651:– April 21, 1894. This nationwide strike was called when the union was hardly four years old. Many of the workers salaries had been cut by 30% and with the demand for coal down during the recession, workers were desperate for work. The national guard was mobilized in several states to prevent or control violent clashes between strikers and strike breakers. The workers intended to strike for three weeks, hoping that this would produce a demand for coal and their wages would increase with its rising price. But, many union miners did not wish to cooperate with this plan and did not return to work at all. The union appeared weak. Other workers did not go out on strike, and with the demand low, they were able to produce sufficient coal. By being efficient in the mines, the operators saw no need to increase the wages of all the workers, and did not seem to care if the strike would end.
305:, who sought a way both to increase miners benefits while also helping the operators earn a profit. They chose to limit the production of anthracite to keep its price profitable. Because the efforts of the WBA benefited the operators, they did not object when the union wanted to take action in the mines; they welcomed the actions that would secure their profit. Because the operators trusted the WBA, they agreed to the first written contract between miners and operators. As the union became more responsible in the operators' eyes, the union was given more freedoms. As a result, the health and spirits of the miners significantly improved.
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into the coal mines. In previous years, less than 41% of coal was cut by the machines. However, by 1930, 81% was being cut by the machines and now there were machines that could also surface mine and load the coal into the trucks. With more machines that could do the same labor, unemployment in the mines grew and wages were cut back. As the problems grew, many people did not believe that the UMW could ever become as powerful as it was before the start of the war. The decline in the union began in the 1920s and continued through the 1930s. Slowly the membership of the UMWA grew back up in numbers, with the majority in
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3001:
268:(AFL). The Union's emergence in the 1890s was the culmination of decades of effort to organize mine workers and people in adjacent occupations into a single, effective negotiating unit. At the time coal was one of the most highly sought natural resources, as it was widely used to heat homes and to power machines in industries. The coal mines were a competitive and dangerous place to work. With the owners imposing reduced wages on a regular basis, in response to fluctuations in pricing, miners sought a group to stand up for their rights.
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building the industrial unions of the CIO into a political and economic powerhouse to rival the AFL, yet was widely hated as he called nationwide coal strikes damaging the
American economy in the middle of World War II. His massive leonine head, forest-like eyebrows, firmly set jaw, powerful voice, and ever-present scowl thrilled his supporters, angered his enemies, and delighted cartoonists. Coal miners for 40 years hailed him as the benevolent dictator who brought high wages, pensions and medical benefits, and damn the critics.
411:, thought there needed to be more unity within the union, and that competition for members between the two groups was not accomplishing anything. As a result of taking this position, he was replaced by John B. Rae as president of the NTA #135. This removal did not stop Lewis however; he got many people together who had been also thrown out of the Knights of Labor for trying to belong to both parties at once, along with the National Federation, and created the National Progressive Union of Miners and Mine Laborers (NPU).
229:. Lewis broke with Roosevelt in 1940 and left the CIO, leaving the UMW increasingly isolated in the labor movement. During World War II the UMW was involved in a series of major strikes and threatened walkouts that angered public opinion and energized pro-business opponents. After the war, the UMW concentrated on gaining large increases in wages, medical services and retirement benefits for its shrinking membership, which was contending with changes in technology and declining mines in the East.
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because the
Knights of Labor were not in attendance at the conference, they were not able to vote against actions which they thought detrimental to gain rights for workers. The conference passed resolutions requiring the Knights of Labor to give up their secrecy and publicize material about its members and locations. The National Federation held another conference in 1887 attended by both groups. But it was unsuccessful in gaining agreement by the groups as to the next actions to take. In 1888,
47:
285:. Scholars credit this organization with the beginning of the labor movement in the United States. The membership of the group grew rapidly. "Of an estimated 56,000 miners in 1865, John Hinchcliffe claimed 22,000 as members of the AMA. In response, the mine owners sought to stop the AMA from becoming more powerful. Members of the AMA were fired and blacklisted from employment at other mines. After a short time the AMA began to decline, and eventually ceased operations.
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1000:" but many were blocked from entering the mine by striking workers and their families on the picket line. Local judge F. Byrd Hogg was a coal operator himself and consistently ruled for Eastover. During much of the strike the mine workers' wives and children joined the picket lines. Many were arrested, some hit by baseball bats, shot at, and struck by cars. One striking miner, Lawrence Jones, was shot and killed by a
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though there were only two categories of LAs, there were many sub-divisions. For the most part it was impossible to tell how many trade and mixed LAs there were at a given time. Local assemblies began to arise and fall all around, and many members began to question whether or not the
Knights of Labor was strong enough to fight for the most important issue of the time, achieving an eight-hour work day.
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382:, which would in turn help operators. The union was able to get cooperation from operators because they explained that the miners wanted better conditions because they felt as if they were part of the mining industry and also wanted the company to grow. But in order for the company to grow, the workers must have better conditions so that their labor could improve and benefit the operators.
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186:. By 2014, coal mining had largely shifted to open pit mines in Wyoming, and there were only 60,000 active coal miners. The UMW was left with 35,000 members, of whom 20,000 were coal miners, chiefly in underground mines in Kentucky and West Virginia. However it was responsible for pensions and medical benefits for 40,000 retired miners, and for 50,000 spouses and dependents.
316:, and bought several coal mines in the area. Because he owned the coal mines and controlled the means of transporting the coal, he was able to slowly destroy the labor union. He did everything in his power to produce the cheapest product and to ensure that non-union workers would benefit. As conditions for the miners of the WBA worsened, the union broke up and disappeared.
816:– July 1914. The surface plant of the Prairie Creek coal mine was destroyed, and two non-union miners murdered by union miners and sympathizers. The mine owners sued the local and national organizations of the United Mine Workers Union. The national UMWA was found not complicit, but the local was judged culpable of encouraging the rioters, and made to pay US$ 2.1 million.
1246:"For those and other reasons, we are disappointed that the bill will not pass," Cecil Roberts, the union's president said. "We urge Senator Manchin to revisit his opposition to this legislation and work with his colleagues to pass something that will help keep coal miners working, and have a meaningful impact on our members, their families, and their communities."
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727:, contributed to the labor struggles in Colorado. These came to be known as the Colorado Labor Wars. During the United Mine Workers effort, operators directed their private forces to attack and beat traveling union officers and organizers, which ultimately helped to break the strike. These beatings were a mystery until publication of
1242:, noting that the bill includes an extension of a fund that provides benefits to coal miners suffering from black lung disease, which expires at the end of the year. The UMWA also touted tax incentives that encourage manufacturers to build facilities in coalfields that would employ thousands of miners who lost their jobs.
1034:(BCOA) and a refusal of the Pittston Coal group to pay the health insurance payments for miners who were already retired. The owner of the Pittston company at the time, Paul Douglas, left the BCOA because he wanted to be able to produce coal seven days a week and did not want his company to pay the fee for the insurance.
1127:, which bars sex discrimination by companies with federal contracts. The complaint called for the hiring of one woman for every three inexperienced men until women constituted 20 percent of the workforce. This legal strategy was successful. Almost 3,000 women were hired by the close of 1979 as underground miners.
755:, were racially integrated. That fact helped galvanize political opposition to the strikers in the segregated state. The governor used the Alabama State Militia to end the work stoppage. The union adopted racial segregation of workers in Alabama in order to reduce the political threat to the organization.
