Divine punishment with a ritual remedy, but rather as a normal physical disease whose treatment is purely medical.

1627:

stuck these body parts through the gateway one at a time to receive the blood. The same was done with the oil from the flour offerings of the

2208:

the additional presence of bodily sores, and swellings or spots where there previously had been a boil, is one of the classical symptoms of

816:

After the second confinement period of seven days, those with skin patches or bald patches are re-evaluated once more. If the criteria for

1340:

The void is filled with new stones and clay plaster and the house is confined for another seven days. If upon a second re-evaluation, the

1884:

would not go away, and the infection came upon one's clothes; if repentance came here it required only washing of the clothes for a cure.

204: 176: 1696:

if it is artificially dyed. If, however, the item is naturally colored (such as wool from a black sheep), it can be rendered impure.

1226:) eruption. This has been interpreted as either a intense color ("the greenest of greens") or a mild one ("less than fully green"). 917:, individuals are encouraged to remove their belongings from the house before the house and its contents are pronounced impure. 627:

rather than an individual condition; in which case, the rabbinic interpretation may also be the original meaning of the verses.

1382:, and two birds. However, the second half of the person's purification ritual, involving Temple sacrifices, was not performed. 1371:

was considered ritually impure until the evening came, and anyone who had eaten or slept there had to also wash their clothes.

1287:

that faded after washing but came back after being torn out, in which case it could be considered ritually pure as soon as the

1890:

in the fourth stage, which only occurs when the person has completely refused to repent, the person is forced to dwell alone.

766:, examines the lesion according to the previously mentioned criteria, and determine whether it meets the specifications of 1809:

and forgiveness. The verse itself arguably suggests this, as it directs those who find themselves afflicted to seek out a

563:

spreading (ואם פשה תפשה המספחת בעור) – if the patch became enlarged since the time of the initial examination by the Kohen

1531:

men raise their arms as though they are picking olives and women raise their arms as though they are weaving or spinning.

171: 3414: 2711:

John F. A. Sawyer, "A Note on the Etymology of ṣāra'at", Vetus Testamentum, Vol. 26, Fasc. 2 (Apr., 1976), pp. 241–245

2214:

the additional presence of sores on the head or chin is thought by scholars to most probably indicate the presence of

4503: 425: 1259:

sees that the eruption did not dim and did not spread, the garment is declared impure and must be completely burnt.

793:

are again not met and the lesion has not spread, there is a difference in protocol depending on the type of lesion.

4097: 885:, regard this as the first model of sanitary legislation. Nevertheless, some (though not all) Talmudic laws treat 1995:

nowadays, but this is practically irrelevant, because in the absence of a Temple it is impossible to perform the

1918: 1419: 1303:

mentioned by the Torah affects buildings. If an individual notices an affliction on his house, he is to inform a

197: 2439:

infections in the skin, but still somewhat obscure; it would seem to fit some form of fungal growth, especially

1987:

are not practiced by contemporary Jews. Several approaches have been suggested to explain why this is the case:

2151: 1813:(priest) and not a doctor, even though generally the Torah encourages seeking medical treatment from doctors. 1378:

received a purification ritual virtually identical to that of a healed person, involving cedar-wood, scarlet,

2181:

the whitening of the skin over the whole body with sores, is considered by scholars to be most indicative of

1015:

right ear lobe, right thumb, and right big toe. The rest of the oil from the priest's palm was poured on the

701:

thin yellow hair (ובו שער צהב דק) – if at least two-and-a-half hairs from within the bald patch turn yellow (

2600:, vol. 61, University of California Press, National Association of Biology Teachers, pp. 490–495, 1706:

owner of the house whose interior was afflicted performs the replastering. It is from this ruling that the

4086: 2262:, as it is non-contagious, cause the hair located within the discolored area to turn white (also known as 2193:

the spreading of swellings or spots in a burn injury, according to scholars, is most probably a result of

2042:, (1846–1917) devoted a portion of his work on talmudic medicine to the analysis of the parallels between 1594:

The sprinkling was done onto the back of his hand, or else (according to another opinion) on his forehead.

1356:

does not return, the house is pronounced pure, and the same purification process mentioned in relation to

839:

eruption must become dimmer in appearance for it to be declared pure at the second follow-up examination.

2202:

the additional presence of swellings or spots in a burn injury are thought by scholars most likely to be

294: 1430:

argues that plucking out the white hair was all that was required for the disease not to be considered

190: 560:

healthy flesh (ומחית בשר חי) – if skin of a normal appearance appears within the confines of the patch

2367:

is described by Leviticus as being able to infect historically common clothing fabrics, specifically

1862:

is a "divine retribution for the offender's failure to feel the needs and share the hurt of others."

1647: 1635:

lost any of these body parts after he was ready for purification, he could never obtain purification.

1270:

If, however, upon the second re-evaluation, the lesion disappears, the garment must be immersed in a

2335:, respectively, and the Bible remarks that the former – the dull white spots – are merely a form of 2139: 1325:

of the wall's surface (שפל מן הקיר, literally "lower than the wall"). If this is what he sees, the

1005: 909:

s inspection could be delayed until after the celebrations; in cases where white hair is a sign of

1873:

as increasing levels of punishment, which could be curtailed at any stage if repentance was made:

1858:(slanderer). One modern source asserts that as a "physical manifestation of a spiritual malaise," 1196:: either unworked leather (עור) or finished leather (כל מלאכת עור, literally "all worked leather") 947:) undergo a number of ritual events, some occurring immediately, and some occurring a week later. 378:

and similar skin conditions; at the time Hansen's disease was known in Greek by a different term (

3174: 2203: 2095: 1772:, because it was not given as an inheritance to any one tribe, but rather held jointly by all of 258:

generally involves patches that are white and contain unusually colored hair. Clothing and house

2351:, while the latter is unidentified in the biblical text, but considered by scholars to indicate 1552:

on his flesh, garments or house. Similarly, there are no inspections carried out on the days of

976:

then dipped the remaining bird and other items into the bloodied water, and sprinkled it on the

870:(מצורע). Such individuals must live alone outside the confines of their community, and call out 4151: 2155: 2087: 2075: 1147: 823:

If the lesion was declared ritually pure and later it spread, it must be shown once again to a

708:

spreading (והנה פשה הנתק בעור) – if the balding spreads, according to Maimonides. According to

75: 4479: 3530: 3107: 2700: 2271: 2039: 1806: 1786: 3134:

16:3 - one must distance oneself from a leper, and distance further when the wind is blowing

1971:

must erase arrogance, making themselves lowly like a worm. This is a play on words—the word

1488:

who is blind in one eye or who cannot see well may not perform the inspections. An eligible

842:

The biblical emphasis appears to be on the ritual impurity that results from a diagnosis of

712:, who quotes the Tosefta, this spreading would refer to spreading of a skin change as well ( 4127: 3613: 3519: 3169: 3091: 2985: 2687: 1898:

is stated to have received the condition due to some violation of biblical laws, including

4469: 3013: 1768:(בית ארץ אחזתכם, "a house of the land of your inheritance"); this also excludes houses in 8: 2167: 2147: 2099: 1322: 997: 383: 353: 243: 4176: 1638:

The remaining portion of the olive oil from the purification offering, called in Hebrew

603:(both terms which may refer to color and not texture) are later discussed individually ( 4416: 2609: 2574: 2536: 2320: 2239: 1946:

required the house owner to remove the bricks, and so find the treasures hidden there.

