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59:
47:
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vehicle standards, rules of the road, and urban traffic control. He left the invited interest groups to negotiate agreements among themselves, which were then presented for adoption by states and localities. Because automotive trade associations were the best organized, many of the positions taken by the conferences reflected their interests. The conferences issued a model
Uniform Vehicle Code for adoption by the states, and a Model Municipal Traffic Ordinance for adoption by cities. Both were widely influential, promoting greater uniformity between jurisdictions and tending to promote the automobile's priority in city streets.
593:, the policy has been to restrict high-technology flows to China. From 1949 to 1994, the department worked with the 17-nation Coordinating Committee on Multilateral Export Controls, which restricted technological flows to the Soviet Union and other communist nations. Since 1980, the Commerce Department works to neutralize the dumping of exports or the subsidies of overseas production. Along with the export controls, this work continues to generate friction with other nations. On July 20, 2020, the commerce department announced adding eleven Chinese firms to an export blacklist for committing human rights abuse against
1175:(NOAA) would be transferred from the Department of Commerce into the Department of the Interior. Later that year, shortly before the 2012 presidential election, Obama invoked the idea of a "secretary of business" in reference to the plan. The reorganization was part of a larger proposal which would grant the president the authority to propose mergers of federal agencies, which would then be subject to an up-or-down Congressional vote. This ability had existed from the Great Depression until the Reagan presidency, when Congress rescinded the authority.
2253:
545:
1054:
71:
553:
eliminate waste, he encouraged the standardization of products like automobile tires and baby bottle nipples. Other efforts at eliminating waste included reducing labor losses from trade disputes and seasonal fluctuations, reducing industrial losses from accident and injury, and reducing the amount of crude oil spilled during extraction and shipping. He promoted international trade by opening overseas offices to advise businessmen. Hoover was especially eager to promote
Hollywood films overseas.
1211:
1225:
505:
472:
investing in infrastructure, and conserving natural resources. Contemporaries described Hoover's approach as a "third alternative" between "unrestrained capitalism" and socialism, which was becoming increasingly popular in Europe. Hoover sought to foster a balance among labor, capital, and the government, and for this he has been variously labeled a "
535:
As
Commerce Secretary, Hoover hosted national conferences on street traffic collectively known as the National Conference on Street and Highway Safety. Hoover's chief objective was to address the growing casualty toll of traffic accidents, but the scope of the conferences grew and soon embraced motor
515:
When Hoover joined the department, almost no families had radios; when he became president in 1929, 10 million owned one, and most of the rest listened in a nearby home, store or restaurant. Hoover's department set the policies that shaped the entire new industry. Hoover's radio conferences played a
443:
523:
Hoover was also influential in the early development of air travel, and he sought to create a thriving private industry boosted by indirect government subsidies. He encouraged the development of emergency landing fields, required all runways to be equipped with lights and radio beams, and encouraged
471:
Hoover envisioned the
Commerce Department as the hub of the nation's growth and stability. His experience mobilizing the war-time economy convinced him that the federal government could promote efficiency by eliminating waste, increasing production, encouraging the adoption of data-based practices,
1183:, which was abolished in 2001 after some of its initiatives failed and it became seen as a hindrance to growth. NOAA's climate and terrestrial operations and fisheries and endangered species programs would be expected to integrate well with agencies already in the Interior Department, such as the
483:
Hoover demanded, and received, authority to coordinate economic affairs throughout the government. He created many sub-departments and committees, overseeing and regulating everything from manufacturing statistics to air travel. In some instances he "seized" control of responsibilities from other
1468:
1178:
The Obama administration plan faced criticism for some of its elements. Some
Congress members expressed concern that the Office of the United States Trade Representative would lose focus if it were included in a larger bureaucracy, especially given its status as an "honest broker" between other
552:
With the goal of encouraging wise business investments, Hoover made the
Commerce Department a clearinghouse of information. He recruited numerous academics from various fields and tasked them with publishing reports on different aspects of the economy, including steel production and films. To
520:, which allowed the government to intervene and abolish radio stations that were deemed "non-useful" to the public. Hoover's attempts at regulating radio were not supported by all congressmen, and he received much opposition from the Senate and from radio station owners.