552:(1880–1969) was the highly combative UMW president who thoroughly controlled the union from 1920 to 1960. A major player in the labor movement and national politics, in the 1930s he used UMW activists to organize new unions in autos, steel and rubber. He was the driving force behind the founding of the
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These problems—perceived weakness of the unions, loss of control over jobs, drop in demand, and competition—decreased the faith of miners in their union. By 1998 the UMW had about 240,000 members, half the number that it had in 1946. As of the early 2000s, the union represents about 42 percent of all
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On 31 January 1988 Douglas cut off retirement and health care funds to about 1500 retired miners, widows of miners, and disabled miners. To avoid a strike, Douglas threatened that if a strike were to take place, that the miners would be replaced by other workers. The UMW called this action unjust and
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Three months after returning to work, the national UMWA contract expired. On
November 12, 1974, 120,000 miners nationwide walked off the job. The nationwide strike was bloodless and a tentative contract was achieved three weeks later. This opened the mines and reactivated the railroad haulers in time
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Establish unbiased public police forces in the mine areas that were not controlled by the operators. Many operators hired private police, who were used to harass the mine workers and impose company power. In company towns, the operators owned all the houses and controlled the police force; they could
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Although the goal of the NPU in 1888 was ostensibly to create unity between the miners, it instead drew a stronger line distinguishing members of the NPU against those of the NTA #135. Because of the rivalry, miners of one labor union would not support the strikes of another, and many strikes failed.
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area. The main problem with the
Knights of Labor was its secrecy. The members kept very private their affiliation and goals of the Knights of Labor. Because both miners and operators could become members, there was no commonality to unite the members. Also, the union did not see strikes as a means to
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In
December 1889, the president of the NPU set up a joint conference for all miners. John McBride, the president of NPU, suggested that the Knights of Labor should join the NPU to form a stronger union. John B. Rae reluctantly agreed and decided that the merged groups would meet on January 22, 1890.
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was president of the United States and John L. Lewis was president of the UMW. Originally, the two worked together well, but, after the 1937 strike of United
Automobile Workers against General Motors, Lewis stopped trusting Roosevelt, claiming that Roosevelt had gone back on his word. This conflict
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After the fall of the WBA, miners created many other small unions, including the
Workingman's Protective Association (WPA) and the Miner's National Association (MNA). Although both groups had strong ideas and goals, they were unable to gain enough support and organization to succeed. The two unions
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Lewis was a brutally effective and aggressive fighter and strike leader who gained high wages for his membership while steamrolling over his opponents, including the United States government. Lewis was one of the most controversial and innovative leaders in the history of labor, gaining credit for
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The union's first priority was to get a fair weighing system within the mines. At a conference between the operators and the union, the idea of a new system of scaling was agreed upon, but the system was never implemented. Because the union did not deliver what it had promised, it lost support and
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Other factors contributed to the decline in unionism generally and UMW specifically. The coal industry was not prepared economically to deal with such a drop in demand for coal. Demand for coal was very high during World War II, but decreased dramatically after the war, in part due to competition
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Decreased faith in the UMW to support the rights of the miners caused many to leave the union. Coal demand was curbed by competition from other energy sources. The main cause of the decline in the union during the 1920s and 1930s was the introduction of more efficient and easily produced machines
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The
Knights of Labor tried to establish a strong and organized union, so they set up a system of local assemblies, or LAs. There were two main types of LAs, trade and mixed, with the trade LA being the most common. Although this system was put into place to create order, it did the opposite. Even
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best known for representing coal miners. Today, the Union also represents health care workers, truck drivers, manufacturing workers and public employees in the United States and Canada. Although its main focus has always been on workers and their rights, the UMW of today also advocates for better
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In 1942, the UMW chose to leave the CIO, and, for the next five years, were an independent union. In 1947, the UMW once again joined the AFL, but the remarriage was a short one, as the UMW was forced out of the AFL in 1948, and at that point, became the largest non-affiliated union in the United
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During this time, the rivalry between the two unions increased and eventually led to the formation of the UMW. The first of many arguments arose after the 1886 joint conference. The
Knights of Labor did not want the NTA #135 to be in control, so they went against a lot of their decisions. Also,
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Miners worked from January 1988 to April 1989 without a contract. Tension in the company grew and on April 5, 1989, the workers declared a strike. Many months of both violent and nonviolent strike actions took place. On 20 February 1990 a settlement was finally reached between the UMWA and the
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By June the demand for coal began to increase, and some operators decided to pay the workers their original salaries before the wage cut. However, not all demands across the country were met, and some workers continued to strike. The young union suffered damage in this uneven effort. The most
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Although many labor unions were failing, two predominant unions arose that held promise to become strong and permanent advocates for the miners. The main problem during this time was the rivalry between the two groups. Because the National Trade Assembly #135, better known as the
221:(Congress of Industrial Organizations). Its organizers fanned out to organize major industries, including automobiles, steel, electrical equipment, rubber, paint and chemical, and fought a series of battles with the AFL. The UMW grew to 800,000 members and was an element in the
1093:, a catch-all district for workers in fields related to coal mining, such as the chemical and energy industries. This district gained organizational independence in 1961, and then fell into dispute with the remainder of the union, leading in 1968 to its expulsion.
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Have accurate scales to weigh the coal products, so workers could be paid fairly. Many operators had altered scales that showed a lighter weight of coal than actually produced, resulting in underpayment to workers. Miners were paid per pound of coal that they
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president. Roosevelt repeatedly won large majorities of the union votes, even in 1940 when Lewis took an isolationist position on Europe, as demanded by far-left union elements. Lewis denounced Roosevelt as a power-hungry war monger, and endorsed Republican
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The tension between the two leaders escalated during World War II. Roosevelt in 1943 was outraged when Lewis threatened a major strike to end anthracite coal production needed by the war effort. He threatened government intervention and Lewis retreated.
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In 2012, the UMWA National COMPAC Council did not make an endorsement in the election for President of the United States, citing "Neither candidate has yet demonstrated that he will be on the side of UMWA members and their families as president."
848:, a wartime measure criminalizing interference with the production or transportation of necessities, and obtained an injunction against the strike on October 31. The coal operators smeared the strikers with charges that Russian communist leaders
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Trade Assembly No. 135 and the National Progressive Miners Union. Adopting the model of the union was initially established as a three-pronged labor tool: to develop mine safety; to improve mine workers' independence from the mine owners and the
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from other energy sources. In efforts to improve air quality, municipal governments started to ban the use of coal as household fuel. The end of wartime price controls introduced competition to produce cheaper coal, putting pressure on wages.
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1903 Colorado coal strike – October 1903. The United Mine Workers conducted a strike in Colorado, called in October 1903 by President Mitchell, and lasting into 1904. The strike, while overshadowed by a simultaneous strike conducted by the
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The 'Redneck War' – 1920–21. Generally viewed as beginning with the Matewan Massacre, this conflict involved the struggle to unionize the southwestern area of West Virginia. It led to the march of 10,000 armed miners on the county seat at
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We have founded the United Mine Workers of America for the purpose of ... educating all mine workers in America to realize the necessity of unity of action and purpose, in demanding and securing by lawful means the just fruits of our
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However, a general decline in union effectiveness characterized the 1970s and 1980s, leading to new kinds of activism, particularly in the late 1970s. Workers saw their unions back down in the face of aggressive management.
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of 1972 in which 125 people were killed. The company also was very financially unstable and in debt. The mines associated with the company were located mostly in Virginia, with mines also in West Virginia and Kentucky.
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Singer, Alan Jay. "`Which Side Are You On?': Ideological Conflict in the United Mine Workers of America, 1919–1928." PhD dissertation Rutgers U., New Brunswick 1982. 304 pp. DAI 1982 43(4): 1268-A. DA8221709 Fulltext:
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951:, also known as the British Empire Steel Corporation, or BESCO, controlled most coal mines and every steel mill in the province. BESCO was in financial difficulties and repeatedly attempted to reduce wages and
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Throughout 1887–1888 many joint conferences were held to help iron out the problems that the two groups were having. Many leaders of each groups began questioning the morals of the other union. One leader,
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was formed in 1935. However, the AFL leadership did not agree with the philosophy of industrial unionization, and the UMW and nine other unions that had formed the CIO were kicked out of the AFL in 1937.
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1112:. However, more pervasive were hiring practices discriminatory against women. The superstition that a woman even entering a mine was bad luck and results in disaster was pervasive among male miners.
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1745:– An amalgamated 'miscellaneous' and 'catch-all' district, including workers associated with, but not in, mines and mining. Included paint and chemical workers. Eventually it was absorbed by the
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This crisis led to the Nova Scotia government acting in 1937 to improve the rights of all wage earners, and these reforms served as a model across Canada, at both provincial and federal levels.