1914:

for burning incense in the Temple (a ritual whose performance was limited to priests).

1773: 1583:, which is permitted, because a positive commandment overrides a negative commandment. 926: 882: 274: 166: 123: 2323:, the biblical text mentions a number of other conditions that could be confused with 1426:

In the group of symptoms where the hair of the inflicted region has turned white, the

1022:

Some scholars speculate that the initial ritual may have originally been connected to

4408: 4197: 4077: 2578: 2103: 1023: 709: 278: 251: 54: 33: 586:("a bright spot"). The meaning of these terms is obscure, but they may suggest that 4420: 4398: 4390: 4131: 3131: 2652:

3.20 (plural), Prorrh.2.43 (pl.), Epid.5.9 (sg.), Morb.1.3 (sg.), Arist.Pr.887a34,

2601: 2596:

Eichman, Phillip (1999), "The History, Biology, & Medical Aspects of Leprosy",

2570: 2107: 1999:

purification ritual, and because since the exile there is no commandment to remove

1244:, the garment, whether wool, linen or leather, is completely burnt in fire; if the 690:

is characterized by hair loss without any change to the skin of the bald spot. The

595:) refers to color ("deeper" presumed by the rabbis to mean "of lighter color"). As 553:

white hair (והיא הפכה שיער לבן) – if at least two hairs within the confines of the

387: 298: 1689:

The leather referred to by the Torah does not include the hides of marine animals.

386:

increased as the latter disease spread more widely, and was firmly established by

2255: 2127: 2111: 1161:

after offering incense in the Temple, a task forbidden to all except the priests.

878: 437: 223: 1204:

may appear uniformly throughout the fabric, or else be limited to the garment's

4060: 4049: 3475: 3165: 2123: 1866: 1464:

Rabbinic literature describes additional laws regarding priest's inspection of

1449:, unless the other symptoms occur in parts of the body not previously diseased. 1209: 1001: 902: 894: 669:

spreading (ואם פשה תפשה בעור and אם פשה תפשה בעור) – similar to that in patches

429: 416:(to peel), hence 'leprosy' (literally, morbid scaliness). Variants of the word 90: 4455: 4444: 4433: 4365: 4354: 4343: 4332: 4318: 4307: 4296: 4285: 4274: 4263: 4252: 4238: 3757: 3746: 3735: 3724: 3695: 3667: 3656: 3652: 3637: 3574: 3563: 3552: 3541: 3508: 3497: 3486: 3471: 3460: 3438: 3375: 3364: 3353: 3342: 3331: 3320: 3215: 3095: 3080: 3061: 2974: 2963: 2919: 2871: 2867: 2856: 2852: 2828: 2817: 2776: 2749: 2561:

Grzybowski, Andrzej; Nita, Małgorzata (January 2016). "Leprosy in the Bible".

2515: 2511: 2500: 2489: 1754:, and a house cannot be rendered impure unless all four walls are susceptible. 1445:, and that if the boil or burn subsequently heals, it still does not indicate 1139: 1087: 1035: 1031: 943:

had been cured, the biblical text requires that the formerly infected person (

939:, who leaves the community to examine him. When the priest had certified that 713: 702: 666:

white hair (ושערה הפך לבן and נהפך שער לבן בבהרת) – similar to that in patches

604: 529: 522: 518: 4497: 4227: 3449: 3309: 3298: 3284: 3270: 3259: 3248: 3237: 3226: 3160: 3065: 3035: 3024: 3002: 2952: 2941: 2930: 2886: 2801: 2787: 2737: 2478: 2389: 2143: 2071: 2035: 1950: 1850:

behavior. Elsewhere, the connection with gossip is supported by the wordplay

1477:

or occurring at the tip of a finger or toe) – there can be no declaration of

1067: 1043: 959: 608: 592: 571: 511: 433: 100: 1926:

take all their possessions outside prior to confinement. On the other hand,

1713:(אוי לרשע אוי לשכנו, "Woe to the wicked! Woe to his neighbor!") originates. 1692:

The fabric of wool or linen or leather article cannot be rendered impure by

4412: 4243: 4201: 2653: 2582: 2316: 2235: 2012: 1580: 1105:

asks Moses to cure her. Moses prays for his sister and she is cured of the

1075: 963: 732:

on the skin; however, it can only occur on men. For a scalp eruption to be

4394: 1283:

were required by the text to be burnt entirely, unless it was the form of

1150:, and were the first to discover that the besieging Aramean army had fled. 2646: 2414: 2394: 2163: 1963: 1822: 391: 246:, the disease known as "leprosy" in modern times), is a term used in the 44: 3159: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 2540: 1953:

wood, and worm - were specifically included to deliver a message to the

1492:

may inspect anyone, including his relatives, except himself. Even a non-

1042:

which also appear in the ceremony of purification from corpse-impurity (

893:

were not considered ritually impure; in special circumstances (during a

281:, and several Biblical stories describe individuals who have contracted 254:

disfigurative conditions of the human skin, clothing, and houses. Skin

2882: 2613: 2528: 2403: 2194: 1939: 1794: 1646:

at the completion of his service. This portion is listed as one of the

1403: 1079: 1019:'s head. Finally, the sin-offering and burnt-offering were sacrificed. 898: 683: 357: 118: 85: 2465:

D. L. Kaplan, "Biblical leprosy: an anachronism whose time has come",

2187:

the spreading of sores is regarded by scholars as most symptomatic of

797:

For skin patches, another confinement period of seven days is imposed.

770:. If during the initial examination the lesion meets the criteria for 4403: 4115: 4108: 3678: 2639: 2344: 2182: 2083: 1935: 1769: 1422:

took an extremely literal view. This is shown in the following laws:

1034:), and the use of "living" water dyed with blood (representing life: 694:, however, maintains that the skin of the bald spot becomes altered. 444: 375: 2626:

Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon article

2605: 2348: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2300:

excommunicate them as was the practice in neighbouring societies."

