United States Football League

1015:. Payton advised he would consider the offer, but would not be rushed by the Blitz. The Blitz's 1984 season was scheduled to start on February 27, 1984, and they had little success selling season tickets. The Blitz needed Payton to sign quickly to help season ticket sales, so they had put a deadline on the offer of February 9, 1984. Before he made up his mind, the Blitz withdrew the offer realizing they simply did not have the finances. With a less talented team and no big names to excite the fans, Chicago's season ticket sales predictably flatlined, in spite of Hoffman sinking a lot of money into advertising. Just prior to the start of the season, a frustrated Hoffman walked away from the Blitz, leaving the team to the minority owners. 222: 1007:, a Phoenix resident, felt the losses did not justify an investment so far from his home in Phoenix. Diethrich sold the Blitz to Milwaukee heart surgeon James Hoffman, and then bought the Wranglers from Joseph. Almost immediately after Diethrich closed on his purchase of the Wranglers, he and Hoffman swapped their team assets—coaching staff, most of the players, and all. To Blitz fans, it seemed that Hoffman had jettisoned one of the league's elite teams in favor of a team that tied for the league's worst record. In truth it was worse than that. In a league starved for competent QB play, Wrangler triggerman Alan Risher stayed in Arizona. The new Blitz would feature longtime Bear backup QB 170:, and because of this, some teams quickly escalated player payrolls to unsustainable levels despite pledges to keep costs under control. While a handful of USFL franchises abided by the Dixon Plan and were relatively stable, others suffered repeated financial crises, and there were many franchise relocations, mergers, and ownership changes during the league's short existence; however, none of its teams actually folded during any given season. These problems were worsened as some owners began engaging in bidding wars for star players against NFL teams and each other, forcing other owners to do the same or face a competitive disadvantage. 51: 403:

natural grass made it more practical for baseball and football to be played at elite levels in the same facility at the same time of the year, and the increasing influence of television combined with the prevalence of a farm system in which Major League Baseball controlled the rights to baseball levels in all levels of play caused many minor league baseball clubs (some of whom played in large facilities that could be easily re-purposed for major league football) to be much less lucrative in their own right. Finally, the growing popularity of

1578:, who had registered one of the two "nay" votes, declared his intention to pull his team out of the USFL and organize a new spring football league. However, failing health (he died from cancer in May 1986) forced Bassett to abandon his plans and sell the Bandits to minor partner Lee Scarfone, who agreed to keep the franchise in the USFL. The spring advocates had lost, and the fall advocates now set their sights on forcing a merger with the NFL, or at the very least winning a sizable settlement and securing a TV network for fall broadcasts. 976:. The Gamblers were technically not an expansion team. Founder David Dixon had reserved a franchise for himself in founding the league. He had chosen not to field a team in 1983 to help guide the league. By 1984, Dixon was disgusted with the path the league was on and the league owners were sick of Dixon's constant complaints about them overspending. With their blessing, he sold his franchise for slightly less than the $ 6 million expansion fee. Dixon's franchise became the Houston Gamblers. 446: 5620: 5640: 1811:. The USFL had essentially staked its future on winning the suit, hoping to finance the move to the fall by forcing the NFL to pay a substantial settlement. It considered the television-related claims to be the heart of its case. On August 4—four days after the announcement of the verdict—the USFL owners voted to suspend operations for the 1986 season, with the intent of returning in 1987; the league accurately foresaw the 1440:. More importantly, Walker signed a three-year contract valued at $ 4.2 million with a $ 1 million signing bonus. Due to the USFL's salary cap rules, this was a personal-services contract with Generals owner J. Walter Duncan, and not a standard player contract. Nonetheless, the other owners did not raise any objections, knowing that having the reigning Heisman winner in the fold would lend the league instant credibility. 5630: 1479:

the Michigan Panthers reportedly lost $ 6 million—three times what Dixon suggested a team could afford to lose in the first season—even as they became the league's first champions. The desire to compete with other loaded USFL teams and for the league to be seen as approaching NFL caliber led to almost all of the teams exceeding the Dixon Plan's team salary cap amount within the league's first 6–18 months.

1027:. Oldenburg's Express went after a number of highly regarded collegiate players. This combined with a general lack of quality QBs (only nine QBs in the 12-team league finished the 1983 season with QB ratings above 70) and HBs (even in an 18-game season only six rushers broke the 1000 yard mark) tipped off another explosion in league spending as USFL teams raided the NFL and college ranks to keep up. 1160:, J. William Oldenburg, stopped paying the team's bills late in the season after media and federal investigations revealed he had lied about his net worth. News of his financial troubles sent a collective shiver through the league in the middle of the 1984 season. With Chicago already gone, the potential loss of the Express might have put the league's contract with ABC in jeopardy. 1585:, the sale of the struggling Washington Federals to Weiser's Miami-based ownership group collapsed, the New Orleans Breakers and 1984 champion Philadelphia Stars had to relocate, and the 1983 champion Michigan Panthers surprised the commissioner with an announcement that they would not be playing in the Detroit area for the 1985 season. Panthers owner 1307:. Unfortunately, the Stallions' emergency letter of credit was drawn on Home State, rendering it worthless. Team president Jerry Sklar urged the Stallions' limited partners to chip in more money, and persuaded the city government to buy a $ 100,000 stake in the team along with a $ 900,000 credit line. This allowed the Stallions to finish out the season. 1987:. The Bills, as a small-market NFL franchise, were particularly hard-hit by the USFL; as its players from the moderately successful early 1980s era aged, the team was unable to find quality replacements for them on the free agent market, as the USFL was drawing away much of pro football's top talent (including Bills running back 508:, to televise games. The deals yielded roughly $ 13 million in 1983 and $ 16 million in 1984, including $ 9 million per year from ABC. ABC had options for the 1985 season at $ 14 million and 1986 at $ 18 million. Each week, there would be a nationally televised game, as well as the USFL's own version of Monday Night football. 213:, the USFL was awarded a judgment of just $ 1, which under antitrust laws, was tripled to $ 3. This court decision effectively ended the USFL's existence. The league never played its planned 1986 season, and by the time it folded, it had lost over $ 163 million (equivalent to $ 380 million in 2023 dollars). 407:(which also played a fall season to coincide with the fall semester) led to the construction and expansion of dozens of large stadiums for collegiate teams, which were mostly football-specific or at least designed primarily for football, and were primarily in cities without professional football franchises. 1491:

the 1984 season, they did not take a close look at Hoffman's financial statements. Realizing he was in over his head, Hoffman was forced to scramble to find minority partners. When there were no takers, he walked away from the team after the second preseason game, forcing the league to take over the team.

2038:

The league also had an indirect impact on the scheduling of televised football games. The USFL had planned to go against the NFL in the fall of 1986 without directly playing its games opposite the larger league by playing its games on Sunday nights, when the NFL did not play yet. One year later, ESPN

1569:

and Generals owner Donald Trump. Einhorn and Trump argued that if the USFL moved to the fall, it would eventually force a merger with the NFL in which the older league would have to admit at least some USFL teams. They also argued that if a merger did occur, the surviving teams' original investment

1503:

The worst situation of all, however, was in Los Angeles. Original owners Alan Harmon and Bill Daniels sold the Express to mortgage banker J. William Oldenburg before the 1984 season. Swayed by Oldenburg's apparent net worth of $ 100 million, the USFL took his word as evidence that he would be a solid

1336:

Tampa Bay initially pulled out of the league, prepared to continue playing in the spring even if it meant forming a new league; owner John Bassett was, in either case, too ill to continue and would die on May 14, 1986. Lee Scarfone agreed to take over the Bandits' USFL franchise in July 1985 and have

1105:

A few games into the season, with the Chicago Blitz struggling and the fans staying away in droves, the team was near financial collapse. The league was forced to take over the Blitz for the remainder of the 1984 season in order to protect the league's TV deals which called for teams in the New York,

402:

Starting in the 1950s, a number of technological changes and trends eventually caused some to question the traditional timing of the American football season. In particular, football became a much more lucrative sport, the invention of artificial turf and developments in the growth and maintenance of

1634:

ABC offered the USFL a 4-year, $ 175 million TV deal to play in the spring in 1986. ESPN offered $ 70 million over 3 years. Following all the mergers and shutdowns, there just were not enough spring football advocates left in the league to accept those contracts. The owners in the league walked away

1573:

A consulting firm recommended sticking with a spring season. Despite the protests of many of the league's "old guard", who wanted to stay with the original plan of playing football in the spring months, on August 22, 1984 the owners voted to move to the fall starting in 1986. On April 29, 1985, the

1494:

In San Antonio, the league was so enamored at Manges' apparent oil wealth that it not only did not closely vet his application, but did not require him to make an initial capital investment. Instead, Manges paid team expenses out of pocket as they arose, resulting in an operation that appeared short

1490:

Additionally, the league was so determined to appear to put a credible product on the field that on some occasions, it set aside its own vetting procedures–all of which backfired disastrously. When Diethrich sold the Blitz to Hoffman in order to clear the way for his purchase of the Wranglers before

1346:

Arizona, Baltimore, Birmingham, Jacksonville, Memphis, New Jersey, Orlando and a newly reorganized Tampa Bay team were scheduled to play an ultimately aborted 18-game fall schedule season in 1986. At the time, only New Jersey and Tampa Bay shared markets with an NFL team (in New Jersey's case, they

1134:

to a $ 40 million guaranteed contract—at the time, far and away the largest contract in pro football history. The young talent was slow to adapt to the pro game and the Express continued to hover around .500. With one of the leagues' highest payrolls and poor attendance, financial losses mounted. It

823:

of LSU came from a fourth-quarter 29–12 deficit to defeat the Blitz 30–29 in a game considered by many to be the biggest upset in USFL history. The Blitz would go on to lose five more games in the regular season and be edged out by Michigan for the Central Division title. In the first round of the

165:

Though the original franchise owners and founders of the USFL had promised to abide by the general guidelines set out by Dixon's plan, problems arose before the teams took the field, with some franchises facing financial problems and instability from the beginning. Due to pressure from the NFL, some

2648:

Out of the 23 USFL teams, only five played for the league's entire three-season duration without relocating or changing team names: Denver Gold, Los Angeles Express, Birmingham Stallions, New Jersey Generals, and Tampa Bay Bandits. Only the latter three teams would have remained on this list if the

1851:

wrote the panel's opinion. This decision ended any chance of the USFL returning to the field, and the league's six remaining teams (the Outlaws had already decided not to return) voted to formally disband shortly afterward. However, because the USFL was at least nominally the winner of the lawsuit,

1638:

After the 1985 season, more plans were announced to accommodate the fall schedule, pool financial resources and avoid costly head-to-head competition with NFL teams. Two mergers were announced. The Denver Gold merged with the Jacksonville Bulls, with the Bulls as the surviving team. Trump bought

1259:

Gamblers minority owner Jay Roulier agreed to buy the Express, but was pushed out in short order during training camp after it emerged that he had misled league officials about his net worth. The league took control of the team and decided to run it on a shoestring until a new owner could be found.

787:

were unable to draw the regular sellouts they needed to survive at Nickerson. (Even when they sold out Nickerson, they still lost money due to its small capacity.) Boston finished the season 11–7, narrowly missing the playoffs. Walton, who had retired from pro football years earlier, and had spent

561:

who held the lease to the stadium at the time and did not want to see football played at the facility throughout the baseball season. Los Angeles was seen as critical to the league's success, and Dixon and Simmons felt that two cable moguls would be better suited to head the league's efforts there.