468:. Secretary of Commerce was considered a minor Cabinet post, with limited and vaguely defined responsibilities, but Hoover, emphasizing his identity as a businessman, accepted the position. In sharp contrast to the Interior Department, there were no scandals at Commerce.
1155:. The Obama administration projected that the reorganization would save $ 3 billion and would help the administration's goal of doubling U.S. exports in five years. The new agency would be organized around four "pillars": a technology and innovation office including the
556:
His "Own Your Own Home" campaign was a collaboration to promote ownership of single-family dwellings, with groups such as the Better Houses in
America movement, the Architects' Small House Service Bureau, and the Home Modernizing Bureau. He worked with bankers and the
1476:
488:, he convinced Harding to assemble a presidential commission on unemployment, which encouraged local governments to engage in countercyclical infrastructure spending. He endorsed much of Mellon's tax reduction program, but favored a more
1103:. Perry's campaign cited the frequency with which agencies had historically been moved into and out of the department and its lack of a coherent focus, and advocated moving its vital programs into other departments such as the
484:
Cabinet departments when he deemed that they were not carrying out their responsibilities well; some began referring to him as the "Secretary of
Commerce and Under-Secretary of all other departments". In response to the
1126:
announced his intentions to ask the United States
Congress for the power to close the department and replace it with a new cabinet-level agency focused on trade and exports. The new agency would include the
1664:
1864:
577:
The department has always been involved in promoting international non-financial business. It stations commercial attachés at embassies around the world. Currently, the key sub-agencies are the
2603:
822:
423:
601:
by conducting genetic analysis on them. Two of the firms sanctioned were subsidiaries of BGI Group, a
Chinese genetic sequencing, and biomedical firm. In the same year October, the
1304:
1088:
1195:
feared that the reorganization could distract the agency from its mission of protecting the nation's oceans and ecosystems. The plan was reiterated in the Obama administration's
2525:
2319:
334:
on February 14, 1903. It was subsequently renamed the Department of Commerce on March 4, 1913, as the bureaus and agencies specializing in labor were transferred to the new
2096:
585:. The ITA provides technical expertise to numerous American companies, helping them adjust to foreign specifications. It provides guidance and marketing data as well. The
2262:
349:
into the Commerce Department in 1925. The Federal Employment Stabilization Office existed within the department from 1931 to 1939. In 1940, the Weather Bureau (now the
2727:
2395:
1994:
656:
1179:
agencies, which tend to advocate for specific points of view. The overall plan has also been criticized as an attempt to create an agency similar to Japan's powerful
155:
2661:
2596:
589:
administers export controls, especially regarding the spread of nuclear technology and highly advanced electronic technology. Under the administration of President
2562:
850:
605:
firm was again named in the alleged exploitation of medical samples of patients testing for Covid-19 in Nevada using the 200,000 rapid testing kits donated by the
2146:
1132:
2033:
561:
industry to promote the new long-term home mortgage, which dramatically stimulated home construction. Other accomplishments included winning the agreement of
2651:
2512:
2469:
2444:
1424:
803:
772:
753:
2773:
2589:
1834:
Belay Seyoum, "Export Controls and International Business: A Study with Special Emphasis on Dual-Use Export Controls and Their Impact on Firms in the US".
1152:
1895:
2487:
1872:
784:
2312:
1963:
341:
Since its creation, the Commerce Department has seen various agencies and administrative offices shift in and out of its organizational structure. The
1933:
2778:
2768:
2414:
1128:
727:
2025:
2520:
1172:
815:
397:
1297:
2722:
2570:
1160:
855:
331:
113:
2763:
2656:
2305:
1243:
396:(MBDA) was created on March 5, 1969, originally established by President Richard M. Nixon as the Office of Minority Business Enterprise. The
1171:
which would be transferred from the Department of Labor; a trade and investment policy office; and a small business development office. The
2696:
1180:
2612:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1084:
Proposals to reorganize the department go back many decades. The Department of Commerce was one of three departments that Texas governor
708:
263:
17:
2057:
2686:
2550:
2372:
2362:
1144:
843:
643:
222:
2712:
2477:
1156:
777:
342:
2691:
2666:
2545:
1112:
1104:
346:
2626:
2203:
2088:
1188:
1140:
1136:
746:
461:
354:
281:
data for business and government decision making and helping to set industrial standards. Its main purpose is to promote job and
267:
126:
31:
392:
was created in 1965. In 1966, the Bureau of Public Roads was transferred to the newly created Department of Transportation. The
2385:
1092:
862:
2219:
Seely, Bruce E. "Engineers and Government–Business Cooperation: Highway Standards and the Bureau of Public Roads, 1900–1940".