2263: 2251: 2215: 2188: 2119: 2115: 2043: 1785:

The Talmud, and most historic Jewish literature (for example Rabbi

1576: 1553: 1262:

If the second re-evaluation reveals a dimming of the eruption, the

1086:

and then back again. Moses performed these signs for the elders in

4473: 2258:

suggested that vitiligo is the most likely candidate for biblical

2199:

in regard to subcutaneous disease where the hair has turned white

1608:

is shaved, this shaving excludes places similar to those in which

4082: 2440: 2376: 2209: 2159: 2135: 2031: 1725: 1707: 1668: 1557: 1538: 1496:

may perform the inspection if they are proficient in the laws of

1427: 1399: 1193: 985: 691: 648: 95: 2535:, vol. 12, Institute of General Semantics, pp. 37–47, 1571:

If someone cuts off some skin or a part of his body to remove a

1131:

defrauded Naaman, Gehazi and his descendants were punished with

850:

appears to involve the danger of death to the afflicted person.

4248: 4246: 4215: 4111: 2443:, which produces yellowish-green and reddish patches on walls. 2399: 2289: 2285: 2173:

Of the particular situations that Leviticus describes as being

2051: 1911: 1907: 1880:

in the second stage, the entire house must be torn down as the

1831: 1827: 1743: 1561: 1453: 1272: 1154: 1128: 1124: 1116: 1094: 951: 270: 146: 80: 59: 25: 2422: 2015:

which must be worn while declaring the status are unavailable.

980:

seven times. The live bird was freed into the open field. The

4489:

Impureté, contagion et alliance à travers la lèpre, Tsara'at

4379:"Mold: "tsara'at," Leviticus, and the history of a confusion" 3641: 3586: 2633: 2627: 2372: 2352: 2303: 2227: 2091: 1927: 1903: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1747: 1305: 1231: 1187: 1102: 1071: 972: 779: 755: 750: 411: 402: 369: 347: 247: 161: 3988: 3986: 3946: 3944: 1390:

Rabbinic tradition includes an extensive elaboration of the

1332:

On the seventh day, upon re-evaluating the eruption, if the

651:, blunt force trauma or thermal insult to the skin, are not 382:). The connection with the bacterial infection now known as 3596: 3594: 2368: 2312: 2131: 1934:

of houses was a reward for the homeowner, arguing that the

1899: 1835: 1248:

was confined to the woof or warp, only that need be burnt.

1205: 1181: 967: 464: 342:"to be struck with leprosy, to be leprous"), and the Greek 141: 2270:), and can grow in size within a week to two-week period. 1344:

has returned after new stones have been plastered in, the

3983: 3941: 2660: 2469:

1993 Mar;28(3):507-10. doi: 10.1016/0190-9622(93)70071-z.

1975:(תולעת) means both "red" and "worm" – as well as hyssop. 1798: 407:(a scale (of a fish)), which in turn stems from the verb 156: 3591: 2998: 2996: 2994: 1251:

Upon re-evaluation after the seven-day confinement, the

18:

Conditions of the skin, clothing and houses in the Torah

1597:

The slaughtered bird was buried in the presence of the

1586:

Additional laws relate to the sacrifice offered at the

662:

Confirmation is by the occurrence of one of two signs:

3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 1760:

Houses are the only buildings that are susceptible to

1414:

Rather than interpreting the biblical descriptions of

647:

Boils and burns, as occur naturally as a result of an

2991: 1906:(whose blood was shed deceitfully in time of peace), 4214:

HaTalmud V’Chochmat HaRefuah (Berlin 1928 p. 336-8)

2343:, and scholars regard its symptoms as pointing to a 2070:

of the skin actually refer to a number of different

3137: 2383:in such fabrics is strikingly analogous to that of 1949:The items used in the purification ritual - birds, 1942:, who had hidden their valuables in the walls; the 4376: 3691: 3689: 3687: 1615:The dabbing of sacrificial blood on the recovered 424:with Hansen's disease were used from the earliest 4187: 2222:a white spot in the head or beard hair, called a 2026: 1394:laws recorded in the Bible. The rabbinic laws of 262:consists of a reddish or greenish discoloration. 4495: 1352:and the entire house must be dismantled. If the 1329:exits the house and confines it for seven days. 808:, "scar") and there are no further examinations. 744:To determine whether a skin condition is indeed 3684: 2638:cites "A. leprosy, which makes the skin scaly, 2246:is non-contagious, he therefore concluded that 1750:or earthen soil, that wall is insusceptible to 1548:until the eighth day after his wedding for any 1291:had gone, and it had subsequently been washed. 739: 528:bald patches or lesions of the scalp or beard ( 4328: 4326: 2560: 762:, trained in examining lesions and diagnosing 3904: 3902: 3888: 3886: 3833: 3831: 1508:examiner may inform an accompanying inexpert 754:(a priest, possessing direct male lineage to 532:), in which case the lesion is called a נתק ( 451:(צרע) may mean "smiting"; the Arabic cognate 198: 4161: 4159: 3076: 3074: 1053: 724:, patches that occur on a bald scalp may be 455:(صرع) has a similar meaning. Alternatively, 337: 4323: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 3164: 1816:The Talmud lists seven possible causes for 1218:appears in clothing as a greenish (ירקרק – 858:The individual who is declared impure with 545:White patches of the skin are confirmed as 177:Prohibition of Kohen defilement by the dead 3899: 3883: 3828: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 2797: 2795: 2772: 2770: 2066:Scholars suspect that the descriptions of 2006:One cannot formally acquire the status of 1716:There are numerous limitations put on the 1146:were staying outside the besieged city of 996:he brought three animal sacrifices to the 615:(apparently referring to texture) is not, 570:skin patches can come in three varieties ( 374:), which in classical sources referred to 238:into English and frequently translated as 205: 191: 4402: 4156: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3294: 3292: 3280: 3278: 3071: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 1165: 1101:for her involvement in slandering Moses. 1000:: a sin-offering of a female lamb, and a 812:left, to make any spreading recognizable. 549:by the occurrence of one of three signs: 497: 4377:Heller RM, Heller TW, Sasson JM (2003). 4188:Shai A, Vardy D, Zvulunov A (2002). "". 4137: 3048: 3046: 3044: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2421: 2413: 2392:, and especially matching infections by 2030: 1294: 1046:), represent the symbolic return of the 1038:) and scarlet dye, along with cedar and 984:washed their garments from impurity and 935:s lesion vanishes, he is evaluated by a 889:as noncontagious: non-Jewish victims of 748:, the afflicted individual must visit a 619:may be considered a possible feature of 4073: 4071: 4069: 2792: 2767: 2595: 2526: 2058: 2054:consensus was that they are synonymous. 4509:Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law 4496: 3380: 3289: 3275: 3098:where lip-covering indicates mourning. 2666: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2358: 1678:Only sheep's wool is susceptible to a 1619:caused some complication, because the 1504:may declare purity or impurity. A non- 1385: 920: 682:is patches of hair loss. According to 3041: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2452: 1659:There are a number of limitations to 1229:Such clothing must be brought to the 1177:is relevant to only three materials: 4066: 2274:added that while vitiligo lacks the 1544:A groom is exempt from visiting the 1119:, an Aramean general, suffered from 678:The initial symptom of this type of 591:deeper than the skin of his flesh" ( 459:may be derived from the Hebrew word 2547: 2363:In addition to infecting the skin, 1978: 1938:homes had previously been those of 1654: 1173:can also afflict garments. Garment 639:in order to have this pure status. 338: 13: 2829:חידת הצרעת הטהורה | ד"ר נריה קליין 2714: 2575:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.10.003 2533:Etc: A Review of General Semantics 2304:Similar conditions not considered 1780: 1127:. However, after Elisha's servant 642: 352:), refer to conditions other than 14: 4520: 4463: 3168:; et al., eds. (1901–1906). 2430:The biblical text also describes 1700: 1452:Sores smaller than the size of a 1437:Since the biblical text mentions 1418:in the manner of modern doctors, 1360:of human flesh is employed here. 1279:Fabrics and clothing affected by 1240:. Subsequent to a declaration of 673: 578:("a rising" or "discoloration"), 426:English translations of the Bible 4449: 4438: 4427: 4370: 4359: 4348: 4337: 4312: 4301: 4290: 4279: 4268: 4257: 4232: 4221: 4208: 4181: 4170: 4121: 4102: 4091: 4054: 4038: 4025: 4012: 3999: 3970: 3957: 3928: 3915: 3870: 3857: 3844: 3178:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 3154: 2295:One recent author suggests that 1524:declares "purity" or "impurity". 1276:(ritual bath) and is then pure. 1200:In a wool or linen garment, the 1058:The Hebrew Bible also speaks of 853: 720:While baldness is not a form of 697:There are two confirming signs: 43: 3815: 3802: 3789: 3780: 3771: 3762: 3751: 3740: 3729: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3672: 3661: 3646: 3631: 3618: 3607: 3585:Leviticus 13:56, commentary of 3579: 3568: 3557: 3546: 3535: 3524: 3513: 3502: 3491: 3480: 3465: 3454: 3443: 3432: 3420: 3415:Peake's commentary on the Bible 3369: 3358: 3347: 3336: 3325: 3314: 3303: 3264: 3253: 3242: 3231: 3220: 3209: 3200: 3191: 3182: 3125: 3112: 3101: 3085: 3055: 3029: 3018: 3007: 2979: 2968: 2957: 2946: 2935: 2924: 2913: 2900: 2876: 2861: 2846: 2833: 2822: 2811: 2781: 2754: 2743: 2731: 2705: 2694: 2691:, "Leprosy, Leper", p.2763-2768 1957:. The sin most associated with 1826:("evil tongue", i.e. malicious 1746:, natural outcropping of rock, 1420:classical rabbinical literature 1409: 1374:A house that was "healed" from 950:Initially, the person took two 540: 269:are given in depth in chapters 2620: 2589: 2520: 2505: 2494: 2483: 2472: 2379:. The biblical description of 2152:lichen sclerosus et atrophicus 2027:Modern medical interpretations 1838:, illicit sexual intercourse, 834:If, however, the criteria for 1: 2446: 827:, who will then pronounce it 502:There are three varieties of 2598:The American Biology Teacher 2409: 1919:classical rabbinical writers 1869:sees the different types of 1612:are not subject to impurity. 