481:

as the first employee, Dixon signed up 12 cities—nine where there already were NFL teams and three where there were not. The Dixon Plan called for teams in top TV markets to entice the networks into offering the league a TV deal. All but two of the 12 initial teams were located in the top 13 media

465:

that found promising results for a spring and summer football league. He had also formed a blueprint for the prospective league's operations, which included early television exposure, heavy promotion in home markets, and owners with the resources and patience to absorb years of losses—which he felt

1835:

hoping to negotiate a merger between the USFL and CFL; the CFL's owners were "lukewarm" and ultimately rejected the offer. With nearly all of its players under contract to the NFL and CFL, Usher announced the league would stay shuttered in 1987 as well. (Many of the USFL players who were not under

1815:

and had hoped the strike would give the league access to star players. Players signed to contracts were free to sign with NFL (or other professional teams) immediately. Indeed, the NFL had held a draft in 1984 for teams to acquire the rights to USFL players, in the event of the league (or teams in

1478:

The pursuit of top-level talent proved to be a double-edged sword. While the presence of many blue-chip stars proved the league could put a competitive product on the field, many teams wildly exceeded the league's player salary cap in order to put more competitive teams on the field. For instance,

1709:. It hoped to void the NFL's contracts with the three major networks. The USFL proposed two remedies: either force the NFL to negotiate new television contracts with only two networks, or force the NFL to split into two competing 14-team leagues, each limited to a contract with one major network. 1594:

spring 1985 season. Within a few weeks of the decision, the USFL had been forced to abandon four lucrative markets, abort a move to a fifth and suspend operations in a sixth. In hindsight, this destroyed the USFL's viability, although the Maulers folding likely would've happened anyway due to the

1754:

nominally returned a verdict for the USFL. However, the jury's findings were devastating to the upstart league. The jury declared the NFL a "duly adjudicated illegal monopoly", and found that the NFL had willfully acquired and maintained monopoly status in professional football through predatory

1516:

revealed that the man who made waves by signing a roster of high-priced young talent did not have even a fraction of the money to buy the team. He abruptly walked away from the team during the playoffs. Gamblers minority owner Jay Roulier took over the team in October, only to be pushed out just

393:

which was long-regarded as America's national pastime. As a result, the elite levels of American football lacked the financial wherewithal to consistently finance their own facilities and instead played primarily in ballparks hastily re-purposed for football. However, since gridiron football in

1482:

Dixon urged the members of the league to reduce spending. Rather than backing off spending, recommitting to a firmer salary cap, and dispersing some of the larger contracts to expansion teams to alleviate the problem, the league sought other options to take on revenue to cover increased costs

469:

Dixon was well aware that many attempts to challenge the NFL had foundered due to financial troubles. The WFL, for instance, was plagued by teams that were so badly underfinanced that they could not meet the most basic expenses. With this in mind, Dixon wanted to ensure that USFL teams had the

1755:

tactics. However, it rejected the USFL's other claims. The jury found that the USFL had changed its strategy to a more risky goal of forcing a merger with the NFL. Furthermore, the switch to a fall schedule caused the loss of five major markets (Philadelphia, Denver, Houston, Pittsburgh,

1142:

In spite of seeing his Wranglers team make it to the title game, Ted Diethrich had seen enough. He had lost millions for the second year in a row. Despite fielding a dramatically improved team, he had only had seen a negligible increase in attendance in Arizona over the previous year's

1499:

up to minimum capacity. Manges' practices caught up with him in 1985, when the oil market collapsed. The result was a litany of bounced checks, culminating in the team going the last four games without pay. It later emerged that Manges had been in financial difficulty as early as 1980.

1872:

The USFL had a significant impact on the NFL both on the field and off. Almost all of the USFL's on-field innovations were eventually adopted by the older league, and a multitude of star players in the USFL would go on to enjoy very successful careers in the National Football League.

1110:

would become the new owner of the USFL's Chicago franchise. At the press conference, it was stated that although the new team would not be the Blitz, Einhorn's franchise would retain the rights to all Blitz players and coaching staff—strongly implying the team would play in the 1985

1772:

Most importantly, the jury found that the NFL did not attempt to force the USFL off television. (Indeed, ESPN remained willing to carry USFL games in the fall, several of the league's teams also had local broadcast contracts, and 1986 also happened to be the inaugural season of the

1122:

of the University of Miami emerged as the league's second superstar carrying his team to win the central conference with a 13–5 record. Kelly threw 44 TDs and piled up over 5,000 yards. The Gamblers would fall to the eventual league runner up Arizona Wranglers in the playoffs,

1427:

The league's TV revenue met the requirements of the Dixon plan. The Plan called for first year attendance over 18,000 per game. In 1983, 10 of the 12 teams exceeded that threshold. Player spending was where the league deviated from the plan, in the name of pursuing stars.

1022:

were sold to J. William Oldenburg. The league believed that the teams based in the nation's two largest markets were owned by the owners with the deepest pockets. Trump and Oldenburg both went on signing sprees. Trump poached several NFL starters, including Cleveland's QB

1589:

informed the league at the meeting that he had negotiated a conditional merger with Tad Taube's Oakland Invaders depending on the outcome of the vote, with Taubman as majority owner. With an expectation of fall play in 1986, Einhorn decided not to field a team for the final

1803:

initially heard the verdict, they were devastated; Pinchbeck later recalled that he thought Rozelle would have a heart attack. While on their way to the league office, however, they heard that the USFL had lost nearly all of its claims, and headed back to the courthouse.

877:. Consequently, after a 1–4 start, the team jelled and finished the regular season 11–2, edging out Chicago for the Central Division title. They dispatched Oakland in the playoffs 37–21 and weathered a frantic comeback by the Stars to become the first league champions. 394:

particular is responsible for excessive wear and tear on a natural grass playing field, baseball clubs were not keen to see football played in their parks throughout the entire baseball season. Thus, the need to use ballparks played a large part in ensuring that the

1486:

The league added six more teams in 1984 rather than the four initially envisioned by Dixon, to pocket two more expansion fees. This put more pressure on the TV deal, which was not designed to support an 18 team league. A frustrated Dixon sold his stake and got out.

972:. The Dixon plan called for expansion to 16 in the league's second year. The Outlaws were originally slated to play in San Diego, but as was the case with what became the Express, could not get a lease for Jack Murphy Stadium. The Outlaws opened play in Tulsa at 1235:

Einhorn, who along with Trump was one of the principal advocates of fall play, decided to sit out the 1985 season. ABC cleared this move due to the league's anemic ratings in Chicago, allowing the league to shut down the Blitz, who had lost nearly $ 6 million in

2904:

for their Super Bowl championship game, it was loaned to the winning team for one year rather than a new trophy being made each year for the winning team to keep. After the Philadelphia/Baltimore Stars won the final USFL championship in 1985, General Manager

2885:

The USFL's championship trophy had a silver USFL-logoed helmet with a gold facemask, mounted on a marble base by a swooping silver armature. On the base were mounted gold plaques with the names and scores of the teams in the USFL Championship Games. Like the

351:

had limited success in the NFL but became major stars in the USFL. But many NFL backups struggled or never made it in the USFL. Additionally, the USFL also lured in NFL starters, including a handful in the prime of their careers including 1980 NFL MVP,

173:

On the field, the USFL was regarded as a relatively good product. Many coaches and team executives had NFL experience, and many future top NFL players and coaches got their start in the new league, including several who were later inducted into the

1135:

is estimated that the Express lost as much as $ 15 million in 1984. The Express did manage to make the playoffs and defeated the defending league champion Panthers 27–21 in triple overtime, before falling to the eventual league runners-up, Allen's

1816:

the league) folding. However, it is unlikely the USFL would have been able to put together a viable product in any case. Many of its players had signed contracts with NFL teams after the 1985 season, and the league was some $ 160 million in debt.

748:

after a 4–7 start, but was still able to finish the season with strong attendance. Due to low attendance numbers and over budget spending on players on all the other teams in the league, Blanding's Gold was the only USFL team to turn a profit in

1696:

into not televising USFL games in the fall. It also claimed that the NFL had a specific plan to eliminate the USFL, the "Porter Presentation." In particular, the USFL claimed the NFL conspired to ruin the Invaders and Generals. The USFL sought

133:

league that played for three seasons, 1983 through 1985. The league played a spring/summer schedule in each of its active seasons. The 1986 season was scheduled to be played in the autumn/winter, directly competing against the long-established

1423:

The Dixon plan laid out a budget to allow all teams to manage losses in the initial lean years. As mentioned earlier, prospective owners had to meet strict capitalization requirements and post a $ 1.3 million line of credit for emergencies.

1101:

was insufficient to support a pro team and that the Outlaws would be moving the following year. In spite of this lame duck status, awful spring weather, and a season-ending ten-game losing streak, the team drew an average of 21,038 fans per

1929:, in 2020). Other cities that did not get NFL franchises, such as Birmingham, Memphis, Orlando, and San Antonio, would receive teams in numerous short-lived or international pro football leagues in the years that have followed, such as the 3233: 516:

Like almost all startup pro football leagues, the USFL had some off-the-field factors that prevented the league from starting out with their preferred membership. The problems started when the original owner of the Los Angeles franchise,

161:

in 1967. He developed "The Dixon Plan"—a blueprint for the USFL based upon securing NFL-caliber stadiums in top TV markets, securing a national TV broadcast contract, and controlling spending—and found investors willing to buy in.

1074:, the team would finish 3–15, losing twice to the 3–15 expansion Pittsburgh Maulers and going 0–7 vs. the expansion teams. With seven games to go in the season, a press conference was held to announce the Federals had been sold to 2118:, using a system that is almost identical to that used by the NFL today; the NFL would adopt its first instant replay system (but in a different form from its current one instituted in 1999) in 1986; it would be used until 1991. 2917:

The USFL held its 1983, 1985 and 1986 college drafts at the Grand Hyatt Hotel in New York. The 1984 draft was held at the Roosevelt Hotel in New York. The 1983–85 drafts were in January while the 1986 draft was held in May.

1856:

and costs of litigation, and the USFL was awarded over $ 5.5 million in attorney fees and over $ 62,000 in court costs. That award was appealed by the NFL; it was affirmed on appeal and ultimately allowed to stand by the

788:

the previous 3 years coaching college football, was the league's 7th ranked passer. Boston and Washington were the only USFL teams to draw less than 14,000 per game in 1983. The other 10 teams drew over 18,000 per game.

1264: 166:

franchises had difficulty securing leases in stadiums that were also used by NFL teams, forcing them to scramble to find alternative venues in their chosen city or hurriedly move to a new market. The USFL had no hard

1723:

A memo from August 1983 from NFL management council executive director Jack Donlan to his staff. The memo laid out plans for NFL teams to "increase salary offers to USFL to existing players or run the risk of losing

3799: 2099:, the clock ran between plays after a first down like in the NFL, while after the warning, it stopped between the end of the play that earned a first down and the placement of the ball back into play (to allow the 1365:. Despite claims that this was a reactivation of the old league, no figures from the original league were involved in the new league, which was instead backed by the principals of the extant developmental showcase 5676: 1564:

In 1984, the league began discussing the possibility of competing head-to-head with the NFL by playing its games in the fall beginning in 1986. The strongest proponents of playing in the fall were Chicago owner

743:

stuck to his budget, and took great pride in seeing his team defeat the big budget Chicago Blitz in Chicago 16–13 in week three on a TD run with 22 seconds to go. Blanding fired very popular former Broncos Coach

3717: 1011:(signed in November 1983 to a four-year, $ 5 million deal). In January, The Blitz tendered an offer that would have been the largest contract in football—$ 2 million a year for three years—to Bears running back 3435: 1876:

The NFL would also eventually have franchises in some of the USFL markets which had proved fertile for pro football or showed renewed interest in the game. Jacksonville, in particular, was being courted by the

4069: 881:

On the whole, the inaugural season was a success for the league. Attendance was in line with league expectations at about 25,000 fans per game, and television ratings slightly exceeded projections (an average

398:

and early rivals would delay the start of their seasons until September when the baseball season was winding down, thus affording baseball teams the exclusive use of their facilities in the spring and summer.

4393: 3988: 682:

Once play actually started, the league experienced the same kind of franchise instability, relocation, and closures that almost all pro football leagues, including the NFL, experienced in their early years.

1431:

The league's biggest splash—the signing of Herschel Walker, a three time All-American and the 1982 Heisman Trophy winner—represented a significant breach from the Dixon Plan. Like the NFL, the USFL barred

3696: 4116: 2921:

The USFL held an expansion draft in September 1983 for the 6 expansion teams that started play in 1984. In December 1984, they had a dispersal draft for Chicago, Pittsburgh, Oklahoma and Michigan.

799:

had been described as an "NFL caliber" team and were heavily favored to win the title and dominate the rest of the league. The team was stacked with quality players, led by NFL veteran quarterback

3223: 1398:

by following the Dixon plan. The plan allowed the league to compete not just by playing its games on a March–June schedule during the NFL off-season, but also by having the following conditions:

1185:

After the league officially announced plans to move to the fall in 1986 (see below), a number of teams moved elsewhere after their owners decided they could not directly compete with the NFL. The

886:

of 6.1, when the league had aimed for 5.0). The brand of play was exciting and entertaining, and the 1983 championship was generally recognized as being a more entertaining game than most of the

979:

After seeing the Wranglers lose ten games in a row to finish 4–14 (tied with Washington for the league's worst record) and perhaps more importantly seeing attendance wilt in the summer heat at

739:

won only 7 of 18 games in their first year, but finished first in the league in attendance drawing an average of 41,736 fans to see a team that featured a number of former Broncos. Team owner

2019:, which, combined with the high draft picks compiled during the USFL years, would allow the Bills to rise to perennial Super Bowl contenders by the early 1990s. In 2014, after founding owner 1239:

The assets of Diethrich's Arizona Wranglers (see Chicago Blitz of 1983) would be acquired by the Tathams in a deal often referred to as a "merger", as the rosters were merged. The resulting

768:. Besana had played for the Twin City Cougars of the California Football League from 1980 to 1982, but played like a proven veteran, finishing the season as the league's second rated passer. 5669: 945:

Seeing the out-of-control spending worsening, Blanding sold his Denver Gold to Doug Spedding for $ 10 million. Blanding is widely thought to be the only owner to make a profit on the USFL.