460:
After his election as president in 1920, Warren G. Harding rewarded Hoover for his support, offering to appoint him as either
2641:
1752:
1713:
1694:
1096:
528:. He also established the federal government's power to inspect planes and license pilots, setting a precedent for the later
404:
2002:
2737:
2732:
2717:
2390:
872:
393:
2671:
2636:
2380:
2353:
1765:
David M. Hart, "Herbert Hoover's Last Laugh: the Enduring Significance of the 'Associative State' in the United States",
1116:
649:
638:
617:
of people via an instant messaging application called ToTok, which was actually a spy application snooping on user data.
465:
389:
381:
293:
213:
2119:
457:. Hoover was, by far, the most active secretary in the history of the department until the end of his position in 1928.
2646:
2495:
1517:
1100:
789:
578:
2681:
2676:
2530:
1735:
1567:
1196:
1192:
1108:
886:
808:
335:
278:
2500:
2282:
1865:"Commerce Department Adds Eleven Chinese Entities Implicated in Human Rights Abuses in Xinjiang to the Entity List"
1469:"Russian government spies are behind a broad hacking campaign that has breached U.S. agencies and a top cyber firm"
1436:
1373:"The Peripatetic U. S. Patent Office: Locations 1790 to Present – Inside Adams: Science, Technology & Business"
796:
2742:
2452:
1238:
1184:
758:
582:
529:
493:
2581:
2195:
Hawley, Ellis. "Herbert Hoover, the Commerce Secretariat, and the Vision of an 'Associative State', 1921–1928".
1499:
297:
1432:
1148:
516:
key role in the organization, development, and regulation of radio broadcasting. Hoover also helped pass the
1971:
2457:
765:
586:
558:
377:
301:
2292:
1937:
2788:
2783:
2434:
2427:
2422:
2190:
The making of United States international economic policy: principles, problems, and proposals for reform
1164:
739:
412:
362:
358:
144:
2341:
1168:
610:
431:
305:
136:
76:
485:
2540:
836:
715:
350:
58:
46:
373:
2230:'The Right Man': James A. Jackson and the Origins of US Government Interest in Black Business".
1920:
1372:
2535:
2267:
1650:
Louise Benjamin, "Working it out together: Radio policy from Hoover to the Radio Act of 1927".
829:
566:
1557:
2258:
1216:
732:
606:
446:
Assistants William McCracken (left) and Walter Drake (right) with Secretary Hoover (center)
366:
286:
8:
141:
1779:
Hutchison, Janet (1997), "Building for Babbitt: the State and the Suburban Home Ideal",
1067:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2297:
2252:
1796:
525:
2212:
Lee, David D. "Herbert Hoover and the Development of Commercial Aviation, 1921–1926".
2200:
1350:
1167:
and other data-collection agencies currently in the Commerce Department, and also the
544:
1934:"Uproot and Overhaul Washington: Eliminate and Restructure Wasteful Federal Agencies"
1800:
1731:
1563:
614:
517:
454:
70:
2278:
2272:
1788:
1672:
1328:
477:
320:
309:
148:
1398:
2611:
2207:
1230:
668:
Office of the Chief Financial Officer and Assistant Secretary for Administration
489:
282:
271:
2176:
Herbert Hoover and Economic Diplomacy: Department of Commerce Policy, 1921–1928.
509:
450:
1792:
2757:
2349:
408:
209:
170:
157:
1123:
590:
1676:
1847:
473:
427:
2026:"Obama floats plan for a 'secretary of Business' if he wins second term"
1224:
613:. The Emirati firm, also known as G42, has previously been named in the
2358:
1637:
C. M. Jansky Jr, "The contribution of Herbert Hoover to broadcasting".
1085:
889:
of $ 14.6 billion. The budget authorization is broken down as follows:
562:
385:
218:
2001:. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from
1665:
The Radio Act of 1927: progressive ideology, epistemology, and praxis
602:
504:
492:
system and opposed the treasury secretary's efforts to eliminate the
442:
1457:
21 Fordham Intell. Prop. Media & Ent. L.J. 671, 692 (Spring2011)
1850:. "Can China and the United States Avoid a Full-Blown Trade War?".