1512:of his determination that a 740:Inspection and pronouncement 506:that relate to human flesh: 7: 4166:Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia 2280:characteristic of biblical 2238:discovered that leprosy is 1801:, and argue that cure from 1663:as it applies to clothing: 1299:The third and last type of 862:is referred to as either a 804:declares it merely a צרבת ( 394:. The classical Greek term 10: 4525: 2634: 2628: 1030:is seen as akin to death ( 924: 778:pronounces the individual 467:), based on the idea that 412: 403: 370: 348: 4118:13, commentary. page 272. 3531:Ibn Ezra, Leviticus 13:49 3188:Mishnah Nega'im 3:1, 11:1 3108:Ibn Ezra, Leviticus 13:45 2242:; assuming that biblical 1805:only comes about through 1648:twenty-four kohanic gifts 1054:Stories involving tzaraat 986:shaved off all their hair 955: 491: 483: 388:Islamic works on medicine 235: 227: 4504:Jewish ritual purity law 4216:title at hebrewbooks.org 2895:Hilchot Tuma'at Tzaraath 2140:lichen simplex chronicus 2050:, he concluded that the 2003:sufferers from the camp. 1894:Each Biblical victim of 1711:Oy l'rasha, oy l'scheino 1667:Clothing belonging to a 800:For boils or burns, the 34:Ritual purity in Judaism 4177:Dr. Harold Spinka, M.D. 3175:The Jewish Encyclopedia 3038:and commentary of Rashi 2942:Leviticus 13:4,21,26,31 2931:Leviticus 13:3,20,25,30 2418:Mildew infecting a flat 2096:dermatophyte infections 1640:log shemen shel metzora 486:‎) "affliction", 380:elephantiasis graecorum 288: 4128:Rashi, Leviticus 14:34 3614:Rashi, Leviticus 13:57 3520:Rashi, Leviticus 13:49 3092:Rashi, Leviticus 13:45 3025:Leviticus 13:7–8,35–36 2986:Rashi, Leviticus 13:33 2563:Clinics in Dermatology 2527:Lendrum, F.C. (1954), 2427: 2419: 2311:In addition to simple 2156:folliculitis decalvans 2088:seborrhoeic dermatitis 2076:differential diagnosis 2055: 1766:beis eretz achuzaschem 1720:that afflicts houses: 1579:and is cut off during 1222:) or reddish (אדמדם – 1166:Affliction of clothing 1078:, he doubted that the 630:Paradoxically, if the 498:Affliction of the body 4395:10.1353/pbm.2003.0085 4152:Contemporary Tzaraat? 3476:2 Chronicles 26:16–21 3428:Adam mitabel al atzmo 3120:A history of medicine 3014:Rashi, Leviticus 13:6 2425: 2417: 2272:Yehuda L. Katzenelson 2040:Yehuda L. Katzenelson 2034: 1787:Samson Raphael Hirsch 1671:are insusceptible to 1642:, is retained by the 1484:In a similar vein, a 1295:Affliction of housing 1123:until being cured by 925:Further information: 474:The manifestation of 356:. The editors of the 236:variously transcribed 28:series of articles on 4048:12:4, commentary of 3118:Arturo Castiglioni, 2688:Encyclopedia Biblica 2635:λέπρ-ρη , ἡ, (λεπίς) 2529:"The Name 'Leprosy'" 2234:Russian pathologist 1728:is insusceptible to 1062:in several stories: 398:stems from the noun 360:translated the term 250:to describe various 172:Tumath eretz Ha'Amim 70:Purification methods 4383:Perspect. Biol. Med 4098:Vayikra Rabbah 16:2 2964:Leviticus 13:23, 28 2728:, Vayikra p.217-237 2359:In clothing fabrics 2168:lichen planopilaris 2148:lupus erythematosus 2100:nummular dermatitis 1991:One could contract 1604:When the recovered 1386:In Rabbinic Judaism 1212:(או בשתי או בערב). 921:Purification ritual 136:Sources of Impurity 4456:Leviticus 14:38–39 4366:Leviticus 13:56–57 4355:Leviticus 13:53–54 4333:Leviticus 13:50–51 4319:Leviticus 13:47–48 4308:Leviticus 13:42–44 4297:Leviticus 13:21–22 4275:Leviticus 13:12–13 4264:Leviticus 13:38–39 4196:(5): 479–82, 496. 3758:Leviticus 14:48–53 3747:Leviticus 14:46–47 3736:Leviticus 14:42–43 3725:Leviticus 14:40–41 3487:Leviticus 13:47–48 3426:Yonatan Grossman, 3354:Leviticus 14:15–17 3332:Leviticus 14:21–32 3206:Mishnah Negaim 8:4 3081:Leviticus 13:45–46 2701:Lanes Lexicon: صرع 2685:Cheyne and Black, 2501:Leviticus 14:34–53 2490:Leviticus 13:47–59 2467:J Am Acad Dermatol 2428: 2420: 2056: 2018:In times of exile 1902:for the murder of 1157:was stricken with 1097:was stricken with 1093:In Numbers 12:10, 927:Metzora (parashah) 883:Arturo Castiglioni 879:medical historians 686:, scalp and beard 530:Leviticus 13:29–44 523:Leviticus 13:24–28 519:Leviticus 13:18–23 242:(though it is not 167:Corpse uncleanness 4480:A Rough Guide to 4474:Reb Chaim HaQoton 4078:Babylonian Talmud 3715:Leviticus 14:40-1 3249:Leviticus 14:9–32 3003:Leviticus 13:6,34 2479:Leviticus 13:2–46 2104:atopic dermatitis 1074:stood before the 1024:sympathetic magic 710:Abraham ben David 512:Leviticus 13:1–17 328:The Hebraic root 297:of the name into 215: 214: 55:Tumah and taharah 4516: 4458: 4453: 4447: 4442: 4436: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4406: 4374: 4368: 4363: 4357: 4352: 4346: 4341: 4335: 4330: 4321: 4316: 4310: 4305: 4299: 4294: 4288: 4283: 4277: 4272: 4266: 4261: 4255: 4250: 4241: 4236: 4230: 4228:Leviticus 13:4–6 4225: 4219: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4185: 4179: 4174: 4168: 4163: 4154: 4150:Efraim Vaynman, 4148: 4135: 4132:Leviticus Rabbah 4125: 4119: 4106: 4100: 4095: 4089: 4075: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4042: 4036: 4029: 4023: 4016: 4010: 4003: 3997: 3990: 3981: 3974: 3968: 3961: 3955: 3948: 3939: 3932: 3926: 3919: 3913: 3906: 3897: 3890: 3881: 3874: 3868: 3861: 3855: 3848: 3842: 3835: 3826: 3819: 3813: 3806: 3800: 3793: 3787: 3786:Nega'im 6:8, 8:1 3784: 3778: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3760: 3755: 3749: 3744: 3738: 3733: 3727: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3698: 3693: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3665: 3659: 3650: 3644: 3640:, commentary of 3635: 3629: 3622: 3616: 3611: 3605: 3598: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3572: 3566: 3561: 3555: 3550: 3544: 3539: 3533: 3528: 3522: 3517: 3511: 3506: 3500: 3495: 3489: 3484: 3478: 3469: 3463: 3458: 3452: 3447: 3441: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3411: 3378: 3373: 3367: 3362: 3356: 3351: 3345: 3340: 3334: 3329: 3323: 3318: 3312: 3307: 3301: 3296: 3287: 3282: 3273: 3271:Leviticus 14:4–6 3268: 3262: 3257: 3251: 3246: 3240: 3238:Leviticus 14:4–8 3235: 3229: 3227:Leviticus 14:1–3 3224: 3218: 3213: 3207: 3204: 3198: 3195: 3189: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3135: 3132:Leviticus Rabbah 3129: 3123: 3116: 3110: 3105: 3099: 3089: 3083: 3078: 3069: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3022: 3016: 3011: 3005: 3000: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2972: 2966: 2961: 2955: 2950: 2944: 2939: 2933: 2928: 2922: 2917: 2911: 2904: 2898: 2880: 2874: 2865: 2859: 2850: 2844: 2837: 2831: 2826: 