1864:

The USFL finally received a check for $ 3.76 in damages in 1990, the additional 76¢ representing interest earned while litigation had continued. Notably, that check has never been cashed.

1333:

remained involved with the league's antitrust lawsuit, he opted not to field a Chicago team in the USFL's fall 1986 season as planned, and the team was left off the proposed 1986 schedule.

2111:. Unlike other American professional football leagues (but like the NCAA then and the CFL), the USFL allowed the usage of a small, plastic "tee" for extra point and field goal attempts. 2091:

The USFL, compared to other professional leagues of the late 20th and 21st centuries, did not radically change the rules of the game; its rules largely resembled a hybrid of the NFL and

1720:

A memo from March 1973 to NFL broadcasting director Robert Cochran, from attorney Jay Moyer stating that an "open network" might be open to the "invitation to formation of a new league."

1170:

Weiser pulled the plug on his deal to buy the Federals and move them to Miami. Bandits minority owner Donald Dizney, a health care industry magnate unrelated to the differently-spelled

496:

According to the Dixon Plan, if the league was going to be a success, it needed television revenue and exposure. In 1983, the league signed contracts with both over-the-air broadcaster

4242: 1685: 6570: 6099: 5712: 4976: 1999:

plummeted to under 30,000 fans per game, putting the team's long-term viability in jeopardy. When the USFL collapsed, the Bills signed a large number of former USFL players: Kelly,

3934: 5662: 4893: 1643:

was named as the merged team's new coach. Both the Gold and Gamblers had seen their attendance plummet to unsustainable levels, as their fanbases were not willing to abandon the

1075: 4453: 6560: 4363: 3964: 5384: 3791: 2537:: Michigan Panthers (83, 84), Oakland Invaders (83, 85), New Jersey Generals (84, 85), Birmingham Stallions (84, 85), Tampa Bay Bandits (84, 85), Houston Gamblers (84, 85) 1260:

The league financed and ran the Express all season, but could not find an owner. With a huge salary burden and dreadful attendance, the Express barely survived the season.

714:. The team was injury prone and mistake prone, on and off the field. Prior to the 1983 season, the team traded away the rights to the league's leading sacker, linebacker 3903: 3768: 466:

would be inevitable until the league found its feet. He also assembled a list of prospective franchises located in markets attractive to a potential television partner.

3712: 4304: 3427: 1964:

Outside the NFL, Tampa's embrace of Bandit Ball and the rapid growth of the Sun Belt prompted the establishment of other major league teams in the Tampa Bay area: the

1639:

the assets of the Houston Gamblers for an undisclosed amount and merged them with the New Jersey Generals. While the Generals were the surviving team, Gamblers coach

4066: 4385: 3985: 5584: 934:

were unable to find a more suitable venue within Boston and its surrounding areas, so the Breakers relocated to New Orleans on October 18, 1983, and later sold to

462: 1167:, but Oakland Invaders owner Tad Taube walked away from the deal rather than give control of the team to Outlaws part-owner and general manager William Tatham Jr. 6482: 5633: 4014: 3693: 2361: 5579: 861:

quickly decided he was willing to pay to fill the holes on his team with NFL caliber talent. Early in the season, the Panthers signed NFL veterans like guard

4045: 3517: 5495: 1844: 923:. The year before, Trump had been tapped to be the original owner of the franchise, but had backed out in order to make an unsuccessful bid to buy the NFL's 4483: 4162: 6590: 4886: 4111: 1759:, the Bay Area) and derailed a move to a sixth (Miami). The jury also made note of a memo Tad Taube wrote about the dispute, which quoted the comic strip 6565: 4215: 3200: 5874: 4952: 4141: 1885:

in 1995. The Oilers would instead relocate to Tennessee in 1997, playing temporarily for one season in Memphis (to minuscule crowds) before moving to

6585: 5437: 5409: 4087: 3573: 3285: 1373:. On June 3, 2021, the new USFL confirmed a return in the spring of 2022. In December 2023, it was announced that the new USFL had merged with the 1146:

The Philadelphia Stars again finished with the league's best record and made it to the title game, this time defeating Diethrich's Wranglers, 23–3.

1094: 851:, the Stars made it to the title game where they almost came back from a 17–3 third-quarter deficit before falling 24–22 to the Michigan Panthers. 537:. When the potentially more lucrative Los Angeles franchise became available, Joseph snapped up the rights to the area. The owners of the USFL's 5623: 4879: 1004: 719: 679:, was on precarious financial ground, having just been established to replace the recently folded Alouettes. This led Bassett to drop the idea. 197:

In August 1984, the USFL voted to move from a spring to a fall schedule in 1986 to compete directly with the NFL. This was done at the urging of

3258: 6580: 5686: 5389: 3074: 1317:

The San Antonio Gunslingers had their franchise revoked when Manges ignored a league-imposed deadline to make restitution for the team's debts.

740: 2558:, the league had planned to go forward with a 1986 season with eight teams, divided into an "Independence Division" and a "Liberty Division": 6316: 5998: 5344: 1934: 546: 31: 4238: 718:

to Michigan for a 5th round pick. In spite of a rotating door at QB, the Federals lost 8 games by a TD or less, a fact that gave team owner

6061: 5959: 5449: 1436:

from signing. However, league officials were certain that this rule would never stand up in court, so they allowed Walker to sign with the

812: 1517:

months later when it emerged that he too had lied about his net worth. The league was forced to run the team on a shoestring that season.

6575: 4852: 3926: 526: 6356: 5942: 5490: 5072: 4845: 4445: 1467:, showed that the upstart league was a credible challenger to the NFL. The league also made a serious run at some other stars, such as 4355: 1326:

Denver merged with Jacksonville, to play the 1986 season in Jacksonville, while Houston merged with New Jersey, to play in New Jersey.

5376: 3956: 2645:

Due to the legal aftermath of the failed lawsuit against the NFL, the USFL folded and this divisional format never came to fruition.

2928:

that allowed teams to select collegiate players from within their geographic area before they entered the general collegiate draft.

6500: 6459: 5953: 5925: 5548: 5367: 5037: 6494: 6465: 5980: 5975: 5931: 5914: 5903: 5558: 5184: 5062: 4273: 1906: 1540:

and other young stars of the day signed high dollar contracts to play for USFL teams in 1984, as did high-profile NFL stars like

209:

lawsuit against the National Football League in 1986, and a jury ruled that the NFL had violated anti-monopoly laws. However, in

194:, won the final USFL championship in 1985 as the Baltimore Stars in what was effectively a rematch of the first USFL title game. 5745: 675:

in 1974. Such legislation would have banned US football leagues from playing in Canada. In particular, Montreal's CFL team, the

6555: 6506: 6396: 6331: 5964: 5834: 5082: 5077: 4957: 4902: 4423: 4329: 3895: 3316: 3224:"The Award Was Only Token | The USFL proved part of its case against the NFL only to see the jury throw the winners for a loss" 1284:'s attendance flatlined due to the planned move to the fall, as fans were not willing to choose between the Gold and the NFL's 1202: 984: 474:

and meet strict capitalization requirements. They were also required to post a $ 1.5 million letter of credit for emergencies.

433:

This was not the first time the United States Football League name was used; there had been a previous, short lived attempt in

3760: 1743:, was a major witness for the USFL and his team had been excluded from the lawsuit in exchange for his testimony. ABC Sports' 470:

wherewithal to put a credible product on the field. To that end, the league required potential owners to submit to a detailed

6270: 6015: 5417: 1217:, just outside Washington city limits, while retaining the "Baltimore Stars" name until the season moved to the fall in 1986. 4296: 3341: 6326: 5936: 5851: 5454: 5087: 4932: 4859: 4177: 2064:. He officially announced his retirement on March 6, 2008, the 25th anniversary of the first USFL game. (He last played in 1950: 1942: 1411:

A territorial draft, to better stock teams with familiar local collegiate stars to help the gate (similar to the proposed

1356: 335:, respectively. A number of NFL veterans of all talent levels played in the USFL. Certain NFL backups such as quarterbacks 149:, who saw a market for a professional football league that would play in the summer, when the National Football League and 35: 2107:(that was, at that time, only recognized in the CFL at the professional level) that would not be put into NFL rules until 434: 205:

and a handful of other owners as a way to force a merger between the leagues. As part of this strategy, the USFL filed an

6488: 6391: 6361: 6336: 5442: 4967: 4701: 2493: 1495:

of professional standards. The Gunslingers' offices were in a double-wide trailer, and they used folding chairs to bring

1270: 957: 3738: 3678: 3595: 2956:, respectively, and each went on to have Hall of Fame careers. The USFL ceased operations soon after the 1986 draft, so 1292:, but ABC forced the league to move the game to Memphis rather than endure the embarrassment of playing in a near-empty 6321: 5605: 4919: 4006: 3878: 3841: 3168: 3124: 2115: 1893:. Although the USFL's stay in Baltimore was brief, the city's acceptance of the Stars, coupled with the success of the 1858: 1766: 1448: 1361:

It was announced that the USFL would be returning in March 2022 with at least eight teams and a broadcasting deal with

1303:, the Cincinnati savings and loan he controlled, was brought down in a massive run, one of the first casualties of the 1574:

league's owners voted 13–2 to reaffirm their decision to begin playing a fall season in 1986. Tampa Bay Bandits owner

6275: 6265: 6026: 5262: 1930: 637: 453:

Over the next 15 years, Dixon studied the last two challengers to the NFL's dominance of pro football—the successful

3539: 3509: 3138: 5919: 5731: 5221: 5057: 4037: 808: 3401: 1788:

of pro football in the United States, most of its problems were due to its own mismanagement. It awarded the USFL

6376: 6366: 6351: 6173: 6032: 5948: 5909: 5892: 5789: 5783: 5775: 5768: 5600: 5318: 5004: 4999: 4989: 4984: 4937: 4475: 2181: 1537: 1131: 804: 300: 2543:: Chicago Blitz (83), Arizona Wranglers (84), Los Angeles Express (84), Memphis Showboats (85), Denver Gold (85) 732:

emerged as the league's first superstar running for 1,812 yards and 17 TDs. However, the team won only 6 games.

221: 6525: 5969: 5167: 5047: 4637: 4539: 4207: 2032: 1918: 832: 825: 245: 3192: 2131:

As of 2022, there are nine USFL alumni (including five players and two head coaches) who are enshrined in the

6306: 6178: 5839: 5751: 5234: 5143: 5032: 3461: 3043: 1946: 1416: 1378: 497: 281: 256: 179: 3654: 3487: 6453: 6435: 6291: 6145: 6051: 5886: 5553: 5535: 5153: 4942: 4910: 4133: 3621: 3012: 2828: 2782: 2747: 2603: 2473: 2205: 2049: 1412: 1320:

The Breakers were disbanded after owner Joe Canizaro suffered two-year losses in the realm of $ 17 million.

1213:

still occupied Baltimore's only usable stadium during the spring and summer, forcing the team to settle in

1194: 983:, Joseph decided to sell the Wranglers. Meanwhile, in spite of having the league's highest profile coach, 663:(the league in which in all four of the aforementioned Canadian cities had teams in) from competition. The 332: 187: 113: 5654: 890:

of the era. Even in cities where the fans were not numerous, the fan base was passionate; the documentary

389:

For many decades after its inception, American football was widely regarded as a second-tier sport behind

6150: 5803: 5148: 5052: 4825: 4818: 4811: 4804: 4095: 3565: 2852: 2399: 1706: 1541: 784: 3281: 2114:

For its final season in 1985, the USFL used a method of challenging officials' rulings on the field via

2095:

rulebooks. The league's rule on stopping the clock was one example of this hybrid approach: outside the

613:, for reasons never made public, also declined. Finally they were able to negotiate a lease to play at 6280: 6229: 5521: 5292: 5257: 4605: 3792:"USFL set to return in spring 2022 after being shut down in mid-1980s, original team names will remain" 3017: 2437: 2041: 1995:). With subpar talent, the Bills went 4–28 over the course of 1984 and 1985, and average attendance at 1444: 1370: 1163:

Seeking a larger market, a larger stadium, and to share expenses, the Outlaws sought to merge with the

1157: 1127: 1059: 1019: 571: 328: 320: 3255: 722:

hope for the 1984 season. The 1983 team finished second to last in attendance drawing 13,850 per game.

6346: 6311: 6224: 5277: 5138: 4693: 3870: 3048: 2487: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2132: 1778: 1405:

Teams plan for large year 1 pre-season promotional budgets to introduce the team to the local market.