1500:"Suspected Russian hackers spied on U.S. Treasury emails – sources"
598:
376:
was created and the Civil Aeronautics Authority was abolished. The
823:
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps
1995:"What Would Wiping Out the Commerce Department Mean for Science?"
1283:
1263:
594:
1923:", United States Department of Commerce, accessed July 16, 2015.
1728:
Fighting Traffic: The Dawn of the Motor Age in the American City
2147:"Six ways the White House budget would affect federal workers"
1682:
869:
Under Secretary of Commerce for Minority Business Development
453:
was appointed Secretary of Commerce in 1921 by then-President
2613:
Federal executive departments of the United States of America
1425:"United States Travel and Tourism Administration (1961–1996)"
548:
Hoover (left) with President Harding at a baseball game, 1921
30:"Department of Commerce" redirects here. For other uses, see
2246:
1964:"Obama wants export agency, closing of Commerce Department"
1921:
The Department of Commerce Budget in Brief Fiscal Year 2015
1007:
National Telecommunications and Information Administration
361:
was also merged into the Commerce Department. In 1949, the
236:
2396:
National Telecommunications and Information Administration
1896:"US warned Nevada not to use Chinese COVID tests from UAE"
1544:
The Life of Herbert Hoover: Imperfect Visionary, 1918–1928
1014:
927:
904:
657:
National Telecommunications and Information Administration
437:
2287:
1740:
1581:
1579:
565:
to adopt an eight-hour workday, and the fostering of the
319:
Further information on the department's publication:
2563:
Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology
2327:
851:
Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology
407:
was one of multiple Cabinet Councils established in the
1852:
US–China Economic Relations: From Conflict to Solutions
885:
The Department of Commerce was authorized a budget for
2526:
Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service
1894:
Gambrell, Jon; Price, Michelle L. (October 15, 2020).
1576:
1429:
Department of Commerce Digitization Repository Project
2513:
Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere
2470:
Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property
2445:
Under Secretary of Commerce for Industry and Security
2126:. American Association for the Advancement of Science
1701:
1353:. United States Department of Commerce. July 20, 2010
804:
Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere
773:
Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property
754:
Under Secretary of Commerce for Industry and Security
304:. The Department of Commerce is headquartered in the
289:
and block harmful trade practices of other nations.
79:, the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Commerce
2054:
1324:
1322:
1206:
693:
Office of Legislative and Intergovernmental Affairs
569:, a water rights compact among Southwestern states.
2488:
Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade
785:
Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade
27:
Executive department of the U.S. Federal Government
2089:"The Pros and Cons of Obama's Reorganization Plan"
2056:
959:International Trade and Investment Administration
2055:Landler, Mark; Lowrey, Annie (January 14, 2012).
1821:Bruce W. Jentleson and Thomas G. Paterson, eds.
1319:
2755:
2415:Under Secretary of Commerce for Economic Affairs
2058:"Obama Bid to Cut the Government Tests Congress"
1693:sfn error: no target: CITEREFLeuchtenburg_2009 (
1129:Office of the United States Trade Representative
983:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
728:Under Secretary of Commerce for Economic Affairs
2521:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2293:Department of Commerce Representation in the UK
1173:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
999:National Institute of Standards and Technology
816:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
398:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2571:National Institute of Standards and Technology
1652:Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media
1639:Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media
1161:National Institute of Standards and Technology
856:National Institute of Standards and Technology
332:United States Department of Commerce and Labor
114:United States Department of Commerce and Labor
2597:
2313:
1893:
1688:
1244:Commerce Department trade mission controversy
330:The department was originally created as the
2188:Cohen, Stephen D., and Stephen David Cohen.
1555:
1191:. However, environmental groups such as the
1181:Ministry of International Trade and Industry
270:concerned with promoting the conditions for
2774:United States federal executive departments
2185:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) pp. 209–38.