962:, miners struck in 1923, and were met by locally and provincially-deployed troops. This would eventually lead to the federal government introducing legislation limiting the civil use of troops.
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win re-election with a landslide in 1936, but as an isolationist supported by Communist elements in the CIO, Lewis broke with Roosevelt in 1940 on anti-Nazi foreign policy. (Following the 1939
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are believed to have been the first women to work inside an American coal mine, and were the first women to work inside a mine who were members of the UMW. They began that work in 1973 in
1080:, the new leadership enacted a series of reforms which gave UMWA members the right to elect their leaders at all levels of the union and to ratify the contracts under which they worked.
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The union's history has numerous examples of strikes in which members and their supporters clashed with company-hired strikebreakers and government forces. The most notable include:
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996:, voted to join the union. Eastover management refused to sign the contract and the miners went on strike. Duke Power attempted to bring in replacement non-union workers or "
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645:. A crowd of mostly immigrant strikers were fired on by deputized members of the 10th Regiment of the National Guard. At least ten strikers were killed and dozens injured.
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immigrant miners, this strike involved 15,000 coal miners. Sixteen people were killed during the strike, nearly all of them striking miners or members of their families.
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1202:. Sherman's candidacy was driven to appeal to the significant population of miners working in the camps of southern Alberta. He finished second in the riding of
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This Union was formed by members of the Knights of Labor who realized that a secret and unified group would not turn into a successful union. The founders,
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333:, and the National Federation of Miners and Mine Laborers were so opposed to one another, they created problems for miners rather than solving key issues.
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1151:. The UMW leadership was part of the driving force to change the way workers were organized, and the UMW was one of the charter members when the new
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1073:" (MFD) which swept Boyle and his regime out of office, and replaced them with a group of leaders who had been most recently rank and file miners.
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important goal of the 1894 strike was not the restoration of wages, but rather the establishment of the UMWA as a cooperation at a national level.
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1171:(which was created in 1955 with the merger of the AFL and the CIO). In 1989, the UMW was again taken into the fold of the large union umbrella.
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coal. The laborers formed the WBA to help improve pay and working conditions. The main reason for the success of this group was the president,
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In the 1920s, about 12,000 Nova Scotia miners were represented by the UMWA. These workers lived in very difficult economic circumstances in
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Clapp, Thomas C. "The Bituminous Coal Strike of 1943." PhD dissertation U. of Toledo 1974. 278 pp. DAI 1974 35(6): 3626–3627-A., not online
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who broke up a tent colony formed by families of miners who had been evicted from company-owned housing. The strike was partially led by
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did not last long, but provided greater support by the miners for a union which could withstand and help protect the workers' rights.
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Mary Harris ‘Mother' Jones, “Speech at a Public Meeting on the Steps of the State Capitol, Charleston, West Virginia,” 15 August 1912
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Provide safe working conditions, with operators to use the latest technologies in order to preserve the lives and health of workers.
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Payment of a salary commensurate with the dangerous work conditions. This was one of the most important points of the constitution.
840:– November 1, 1919. Some 400,000 members of the United Mine Workers went on strike on November 1, 1919, although Attorney General
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213:, organizers spread throughout the United States to organize all coal miners into labor unions. Under the powerful leadership of
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After resigning as head of the CIO in 1941, he took the Mine Workers out of the CIO in 1942 and in 1944 took the union into the
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Enforce safety laws and make it illegal for mines to have inadequate roof supports, or contaminated air and water in the mines.
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916:, On April 1, 1922, 610,000 mine workers struck nationwide, shutting down the majority of operations within the country.
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The workers reserved the right to strike, but would work with operators to reach reasonable conclusions to negotiations.
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Fry, Richard, "Dissent in the Coalfields: Miners, Federal Politics, and Union Reform in the United States, 1968–1973,"
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378:, believed that creating an eight-hour work day would not only be beneficial for workers, but also as a means to stop
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Jensen, Richard J., and Carol L. Jensen. "Labor's appeal to the past: The 1972 election in the United Mine Workers."
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1981:
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711:, led by the United Mine Workers and centered in eastern Pennsylvania, ended after direct intervention of President
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J. R. Sperry, "Rebellion Within the Ranks: Pennsylvania Anthracite, John L. Lewis, and the Coal Strikes Of 1943,"
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was elected the leader of the UMW. Trumka spent the 1980s healing the rift between the UMW and the now-conjoined
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company. Many strikers and opposition were killed before the violent reached a peak following the April 20, 1914
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Throughout the years, the UMW has taken political stands and supported candidates to help achieve union goals.
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751:– June–August 1908. Notable because the 18,000 UMWA-organized strikers, more than half of those working in the
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The union's history has sometimes been marked by internal strife and corruption, including the 1969 murder of
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attain rights. To many people of the time, a strike was the only way that they believed they would be heard.
902:, a lengthy, violent, expensive and fruitless attempt to achieve union recognition in the coal mines around
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had instructed communist parties in the West to oppose any support for nations at war with Nazi Germany.)
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12 – Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Western Kentucky, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas and Oklahoma
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From the Molly Maguires to the United Mine Workers: the social ecology of an industrial union, 1869–1897
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Kris Maher, "Mine Workers Union Shrinks but Boss Fights On, Wall Street Journal, January 9, 2014 p. B1
888:, miners fought state militia, local police, and mine guards. These events are depicted in the novels
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1066:, along with his wife and 25-year-old daughter. Boyle was later convicted of ordering these murders.
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787:. An estimated 20 people, including women and children, were killed by armed police, hired guns, and
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The United Mine Workers of America: A Model of Industrial Solidarity? Edited by John M. Laslett 1994
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and that wages would be cut by 20%. The miners responded with a strike. This led to violence with
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was gained in 1898. The first ideas of this demand were outlined in point six of the constitution.
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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Powell, Allan Kent (1994), "The United Mine Workers of America", in Powell, Allan Kent (ed.),
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2295:"The Coal Employment Project—How Women Can Make Breakthroughs into Nontraditional Industries"
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of 1989-1990 began as a result of a withdrawal of the Pittston Coal Group also known as the
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Trade Assembly No. 135 and the National Progressive Miners Union. It was modeled after the
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1119:, a women's advocacy organization, against 153 coal companies. This action was based upon
926:. 19 strikebreakers and 3 union miners were killed in mob action between June 21–22, 1922.
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had ordered the strike and were financing it, and some of the press repeated those claims.
8:
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217:, the UMW broke with the American Federation of Labor and set up its own federation, the
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This union was more commonly known as the Knights of Labor and began around 1870 in the
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Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Warren Van Tine. "John L. Lewis " in Dubofsky and Van Tine, eds.
2545:"McCain campaign's last minute distortion of Obama's coal record an act of desperation"
1210:
1069:
The killing of Yablonski resulted in the birth of a pro-democracy movement called the "
1010:
712:
677:
that established Illinois as the leading union state in the country, and a reason that
674:
614:
572:
446:
222:
83:
3025:
46:
3715:
3231:
3101:
2918:
2908:
2647:
2566:
2434:
2423:
2357:
2332:
2322:
2083:
1987:
1977:
1321:
1184:
1124:
1109:
799:
678:
660:
638:
602:
Health and retirement benefits for the miners and their families were earned in 1946.
309:
2808:
2777:
2374:
4198:
3045:
2870:
2399:
1059:
1027:
923:
803:
670:
330:
313:
261:
210:
194:
2818:
2805:
The CIO Challenge to the AFL: A History of the American Labor Movement, 1935–1941,
2774:
Soft Coal, Hard Choices: The Economic Welfare of Bituminous Coal Miners, 1890–1930
2294:
3272:
2877:
2825:
2784:
2616:
2420:
2254:"United Steelworkers of America, District 50 Records, 1936-1975 (bulk 1968-1972)"
2253:
1522:
1220:
959:
919:
807:
784:
734:
459:
2747:
The Face of Decline: The Pennsylvania Anthracite Region in the Twentieth Century
862:– May 19, 1920. 12 men were killed in a gunfight between town residents and the
423:
When the union was founded, the values of the UMWA were stated in the preamble:
4222:
4122:
3113:
2937:
University Press of Kentucky, 1985, conflict in the coal industry to the 1980s.