2820: 2815: 2809: 2799: 2790: 2785: 2779: 2774: 2765: 2758: 2752: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2712: 2709: 2703: 2698: 2692: 2683: 2664: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2616: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2558: 2545: 2543: 2524: 2518: 2509: 2503: 2498: 2492: 2487: 2481: 2476: 2470: 2463: 2279: 2108:pityriasis rosea 2036:Ukrainian-Jewish 1979:Current practice 1655:Laws of clothing 1142:, four men with 1014: 957: 582:("a scab"), and 493: 485: 415: 414: 406: 405: 384:Hansen's disease 373: 372: 354:Hansen's disease 351: 350: 341: 340: 244:Hansen's disease 229: 207: 200: 193: 47: 42: 21: 20: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4514: 4513: 4494: 4493: 4484:by Joshua Cohen 4466: 4461: 4454: 4450: 4445:Leviticus 14:37 4443: 4439: 4434:Leviticus 14:34 4432: 4428: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4349: 4344:Leviticus 13:49 4342: 4338: 4331: 4324: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4302: 4295: 4291: 4286:Leviticus 13:39 4284: 4280: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4258: 4253:Leviticus 13:28 4251: 4244: 4239:Leviticus 13:23 4237: 4233: 4226: 4222: 4213: 4209: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4157: 4149: 4138: 4126: 4122: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4092: 4076: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4043: 4039: 4030: 4026: 4017: 4013: 4004: 4000: 3991: 3984: 3975: 3971: 3962: 3958: 3949: 3942: 3933: 3929: 3920: 3916: 3907: 3900: 3891: 3884: 3875: 3871: 3862: 3858: 3849: 3845: 3836: 3829: 3820: 3816: 3807: 3803: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3730: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3706:Leviticus 14:38 3705: 3701: 3696:Leviticus 14:36 3694: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3668:Leviticus 13:58 3666: 3662: 3653:Leviticus 13:52 3651: 3647: 3638:Leviticus 13:58 3636: 3632: 3623: 3619: 3612: 3608: 3599: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3575:Leviticus 13:55 3573: 3569: 3564:Leviticus 13:54 3562: 3558: 3553:Leviticus 13:52 3551: 3547: 3542:Leviticus 13:51 3540: 3536: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3514: 3509:Leviticus 13:49 3507: 3503: 3498:Leviticus 13:48 3496: 3492: 3485: 3481: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3412: 3381: 3376:Leviticus 14:10 3374: 3370: 3365:Leviticus 14:18 3363: 3359: 3352: 3348: 3343:Leviticus 14:14 3341: 3337: 3330: 3326: 3321:Leviticus 14:10 3319: 3315: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3290: 3283: 3276: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3221: 3216:Leviticus 14:36 3214: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3166:Singer, Isidore 3155: 3153: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3102: 3090: 3086: 3079: 3072: 3062:Leviticus 13:44 3060: 3056: 3051: 3042: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3019: 3012: 3008: 3001: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2975:Leviticus 13:33 2973: 2969: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2925: 2920:Leviticus 13:42 2918: 2914: 2905: 2901: 2881: 2877: 2868:Leviticus 13:22 2866: 2862: 2853:Leviticus 13:20 2851: 2847: 2838: 2834: 2827: 2823: 2818:Leviticus 13:12 2816: 2812: 2800: 2793: 2786: 2782: 2777:Leviticus 13:10 2775: 2768: 2759: 2755: 2750:Leviticus 13:30 2748: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2699: 2695: 2684: 2667: 2663:Leviticus 13.2. 2625: 2621: 2606:10.2307/4450750 2594: 2590: 2559: 2548: 2525: 2521: 2512:Leviticus 13:49 2510: 2506: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2484: 2477: 2473: 2464: 2453: 2449: 2412: 2361: 2309: 2275: 2256:Reuven Kalisher 2128:alopecia areata 2112:crusted scabies 2064: 2029: 1981: 1865:In particular, 1783: 1781:Interpretations 1724:The house of a 1703: 1657: 1412: 1388: 1297: 1168: 1056: 1012: 929: 923: 872:impure, impure 856: 780:ritually impure 742: 714:Leviticus 13:36 703:Leviticus 13:30 676: 645: 643:Boils and burns 543: 500: 445:linguistic root 291: 252:ritually impure 211: 182: 181: 137: 129: 128: 114: 106: 105: 76:Netilat yadayim 71: 40: 19: 12: 11: 5: 4522: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4477: 4465: 4464:External links 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2704: 2693: 2665: 2659:19.2, Sud.14, 2619: 2588: 2546: 2519: 2504: 2493: 2482: 2471: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2411: 2408: 2402:that produces 2360: 2357: 2308: 2302: 2232: 2231: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2204:tropical sores 2197: 2191: 2185: 2124:sycosis barbae 2063: 2057: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2016: 2004: 1980: 1977: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1878: 1867:Midrash Rabbah 1782: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1758: 1755: 1737: 1733: 1702: 1701:Laws of houses 1699: 1698: 1697: 1690: 1687: 1676: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1636: 1613: 1602: 1595: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1542: 1537:do not render 1532: 1525: 1482: 1462: 1461: 1450: 1435: 1411: 1408: 1387: 1384: 1296: 1293: 1198: 1197: 1191: 1190:(Hebrew פשתים) 1185: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1151: 1136: 1114: 1091: 1055: 1052: 1006:burnt-offering 1002:guilt-offering 922: 919: 855: 852: 814: 813: 809: 798: 741: 738: 718: 717: 706: 675: 674:Scalp or beard 672: 671: 670: 667: 644: 641: 593:Leviticus 13:3 572:Leviticus 13:2 565: 564: 561: 558: 542: 539: 538: 537: 526: 515: 499: 496: 295:transcriptions 290: 287: 213: 212: 210: 209: 202: 195: 187: 184: 183: 180: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 138: 135: 134: 131: 130: 127: 126: 121: 115: 112: 111: 108: 107: 104: 103: 98: 93: 91:Hefsek taharah 88: 83: 78: 72: 69: 68: 65: 64: 63: 62: 57: 49: 48: 37: 36: 30: 29: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4521: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4457: 4452: 4446: 4441: 4435: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4389:(4): 588–91. 4388: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4367: 4362: 4356: 4351: 4345: 4340: 4334: 4329: 4327: 4320: 4315: 4309: 4304: 4298: 4293: 4287: 4282: 4276: 4271: 4265: 4260: 4254: 4249: 4247: 4240: 4235: 4229: 4224: 4217: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4192:(in Hebrew). 