2082:
2080:
1303:. appropriations.senate.gov. Archived from
1259:Title 19 of the Code of Federal Regulations
1254:Title 15 of the Code of Federal Regulations
1249:Title 13 of the Code of Federal Regulations
1043:
539:
277:Among its tasks are gathering economic and
2604:
2590:
2320:
2306:
2251:
1957:
1955:
1562:. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 51–52.
1391:
1145:United States Trade and Development Agency
844:Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
572:
69:
2478:United States Patent and Trademark Office
2226:Weems, Robert E., and Lewis A. Randolph.
2023:
1778:
1751:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWhyte_2017 (
1712:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWhyte_2017 (
1466:
1298:"Department Of Commerce – FY 2024 Budget"
1157:United States Patent and Trademark Office
343:United States Patent and Trademark Office
325:
2117:
2086:
2077:
1961:
698:Office of Policy and Strategic Planning
673:Office of the Chief Information Officer
543:
503:
441:
388:(75 Stat. 129; 22 U.S.C. 2121 note) The
2779:1913 establishments in Washington, D.C.
2769:Government agencies established in 1913
1952:
1498:Bing, Christopher (December 14, 2020).
1491:
1365:
1189:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
1163:; a statistical division including the
1141:Overseas Private Investment Corporation
1137:Export-Import Bank of the United States
747:Economics and Statistics Administration
620:
609:under its AI and cloud computing firm,
438:Herbert Hoover as secretary of commerce
400:(NOAA) was created on October 3, 1970.
63:Flag of the U.S. Department of Commerce
51:Seal of the U.S. Department of Commerce
32:Department of Commerce (disambiguation)
14:
2756:
2386:National Technical Information Service
2120:"Rough Sailing for Plan to Move NOAA?"
1992:
1746:
1707:
1467:Nakashima, Ellen (December 13, 2020).
880:
863:National Technical Information Service
365:was added to the department after the
2585:
2301:
2281:reports and recommendations from the
2144:
2099:from the original on January 20, 2012
2024:Schroeder, Peter (October 29, 2012).
1823:Encyclopedia of US foreign relations.
975:Minority Business Development Agency
632:
411:on or about February 26, 1981 by the
405:Cabinet Council on Commerce and Trade
300:, and is a member of the President's
2764:United States Department of Commerce
2391:Minority Business Development Agency
2329:United States Department of Commerce
2118:Malakoff, David (January 13, 2012).
2087:Bartlett, Bruce (January 17, 2012).
1993:Mervis, Jeffrey (January 13, 2012).
1962:MacInnis, Laura (January 13, 2012).
1497:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1331:, "Reinventing the Commerce Dept".,
1199:that was released in February 2015.
1047:
935:Economic Development Administration
873:Minority Business Development Agency
422:In 2020, the Department of Commerce
394:Minority Business Development Agency
256:United States Department of Commerce
40:United States Department of Commerce
2381:Economic Development Administration
1613:The Presidency of Herbert C. Hoover
1460:
1117:Economic Development Administration
650:Economic Development Administration
499:
417:
390:Economic Development Administration
382:United States Secretary of Commerce
24:
2551:Oceanic & Atmospheric Research
2496:International Trade Administration
2168:
1284:"About the Department Of Commerce"
790:International Trade Administration
579:International Trade Administration
524:farmers to make use of planes for
25:
2800:
2238:
2199:, (June 1974) 61#1 : 116–40
2036:from the original on May 24, 2014
1556:Leuchtenburg, William E. (2009).
1417:
1338:
1193:Natural Resources Defense Council
1133:Executive Office of the President
809:National Marine Fisheries Service
384:on July 1, 1961, pursuant to the
2546:Marine & Aviation Operations
2404:
2283:Government Accountability Office
2145:Hicks, Josh (February 3, 2015).
1223:
1209:
1119:would be completely eliminated.