2271:
2034:
1381:
1164:
970:
795:
593:
396:
379:
257:
190:
69:
4302:
International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Unions
2846:
From Company Doctors to Managed Care: The United Mine Workers Noble Experiment
2689:
4280:
4216:
4180:
3442:
3207:
3095:
2667:
1476:
1449:
1443:
1369:
1351:
1238:. In 2021 the union urged him to revisit his opposition to President Biden's
1101:
1077:
1037:
The Pittson company was seen as having inadequate safety standards after the
1001:
997:
966:
952:
549:
214:
199:
98:
73:
2922:
2891:
Divided Loyalties: The Public and Private Life of Labor Leader John Mitchell
2336:
1991:
4204:
3794:
3089:
2830:
Jensen, Richard J. "United Mine Workers of America." in Eric Arnesen, ed.,
2079:
Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and ...
1282:
1256:
1105:
1062:, a reform candidate who lost a race for union president against incumbent
944:
762:
2527:"Coal miners' union urges Manchin to reconsider opposition to Biden plan"
2316:
1464:
1363:
1303:
1231:
1168:
1063:
989:
867:
738:
139:
2500:
2466:
Irving Bernstein, "John L. Lewis and the Voting Behavior of the C.I.O.'
2421:
Brown, George; David M. Hayne; Frances G. Halpenny; Ramsay Cook (1966).
1259:
as the best candidate to help achieve more rights for the mine workers.
775:– September 1913–December 1914. A frequently violent strike against the
341:
4228:
4159:
3660:
3119:
2760:
2750:
2513:"UMWA COMPAC Announces Endorsements for West Virginia Primary Election"
2471:
1482:
1404:
1375:
1315:
694:
560:
and helped organize millions of other industrial workers in the 1930s.
298:
2124:
The Challenge of Interracial Unionism: Alabama Coal Miners, 1878–1921.
965:
In 1925 BESCO announced that it would not longer give credit at their
3608:
2349:
1834:
17 – Southern West Virginia, Eastern Kentucky, Virginia and Tennessee
576:
567:(AFL). Lewis was a Republican, but he played a major role in helping
308:
The WBA could have been a very successful union had it not been for
193:, on January 25, 1890, with the merger of two old labor groups, the
2935:
Fire in the Hole: Miners and Managers in the American Coal Industry
1267:
907:
788:
766:
399:
was elected as President of the National Federation of Miners, and
297:. This union was distinguished as a labor union for workers mining
3028:
Voices of Democracy, West Virginia Mining and the Conflict of 1912
1209:
The biggest conflict between the UMW and the government was while
992:-owned Eastover Mining Company's Brookside Mine and Prep Plant in
439:
Payment to be made fairly in legal tender, not with company scrip.
361:
3068:
2815:
The United Mine Workers of America, and the Non-Union Coal Fields
1861:"Who We Are, Where We Work | United Mine Workers of America"
1008:
for Christmas. These events are depicted in the documentary film
872:
853:
432:
The UMWA constitution listed eleven points as the union's goals:
3006:
2867:
Coal and Unionism: A History of the American Coal Miners' Unions
2455:
The turbulent years: A history of the American worker, 1933-1941
1976:. The Making of America Series. Arcadia Publishing. p. 93.
260:, on January 25, 1890, by the merger of two earlier groups, the
820:
798:, a UMWA organizer and saw the participation of famed activist
418:
102:
3021:
Burning Up People to Make Electricity, The Atlantic, July 1974
2978:
2609:
620:
Relatively high wages for unionized miners by the early 1960s.
3919:
2791:
United We Stand: The United Mine Workers of America 1890–1990
1933:
United We Stand, The United Mine Workers of America 1890–1990
849:
281:
The first step in starting the union was the creation of the
2860:
Welsh Americans: A history of assimilation in the coalfields
2737:
Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933–1941
2150:
Race, Class and Power in the Alabama Coalfields, 1908–1921.
935:
502:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
3037:
3034:, Chapters XIX, XX, and XXI (Colorado Labor Wars, 1903–04)
2853:
The United Mine Workers: A Model of Industrial Solidarity?
2730:
The Lean Years: a History of the American Worker 1920–1933
2208:(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1955), p. 155
1230:
The UMW represents West Virginia coal miners and endorsed
1147:
At some point before 1930, the UMW became a member of the
202:; and to provide miners with collective bargaining power.
2137:
It is Union and Liberty: Alabama Coal Miners and the UMW.
663:– September 10, 1897. 19 miners were killed by police in
977:, as well as the looting and arson of company property.
613:, which provided compensation for miners suffering from
599:
The union achieved collective bargaining rights in 1933.
2276:"In Coal Mine No. 29, Two Women Work Alongside the Men"
737:, which revealed that the UMWA had been infiltrated by
2055:"UMWA in Action | United Mine Workers of America"
2054:
1083:
2482:
Hugh Ross, "John L. Lewis and the Election of 1940."
293:
Another early labor union that arose in 1868 was the
2974:
2690:"UMWA Offices | United Mine Workers of America"
1779:
15 – Colorado, New Mexico, Montana, and North Dakota
1115:
In 1978 a discrimination complaint was filed by the
154:
2994:
2076:Leavitt, Judith Walzer; Numbers, Ronald L. (1997).
1236:
2018 United States Senate election in West Virginia
473:
arbitrarily evict workers and arrest them unjustly.
2832:Encyclopedia of US labor and working-class history
2547:. United Mine Workers of America. November 3, 2008
2422:
2394:
2392:
2318:Women in the mines : stories of life and work
2206:Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920
2195:(NY: Columbia University Press, 1963), pp. 176–179
2886:(McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2000), Canadian mines
2321:. New York: Twayne Publishers. pp. xl–xlii.
4278:
2761:excerpt and text search of abridged 1986 edition
2135:Brown, Edwin L. and Colin J. David, eds. (1999)
2113:Wilshire Book Company, 1907, chapters XIX and XX
1812:29 – Southern West Virginia (eliminated in 1996)
1785:18 – Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan
1142:
930:
2793:(UMW 1990), detailed semiofficial union history
2389:
2302:U.S. Department of Labor; Women's Bureau (1985)
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2163:Coronado Coal v. United Mine Workers of America
2126:Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press
1573:
445:Provide better ventilation systems to decrease
362:National Federation of Miners and Mine Laborers
336:
4251:International Labor Communications Association
3227:International Labor Communications Association
2228:"The Nova Scotia Coal Strikes of 1922 to 1925"
2075:
2011:, State of Maryland and Historical Collections
1837:20 – Alabama, Florida, Georgia and Mississippi
1183:United Mine Workers meeting with Congressman
455:Limit regular hours to an eight-hour work day.
3810:
3053:
2589:"UMWA endorses Grimes for Senate in Kentucky"
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1828:2 – Pennsylvania, New York and Eastern Canada
3824:
3203:Labor Council for Latin American Advancement
2884:Boys in the pits: Child labour in coal mines
2668:"e-WV | United Mine Workers of America"
2211:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
673:– October 1898. This was part of the larger
419:Constitution of the Union: The Eleven Points
3268:Labor and Working-Class History Association
247:
243:History of coal mining in the United States
3817:
3803:
3060:
3046:
2999:
2354:An injury to all: the decline of unionism.
2049:
2047:
2045:
458:End child labor, and strictly enforce the
45:
2865:Lynch, Edward A., and David J. McDonald.
2759:(1977), the standard scholarly biography
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2292:
2270:
2180:"Palmer to Enforce Law," November 1, 1919
1947:
1875:
1096:
531:Learn how and when to remove this message
2955:(1988), 220pp short biography by scholar
1178:
1174:
934:
819:
693:
340:
2755:Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Warren Van Tine.