1229: 949: 411: 348: 270: 263: 238: 175: 146: 1913:

in 1996. Phoenix was never one of the USFL's strongest markets but still managed to lure the former

1819:

Five days after the verdict, the Tampa Bay Bandits were effectively shut down when a judge placed a

1174:

family, stepped in 5 days later and bought the Federals. Under his ownership, the team was moved to

948:

Needing fresh capital, the league chose to expand league membership from 12 to 18 teams, adding the

6386: 6260: 6168: 6107: 6003: 5992: 5796: 5720: 5643: 5394: 5272: 5244: 5176: 4994: 2894: 1894: 1832: 1774: 1663: 1395: 707: 660: 454: 395: 304: 135: 1827:. All of the team's remaining assets were seized to satisfy the debt. In a desperation move, the 1662:

In another effort to keep themselves afloat while at the same time attacking the more established

624:

There were plans to establish four franchises in Canada prior to the inaugural season, located in

6412: 6371: 6341: 5868: 5543: 5516: 5323: 5313: 5297: 4927: 2878:

Had there been a 1986 season, the championship game was scheduled to be played at Jacksonville's

1635:

from what averaged out to $ 67 million per year starting in 1986 to pursue victory over the NFL.

1612: 1600: 1512: 1433: 1304: 1300: 1106:

Los Angeles and Chicago markets. With 4 games to go, a press conference was held announcing that

423: 4088:"USFL Awarded Only $ 3 in Antitrust Decision : Jury Finds NFL Guilty on One of Nine Counts" 2031:, Trump claimed that if he had bought the Bills in 2014, he "probably would not be" running for 1677:

with respect to television broadcasting rights, and in some cases, on access to stadium venues.

1581:

As a direct result of this decision, the Pittsburgh Maulers folded rather than compete with the

1408:

A tight players' salary cap of $ 1.8 million per team (the NFL introduced a salary cap in 1994).

6381: 6234: 6009: 5282: 4797: 3833: 3105: 2925: 2887: 1965: 1881:

as a potential relocation destination as early as 1987; that city eventually got the expansion

1604: 1214: 1087: 931: 530: 1953:

began with eight franchises that were in existence during the 1984 USFL season, including the

521:, pulled out and instead became a minority owner (and eventually majority owner) of the NFL's 6285: 6239: 6219: 6020: 5986: 5809: 5287: 5267: 5252: 5199: 5194: 5014: 4760: 2901: 2103:

to get into place), as is done in college football. Like college football, it recognized the

1973: 1624: 1003:, the latter on their way to the postseason for the first time in 24 years. Blitz owner Dr. 992: 772: 672: 664: 554: 458: 485:

After almost two years of preparation, Dixon formally announced the USFL's formation at the

50: 5500: 5482: 5461: 4573: 3079: 2608: 2387: 2151: 2104: 1954: 1886: 1882: 1628: 1504:

owner for one of its marquee franchises. However, in June 1984, investigations by the FBI,

792: 594: 522: 478: 288: 17: 3367:

York, Marty (March 22, 1983). "Alternative to Tiger-Cats: Bassett sees Hamilton in USFL".

2142:(front office consultant) – Oklahoma Outlaws and Los Angeles Express 1984 – HOF Class 1983 1750:

The case went to trial in the spring of 1986 and lasted 42 days. On July 29, a six-person

1651:, respectively. In spite of all of these changes, the USFL would never play a fall game. 553:. While this was in part due to pressure from the Chargers, the main opposition came from 8: 6133: 6128: 4871: 4621: 4076:. Associated Press via St. Petersburg Times (August 5, 1986). Retrieved January 23, 2016. 2953: 2618: 2505: 2455: 2225: 1969: 1898: 1740: 1620: 1608: 1582: 1437: 1051: 725: 699: 550: 296: 252: 198: 154: 6301: 6047: 5118: 4669: 4532: 3386: 3369: 3267: 3228: 2879: 2872: 2577: 2431: 2096: 2028: 1837: 1761: 1506: 1206: 1047: 969: 939: 924: 765: 676: 641: 419: 369: 158: 4265: 2875:, but after the Panthers merged with Oakland, the game was awarded to Giants Stadium. 138:(NFL). However, the USFL ceased operations before that season was scheduled to begin. 6087: 5897: 5700: 5639: 5113: 5042: 4677: 4653: 4645: 4613: 4581: 4565: 4415: 3874: 3837: 3164: 3110: 2793: 2755: 2736: 2613: 2587: 2582: 2511: 2499: 2449: 2443: 2405: 2393: 2373: 2242: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1586: 1366: 1293: 1289: 1221: 1210: 1186: 1179: 1136: 1000: 980: 961: 895: 858: 854: 816: 756:

finished 9–9 and won the Pacific Division behind the play of 29-year-old quarterback

703: 649: 618: 582: 567: 427: 316: 183: 130: 61: 4333: 3308: 1847:, which affirmed the district court's judgment in 1988. United States Circuit Judge 1130:' signings of high-profile collegiate players culminated with the signing of BYU QB 6244: 5358: 5328: 4741: 4734: 4727: 4720: 4661: 4629: 2839: 2760: 2696: 2685: 2674: 2663: 2640: 2467: 2461: 2425: 2215: 2092: 1910: 1890: 1681: 1253: 1225: 1190: 1175: 1164: 1115: 1083: 1037: 965: 953: 916: 753: 692: 668: 653: 590: 563: 558: 534: 404: 353: 324: 150: 824:

playoffs, the Blitz would carry a 38–17 lead into the fourth quarter vs. the host

4788: 4781: 4774: 4767: 4685: 4512: 4317:

In the N.F.L., unlike college and the U.S.F.L., no tee is allowed on field goals.

4178:"New football league hope slim // CFL 'lukewarm' to merger with the defunct USFL" 4120: 4073: 3992: 3721: 3700: 3682: 3345: 3262: 3158: 3086: 3055: 3024: 2993: 2572: 2479: 2379: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2221: 2108: 2080: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 1848: 1828: 1812: 1808: 1789: 1667: 1575: 1240: 903: 883: 761: 729: 645: 614: 586: 344: 312: 241: 210: 153:

were in their off-season. Dixon had been a key player in the construction of the

4517: 2948:

chose to play in the NFL, where they were also picked in the first round by the

706:

as the league's worst team with 4–14 records. The Federals were coached by the

6517: 6201: 4556: 4185: 2960:

never signed with nor played in the league, instead being drafted by the NFL's

2949: 2847: 2806: 2187: 1977: 1878: 1785: 1728: 1702: 1648: 1644: 1616: 1468: 1285: 1274: 1098: 1071: 973: 899: 862: 776: 610: 606: 602: 284: 234: 4239:"Did Donald Trump's failed NFL ownership bid pave the way for his presidency?" 2023:

died, Trump tried to purchase the Bills, but was largely rebuffed in favor of

1731:, which included a plan on "how to conquer" the United States Football League. 1591: 1299:

Stallions owner Marvin Warner was forced to give up control of the team after

6549: 4589: 4525: 3862: 3734: 3675: 3599: 2961: 2906: 2860: 2801: 2413: 2255: 2201: 2008: 1984: 1958: 1853: 1800: 1744: 1596: 1566: 1521: 1496: 1460: 1452: 1330: 1107: 1063: 1012: 988: 874: 844: 796: 780: 667:

had been proposed, but not approved, when Bassett had tried to establish the

471: 361: 274: 1043:

The USFL went to a seven-man officiating crew in 1984 adding the side judge.

5684: 5574: 5189: 5024: 4507: 2814: 2768: 2348: 2336: 2268: 2248: 2238: 2175: 2053: 2024: 2020: 1996: 1796: 1727:

A 1984 presentation to NFL executives by Harvard Business School professor

1553: 1529: 1456: 1067: 996: 920: 840: 542: 490: 373: 340: 336: 277: 226: 202: 2909:

kept the trophy, and donated it to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2018.

2154:(coach) – Chicago Blitz 1983 & Arizona Wranglers 1984 – HOF Class 2002 585:, also had stadium problems. The Boston ownership group wanted to play in 5880: 4947: 4597: 3543: 3097: 3035: 2957: 2937: 2936:

Of the four first overall draft picks in its history, only 1984 top pick

2890: 2635: 2419: 2330: 2324: 2274: 2145: 2139: 2076: 2073: 2012: 2004: 1983:

The collapse of the USFL had a particularly positive effect on the NFL's

1781:.) In essence, the jury felt that while the USFL was harmed by the NFL's 1713: 1640: 1525: 1464: 1281: 1171: 1008: 935: 870: 836: 820: 800: 757: 736: 715: 656: 598: 518: 445: 415: 259: 248: 142: 489:

in New York City on May 11, 1982, to begin play in 1983. ESPN president

5845: 5829: 5822: 5211: 5097: 5092: 5067: 3405: 3066: 3004: 2945: 2941: 2100: 1988: 1938: 1917:

to take up residence in Arizona in 1988. Oakland saw the return of the

1902: 1824: 1549: 1545: 1472: 1374: 1362: 1277:

stopped paying the team's bills with about a month to go in the season.

1024: 887: 866: 745: 365: 357: 167: 1712:

The lawyer for the USFL, Harvey Myerson, had what he felt were three "

5399: 2342: 2211: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2016: 2000: 1992: 1533: 1323:

Los Angeles and Oakland announced that they would suspend operations.

1198: 1119: 1062:

was injured. The team collapsed. Despite solid play from 2nd year QB

1055: 848: 711: 625: 538: 533:

franchise, had thought he would be content to be a part-owner of the

308: 292: 206: 191: 2027:, who bid $ 400 million more for the team. In a 2015 interview with 30:

This article is about the 1983–1985 USFL. For the 2022–23 USFL, see

5206: 2924:

In addition to the four college drafts, the league also held three

2897: 1957:. Also, three decades after the USFL's failure, the NFL played the 1782: 1736: 1674: 1093:

After two games, William Tatham Jr., son of Oklahoma Outlaws owner

633: 629: 501: 390: 229:

at a New Jersey Generals football press conference in February 1985

3867:

Football For A Buck: The Crazy Rise and Crazier Demise of the USFL

3457: 3160:

Football for a Buck: The Crazy Rise and Crazier Demise of the USFL

1735:

All but one of the league's 28 teams was named as a co-defendant.

1686:

United States District Court for the Southern District of New York

927:; the league subsequently awarded the franchise to Duncan instead. 562:

Joseph was forced to move his operation. The team opened play in

190:

won the second USFL championship in 1984, and after relocating to

3650: 3483: 2148:(player personnel director) – Chicago Blitz 1984 – HOF Class 2015 1756: 1698: 1670: 1232:

folded after losing a reported $ 10 million in their only season.

525:. Jim Joseph, a real estate developer who had lost out to friend 486: 3625: 3282:"On this date in 1945, the United States Football League folded" 1389: 3256:"David F. Dixon, Force Behind Saints and Superdome, Dies at 87" 2126: 578: 2359: 1921:

to its city one decade after the demise of the USFL (the team

597:, who were unwilling to share their venue with a rival, while 1843:

The USFL unsuccessfully appealed the award to a panel of the

1079: 659:

warned that the Canadian government would act to protect the

4134:"Small Potatoes: Who killed the USFL? ESPN Films: 30 for 30" 1991:

and the team's planned franchise quarterback of the future,

1394:

At first the USFL competed with the older, more established

1243:

featured players from both teams but was run by the Tathams.

991:

had drawn an anemic 18,133 per game, unable to contend with

987:, and being at worst the third best team in the league, the 847:

of North Carolina and a very good defense led by linebacker

5739: 5229: 1831:

arranged a meeting in January 1987 with officials with the

1823:

on the franchise to satisfy back pay owed to former player

1820: 1751: 505: 418:

antiques dealer, who would be instrumental in bringing the

4901: 3384:

York, Marty (February 2, 1983). "USFL thwarted by Davey".

1861:

in 1990, four years after the USFL had ceased operations.

6296: 6066:* Merged into the UFL, still active as conferences within 2172:– Philadelphia/Baltimore Stars 1983-1985 – HOF Class 2022 1693: 1689: 1680:

The case was first heard by United States District Judge

1288:. The Gold would have hosted a playoff game against the 6571:

Defunct professional sports leagues in the United States

1907:

relocate his Cleveland Browns NFL franchise to Baltimore

1777:, a network that would establish itself as the nation's 1673:

against the older league, claiming it had established a

1046:

After a game 1 blowout 53–14 road loss to the expansion

915:

In September 1983, the New Jersey Generals were sold by

493:

was named the league's first commissioner in June 1982.

237:

winners signed with USFL teams directly out of college:

5823:

World League of American Football/NFL Europe/NFL Europa

2931: 902:

following a come-from-behind victory over the Stars at

589:, but were unable to close a deal with the university; 6561:

Defunct American football leagues in the United States

1792:

of $ 1, which was tripled under antitrust law to $ 3.