4191: 4184: 4178: 4173: 4167: 4162: 4160: 4153: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4105: 4099: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4062: 4057: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4034: 4028: 4021: 4015: 4008: 4002: 3995: 3989: 3987: 3979: 3973: 3966: 3960: 3953: 3947: 3945: 3937: 3931: 3924: 3918: 3911: 3905: 3903: 3895: 3889: 3887: 3879: 3873: 3866: 3860: 3853: 3847: 3840: 3834: 3832: 3824: 3818: 3811: 3805: 3798: 3792: 3783: 3774: 3765: 3759: 3754: 3748: 3743: 3737: 3732: 3726: 3721: 3712: 3703: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3680: 3675: 3669: 3664: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3610: 3603: 3597: 3595: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3571: 3565: 3560: 3554: 3549: 3543: 3538: 3532: 3527: 3521: 3516: 3510: 3505: 3499: 3494: 3488: 3483: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3462: 3457: 3451: 3446: 3440: 3439:Numbers 12:10 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3377: 3372: 3366: 3361: 3355: 3350: 3344: 3339: 3333: 3328: 3322: 3317: 3311: 3306: 3300: 3295: 3293: 3286: 3281: 3279: 3272: 3267: 3261: 3256: 3250: 3245: 3239: 3234: 3228: 3223: 3217: 3212: 3203: 3194: 3185: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3161:public domain 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3133: 3128: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3104: 3097: 3096:Ezekiel 24:17 3093: 3088: 3082: 3077: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3037: 3032: 3026: 3021: 3015: 3010: 3004: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2987: 2982: 2976: 2971: 2965: 2960: 2954: 2949: 2943: 2938: 2932: 2927: 2921: 2916: 2909: 2903: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2887:Mishnah Torah 2884: 2879: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2825: 2819: 2814: 2807: 2803: 2802:Jacob Milgrom 2798: 2796: 2789: 2784: 2778: 2773: 2771: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2746: 2739: 2734: 2727: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2708: 2702: 2697: 2690: 2689: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2641: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2523: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2502: 2497: 2491: 2486: 2480: 2475: 2468: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2451: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2424: 2416: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2317:inflammations 2314: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2254:. Similarly, 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2144:scarlet fever 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2072:skin diseases 2069: 2061: 2053: 2049: 2046:and biblical 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2021: 2017: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1989: 1988: 1986: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1664: 1662: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1516:is or is not 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1500:, but only a 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1312: 1308: 1307: 1302: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1268: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1233: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1061: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1032:Numbers 12:12 1029: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 989: 987: 983: 979: 975: 974: 969: 965: 961: 953: 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 928: 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 854:Impure status 851: 849: 845: 840: 837: 832: 830: 826: 821: 819: 810: 807: 803: 799: 796: 795: 794: 792: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 752: 747: 737: 735: 731: 727: 723: 715: 711: 707: 704: 700: 699: 698: 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 668: 665: 664: 663: 660: 658: 654: 650: 640: 638: 633: 628: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 562: 559: 556: 552: 551: 550: 548: 535: 531: 527: 524: 520: 516: 513: 510:on the skin ( 509: 508: 507: 505: 495: 489: 481: 477: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 441: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 410: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 367: 363: 359: 355: 345: 335: 331: 326: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 286: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 263: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 225: 221: 220: 208: 203: 201: 196: 194: 189: 188: 186: 185: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 139: 133: 132: 125: 122: 120: 117: 116: 110: 109: 102: 101:Tevilat Kelim 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 73: 67: 66: 61: 58: 56: 53: 52: 51: 50: 46: 39: 38: 35: 32: 31: 27: 23: 22: 16: 4481: 4451: 4440: 4429: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4361: 4350: 4339: 4314: 4303: 4292: 4281: 4270: 4259: 4234: 4223: 4218:, p. 339-341 4210: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4172: 4165: 4123: 4104: 4093: 4081: 4056: 4045: 4040: 4032: 4027: 4019: 4014: 4006: 4001: 3993: 3977: 3972: 3964: 3959: 3951: 3935: 3930: 3922: 3917: 3909: 3893: 3877: 3872: 3864: 3859: 3851: 3846: 3838: 3822: 3817: 3809: 3804: 3796: 3791: 3782: 3777:Nega'im, 9:2 3773: 3768:Nega'im, 8:4 3764: 3753: 3742: 3731: 3720: 3711: 3702: 3674: 3663: 3648: 3633: 3625: 3620: 3609: 3601: 3581: 3570: 3559: 3548: 3537: 3526: 3515: 3504: 3493: 3482: 3472:2 Kings 15:5 3467: 3456: 3445: 3434: 3422: 3413: 3371: 3360: 3349: 3338: 3327: 3316: 3305: 3266: 3255: 3244: 3233: 3222: 3211: 3202: 3193: 3184: 3173: 3127: 3119: 3114: 3103: 3087: 3057: 3031: 3020: 3009: 2981: 2970: 2959: 2948: 2937: 2926: 2915: 2907: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2878: 2863: 2848: 2840: 2835: 2824: 2813: 2805: 2783: 2761: 2756: 2745: 2733: 2725: 2707: 2696: 2686: 2656: 2654:Theophrastus 2649: 2642: 2622: 2597: 2591: 2566: 2562: 2532: 2522: 2507: 2496: 2485: 2474: 2466: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2393: 2384: 2380: 2364: 2362: 2340: 2324: 2310: 2305: 2296: 2294: 2281: 2276: 2268:leukotrichia 2259: 2247: 2243: 2236:Gregory Minh 2233: 2223: 2174: 2172: 2082:, including 2079: 2067: 2065: 2059: 2047: 2019: 2013:Temple robes 2007: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1984: 1983:The laws of 1982: 1972: 1968: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1943: 1931: 1930:states that 1922: 1916: 1895: 1893: 1881: 1870: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1821: 1817: 1815: 1810: 1802: 1790: 1784: 1765: 1761: 1751: 1739: 1729: 1717: 1715: 1710: 1704: 1693: 1683: 1679: 1672: 1660: 1658: 1643: 1639: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1609: 1605: 1598: 1590:s recovery: 1587: 1585: 1581:circumcision 1572: 1570: 1549: 1545: 1534: 1527: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1478: 1473: 1465: 1463: 1457: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1431: 1415: 1413: 