2429:. University of Toronto Press. p.
2414:
2139:Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press
2042:
1500:
983:
838:United Mine Workers coal strike of 1919
761:– 1910–1911, a 16-month coal strike in
611:Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act
469:Payment should be made in legal tender.
14:
4279:
3289:AFL–CIO Employees Federal Credit Union
2896:
2670:. Wvencyclopedia.org. October 26, 2010
2646:. University of Illinois Press. 1986.
2621:
1194:The United Mine Workers ran candidate
1017:
988:In the summer of 1973, workers at the
667:, during a march in support of unions.
649:Bituminous Coal Miners' Strike of 1894
345:The Great Seal of the Knights of Labor
3798:
3188:Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance
3041:
2862:(Univ of North Carolina Press, 2009).
2314:
1969:
1032:Bituminous Coal Operators Association
3779:Congress of Industrial Organizations
2246:
2152:Urbana: University of Illinois Press
1963:
1843:31 – Northern West Virginia and Ohio
1287:2023 Kentucky gubernatorial election
1281:In 2023, the UMWA endorsed Democrat
1153:Congress of Industrial Organizations
1053:
1046:took the Pittston company to court.
906:left 16 men dead; one black man was
554:Congress of Industrial Organizations
484:
4297:Canadian Labour Congress affiliates
2944:Zieger, Robert H. "Lewis, John L."
2033:Robert H. Zieger. "Lewis, John L."
1788:19 – Eastern Kentucky and Tennessee
1718:19 – Eastern Kentucky and Tennessee
1648:19 – Eastern Kentucky and Tennessee
1599:19 – Eastern Kentucky and Tennessee
1250:
1084:Decline of labor unionism in mining
949:Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation
810:in commemoration of those who died.
295:Workingmen's Benevolent Association
289:Workingman's Benevolent Association
24:
3193:Coalition of Black Trade Unionists
2946:American National Biography Online
2707:
2036:American National Biography Online
1806:26 – Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
1794:21 – Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas
1724:21 – Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas
1654:21 – Arkansas and Indian Territory
1394:
973:firing on strikers, killing miner
624:
25:
4333:
2970:
2745:Dublin, Thomas and Walter Licht.
2234:. Canada Parks. February 15, 2016
2024:(New York: Norton, 1990) 603–604.
1715:18 – Alberta and British Columbia
866:, hired by mine owners. Director
4312:Trade unions established in 1890
2977:
2739:(1970), best coverage of the era
2732:(1966), best coverage of the era
2567:"United Mine Workers of America"
2425:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
2377:. United Mine Workers of America
2009:University of Maryland Libraries
605:In 1969, the UMWA convinced the
489:
480:
271:
225:supporting Democratic President
3784:Directly affiliated local union
2723:The Union and the Coal Industry
2682:
2660:
2603:
2581:
2559:
2537:
2519:
2505:
2489:
2476:
2460:
2447:
2367:
2356:London, New York: Verso, 1988,
2343:
2308:
2293:Alexander, Lendra Cole (1985).
2286:
2264:
2258:Penn State University Libraries
2198:
2185:
2169:
2155:
2142:
2129:
2116:
2103:
2069:
2005:George Harris Papers, 1880–1925
1797:22 – Utah, Wyoming, and Arizona
759:Westmoreland County Coal Strike
586:
558:United Steel Workers of America
4287:United Mine Workers of America
3258:International Rescue Committee
3198:Coalition of Labor Union Women
3183:Alliance for Retired Americans
2610:Kentucky – COMPAC Endorsements
2193:A. Mitchell Palmer: Politician
2027:
2014:
1998:
1938:
1853:
1747:United Steelworkers of America
1198:under the union banner in the
892:(1987) by Denise Giardina and
864:Baldwin–Felts Detective Agency
723:among hard rock miners in the
689:
449:, and better drainage systems.
312:. In the 1870s Gowen lead the
232:
167:United Mine Workers of America
39:United Mine Workers of America
13:
1:
3237:Working for America Institute
2375:"A Brief History of the UMWA"
1973:Columbus: The Story of a City
1847:
1297:
1292:
1200:1905 Alberta general election
1143:Affiliation with other unions
931:1922–1925 Nova Scotia strikes
802:. The UMWA purchased part of
3774:American Federation of Labor
3178:A. Philip Randolph Institute
2057:. Umwa.org. November 6, 2013
1574:Districts throughout history
1512:1896: William Charles Pearce
1149:American Federation of Labor
914:1922 UMW General coal strike
721:Western Federation of Miners
565:American Federation of Labor
337:National Trade Assembly #135
283:American Miners' Association
277:American Miners' Association
266:American Federation of Labor
7:
4322:1890 establishments in Ohio
4246:Canadian Congress of Labour
3067:
2953:John L. Lewis: Labor Leader
2182:, accessed January 26, 2010
1818:31 – Northern West Virginia
1266:In 2014, the UMWA endorsed
1255:In 2008 the UMWA supported
10:
4338:
2757:John L. Lewis: A Biography
2591:. Umwa.org. August 2, 2014
2166:, 268 US 295, 25 May 1925.
1840:22 – Western United States
1782:17 – Central West Virginia
1761:4 – Southwest Pennsylvania
1548:1977: Willard A. Esselstyn
679:Mary Harris "Mother" Jones
556:(CIO). It established the
542:
351:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
236:
27:North American labor union
4317:Coal in the United States
4261:Trades and Labor Congress
4238:
4173:
4003:
3905:
3862:Newfoundland and Labrador
3832:
3766:
3689:
3306:
3281:
3245:
3219:
3170:
3129:
3082:
3075:
3016:West Virginia's Mine Wars
2900:Utah History Encyclopedia
2644:The Samuel Gompers Papers
2499:40#3 (1973), pp. 292–312
2099:– via Google Books.
2082:Univ of Wisconsin Press.
1770:11 – Indiana (Bituminous)
1709:15 – Colorado and Wyoming
1697:11 – Indiana (Bituminous)
1630:11 – Indiana (Bituminous)
922:occurred in June 1922 in
870:directed a feature film,
806:site and constructed the
149:
135:
122:
112:
90:
79:
53:
44:
37:
4005:International affiliates
3826:Canadian Labour Congress
3604:Printers & Engravers
2905:University of Utah Press
2903:, Salt Lake City, Utah:
2767:Labor Leaders in America
2470:4#2 (1941), pp. 233–249
2468:Public Opinion Quarterly
2282:– via NYTimes.com.
2260:. Penn State University.
2122:Letwin, Daniel L.(1998)
2111:The Pinkerton Labor Spy,
1764:5 – Western Pennsylvania
1758:2 – Central Pennsylvania
1685:7 – ANTHRACITE (Central)
1679:5 – Western Pennsylvania
1676:2 – Central Pennsylvania
1621:7 – ANTHRACITE (Central)
1615:5 – Western Pennsylvania
1612:2 – Central Pennsylvania
1584:5 – Western Pennsylvania
1125:President Lyndon Johnson
900:1920 Alabama coal strike
896:(2005) by Jonathan Lynn.
886:Battle of Blair Mountain
876:, based on these events.
749:1908 Alabama coal strike
715:as a neutral arbitrator.
632:
389:
323:
248:Development of the Union
3835:territorial federations
3253:American Rights at Work
3032:The Pinkerton Labor Spy
2985:Organized labour portal
2851:Laslett, John H.M. ed.
2800:55 (May 2014), 173–188.
2751:excerpt and text search
2615:April 17, 2023, at the
1822:
1752:
1667:
1603:
1578:
1400:1890: William H. Turner
1272:Alison Lundergan Grimes
1214:led Lewis to resign as
1123:signed in 1965 by U.S.
1117:Coal Employment Project
1050:Pittston Coal Company.
994:Harlan County, Kentucky
814:Hartford coal mine riot
777:John D. Rockefeller Jr.