1052:
1022:Public Safety Broadband Network
967:Bureau of Industry and Security
920:Office of the Inspector General
797:United States Commercial Service
678:Office of Executive Secretariat
386:International Travel Act of 1961
57:
45:
2453:Bureau of Industry and Security
2138:
2111:
2048:
2017:
1986:
1926:
1913:
1887:
1871:. July 20, 2020. Archived from
1857:
1841:
1828:
1815:
1806:
1772:
1759:
1720:
1663:Mark Goodman, and Mark Gring. "
1657:
1644:
1631:
1618:
1605:
1592:
1549:
1536:
1518:"Herbert C. Hoover (1923–1928)"
1510:
1403:Federal Aviation Administration
1239:Bureau of Industry and Security
1185:United States Geological Survey
1122:On January 13, 2012, President
759:Bureau of Industry and Security
597:and other ethnic minorities in
583:Bureau of Industry and Security
530:Federal Aviation Administration
2728:Health, Education, and Welfare
2178:(U of Pittsburgh Press, 1970).
1730:(MIT Press, 2008), pp. 178–97
1451:
1290:
1276:
722:Office of White House Liaison
683:Office of the General Counsel
508:Herbert Hoover listening to a
298:President of the United States
296:, who reports directly to the
13:
1:
2662:Housing and Urban Development
1669:Rhetoric & Public Affairs
1433:Pennsylvania State University
1269:
1149:Small Business Administration
2458:Office of Export Enforcement
2373:Deputy Secretary of Commerce
2363:Deputy Secretary of Commerce
1936:. Rick Perry. Archived from
1399:"A Brief History of the FAA"
991:Patent and Trademark Office
951:Bureau of Economic Analysis
766:Office of Export Enforcement
688:Office of Inspector General
644:Deputy Secretary of Commerce
625:
587:Office of Export Enforcement
378:United States Travel Service
7:
2435:Bureau of Economic Analysis
2428:Federal Audit Clearinghouse
2197:Journal of American History
1869:U.S. Department of Commerce
1202:
1165:United States Census Bureau
778:Patent and Trademark Office
740:Bureau of Economic Analysis
663:Office of Business Liaison
363:Public Roads Administration
359:Civil Aeronautics Authority
353:) was transferred from the
18:U.S. Department of Commerce
10:
2805:
2342:Herbert C. Hoover Building
2183:The Life of Herbert Hoover
1836:Journal of Economic Issues
1628:(2017) pp. 260–64, 303–04.
1169:Bureau of Labor Statistics
1151:, which are all currently
1113:Department of the Treasury
1105:Department of the Interior
1093:2012 presidential campaign
637:
318:
314:
306:Herbert C. Hoover Building
137:Herbert C. Hoover Building
77:Herbert C. Hoover Building
29:
2705:
2652:Health and Human Services
2619:
2561:
2511:
2486:
2468:
2443:
2413:
2402:
2371:
2335:
2206:January 10, 2021, at the
1793:10.1017/S0898030600005923
1781:Journal of Policy History
1767:Journal of Policy History
1377:Library of Congress Blogs
1061:This section needs to be
849:
802:
783:
752:
726:
703:Office of Public Affairs
462:Secretary of the Interior
372:In 1958, the independent
345:was transferred from the
248:
243:
231:
202:
194:
186:
132:
122:
106:
88:
83:
68:
56:
44:
2531:Marine Fisheries Service
2232:Enterprise & Society
1812:Whyte (2017) pp. 269–71.
1131:, currently part of the
1044:Reorganization proposals
912:Departmental Management
837:National Weather Service
716:Office of Space Commerce
540:Other Hoover initiatives
351:National Weather Service
2221:Business History Review
2214:Business History Review
1097:Department of Education
573:Foreign economic policy
380:was established by the
374:Federal Aviation Agency
268:U.S. federal government
198:US$ 10.8 billion (2024)
127:U.S. federal government
94:; 121 years ago
2279:Department of Commerce
2268:Department of Commerce
2259:Department of Commerce
1769:(1998), 10#4: 419–44,
1542:Kendrick A. Clements,
1197:FY2016 budget proposal
906:Management and Finance
830:National Ocean Service
567:Colorado River Compact
549:
512:
447:
432:nation state adversary
430:likely conducted by a
424:suffered a data breach
413:Reagan Administration.
355:Agriculture Department
326:Organizational history
92:February 14, 1903
2354:Secretary of Commerce
2288:US Commercial Service
2181:Clements, Kendrick A.
1677:10.1353/rap.2010.0055
1671:3.3 (2000): 397–418.
1439:on September 26, 2014
1089:advocated eliminating
639:Secretary of Commerce
547:
507:
486:Depression of 1920–21
466:Secretary of Commerce
445:
294:Secretary of Commerce
171:38.89417°N 77.01611°W
2423:Bureau of the Census
2216:58.1 (1984): 78–102.