5496:

National Federation of State High School Associations

4208:"Twenty years later, USFL still brings fond memories" 1845:

United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit

1559: 1520:

With the new wave of teams, more college stars like

771:

In spite of a strong team led by 36-year-old former

141:

The ideas behind the USFL were conceived in 1965 by

3896:"U.S.F.L. Votes to Switch to Playing Fall Schedule" 5875:Western Pennsylvania Professional Football Circuit 4953:Western Pennsylvania Professional Football Circuit 4038:"USFL session offered only ideas, say consultants" 3193:"Dave Dixon, driving force behind Superdome, dies" 2121: 1836:NFL contract would end up playing in fall 1987 as 6050:. All teams still active as members of the NFL's 4547: 2871:The 1985 game was originally to be played at the 2464:(1983–1985; merged with Michigan for 1985 season) 2376:(1983, 1984; Arizona and Chicago traded players) 2271:(1982–1985); resigned under pressure from owners. 2048:The last player of the USFL on an NFL roster was 1688:. The USFL claimed that the NFL had bullied ABC, 1443:Other marquee stars to sign with the league were 1265:United States Football League Players Association 315:began their professional careers with the USFL's 6547: 4476:"Hall Of Fame Receives USFL Championship Trophy" 4257: 3761:"After decades dormant, USFL to relaunch in '22" 3336: 3334: 2452:(1983–1984; merged with Oakland for 1985 season) 2416:(1983, 1984; Arizona and Chicago traded players) 1483:overruns. These actions magnified the problem. 3927:"By its own hand, USFL will fall into oblivion" 3139:"In a league by itself: Notes on a USFL tryout" 2231: 3924: 3190: 2531:: Philadelphia (83, 84) / Baltimore (85) Stars 1018:In addition to Trump buying the Generals, the 511: 422:(and building their current home stadium, the 6434: 6317:Champions Professional Indoor Football League 5670: 4887: 4533: 4297:"There's No Margin For Error For Pro Kickers" 3331: 3306: 2166:– Houston Gamblers 1984–1985 – HOF Class 2002 2160:(coach) – Chicago Blitz 1984 – HOF Class 2001 1631:for the family between the USFL and the NFL. 1390:The Dixon plan vs. building a league of stars 1209:to Indiana—until the Stars realized that the 710:'s fourth most successful coach at the time, 621:, a facility that seated only 21,000 people. 186:won the first USFL championship in 1983. The 6062:Association of Professional Football Leagues 4107: 4105: 3830:The United States Football League, 1982–1986 2178:– Memphis Showboats 1984–85 – HOF Class 2006 2127:USFL alumni in the Pro Football Hall of Fame 2068:but he did not officially retire during the 894:made note of a regular-season game in which 6591:1986 disestablishments in the United States 2079:, who played in both the CFL and NFL until 1311: 1150: 909: 835:finished a league best 15–3. Led by Coach 6566:Defunct national American football leagues 6362:Professional Indoor Football League (2012) 6357:Professional Indoor Football League (1998) 5943:Pacific Coast Professional Football League 5677: 5663: 5491:High School Football National Championship 5073:Pacific Coast Professional Football League 4894: 4880: 4540: 4526: 4007:"N.f.l. Sees Conflict in Bid by Debartolo" 3676:http://www.usfl.info/wranglers/index2.html 3645: 3643: 1402:Teams play in large, NFL-caliber stadiums. 648:, the Canadian who would go on to own the 410:It was in this environment, in 1965, that 5999:American Football Association (1977–1983) 4102: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3789: 2382:(1985; result of Arizona/Oklahoma merger) 1852:the NFL was required to cover the USFL's 282:University of Tennessee, offensive tackle 32:United States Football League (2022–2023) 6586:1983 establishments in the United States 5960:American Football Conference (1959–1961) 5926:American Association (American football) 4263: 4004: 3893: 3861: 3156: 1701:of $ 567 million, which would have been 807:of Ohio State, and rookie wide receiver 444: 220: 5981:Professional Football League of America 5904:Eastern League of Professional Football 4464:– via Google News Archive Search. 4426:from the original on September 24, 2015 4404:– via Google News Archive Search. 4374:– via Google News Archive Search. 3975:– via Google News Archive Search. 3857: 3855: 3853: 3640: 3614: 3446:– via Google News Archive Search. 3319:from the original on September 10, 2015 2190:– LA Express 1984–1985 – HOF Class 2008 2184:– LA Express 1984–1985 – HOF Class 2005 1455:as well as some familiar NFL vets like 828:before losing to the Stars 44–38 in OT. 570:. Daniels and Harmon's team became the 430:as a possible spring and summer sport. 14: 6548: 6134:Western Interprovincial Football Union 6060:³ Official NFL minor league; see also 4903:American football in the United States 4294: 4205: 4085: 4067:ESPN, minus USFL, has 66 hours to fill 3918: 3906:from the original on February 18, 2019 3827: 3814: 3657:from the original on February 25, 2009 3576:from the original on February 21, 2017 3490:from the original on February 25, 2009 3288:from the original on November 24, 2021 3191:Times-Picayune, The (August 9, 2010). 2520: 2277:(1985–1987); league ceased operations. 2072:.) The last non-kicker to retire was 1654: 1384: 1263:Owners agree to a 4-year CBA with the 461:. In 1980, he commissioned a study by 6581:Sports leagues disestablished in 1986 6501:National Women's Football Association 6460:United States Women's Football League 6433: 6271:American Professional Football League 6199: 6086: 6085: 5699: 5698: 5658: 5549:United States Women's Football League 4875: 4654:Washington Federals/Orlando Renegades 4521: 4486:from the original on December 5, 2019 4307:from the original on November 1, 2021 4236: 4218:from the original on October 23, 2009 4035: 4017:from the original on October 18, 2017 3741:from the original on October 25, 2009 2701: 1747:was also a key witness for the USFL. 760:and former Oakland Raiders tight end 477:With respected college and NFL coach 437:to start up a league with that name. 426:) to his hometown, began to envision 6495:Women's Professional Football League 6483:Women's Professional Football League 6466:Women's National Football Conference 6327:Independent Indoor Football Alliance 6129:Interprovincial Rugby Football Union 5954:American Football League (1946–1950) 5937:Eastern Pennsylvania Football League 5932:American Football League (1938–1939) 5784:American Football League (1940–1941) 5776:American Football League (1936–1937) 5746:Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional 5629: 5559:Women's National Football Conference 4933:Intercollegiate Football Association 4860:United States Football League (2022) 4582:Boston/New Orleans/Portland Breakers 4276:from the original on October 8, 2020 4245:from the original on October 9, 2020 4005:Janofsky, Michael (March 23, 1983). 3967:from the original on August 13, 2021 3894:Eskenazi, Gerald (August 23, 1984). 3850: 3464:from the original on October 5, 2008 3383: 3366: 3221: 3203:from the original on August 13, 2021 2932:First overall pick in college drafts 2561: 2194: 1357:United States Football League (2022) 892:Small Potatoes: Who Killed the USFL? 601:was being used in the spring by the 523:San Diego (now Los Angeles) Chargers 36:United States Football League (2010) 27:American football league (1983–1986) 6507:Independent Women's Football League 6392:World Indoor Football League (2007) 6337:Indoor Professional Football League 5976:Midwest Football League (1962–1978) 5915:Midwest Football League (1935–1940) 4456:from the original on March 22, 2022 4396:from the original on March 22, 2022 4366:from the original on March 22, 2022 4184:, February 18, 1987, archived from 3937:from the original on March 22, 2022 3771:from the original on March 30, 2023 3520:from the original on March 20, 2016 3236:from the original on April 18, 2022 3136: 2652: 2281: 640:(with the last of these to play at 541:franchise, cable television moguls 364:' three-time Pro Bowl running back 24: 6576:Sports leagues established in 1983 6397:World Series of Football (1902–03) 6332:Indoor Football League (1999–2000) 6322:Continental Indoor Football League 6200: 5965:United Football League (1961–1964) 5835:United Football League (2009–2012) 5606:Donald Trump and American football 5078:United Football League (1961–1964) 4958:World Series of Football (1902–03) 4144:from the original on July 31, 2017 4048:from the original on March 4, 2016 3484:"League owners sick of complaints" 3137:Gee, Michael (September 7, 1982). 3130: 3125:Donald Trump and American football 2690: 1767:we have met the enemy and he is us 1247: 1189:moved a second time, this time to 1031: 686: 25: 6602: 6276:American West Football Conference 6266:American Indoor Football Alliance 6027:Fall Experimental Football League 6016:World Football League (2008–2010) 5263:American West Football Conference 4501: 4295:Lusteg, Booth (August 14, 1983). 4237:Chase, Chris (November 9, 2016). 4086:Hoffer, Richard (July 30, 1986). 3925:Mizell, Hubert (April 30, 1985). 3802:from the original on June 3, 2021 1560:Spring schedule vs. fall schedule 1459:and members of the NFL vet laden 1078:who intended to move the team to 6489:National Women's Football League 5638: 5628: 5619: 5618: 4167:(via Google News Archive Search) 4123:(via Google News Archive Search) 3995:(via Google News Archive Search) 3724:(via Google News Archive Search) 3703:(via Google News Archive Search) 3438:from the original on May 7, 2016 3307:John McMullen (March 16, 2009). 2549: 2262: 1901:a decade later, were factors in 1623:(a team now owned by his sister 49: 6377:Ultimate Indoor Football League 6367:Southern Indoor Football League 6352:National Indoor Football League 6174:Canadian Junior Football League 5949:American Football League (1944) 5910:American Football League (1934) 5893:National Football League (1902) 5790:All-America Football Conference 5769:American Football League (1926) 5601:List of American football films 5319:American Spring Football League 5005:American Football League (1940) 5000:American Football League (1936) 4990:American Football League (1926) 4985:All-America Football Conference 4938:National Football League (1902) 4468: 4438: 4408: 4378: 4348: 4322: 4288: 4264:SI Staff (September 28, 2015). 4230: 4206:Somers, Kent (August 7, 2006). 4199: 4170: 4156: 4126: 4079: 4060: 4029: 3998: 3979: 3949: 3887: 3783: 3753: 3735:"USFL.info – Tampa Bay Bandits" 3727: 3706: 3687: 3669: 3596:"USFL.info - Arizona Wranglers" 3588: 3558: 3532: 3502: 3476: 3450: 3420: 3309:"No use competing with the NFL" 3222:Neff, Craig (August 11, 1986). 2482:(1985; moved from Philadelphia) 2122:Notable people and achievements 2086: 1082:. The team would be coached by 504:broadcaster, the four-year old 482:markets in the US at the time. 440: 216: 5970:Atlantic Coast Football League 5048:Atlantic Coast Football League 3394: 3377: 3360: 3300: 3274: 3248: 3215: 3184: 2649:league had continued in 1986. 2408:(1985; moved from New Orleans) 2033:President of the United States 1779:fourth major broadcast network 1337:the team play a fall schedule. 1058:was fired. In week 2, star RB 644:). The proposal was pushed by 638:the Toronto/Hamilton metroplex 605:and was also unavailable, and 13: 1: 6556:United States Football League 6307:Can-Am Indoor Football League 6179:Quebec Junior Football League 5852:United States Football League 5840:Alliance of American Football 5816:United States Football League 5390:Playoff National Championship 5088:United States Football League 5033:Alliance of American Football 5010:United States Football League 4549:United States Football League 4036:Stock, Craig (May 28, 1986). 3342:"Remember the USFL – History" 3178: 3163:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2940:actually played in the USFL. 2514:(1985; moved from Washington) 2364:Projected 1986 teams in gray 1417:Alliance of American Football 384: 372:' three-time Pro Bowl safety 180:College Football Hall of Fame 123:United States Football League 44:United States Football League 34:. For the 2010 proposal, see 6292:Arena Football League (2024) 6146:Ontario Rugby Football Union 6052:American Football Conference 5887:New York Pro Football League 4943:New York Pro Football League 4638:Philadelphia/Baltimore Stars 4508:USFL: A team-by-team history 2232:Championship game MVP awards 2050:Philadelphia/Baltimore Stars 1915:St. Louis Football Cardinals 1867: 1415:and used by the now-defunct 1413:All-American Football League 1347:shared with two NFL teams). 7: 6151:Quebec Rugby Football Union 5804:Continental Football League 5740:American 7s Football League 5230:American 7s Football League 5053:Continental Football League 3622:"Outlaws basic information" 3118: 3094:Grand Hyatt Hotel, New York 3063:Grand Hyatt Hotel, New York 3001:Grand Hyatt Hotel, New York 2853:East Rutherford, New Jersey 2554:Prior to the jury award in 1799:and NFL broadcasting chief 811:of Grambling. In week two, 512:Stumbles before play begins 10: 6607: 6281:Arena Football Association 6230:Great Lakes Arena Football 6033:Fútbol Americano de México 5293:Great Lakes Arena Football 5258:Arena Football Association 4119:February 22, 2017, at the 3991:November 19, 2015, at the 3790:Jeff Kerr (June 3, 2021). 3720:November 18, 2015, at the 3699:November 19, 2015, at the 2694: 2683: 2672: 2661: 2347:Passing interceptions: 57 1980:(later renamed the Rays). 