730:The Pinkerton Labor Spy
252:The UMW was founded at
189:The UMW was founded in
59:; 134 years ago
3692:central labor councils
3690:State federations and
3294:National Labor College
3263:Jewish Labor Committee
3212:Union Veterans Council
3152:Professional Employees
1691:9 – ANTHRACITE (South)
1673:1 – ANTHRACITE (North)
1627:9 – ANTHRACITE (South)
1609:1 – ANTHRACITE (North)
1563:2017: Bob Scaramozzino
1517:William Bauchop Wilson
1472:1965: George J. Titler
1248:
1240:Build Back Better Plan
1188:
1097:In the 1970s and after
940:
860:Matewan, West Virginia
833:
781:Colorado Fuel and Iron
773:Colorado Coalfield War
725:Cripple Creek District
703:
700:Hazleton, Pennsylvania
665:Lattimer, Pennsylvania
643:Morewood, Pennsylvania
609:to enact the landmark
607:United States Congress
575:of nonaggression, the
511:by rewriting it in an
430:
403:first vice president.
346:
239:History of coal miners
177:) is a North American
4266:Workers' Unity League
3157:Transportation Trades
3011:mine wars in Illinois
3009:: documentary on the
2841:28#3 (1977): 173–184.
2839:Communication Studies
2486:17.2 (1976): 160–189.
2315:Moore, Marat (1996).
1815:30 – Eastern Kentucky
1800:23 – Central Kentucky
1739:28 – Vancouver Island
1727:23 – Central Kentucky
1657:23 – Central Kentucky
1509:1891: Patrick McBryde
1506:1890: Robert Watchorn
1487:1980: Wilbert Killion
1421:1899: Thomas W. Davis
1244:
1182:
1175:Political involvement
1121:Executive Order 11246
1076:Led by new president
938:
823:
697:
683:Mount Olive, Illinois
569:Franklin D. Roosevelt
425:
344:
227:Franklin D. Roosevelt
207:National Recovery Act
205:After passage of the
184:universal health care
57:January 25, 1890
3882:Prince Edward Island
3220:Allied organizations
2844:Krajcinovic, Ivana.
2533:. December 20, 2021.
2497:Pennsylvania History
2148:Kelly, Brian (2001)
2007:. 1.75 linear feet,
1560:2005: Daniel J. Kane
1501:Secretary-Treasurers
1409:1895: Cameron Miller
1071:Miners for Democracy
1024:Pittston Coal strike
984:The Brookside Strike
641:– April 3, 1891, in
545:John Llewellyn Lewis
182:roads, schools, and
4307:Mining trade unions
3907:National affiliates
3171:Constituency groups
2893:(SUNY Press, 1994).
2848:(Cornell UP, 1997).
2772:Fishback, Price V.
2735:Bernstein, Irving.
2728:Bernstein, Irving.
2272:Klemesrud, Judy Lee
1545:1972: Harry Patrick
1469:1963: Raymond Lewis
1196:Frank Henry Sherman
1039:Buffalo Creek flood
1018:The Pittston strike
753:Birmingham District
709:Coal Strike of 1902
594:eight-hour work day
209:in 1933 during the
34:
4292:AFL–CIO affiliates
2960:The CIO 1935–1955.
2958:Zieger, Robert H.
2951:Zieger, Robert H.
2882:McIntosh, Robert.
2876:2011-11-03 at the
2824:2011-01-15 at the
2803:Galenson; Walter.
2783:2011-11-03 at the
2721:Baratz, Morton S.
2718:(Temple UP, 1971).
2714:Aurand, Harold W.
2457:(1969) pp 719–720.
2453:Irving Bernstein,
2280:The New York Times
2204:Robert K. Murray,
2020:Robert C. Tucker,
1970:Lentz, Ed (2003).
1712:17 – West Virginia
1688:8 – Indian (Block)
1645:17 – West Virginia
1624:8 – Indian (Block)
1596:17 – West Virginia
1569:2021: Brian Sanson
1557:1995: Carlo Tarley
1551:1982: John Banovic
1454:1942: John O'Leary
1364:W. A. "Tony" Boyle
1211:Franklin Roosevelt
1189:
1011:Harlan County, USA
941:
842:A. Mitchell Palmer
834:
792:National Guardsmen
713:Theodore Roosevelt
704:
615:Black Lung Disease
573:German-Soviet pact
513:encyclopedic style
500:is written like a
447:black lung disease
347:
254:Columbus City Hall
223:New Deal Coalition
84:Triangle, Virginia
32:
4274:
4273:
3867:Northwest/Nunavut
3792:
3791:
3308:Affiliated unions
3302:
3301:
3232:Solidarity Center
3116: (2009–2021)
3110: (1995–2009)
3102:Thomas R. Donahue
3098: (1979–1995)
3092: (1955–1979)
2933:Seltzer, Curtis.
2929:on March 22, 2016
2858:Lewis, Ronald L.
2402:. Factmonster.com
2362:978-0-86091-929-2
2109:Morris Friedman,
1935:, by Maier B. Fox
1527:1909: Edwin Perry
1322:Michael Ratchford
1234:(D-W.Va.) in the
1139:employed miners.
1110:Jenkins, Kentucky
1054:Internal conflict
831:November 22, 1919
828:Los Angeles Times
661:Lattimer Massacre
639:Morewood massacre
541:
540:
533:
376:Daniel McLaughlin
310:Franklin B. Gowen
163:
162:
16:(Redirected from
4329:
4199:Dennis McDermott
4187:Donald MacDonald
3847:British Columbia
3819:
3812:
3805:
3796:
3795:
3748:Washington State
3080:
3079:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3039:
3038:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2995:Official website
2987:
2982:
2981:
2930:
2925:, archived from
2813:Hinrichs, A. F.
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2640:
2619:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2503:
2493:
2487:
2480:
2474:
2464:
2458:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2428:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2371:
2365:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2274:(May 18, 1974).
2268:
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2250:
2244:
2243:
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2209:
2202:
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2189:
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2127:
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2100:
2098:
2096:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2051:
2040:
2031:
2025:
2018:
2012:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1857:
1736:26 – Nova Scotia
1566:2017: Levi Allen
1542:1947: John Owens
1251:Recent elections
1060:Joseph Yablonski
1028:Pittston Company
924:Herrin, Illinois
844:had invoked the
743:Pinkerton agency
671:Battle of Virden
536:
529:
525:
522:
516:
493:
492:
485:
409:William T. Lewis
331:Knights of Labor
314:Reading Railroad
262:Knights of Labor
211:Great Depression
195:Knights of Labor
159:
156:
105:
67:
65:
60:
49:
35:
31:
21:
4337:
4336:
4332:
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4330:
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4277:
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4270:
4234:
4169:
3999:
3901:
3834:
3828:
3823:
3793:
3788:
3762:
3691:
3685:
3298:
3277:
3273:Working America
3241:
3215:
3166:
3142:Maritime Trades
3137:Building Trades
3125:
3108:John J. Sweeney
3071:
3066:
3007:Remember Virden
2993:
2992:
2983:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2915:
2889:Phelan, Craig.