1654:42.2 (1998): 221–36.
1479:on December 13, 2020
1217:United States portal
1153:independent agencies
1101:Department of Energy
733:Bureau of the Census
621:Current organization
607:United Arab Emirates
367:Federal Works Agency
292:It is headed by the
287:economic development
264:executive department
2234:6.2 (2005): 254–77.
2223:58.1 (1984): 51–77.
2151:The Washington Post
2005:on January 29, 2012
1974:on February 2, 2016
1940:on January 19, 2012
1838:51.1 (2017): 45–72.
1749:, pp. 257–200.
1641:1.3 (1957): 241–49.
1611:Martin L. Fausold,
1473:The Washington Post
1333:Journal of Commerce
1109:Department of Labor
929:Operating Divisions
881:Budget and finances
434:, possibly Russia.
347:Interior Department
336:Department of Labor
176:38.89417; -77.01611
167: /
142:Constitution Avenue
41:
2789:Tourism ministries
2784:Economy ministries
2723:Commerce and Labor
2501:Commercial Service
2192:(Greenwood, 2000).
2093:The New York Times
2063:The New York Times
1602:(2017) pp. 254–57.
1016:Mandatory Spending
709:Office of Security
550:
513:
448:
39:
2751:
2750:
2657:Homeland Security
2579:
2578:
2174:Brandes, Joseph.
1726:Peter D. Norton,
1691:, pp. 53–54.
1689:Leuchtenburg 2009
1524:. October 4, 2016
1307:on August 8, 2013
1135:, as well as the
1095:, along with the
1082:
1081:
1041:
1040:
878:
877:
615:mass surveillance
518:Radio Act of 1927
455:Warren G. Harding
274:and opportunity.
252:
251:
203:Agency executives
16:(Redirected from
2796:
2697:Veterans Affairs
2606:
2599:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2408:
2407:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2273:Federal Register
2255:
2250:
2249:
2247:Official website
2229:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2060:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1970:. Archived from
1959:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1930:
1924:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1875:on July 21, 2020
1861:
1855:
1845:
1839:
1832:
1826:
1825:(1997) 1:293–95.
1819:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1776:
1770:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1744:
1738:
1724:
1718:
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1705:
1699:
1698:
1686:
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1661:
1655:
1648:
1642:
1635:
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1622:
1616:
1609:
1603:
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1590:
1583:
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1553:
1547:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1475:. Archived from
1464:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1435:. Archived from
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1347:
1336:
1335:, July 12, 1995.
1329:Steve Charnovitz
1326:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1302:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1233:
1228:
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1219:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1056:
1055:
1048:
892:
891:
887:Fiscal Year 2015
630:
629:
559:savings and loan
500:Radio and travel
478:associationalist
418:2020 data breach
369:was dismantled.
321:Commerce Reports
310:Washington, D.C.
239:
223:Deputy Secretary
182:
181:
179:
178:
177:
172:
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149:Washington, D.C.
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2541:Weather Service
2507:
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2331:
2326:
2263:USAspending.gov
2245:
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2208:Wayback Machine
2171:
2169:Further reading
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1598:Kenneth Whyte,
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1405:. June 30, 1956
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1379:. July 13, 2020
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1787:(2): 184–210,
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1587:Herbert Hoover
1585:Leuchtenburg,
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123:Jurisdiction
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2738:Post Office
2627:Agriculture
2156:February 3,
2130:January 19,
2103:January 19,
2069:January 19,
2009:January 19,
1978:January 19,
1944:January 19,
1905:October 15,
1848:Yu Yongding
1409:February 4,
1383:February 4,
1357:January 19,
1311:October 15,
1091:during his
474:corporatist
428:cyberattack
279:demographic
174: /
2758:Categories
2359:Don Graves
1747:Whyte 2017
1708:Whyte 2017
1589:pp. 53–63.
1270:References
1147:, and the
1086:Rick Perry
1073:March 2018
994:$ 3,439.5
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159:38°53′39″N
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244:Footnotes
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1546:(2010).
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1264:USA.gov
1063:updated
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315:History
302:Cabinet
266:of the
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