1807:The verdict was a classic 1354: 1251: 1035: 839:, NFL veteran quarterback 819:led by rookie quarterback 690: 549:, were denied a lease for 379: 246:Boston College quarterback 29: 6516: 6475: 6454:Women's Football Alliance 6446: 6442: 6429: 6405: 6347:Lone Star Football League 6312:Champions Indoor Football 6253: 6212: 6208: 6195: 6161: 6116: 6098: 6094: 6081: 6042: 5861: 5761: 5730: 5711: 5707: 5694: 5687:gridiron football leagues 5614: 5593: 5567: 5554:Women's Football Alliance 5534: 5509: 5481: 5474: 5430: 5408: 5375: 5366: 5357: 5337: 5306: 5278:Champions Indoor Football 5243: 5220: 5175: 5166: 5131: 5106: 5023: 4975: 4966: 4918: 4909: 4837: 4752: 4712: 4555: 4480:Pro Football Hall of Fame 4386:"The Evening Independent" 4042:The Philadelphia Inquirer 3871:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 3566:"Einhorn heads USFL Team" 3032:Roosevelt Hotel, New York 2912: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2402:(1984; moved from Boston) 2329:Passing completions: 766 2317:Receiving touchdowns: 31 2133:Pro Football Hall of Fame 2056:, who was signed in late 1193:. The defending champion 779:and CFL veteran halfback 271:Pro Football Hall of Fame 176:Pro Football Hall of Fame 157:and the expansion of the 107: 99: 91: 83: 75: 67: 57: 48: 6387:X-League Indoor Football 6261:American Indoor Football 6169:Atlantic Football League 6108:Canadian Football League 6004:Regional Football League 5993:Seaboard Football League 5797:American Football League 5721:National Football League 5273:American Indoor Football 4995:American Football League 4686:Oklahoma/Arizona Outlaws 4420:www.oursportscentral.com 3261:October 9, 2016, at the 3075:Mississippi Valley State 2354: 2323:Passing attempts: 1,352 2287:Rushing attempts: 1,143 1951:2022 revival of the USFL 1895:Canadian Football League 1833:Canadian Football League 1775:Fox Broadcasting Company 1664:National Football League 1611:at the time), whose son 1570:would more than double. 1396:National Football League 1312:The 1985–1986 off-season 1178:, where they became the 1151:The 1984–1985 off-season 910:The 1983–1984 off-season 708:Canadian Football League 661:Canadian Football League 455:American Football League 396:National Football League 305:Brigham Young University 136:National Football League 6413:Fan Controlled Football 6372:Supreme Indoor Football 6342:Intense Football League 6220:American Arena League 2 5869:American Football Union 5544:Extreme Football League 5517:American Youth Football 5345:Researchers Association 5324:Freedom Football League 5314:American Patriot League 5298:Fan Controlled Football 5063:Midwest Football League 4928:American Football Union 4702:San Antonio Gunslingers 3834:McFarland & Company 3714:The Evening Independent 3157:Pearlman, Jeff (2018). 2926:USFL Territorial Drafts 2900:, but unlike the NFL's 2679: 2668: 2657: 2494:San Antonio Gunslingers 2367: 2341:Passing touchdowns: 83 2311:Receiving yards: 3,685 2305:Receiving catches: 234 2299:Rushing touchdowns: 54 1705:to $ 1.7 billion under 1627:), causing a potential 1613:Edward J. DeBartolo Jr. 1601:Edward J. DeBartolo Sr. 1513:The Wall Street Journal 1350: 1341: 1305:savings and loan crisis 1301:Home State Savings Bank 1271:San Antonio Gunslingers 1076:Sherwood "Woody" Weiser 958:San Antonio Gunslingers 919:to real-estate magnate 702:finished tied with the 449:Official USFL football. 6382:United Indoor Football 6288:(1987–2008, 2010–2019) 6235:Indoor Football League 6010:Spring Football League 5752:United Football League 5283:Indoor Football League 5235:United Football League 5083:United Football League 4072:March 1, 2016, at the 3957:"St. Petersburg Times" 3624:. USFL. Archived from 3542:. USFL. Archived from 3540:"Blitz withdrew offer" 3510:"Payton denies report" 2335:Passing yards: 10,039 2251:QB, Philadelphia Stars 2007:, special teams coach 1966:National Hockey League 1795:When NFL commissioner 1605:National Hockey League 1379:United Football League 1201:, capitalizing on the 1088:Howard Schnellenberger 566:, where it became the 531:San Francisco Bay Area 463:Frank Magid Associates 450: 230: 211:a victory in name only 6286:Arena Football League 6240:National Arena League 6021:Stars Football League 5987:Texas Football League 5810:World Football League 5585:National women's team 5443:National Championship 5385:National championship 5288:National Arena League 5268:Arena Football League 5253:American Arena League 5200:NFC Championship Game 5195:AFC Championship Game 5015:World Football League 4330:"The USFL Chronology" 3828:Reeths, Paul (2017). 2902:Vince Lombardi Trophy 2882:on February 1, 1987. 2568:Independence Division 2293:Rushing yards: 5,562 2042:Sunday Night Football 2039:and the NFL launched 1974:Major League Baseball 1625:Denise DeBartolo York 993:Major League Baseball 673:World Football League 665:Canadian Football Act 652:USFL team. However, 555:Major League Baseball 459:World Football League 448: 257:Nebraska running back 224: 129:) was a professional 6528:(2009–present) 6057:² Teams moved to NFL 5742:(2015–present) 5501:National Signing Day 5462:National Signing Day 5038:American Association 4574:Birmingham Stallions 4416:"1986 USFL Schedule" 4113:St. Petersburg Times 3931:St. Petersburg Times 3651:"1984–85 off season" 3546:on September 8, 2008 3516:. February 7, 1984. 3080:Birmingham Stallions 2609:Birmingham Stallions 2400:New Orleans Breakers 2388:Birmingham Stallions 2105:two-point conversion 2035:the following year. 1955:Birmingham Stallions 1840:during the strike.) 1813:1987 players' strike 1739:, owner of the then- 1666:, the USFL filed an 1629:conflict of interest 1603:(who also owned the 1595:team being owned by 595:New England Patriots 289:University of Oregon 239:Georgia running back 159:NFL into New Orleans 6048:Merged into the NFL 5580:National men's team 4853:Television coverage 4622:New Jersey Generals 4606:Los Angeles Express 4336:on November 9, 2014 3602:on October 13, 2008 3313:Realfootball365.com 3254:Richard Goldstein, 3018:Los Angeles Express 2954:San Francisco 49ers 2619:New Jersey Generals 2521:Playoff appearances 2506:Washington Federals 2456:New Jersey Generals 2438:Los Angeles Express 2258:RB, Baltimore Stars 2226:New Jersey Generals 1899:Baltimore Stallions 1838:replacement players 1741:Los Angeles Raiders 1621:San Francisco 49ers 1609:Pittsburgh Penguins 1583:Pittsburgh Steelers 1438:New Jersey Generals 1385:Competition vs. NFL 1158:Los Angeles Express 1128:Los Angeles Express 1052:Washington Federals 1020:Los Angeles Express 865:, offensive tackle 726:New Jersey Generals 700:Washington Federals 572:Los Angeles Express 551:Jack Murphy Stadium 329:Los Angeles Express 321:Los Angeles Express 297:University of Miami 291:, and quarterbacks 253:New Jersey Generals 199:New Jersey Generals 155:Louisiana Superdome 45: 6302:Arena Pro Football 6225:Arena Football One 5119:Your Call Football 4694:Pittsburgh Maulers 4670:Jacksonville Bulls 4356:"The Deseret News" 4270:Sports Illustrated 4098:on March 29, 2021. 4011:The New York Times 3900:The New York Times 3681:2008-10-13 at the 3387:The Globe and Mail 3370:The Globe and Mail 3268:The New York Times 3229:Sports Illustrated 3143:The Boston Phoenix 3049:Pittsburgh Maulers 2880:Gator Bowl Stadium 2873:Pontiac Silverdome 2783:Philadelphia Stars 2748:Philadelphia Stars 2702:Championship games 2578:Jacksonville Bulls 2488:Pittsburgh Maulers 2474:Philadelphia Stars 2432:Jacksonville Bulls 2206:Philadelphia Stars 2097:two-minute warning 2045:in the time slot. 2029:Sports Illustrated 2011:, general manager 1859:U.S. Supreme Court 1507:The New York Times 1369:, Brian Woods and 1230:Pittsburgh Maulers 1195:Philadelphia Stars 1048:Jacksonville Bulls 970:Jacksonville Bulls 950:Pittsburgh Maulers 873:and defensive end 843:, rookie halfback 833:Philadelphia Stars 826:Philadelphia Stars 766:Arthur Whittington 642:Ivor Wynne Stadium 451: 420:New Orleans Saints 370:Kansas City Chiefs 333:Philadelphia Stars 264:Pittsburgh Maulers 233:Three consecutive 231: 188:Philadelphia Stars 43: 6543: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6509:(2000–2018) 6436:Women's football 6425: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6191: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6088:Canadian football 6077: 6076: 6073: 6072: 5898:Anthracite League 5701:American football 5652: 5651: 5530: 5529: 5470: 5469: 5426: 5425: 5353: 5352: 5162: 5161: 5127: 5126: 5114:The Spring League 5043:Anthracite League 4869: 4868: 4678:Memphis Showboats 4646:Tampa Bay Bandits 4614:Michigan Panthers 4566:Arizona Wranglers 4513:Remember the USFL 4482:. June 28, 2019. 4182:Chicago Sun-Times 4092:Los Angeles Times 3458:"Dixon disgusted" 3348:on March 19, 2011 3271:, August 9, 2010. 3116: 3115: 3111:Orlando Renegades 2869: 2868: 2794:Arizona Wranglers 2756:Mile High Stadium 2737:Michigan Panthers 2631: 2630: 2614:Memphis Showboats 2588:Tampa Bay Bandits 2583:Orlando Renegades 2512:Orlando Renegades 2500:Tampa Bay Bandits 2450:Michigan Panthers 2444:Memphis Showboats 2406:Portland Breakers 2374:Arizona Wranglers 2243:Michigan Panthers 2195:League MVP awards 1587:A. Alfred Taubman 1367:The Spring League 1294:Mile High Stadium 1290:Memphis Showboats 1222:Michigan Panthers 1211:Baltimore Orioles 1180:Orlando Renegades 1156:The owner of the 1137:Arizona Wranglers 981:Sun Devil Stadium 962:Memphis Showboats 900:stormed the field 859:A. Alfred Taubman 855:Michigan Panthers 817:Arizona Wranglers 704:Arizona Wranglers 650:Tampa Bay Bandits 619:Boston University 617:on the campus of 609:on the campus of 593:was owned by the 568:Arizona Wranglers 457:and the troubled 317:Memphis Showboats 184:Michigan Panthers 131:American football 119: 118: 62:American football 16:(Redirected from 6598: 6444: 6443: 6431: 6430: 6245:The Arena League 6210: 6209: 6197: 6196: 6096: 6095: 6083: 6082: 5862:Defunct regional 5826: 5800: 5786: 5778: 5762:Defunct national 5709: 5708: 5696: 5695: 5689:in North America 5679: 5672: 5665: 5656: 5655: 5642: 5632: 5631: 5622: 5621: 5479: 5478: 5373: 5372: 5364: 5363: 5329:The Arena League 5307:Proposed leagues 5173: 5172: 4973: 4972: 4916: 4915: 4896: 4889: 4882: 4873: 4872: 4862: 4855: 4848: 4828: 4821: 4814: 4807: 4800: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4770: 4763: 4745: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4705: 4697: 4689: 4681: 4673: 4665: 4662:Houston Gamblers 4657: 4649: 4641: 4633: 4630:Oakland Invaders 4625: 4617: 4609: 4601: 4593: 4585: 4577: 4569: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4519: 4518: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4332:. Archived from 4326: 4320: 4319: 4314: 4312: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4188:on March 9, 2016 4174: 4168: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4130: 4124: 4109: 4100: 4099: 4094:. Archived from 4083: 4077: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4002: 3996: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3859: 3848: 3847: 3825: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3767:. June 3, 2021. 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3731: 3725: 3710: 3704: 3691: 3685: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3647: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3598:. Archived from 3592: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3572:. May 31, 1984. 