2878:Wayback Machine
2826:Wayback Machine
2785:Wayback Machine
2725:(Yale UP, 1955)
2710:
2708:Further reading
2705:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2673:
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2666:
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2617:Wayback Machine
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2465:
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2419:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2400:"Private Tutor"
2398:
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2390:
2380:
2378:
2373:
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2265:
2252:
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2247:
2237:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2212:
2203:
2199:
2191:Stanley Coben,
2190:
2186:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2156:
2147:
2143:
2134:
2130:
2121:
2117:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2043:
2032:
2028:
2022:Stalin in Power
2019:
2015:
2003:
1999:
1984:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1825:
1803:25 – Anthracite
1755:
1694:10 – Washington
1670:
1606:
1581:
1576:
1523:William D. Ryan
1503:
1412:1897: John Kane
1397:
1395:Vice Presidents
1300:
1295:
1253:
1221:Wendell Willkie
1177:
1145:
1099:
1086:
1056:
1020:
986:
960:J. B. McLachlan
933:
920:Herrin massacre
890:Storming Heaven
832:
830:
826:
808:Ludlow Monument
785:Ludlow Massacre
765:led largely by
735:Morris Friedman
707:The five-month
698:Coal miners in
692:
635:
627:
625:List of strikes
589:
547:
537:
526:
520:
517:
509:help improve it
506:
494:
490:
483:
460:child labor law
421:
392:
364:
339:
326:
274:
250:
245:
237:Main articles:
235:
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63:
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28:
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15:
12:
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5:
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4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4231:(2021–present)
4226:
4223:Hassan Yussuff
4220:
4214:
4208:
4202:
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4190:
4184:
4177:
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3859:
3854:
3849:
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3838:
3836:
3833:Provincial and
3830:
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3807:
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3180:
3174:
3172:
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3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3122:(2021–present)
3117:
3114:Richard Trumka
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3086:
3084:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3065:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3004:
2989:
2988:
2972:
2971:External links
2969:
2967:
2966:
2964:online edition
2956:
2949:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2913:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2871:online edition
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2819:online edition
2811:
2809:online edition
2801:
2798:Labor History,
2794:
2787:
2778:online edition
2770:
2763:
2753:
2743:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2711:
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2704:
2703:
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2536:
2518:
2504:
2488:
2475:
2459:
2446:
2439:
2413:
2388:
2366:
2364:, pp. 221–223.
2342:
2327:
2307:
2285:
2263:
2245:
2210:
2197:
2184:
2176:New York Times
2168:
2154:
2141:
2128:
2115:
2102:
2089:978-0299153243
2088:
2068:
2041:
2026:
2013:
1997:
1982:
1962:
1946:
1937:
1874:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
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1841:
1838:
1835:
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1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1538:Thomas Kennedy
1534:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1459:Thomas Kennedy
1455:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:– 1995–present
1385:
1382:Richard Trumka
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1358:Thomas Kennedy
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1252:
1249:
1185:Tom O'Halleran
1176:
1173:
1165:Richard Trumka
1144:
1141:
1098:
1095:
1085:
1082:
1055:
1052:
1019:
1016:
985:
982:
971:company police
967:company stores
953:bust the union
932:
929:
928:
927:
917:
911:
897:
894:Blair Mountain
877:
857:
825:"KEEPING WARM"
824:
818:
817:
811:
796:John R. Lawson
770:
756:
746:
716:
691:
688:
687:
686:
668:
653:
652:
646:
634:
631:
626:
623:
622:
621:
618:
603:
600:
597:
588:
585:
543:Main article:
539:
538:
497:
495:
488:
482:
479:
478:
477:
474:
470:
467:
463:
456:
453:
450:
443:
440:
437:
420:
417:
397:Samuel Gompers
391:
388:
380:overproduction
363:
360:
338:
335:
325:
322:
273:
270:
258:Columbus, Ohio
249:
246:
234:
231:
191:Columbus, Ohio
161:
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147:
146:
137:
133:
132:
126:
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120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
107:
106:
94:
92:
88:
87:
81:
77:
76:
70:Columbus, Ohio
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4334:
4323:
4320:
4318:
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4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4256:One Big Union
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4217:Ken Georgetti
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4181:Claude Jodoin
4179:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
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4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
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4089:
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4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
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3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
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3958:
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3904:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
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3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3857:New Brunswick
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3831:
3827:
3820:
3815:
3813:
3808:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3758:West Virginia
3756:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3727:New York City
3724:
3722:
3721:Massachusetts
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3696:
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3309:
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3271:
3269:
3266:
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3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:Allied groups
3244:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3209:
3208:Pride at Work
3206:
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3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
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3145:
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3132:
3128:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3096:Lane Kirkland
3094:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3081:
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3056:
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2595:September 15,
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2546:
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2492:
2485:
2484:Labor History
2479:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2456:
2450:
2442:
2440:0-8020-3998-7
2436:
2432:
2427:
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2328:0-8057-7834-9
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2255:
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2232:www.canada.ca
2229:
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2201:
2194:
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2072:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2039:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2017:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1983:9780738524290
1979:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
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1911:
1909:
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1809:28 – Virginia
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
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1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1773:12 – Illinois
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1733:25 – Missouri
1732:
1730:24 – Michigan
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1700:12 – Illinois
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1663:25 – Missouri
1662:
1660:24 – Michigan
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1642:16 – Maryland
1641:
1638:
1635:
1633:12 – Illinois
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1598:
1595:
1593:12 – Illinois
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
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1539:
1535:
1533:
1532:William Green
1529:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1495:
1493:
1492:Cecil Roberts
1489:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1477:Mike Trbovich
1474:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1450:Philip Murray
1447:
1445:
1444:John L. Lewis
1441:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1417:John Mitchell
1414:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1389:
1388:Cecil Roberts
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1370:Arnold Miller
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1352:John L. Lewis
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1328:John Mitchell
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1290:
1288:
1284:
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1233:
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1217:
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1207:
1205:
1204:Pincher Creek
1201:
1197:
1192:
1186:
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1166:
1161:
1157:
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1140:
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1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:Diana Baldwin
1094:
1092:
1081:
1079:
1078:Arnold Miller
1074:
1072:
1067:
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1025:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1005:
1003:
1002:Strikebreaker
999:
995:
991:
981:
978:
976:
975:William Davis
972:
968:
963:
961:
956:
954:
950:
946:
945:company towns
937:
925:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
905:
901:
898:
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
875:
874:
869:
865:
861:
858:
855:
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843:
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812:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
771:
768:
764:
760:
757:
754:
750:
747:
744:
740:
736:
732:
731:
726:
722:
717:
714:
710:
706:
705:
701:
696:
684:
681:is buried at
680:
676:
672:
669:
666:
662:
659:
658:
657:
650:
647:
644:
640:
637:
636:
630:
619:
616:
612:
608:
604:
601:
598:
595:
591:
590:
584:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
550:John L. Lewis
546:
535:
532:
524:
514:
510:
504:
503:
498:This section
496:
487:
486:
481:John L. Lewis
475:
471:
468:
464:
461:
457:
454:
451:
448:
444:
441:
438:
435:
434:
433:
429:
424:
416:
412:
410:
404:
402:
401:George Harris
398:
387:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
359:
355:
352:
343:
334:
332:
321:
317:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
291:
290:
286:
284:
279:
278:
272:Early efforts
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
244:
240:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:John L. Lewis
212:
208:
203:
201:
200:company store
196:
192:
187:
185:
180:
176:
172:
168:
158:
152:
148:
145:
141:
138:
134:
130:
129:Cecil Roberts
127:
121:
117:
111:
104:
100:
99:United States
96:
95:
93:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
56:
52:
48:
43:
36:
30:
19:
4205:Shirley Carr
4043:Boilermakers
3892:Saskatchewan
3743:Rhode Island
3738:Pennsylvania
3698:California (
3147:Metal Trades
3104: (1995)
3090:George Meany
2959:
2952:
2945:
2934:
2927:the original
2899:
2890:
2883:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2834:(2007), v. 3
2831:
2814:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2789:Fox, Mayor.