1410:Laws of skin 1395: 1391: 1389: 1379: 1375: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1333: 1331: 1326: 1318: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1300: 1298: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1278: 1271: 1269: 1263: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1230: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1214: 1201: 1199: 1184:(Hebrew צמר) 1174: 1170: 1169: 1158: 1143: 1132: 1120: 1110: 1106: 1098: 1083: 1076:burning bush 1068:Exodus 4:1–7 1059: 1057: 1047: 1039: 1027: 1021: 1016: 1009: 992: 990: 981: 977: 971: 949: 944: 940: 936: 932: 930: 914: 910: 906: 890: 886: 876: 871: 867: 866:(צרוע) or a 863: 859: 857: 847: 843: 841: 835: 833: 828: 824: 822: 817: 815: 805: 801: 790: 788: 783: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 749: 745: 743: 733: 729: 725: 721: 719: 696: 687: 679: 677: 661: 656: 652: 646: 636: 631: 629: 624: 620: 616: 612: 600: 596: 587: 583: 579: 575: 567: 566: 554: 546: 544: 541:Skin patches 533: 503: 501: 487: 479: 478:is termed a 475: 473: 468: 460: 456: 452: 448: 442: 428:, including 421: 417: 408: 399: 395: 379: 365: 361: 343: 333: 329: 327: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 292: 282: 266: 265:The laws of 264: 259: 255: 239: 231: 218: 217: 216: 151: 15: 4130:, based on 3197:Nega'im 3:2 3094:; see also 2647:Hippocrates 2395:Penicillium 2250:is in fact 2164:sarcoidosis 2062:of the skin 1964:lashon hara 1823:lashon hara 1789:), regards 1088:Exodus 4:30 897:, or for a 659:may occur. 521:) or burn ( 517:in a boil ( 438:Coverdale's 420:conflating 392:9th century 364:with Greek 4498:Categories 3450:Numbers 12 2883:Maimonides 2726:Daat Mikra 2657:Characters 2569:(1): 3–7. 2447:References 2404:penicillin 2240:contagious 2195:erysipelas 1940:Canaanites 1854:(leper) - 1834:, a vain 1807:repentance 1795:punishment 1398:appear in 1348:is deemed 1208:or to its 1080:Israelites 1044:Numbers 19 1036:Deut 12:23 958:‎), 901:after his 899:bridegroom 881:, such as 684:Maimonides 557:turn white 494:‎). 430:Wycliffe's 358:Septuagint 119:Av HaTumah 86:Red heifer 4404:1803/7482 4116:Leviticus 4109:Artscroll 3679:Leviticus 3461:2 Kings 5 3170:"Leprosy" 2808:, 773-779 2806:Leviticus 2650:Aphorisms 2643:Histories 2640:Herodotus 2410:In houses 2345:diagnosis 2321:swellings 2226:, may be 2183:psoriasis 2084:psoriasis 1936:Israelite 1856:motzi ra 1770:Jerusalem 1631:. If the 1402:tractate 1317:When the 1140:2 Kings 7 1050:to life. 998:sanctuary 931:Once the 611:), while 490:(plural: 434:Tyndale's 376:psoriasis 279:Leviticus 113:Hierarchy 4470:Tzara'as 4413:14593226 4202:12073533 4190:Harefuah 4044:Mishnah 4031:Mishnah 4018:Mishnah 4005:Mishnah 3992:Mishnah 3976:Mishnah 3963:Mishnah 3950:Mishnah 3934:Mishnah 3921:Mishnah 3908:Mishnah 3892:Mishnah 3876:Mishnah 3863:Mishnah 3850:Mishnah 3837:Mishnah 3821:Mishnah 3808:Mishnah 3795:Mishnah 3624:Mishnah 3600:Mishnah 2906:Mishnah 2839:Mishnah 2760:Mishnah 2632:, Ion. 2583:26773616 2541:24234298 2437:tzaraath 2432:tzaraath 2385:tzaraath 2381:tzaraath 2365:tzaraath 2349:smallpox 2337:freckles 2333:alopecia 2329:vitiligo 2325:tzaraath 2306:tzaraath 2297:tzaraath 2277:safachat 2264:poliosis 2260:tzaraath 2252:vitiligo 2248:tzaraath 2216:ringworm 2189:impetigo 2175:tzaraath 2120:impetigo 2116:syphilis 2080:tzaraath 2068:tzaraath 2060:Tzaraath 2052:chazalic 2048:tzaraath 2044:vitiligo 2020:tzaraath 2008:tzaraath 2001:tzaraath 1997:tzaraath 1993:tzaraath 1985:tzaraath 1959:tzaraath 1944:tzaraath 1932:tzaraath 1923:tzaraath 1896:tzaraath 1882:tzaraath 1871:tzaraath 1860:tzaraath 1818:tzaraath 1803:tzaraath 1791:tzaraath 1762:tzaraath 1752:tzaraath 1740:Tzaraath 1730:tzaraath 1718:tzaraath 1694:tzaraath 1684:tzaraath 1673:tzaraath 1661:tzaraath 1588:metzora' 1577:foreskin 1554:Passover 1539:gentiles 1520:and the 1518:tzaraath 1479:tzaraath 1466:tzaraath 1458:tzaraath 1447:tzaraath 1443:tzaraath 1439:tzaraath 1432:tzaraath 1416:tzaraath 1396:tzaraath 1392:tzaraath 1369:tzaraath 1364:Tzaraath 1358:tzaraath 1350:tzaraath 1301:tzaraath 1289:tzaraath 1285:tzaraath 1281:tzaraath 1246:tzaraath 1242:tzaraath 1238:tzaraath 1220:yerakrak 1216:Tzaraath 1202:tzaraath 1175:tzaraath 1171:Tzaraath 1159:tzaraath 1144:tzaraath 1133:tzaraath 1121:tzaraath 1111:tzaraath 1107:tzaraath 1099:tzaraath 1084:tzaraath 1060:tzaraath 1028:tzaraath 941:tzaraath 933:metzora' 915:tzaraath 895:holy day 891:tzaraath 887:tzaraath 860:tzaraath 848:tzaraath 844:tzaraath 836:tzaraath 829:tzaraath 818:tzaraath 806:tzarevet 791:tzaraath 786:, טמא). 772:tzaraath 768:tzaraath 764:tzaraath 746:tzaraath 734:tzaraath 730:tzaraath 726:tzaraath 722:tzaraath 688:tzaraath 680:tzaraath 657:tzaraath 653:tzaraath 568:Tzaraath 547:tzaraath 476:tzaraath 457:tzaraath 449:tzaraath 422:tzaraath 362:tzaraath 334:tsaraath 301:include 293:Variant 283:tzaraath 267:tzaraath 260:tzaraath 256:tzaraath 230:‎ 219:Tzaraath 152:Tzaraath 24:Part of 4482:Tzaraat 4421:7955156 4083:Arachin 4046:Nega'im 4033:Nega'im 4020:Nega'im 4007:Nega'im 3994:Nega'im 3978:Nega'im 3965:Nega'im 3952:Nega'im 3936:Nega'im 3923:Nega'im 3910:Nega'im 3894:Nega'im 3878:Nega'im 3865:Nega'im 3852:Nega'im 3839:Nega'im 3823:Nega'im 3810:Nega'im 3797:Nega'im 3626:Nega'im 3602:Nega'im 3163:: 3122:(p. 71) 2908:Nega'im 2891:Taharah 2841:Nega'im 2762:Nega'im 2645:1.138, 2614:4450750 2441:dry rot 2426:Dry rot 2377:leather 2282:tzaraat 2244:tzaraat 2210:leprosy 2160:morphea 2136:scabies 1973:tola'as 1969:metzora 1955:metzora 1852:metzora 1848:miserly 1726:gentile 1708:proverb 1669:gentile 1633:metzora 1629:metzora 1625:metzora 1621:metzora 1617:metzora 1610:nega'im 1606:metzora 1599:metzora 1573:tzaraat 1558:Shavuot 1550:nega'im 1541:impure. 1535:Nega'im 1528:Nega'im 1498:nega'im 1428:Mishnah 1404:Nega'im 1400:Mishnah 1376:tzaraat 1224:adamdam 1194:leather 1148:Samaria 1070:, when 1048:metzora 1017:metzora 1010:metzora 993:metzora 982:metzora 978:metzora 964:scarlet 962:-wood, 956:ציפורים 954:birds ( 945:metzora 911:tzaraat 903:wedding 868:metzora 758:). The 692:Tosefta 649:abscess 637:tzaraat 632:tzaraat 625:baheret 617:sapahat 613:sapahat 601:baheret 588:tzaraat 584:baheret 580:sapahat 504:nega'im 488:nega'im 469:tzaraat 418:leprosy 390:in the 323:tsaraas 319:tzaraas 315:tsaraat 311:tzaraat 307:zaraath 303:saraath 299:English 240:leprosy 232:ṣāraʿaṯ 228:צָרַעַת 96:Hagalah 4472:(from 4419: 4411: 4200: 4112:Tanakh 4061:Exodus 2740:, etc. 2629:λέπρ-α 2612: 2581: 2539: 2400:fungus 2390:moulds 2375:, and 2341:plague 2319:, and 2313:rashes 2290:Negaim 2286:Mishna 2284:, the 2166:, and 1917:Other 1912:Uzziah 1908:Gehazi 1832:murder 1828:gossip 1774:Israel 1744:marble 1562:Sukkot 1454:lentil 1309:. 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