3562: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3408:on June 25, 2009 3404:. Archived from 3398: 3392: 3391: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3344:. Archived from 3338: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3278: 3272: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3188: 3174: 3153: 3151: 3149: 2967: 2966: 2840:Oakland Invaders 2761:Denver, Colorado 2706: 2705: 2697:1986 USFL season 2686:1985 USFL season 2675:1984 USFL season 2664:1983 USFL season 2653:Season-by-season 2641:Houston Gamblers 2599:Liberty Division 2562: 2468:Oklahoma Outlaws 2462:Oakland Invaders 2426:Houston Gamblers 2282:All-time leaders 2216:Houston Gamblers 2093:college football 1911:Baltimore Ravens 1891:Tennessee Titans 1682:Peter K. Leisure 1254:1985 USFL season 1226:Oakland Invaders 1224:merged with the 1191:Portland, Oregon 1165:Oakland Invaders 1116:Houston Gamblers 1084:Miami Hurricanes 1038:1984 USFL season 966:Oklahoma Outlaws 954:Houston Gamblers 917:J. Walter Duncan 809:Trumaine Johnson 754:Oakland Invaders 693:1983 USFL season 669:Toronto Northmen 591:Sullivan Stadium 564:Phoenix, Arizona 535:Oakland Invaders 405:college football 354:Cleveland Browns 325:Houston Gamblers 262:signed with the 251:signed with the 225:Doug Flutie and 151:college football 53: 46: 42: 21: 6606: 6605: 6601: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6531: 6512: 6476:Defunct Outdoor 6471: 6438: 6417: 6401: 6249: 6204: 6183: 6157: 6112: 6090: 6069: 6038: 5857: 5821: 5795: 5782: 5774: 5757: 5726: 5703: 5690: 5683: 5653: 5648: 5610: 5589: 5563: 5526: 5505: 5466: 5422: 5404: 5349: 5333: 5302: 5239: 5216: 5158: 5123: 5102: 5019: 4962: 4905: 4900: 4870: 4865: 4858: 4851: 4844: 4833: 4824: 4817: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4787: 4780: 4773: 4766: 4759: 4748: 4740: 4733: 4726: 4719: 4708: 4700: 4692: 4684: 4676: 4668: 4660: 4652: 4644: 4636: 4628: 4620: 4612: 4604: 4596: 4588: 4580: 4572: 4564: 4551: 4546: 4504: 4499: 4489: 4487: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4459: 4457: 4450:news.google.com 4444: 4443: 4439: 4429: 4427: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4399: 4397: 4390:news.google.com 4384: 4383: 4379: 4369: 4367: 4360:news.google.com 4354: 4353: 4349: 4339: 4337: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4310: 4308: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4266:"General Trump" 4262: 4258: 4248: 4246: 4235: 4231: 4221: 4219: 4204: 4200: 4191: 4189: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4157: 4147: 4145: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4121:Wayback Machine 4110: 4103: 4084: 4080: 4074:Wayback Machine 4065: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4003: 3999: 3993:Wayback Machine 3986:Lakeland Ledger 3984: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3961:news.google.com 3955: 3954: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3933:. pp. 1C. 3923: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3860: 3851: 3844: 3826: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3722:Wayback Machine 3711: 3707: 3701:Wayback Machine 3694:Lakeland Ledger 3692: 3688: 3683:Wayback Machine 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3649: 3648: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3579: 3577: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3465: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3432:news.google.com 3428:"Gadsden Times" 3426: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3382: 3378: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3340: 3339: 3332: 3322: 3320: 3305: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3263:Wayback Machine 3253: 3249: 3239: 3237: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3171: 3147: 3145: 3133: 3131:Further reading 3121: 3060:January 3, 1985 3029:January 4, 1984 2998:January 4, 1983 2934: 2915: 2829:Baltimore Stars 2704: 2699: 2693: 2691:1986 (canceled) 2688: 2682: 2677: 2671: 2666: 2660: 2655: 2638: 2632: 2604:Baltimore Stars 2573:Arizona Outlaws 2552: 2523: 2480:Baltimore Stars 2394:Boston Breakers 2380:Arizona Outlaws 2370: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2301:Herschel Walker 2295:Herschel Walker 2289:Herschel Walker 2284: 2265: 2234: 2222:Herschel Walker 2197: 2129: 2124: 2089: 2062:New York Giants 1905:'s decision to 1870: 1849:Ralph K. Winter 1829:Arizona Outlaws 1809:Pyrrhic victory 1790:nominal damages 1660: 1576:John F. Bassett 1562: 1392: 1387: 1359: 1353: 1344: 1314: 1256: 1250: 1248:The 1985 season 1241:Arizona Outlaws 1153: 1040: 1034: 1032:The 1984 season 940:Joseph Canizaro 932:Boston Breakers 925:Baltimore Colts 912: 904:Nickerson Field 896:Boston Breakers 785:Boston Breakers 762:Raymond Chester 730:Herschel Walker 728:' running back 695: 689: 687:The 1983 season 646:John F. Bassett 615:Nickerson Field 587:Harvard Stadium 581:franchise, the 529:for the USFL's 514: 443: 387: 382: 345:Buddy Aydelette 313:Montclair State 242:Herschel Walker 219: 201:majority owner 114:Baltimore Stars 109: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6604: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6541: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6529: 6522: 6520: 6518:Arena football 6514: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6486: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6469: 6468:(2018–present) 6463: 6462:(2009–present) 6457: 6456:(2009–present) 6450: 6448: 6440: 6439: 6427: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6297:arenafootball2 6294: 6289: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6216: 6214: 6206: 6205: 6202:Arena football 6193: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6153: 6148: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6131: 6120: 6118: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6110: 6104: 6102: 6092: 6091: 6079: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6058: 6055: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5973: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5951: 5946: 5940: 5934: 5929: 5923: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5877:** (1890–1905) 5872: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5849: 5843: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5793: 5787: 5780: 5772: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5754:(2024–present) 5749: 5748:(2016–present) 5743: 5736: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5724: 5723:(1920–present) 5717: 5715: 5705: 5704: 5692: 5691: 5682: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5659: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5636: 5626: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5597: 5595: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5540: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5524: 5519: 5513: 5511: 5510:Youth / middle 5507: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5487: 5485: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5414: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5381: 5379: 5370: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5341: 5339: 5338:Related topics 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5249: 5247: 5245:Indoor leagues 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5226: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5187: 5181: 5179: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5121: 5116: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5029: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4924: 4922: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4899: 4898: 4891: 4884: 4876: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4856: 4849: 4846:Radio coverage 4841: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4822: 4815: 4808: 4794: 4793: 4792: 4785: 4778: 4771: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4746: 4738: 4731: 4724: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4698: 4690: 4682: 4674: 4666: 4658: 4650: 4642: 4634: 4626: 4618: 4610: 4602: 4594: 4586: 4578: 4570: 4561: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4545: 4544: 4537: 4530: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4503: 4502:External links 4500: 4498: 4497: 4467: 4437: 4407: 4377: 4347: 4321: 4301:New York Times 4287: 4256: 4229: 4198: 4169: 4164:The Miami News 4155: 4125: 4101: 4078: 4059: 4028: 3997: 3978: 3948: 3917: 3886: 3880:978-0544454385 3879: 3863:Pearlman, Jeff 3849: 3843:978-1476667447 3842: 3813: 3782: 3752: 3726: 3705: 3686: 3668: 3639: 3628:on 6 July 2008 3613: 3587: 3557: 3531: 3501: 3475: 3449: 3419: 3393: 3376: 3359: 3330: 3299: 3273: 3247: 3214: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3170:978-0544454385 3169: 3154: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3127: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3100: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3069: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3038: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3007: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2950:Miami Dolphins 2933: 2930: 2914: 2911: 2867: 2866: 2863: 2858: 2855: 2850: 2848:Giants Stadium 2845: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2817: 2812: 2809: 2807:Tampa, Florida 2804: 2799: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2779: 2775: 2774: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2703: 2700: 2695:Main article: 2692: 2689: 2684:Main article: 2681: 2678: 2673:Main article: 2670: 2667: 2662:Main article: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2560: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2483: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2403: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2383: 2369: 2366: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2278: 2272: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2259: 2252: 2245: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2218: 2208: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2188:Gary Zimmerman 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2116:instant replay 2088: 2085: 1909:to become the 1889:to become the 1879:Houston Oilers 1869: 1866: 1786:monopolization 1733: 1732: 1729:Michael Porter 1725: 1721: 1659: 1653: 1649:Houston Oilers 1645:Denver Broncos 1561: 1558: 1469:Eric Dickerson 1449:Anthony Carter 1421: 1420: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1355:Main article: 1352: 1349: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1334: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1297: 1278: 1275:Clinton Manges 1268: 1261: 1252:Main article: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1237: 1233: 1218: 1183: 1168: 1161: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1124: 1114:The expansion 1112: 1103: 1099:Skelly Stadium 1095:William Tatham 1091: 1072:Curtis Bledsoe 1044: 1036:Main article: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1016: 977: 974:Skelly Stadium 946: 943: 928: 911: 908: 884:Nielsen rating 879: 878: 863:Thom Dornbrook 852: 829: 789: 777:Johnnie Walton 769: 750: 733: 723: 691:Main article: 688: 685: 611:Boston College 607:Alumni Stadium 603:Boston Red Sox 513: 510: 442: 439: 386: 383: 381: 378: 356:' quarterback 285:Gary Zimmerman 235:Heisman Trophy 218: 215: 117: 116: 111: 105: 104: 101: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 85: 81: 80: 77: 73: 72: 69: 65: 64: 59: 55: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6603: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6515: 6508: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6432: 6428: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6198: 6194: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6139: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6115: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6084: 6080: 6065: 6063: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5994: 5991: 5988: 5985: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972:³ (1962–1973) 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945:³ (1940–1948) 5944: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5922:³ (1936–1947) 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5902: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889:² (1908–1919) 5888: 5885: 5883:² (1902–1919) 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5853: 5850: 5848:(2020, 2023)* 5847: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5814: 5811: 5808: 5805: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5792:² (1945–1949) 5791: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5729: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5697: 5693: 5688: 5685:Professional 5680: 5675: 5673: 5668: 5666: 5661: 5660: 5657: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5635: 5627: 5625: 5617: 5616: 5613: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5568:International 5566: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5473: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5222:Other outdoor 5219: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5132:Halls of fame 5130: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107:Developmental 5105: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4965: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4892: 4890: 4885: 4883: 4878: 4877: 4874: 4861: 4857: 4854: 4850: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4827: 4823: 4820: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4590:Chicago Blitz 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4538: 4536: 4531: 4529: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4381: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4318: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4244: 4240: 4233: 4222:September 17, 4217: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4166: 4165: 4159: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4122: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4108: 4106: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4075: 4071: 4068: 4063: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4032: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3982: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3882: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3745:September 29, 3740: 3736: 3730: 3723: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3709: 3702: 3698: 3695: 3690: 3684: 3680: 3677: 3672: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3644: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3389: 3388: 3380: 3372: 3371: 3363: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3335: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3303: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3270: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3257: 3251: 3235: 3231: 3230: 3225: 3218: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3183: 3172: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3155: 3148:September 19, 3144: 3140: 3135: 3134: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2962:New York Jets 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2922: 2919: 2910: 2908: 2907:Carl Peterson 2903: 2899: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2883: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2861:Kelvin Bryant 