2773:
2766:
2756:
2746:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2696:November 11,
2694:. Retrieved
2684:
2674:November 11,
2672:. Retrieved
2662:
2643:
2605:
2593:. Retrieved
2583:
2573:November 11,
2571:. Retrieved
2561:
2551:November 11,
2549:. Retrieved
2539:
2530:
2521:
2507:
2496:
2491:
2483:
2478:
2467:
2462:
2454:
2449:
2424:
2416:
2406:November 11,
2404:. Retrieved
2381:November 11,
2379:. Retrieved
2369:
2353:
2345:
2317:
2310:
2301:
2288:
2279:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2236:. Retrieved
2231:
2205:
2200:
2192:
2187:
2175:
2171:
2162:
2157:
2149:
2144:
2136:
2131:
2123:
2118:
2110:
2105:
2095:November 11,
2093:. Retrieved
2078:
2071:
2061:November 11,
2059:. Retrieved
2035:
2029:
2021:
2016:
2000:
1972:
1965:
1940:
1932:
1867:November 11,
1865:. Retrieved
1855:
1791:20 – Alabama
1721:20 – Alabama
1651:20 – Alabama
1590:11 – Indiana
1426:Thomas Lewis
1334:Thomas Lewis
1310:John McBride
1283:Andy Beshear
1280:
1265:
1261:
1257:Barack Obama
1254:
1245:
1229:
1225:
1208:
1193:
1190:
1162:
1158:
1146:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1114:
1106:Anita Cherry
1100:
1087:
1075:
1068:
1057:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1021:
1009:
1006:
987:
979:
964:
957:
942:
893:
889:
871:
827:
800:Mother Jones
763:Pennsylvania
728:
654:
628:
587:Achievements
581:
562:
548:
527:
518:
499:
431:
426:
422:
413:
405:
393:
384:
368:John McBride
365:
356:
348:
327:
318:
307:
292:
288:
287:
280:
276:
275:
251:
204:
188:
174:
170:
166:
164:
136:Affiliations
80:Headquarters
29:
4225:(2014–2021)
4219:(1999–2014)
4213:(1992–1999)
4207:(1986–1992)
4201:(1978–1986)
4195:(1974–1978)
4189:(1967–1974)
4183:(1956–1966)
4098:Ironworkers
3872:Nova Scotia
3510:Ironworkers
3162:Union Label
3130:Departments
1776:14 – Kansas
1706:14 – Kansas
1639:14 – Kansas
1465:W. A. Boyle
1438:Frank Hayes
1384:– 1982–1995
1378:– 1979–1982
1372:– 1972–1979
1366:– 1963–1972
1360:– 1960–1963
1354:– 1920–1960
1348:– 1917–1920
1346:Frank Hayes
1342:– 1911–1917
1336:– 1908–1910
1330:– 1898–1907
1324:– 1897–1898
1318:– 1895–1896
1312:– 1892–1895
1306:– 1890–1892
1304:John B. Rae
1276:U.S. Senate
1232:Joe Manchin
1091:District 50
1064:W. A. Boyle
868:John Sayles
739:labor spies
690:Early 1900s
372:Chris Evans
233:Coal mining
179:labor union
131:, president
4281:Categories
4229:Bea Bruske
4193:Joe Morris
4174:Presidents
4160:UNITE HERE
3725:New York (
3661:UNITE HERE
3120:Liz Shuler
3083:Presidents
3076:Governance
2948:Feb. 2000.
2914:0874804256
2692:. Umwa.org
2569:. Umwa.org
1863:. Umwa.org
1848:References
1483:Sam Church
1432:John White
1405:Phil Penna
1376:Sam Church
1340:John White
1316:Phil Penna
1298:Presidents
1293:Leadership
990:Duke Power
939:WPA poster
904:Birmingham
733:(1907) by
521:March 2013
303:John Siney
299:anthracite
124:Key people
64:1890-01-25
4211:Bob White
3700:South Bay
3609:SAG-AFTRA
3574:NFLPA/FPA
2350:Kim Moody
2238:August 6,
2038:Feb. 2000
1703:13 – Iowa
1636:13 – Iowa
1270:Democrat
1163:In 1982,
1030:from the
884:. In the
846:Lever Act
741:from the
702:, in 1905
675:mine wars
577:Comintern
466:produced.
386:members.
114:Members
4239:See also
4053:Laborers
3852:Manitoba
3767:See also
3282:Programs
3069:AFL-CIO
2923:30473917
2874:Archived
2822:Archived
2781:Archived
2613:Archived
2531:The Hill
2501:in JSTOR
2472:in JSTOR
2337:33333565
1992:52740866
1767:6 – Ohio
1682:6 – Ohio
1618:6 – Ohio
1587:6 – Ohio
1285:for the
1268:Kentucky
1160:States.
789:Colorado
91:Location
3877:Ontario
3842:Alberta
3711:Indiana
3706:Florida
2869:(1939)
2817:(1923)
2807:(1960)
2776:(1992)
2749:(2005)
1187:in 2020
1169:AFL–CIO
958:Led by
908:lynched
873:Matewan
854:Trotsky
507:Please
150:Website
140:AFL–CIO
62: (
54:Founded
3970:NUCAUT
3887:Quebec
3733:Oregon
3671:UURWAW
3594:OPCMIA
3589:NWSLPA
3515:IUANPW
3446:Locals
3358:AFSCME
2962:1995.
2921:
2911:
2769:(1990)
2650:
2437:
2360:
2335:
2325:
2304:: 1–5.
2086:
1990:
1980:
1536:1924:
1530:1913:
1521:1908:
1515:1900:
1490:1982:
1481:1977:
1475:1972:
1463:1960:
1457:1947:
1448:1920:
1442:1917:
1436:1910:
1430:1908:
1424:1900:
1415:1898:
1403:1891:
947:. The
804:Ludlow
767:Slovak
118:80,000
103:Canada
86:, U.S.
4135:SMART
4113:OPEIU
4108:IUPAT
4078:IFPTE
4068:IATSE
4038:BCTGM
3990:PIPSC
3985:OSSTF
3980:OECTA
3975:NUPGE
3920:ACTRA
3897:Yukon
3716:Maine
3649:RWDSU
3619:SMART
3599:OPEIU
3569:NATCA
3545:NPMHU
3540:LIUNA
3535:IUPAT
3500:IFPTE
3485:IATSE
3458:GMPIU
3433:NABET
3403:BCTGM
2855:1996.
2298:(PDF)
1554:1991:
1496:1995:
998:scabs
882:Logan
850:Lenin
633:1890s
428:toil.
390:1880s
324:1870s
4150:UFCW
4123:WUCC
4118:SEIU
4103:IUOE
4088:ILWU
4073:IBEW
4058:IAFF
4028:AWIU
4018:ALPA
3995:PSAC
3965:ETFO
3955:CUPW
3950:CUPE
3945:CPAA
3940:COPE
3935:CFNU
3930:CAPE
3925:BCTF
3915:ACPA
3752:King
3681:WGAE
3676:UWUA
3656:UMWA
3644:DWAW
3639:UFCW
3584:NTWA
3564:NALC
3557:PASS
3552:MEBA
3530:IUPA
3525:IUOE
3520:IUEC
3495:IBEW
3478:TCIU
3473:NFFE
3463:IAFF
3453:FLOC
3438:PPMW
3413:CSEA
3393:AWIU
3383:ATDA
3373:APWU
3368:ALPA
3353:AFSA
3343:AFGE
3331:GIAA
3326:AGVA
3321:AGMA
3316:AAAA
2919:OCLC
2909:ISBN
2698:2013
2676:2013
2648:ISBN
2597:2014
2575:2013
2553:2013
2435:ISBN
2408:2013
2383:2013
2358:ISBN
2333:OCLC
2323:ISBN
2240:2021
2097:2013
2084:ISBN
2063:2013
1988:OCLC
1978:ISBN
1869:2013
1823:2013
1753:1990
1668:1936
1604:1910
1579:1890
1274:for
1104:and
1022:The
852:and
374:and
241:and
175:UMWA
165:The
157:.org
155:umwa
74:U.S.
33:UMWA
18:UMWA
4165:USW
4155:UMW
4145:UAW
4130:SIU
4093:IPP
4083:ILA
4063:IAM
4048:CWA
4033:BAC
4023:ATU
4013:AFM
3960:DGC
3666:USW
3634:UAW
3624:TWU
3614:SIU
3579:NNU
3505:ILA
3490:IBB
3468:IAM
3443:TNG
3428:IUE
3423:AFA
3418:CWA
3408:BRS
3398:BAC
3388:ATU
3378:ARA
3363:AFT
3348:AFM
3338:AEA
2431:950
1216:CIO
592:An
256:in
219:CIO
173:or
171:UMW
144:CLC
4283::
4140:UA
3629:UA
2917:,
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2529:.
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2391:^
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2331:.
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