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2824:July 14, 1985 2823: 2822: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2802:Tampa Stadium 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2778:July 15, 1984 2777: 2776: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2732:July 17, 1983 2731: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2708: 2707: 2698: 2687: 2676: 2665: 2650: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2627: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2565: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2557: 2550:1986 proposal 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2414:Chicago Blitz 2412: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2365: 2350: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2263:Commissioners 2257: 2256:Kelvin Bryant 2253: 2250: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2202:Kelvin Bryant 2199: 2198: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2119: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2043: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2009:Bruce DeHaven 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1985:Buffalo Bills 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1960: 1959:2017 Pro Bowl 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1855: 1854:attorney fees 1850: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1802: 1801:Val Pinchbeck 1798: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1745:Howard Cosell 1742: 1738: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1707:antitrust law 1704: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1636: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1597:shopping mall 1593: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1571: 1568: 1567:Eddie Einhorn 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1542:Doug Williams 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1522:Marcus Dupree 1518: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1508: 1501: 1498: 1497:Alamo Stadium 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1461:Chicago Blitz 1458: 1454: 1453:Kelvin Bryant 1450: 1446: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1434:underclassmen 1429: 1425: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1397: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1358: 1348: 1335: 1332: 1331:Eddie Einhorn 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1255: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1205:of the NFL's 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1108:Eddie Einhorn 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1064:Mike Hohensee 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1039: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1013:Walter Payton 1010: 1006: 1005:Ted Diethrich 1002: 998: 994: 990: 989:Chicago Blitz 986: 982: 978: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 944: 941: 937: 933: 929: 926: 922: 918: 914: 913: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 876: 875:John Banaszak 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 853: 850: 846: 845:Kelvin Bryant 842: 838: 834: 830: 827: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 797:Chicago Blitz 794: 790: 786: 782: 781:Richard Crump 778: 774: 770: 767: 764:and halfback 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 742: 738: 734: 731: 727: 724: 721: 720:Berl Bernhard 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 696: 694: 684: 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 622: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 577:The League's 575: 573: 569: 565: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 509: 507: 503: 499: 494: 492: 488: 483: 480: 475: 473: 472:due diligence 467: 464: 460: 456: 447: 438: 436: 431: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 408: 406: 400: 397: 392: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 362:Buffalo Bills 359: 355: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 307:, linebacker 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 283: 279: 276: 275:defensive end 272: 267: 265: 261: 258: 254: 250: 247: 243: 240: 236: 228: 223: 214: 212: 208: 204: 200: 195: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 171: 169: 163: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 139: 137: 132: 128: 124: 115: 112: 106: 103:United States 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 63: 60: 56: 52: 47: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6140: 6123: 6117:Predecessors 5920:Dixie League 5854:(2022–2023)* 5815: 5799:(1960–1969)¹ 5575:USA Football 5455:Championship 5418:Championship 5168:Professional 5139:Professional 5058:Dixie League 5009: 4548: 4488:. Retrieved 4479: 4470: 4460:November 22, 4458:. Retrieved 4449: 4446:"Daily News" 4440: 4428:. Retrieved 4419: 4410: 4400:November 22, 4398:. Retrieved 4389: 4380: 4370:November 22, 4368:. Retrieved 4359: 4350: 4338:. Retrieved 4334:the original 4324: 4316: 4309:. Retrieved 4300: 4290: 4278:. Retrieved 4269: 4259: 4247:. Retrieved 4241:. Fox News. 4232: 4220:. Retrieved 4211: 4201: 4190:, retrieved 4186:the original 4181: 4172: 4163: 4158: 4146:. Retrieved 4138:www.espn.com 4137: 4128: 4112: 4096:the original 4091: 4081: 4062: 4050:. Retrieved 4041: 4031: 4019:. Retrieved 4010: 4000: 3981: 3969:. Retrieved 3960: 3951: 3939:. Retrieved 3930: 3920: 3908:. Retrieved 3899: 3889: 3866: 3829: 3804:. Retrieved 3795: 3785: 3773:. Retrieved 3764: 3755: 3743:. Retrieved 3729: 3713: 3708: 3689: 3671: 3659:. Retrieved 3630:. Retrieved 3626:the original 3616: 3606:December 23, 3604:. Retrieved 3600:the original 3590: 3578:. Retrieved 3569: 3560: 3548:. Retrieved 3544:the original 3534: 3522:. Retrieved 3513: 3504: 3492:. Retrieved 3478: 3466:. Retrieved 3452: 3440:. Retrieved 3431: 3422: 3412:November 25, 3410:. Retrieved 3406:the original 3396: 3385: 3379: 3368: 3362: 3350:. Retrieved 3346:the original 3321:. Retrieved 3312: 3302: 3292:November 20, 3290:. Retrieved 3276: 3266: 3250: 3238:. Retrieved 3227: 3217: 3205:. Retrieved 3196: 3186: 3159: 3146:. Retrieved 3142: 2935: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2884: 2877: 2870: 2834: 2827: 2815:Chuck Fusina 2788: 2781: 2769:Bobby Hebert 2742: 2735: 2712:Winning Team 2647: 2644: 2639:merged with 2634:merged with 2633: 2625: 2598: 2567: 2555: 2553: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2508:(1983–1984) 2476:(1983–1984) 2363: 2349:Bobby Hebert 2337:Bobby Hebert 2269:Chet Simmons 2249:Chuck Fusina 2239:Bobby Hebert 2176:Reggie White 2152:George Allen 2130: 2113: 2090: 2087:Rule changes 2054:Sean Landeta 2047: 2040: 2037: 2025:Terry Pegula 2021:Ralph Wilson 1997:Rich Stadium 1982: 1963: 1961:in Orlando. 1875: 1871: 1863: 1842: 1818: 1806: 1797:Pete Rozelle 1794: 1771: 1760: 1749: 1734: 1714:smoking guns 1711: 1679: 1661: 1655: 1637: 1633: 1580: 1572: 1563: 1554:Gary Barbaro 1530:Reggie White 1519: 1511: 1505: 1502: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1457:Chuck Fusina 1442: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1393: 1377:to form the 1360: 1345: 1228:, while the 1215:College Park 1097:, announced 1068:Joey Walters 985:George Allen 938:businessman 921:Donald Trump 891: 880: 841:Chuck Fusina 803:, rookie HB 793:George Allen 775:quarterback 741:Ron Blanding 681: 623: 576: 543:Bill Daniels 515: 495: 491:Chet Simmons 484: 479:John Ralston 476: 468: 452: 441:Organization 432: 409: 401: 388: 374:Gary Barbaro 341:Cliff Stoudt 337:Chuck Fusina 278:Reggie White 268: 232: 227:Donald Trump 217:Talent level 203:Donald Trump 196: 172: 164: 145:businessman 140: 126: 122: 120: 92:No. of teams 76:First season 40: 6503:(2000–2008) 6497:(1999–2007) 6491:(1974–1982) 6485:(1965–1973) 6035:(2019–2022) 6029:(2014–2016) 6023:(2011–2013) 5995:(1971–1974) 5989:(1966–1971) 5983:(1965–1967) 5906:(1926–1927) 5881:Ohio League 5871:(1886–1895) 5818:(1983–1985) 5812:(1974–1975) 5806:(1965–1969) 5483:High school 4948:Ohio League 4798:Territorial 4744:(cancelled) 4598:Denver Gold 4490:December 4, 4311:November 1, 4021:February 9, 3661:February 2, 3580:February 2, 3550:February 1, 3524:February 2, 3494:February 1, 3468:February 1, 3402:"USFL.info" 3098:Mike Haight 3091:May 6, 1986 3036:Mike Rozier 2958:Mike Haight 2938:Mike Rozier 2891:Stanley Cup 2727:Television 2715:Losing Team 2636:Denver Gold 2556:USFL v. NFL 2502:(1983–1985) 2496:(1984–1985) 2458:(1983–1985) 2446:(1984–1985) 2440:(1983–1985) 2434:(1984–1985) 2428:(1984–1985) 2422:(1983–1985) 2420:Denver Gold 2390:(1983–1985) 2331:John Reaves 2325:John Reaves 2275:Harry Usher 2182:Steve Young 2146:Bill Polian 2140:Sid Gillman 2077:Doug Flutie 2074:quarterback 2070:2007 season 2013:Bill Polian 2005:Ray Bentley 1923:moved again 1656:USFL v. NFL 1641:Jack Pardee 1538:Steve Young 1526:Mike Rozier 1465:Greg Landry 1445:Craig James 1282:Denver Gold 1132:Steve Young 1060:Craig James 1054:head coach 1009:Vince Evans 936:New Orleans 888:Super Bowls 871:Cleo Miller 869:, fullback 821:Alan Risher 805:Tim Spencer 801:Greg Landry 758:Fred Besana 737:Denver Gold 716:John Corker 657:Keith Davey 599:Fenway Park 547:Alan Harmon 519:Alex Spanos 416:New Orleans 412:David Dixon 301:Steve Young 260:Mike Rozier 249:Doug Flutie 178:and/or the 147:David Dixon 143:New Orleans 110:champion(s) 6550:Categories 5830:XFL (2001) 5522:Pop Warner 5212:Super Bowl 5098:XFL (2020) 5093:XFL (2001) 5068:NFL Europe 4761:Collegiate 4280:October 5, 4249:October 5, 4052:January 9, 3971:August 13, 3796:CBS Sports 3632:2 February 3323:August 24, 3207:August 13, 3179:References 3067:Jerry Rice 3013:Pittsburgh 3005:Dan Marino 2988:USFL Team 2946:Jerry Rice 2942:Dan Marino 2721:Attendance 2101:chain crew 2015:and coach 1989:Joe Cribbs 1978:Devil Rays 1903:Art Modell 1825:Bret Clark 1617:Super Bowl 1615:owned the 1550:Joe Cribbs 1546:Brian Sipe 1473:Dan Marino 1371:Fox Sports 1363:Fox Sports 1118:rookie QB 1025:Brian Sipe 867:Ray Pinney 813:Jim Joseph 746:Red Miller 385:Background 366:Joe Cribbs 358:Brian Sipe 168:salary cap 6406:On hiatus 5400:Bowl game 4704:(1984–85) 4688:(1984–85) 4680:(1984–85) 4672:(1984–85) 4664:(1984–85) 4656:(1983–85) 4648:(1983–85) 4640:(1983–85) 4632:(1983–85) 4624:(1983–85) 4616:(1983–84) 4608:(1983–85) 4600:(1983–85) 4592:(1983–84) 4584:(1983–85) 4576:(1983–85) 4568:(1983–84) 4212:USA Today 3442:March 25, 3240:April 18, 2343:Jim Kelly 2319:Jim Smith 2313:Jim Smith 2307:Jim Smith 2212:Jim Kelly 2170:Sam Mills 2164:Jim Kelly 2158:Marv Levy 2017:Marv Levy 2001:Kent Hull 1993:Jim Kelly 1970:Lightning 1939:first XFL 1927:Las Vegas 1887:Nashville 1868:Aftermath 1668:antitrust 1619:champion 1592:lame duck 1534:Jim Kelly 1329:Although 1203:departure 1199:Baltimore 1197:moved to 1120:Jim Kelly 1070:, and HB 1056:Ray Jauch 1001:White Sox 849:Sam Mills 712:Ray Jauch 677:Concordes 626:Vancouver 539:San Diego 527:Tad Taube 424:Superdome 349:Jim Smith 347:, and WR 309:Sam Mills 293:Jim Kelly 207:antitrust 192:Baltimore 6526:X League 5900:² (1924) 5624:Category 5207:Pro Bowl 5190:Playoffs 4484:Archived 4454:Archived 4430:June 23, 4424:Archived 4394:Archived 4364:Archived 4340:June 16, 4305:Archived 4274:Archived 4243:Archived 4216:Archived 4148:July 30, 4142:Archived 4117:Archived 4070:Archived 4046:Archived 4015:Archived 3989:Archived 3965:Archived 3941:March 1, 3935:Archived 3910:March 3, 3904:Archived 3865:(2018). 3800:Archived 3769:Archived 3765:ESPN.com 3739:Archived 3718:Archived 3697:Archived 3679:Archived 3655:Archived 3653:. USFL. 3574:Archived 3570:NY Times 3518:Archived 3514:NY Times 3488:Archived 3486:. USFL. 3462:Archived 3460:. USFL. 3436:Archived 3352:April 6, 3317:Archived 3286:Archived 3259:Archived 3234:Archived 3201:Archived 3197:NOLA.com 3119:See also 3044:Nebraska 2982:Position 2976:Location 2898:Grey Cup 2893:and the 2718:Location 1783:de facto 1737:Al Davis 1675:monopoly 1599:magnate 1187:Breakers 1143:numbers. 1139:, 35–23. 1086:' coach 837:Jim Mora 634:Montreal 630:Edmonton 583:Breakers 502:cable TV 428:football 391:baseball 273:members 6447:Outdoor 6254:Defunct 6213:Current 5634:Commons 5594:Related 5536:Women's 5395:Playoff 5359:College 5185:History 5144:College 4911:History 4838:Related 4713:Seasons 4192:July 4, 3806:June 3, 3775:June 3, 2985:College 2396:(1983) 2060:by the 2052:punter 1919:Raiders 1883:Jaguars 1757:Detroit 1703:tripled 1699:damages 1684:in the 1671:lawsuit 1658:lawsuit 1463:, like 1286:Broncos 1176:Orlando 1111:season. 671:in the 654:Senator 487:21 Club 380:History 295:of the 287:of the 280:of the 269:Future 100:Country 68:Founded 6162:Junior 6124:Direct 6012:(2000) 6006:(1999) 5939:(1938) 5842:(2019) 5644:Portal 5475:Junior 5154:Indoor 4968:Modern 4753:Drafts 4696:(1984) 3877: 3840: 3167: 2979:Player 2913:Drafts 2857:49,263 2811:52,662 2765:50,906 2626: 2490:(1984) 2470:(1984) 2254:1985: 2247:1984: 2241:, QB, 2237:1983: 2224:, RB, 2220:1985: 2214:, QB, 2210:1984: 2204:, RB, 2200:1983: 1949:. The 1945:, and 1937:, the 1724:them." 1552:, and 1273:owner 1172:Disney 1123:17–16. 857:owner 783:, the 579:Boston 559:Padres 500:and a 327:, and 255:, and 182:. The 84:Ceased 6141:Other 6100:Major 5732:Other 5713:Major 5450:NJCAA 5431:Other 5149:Arena 5025:Minor 4977:Major 4920:Early 4557:Teams 2970:Draft 2895:CFL's 2888:NHL's 2355:Teams 1925:, to 1236:1984. 1207:Colts 1102:game. 1080:Miami 1066:, WR 898:fans 795:-led 749:1983. 58:Sport 5438:NAIA 5368:NCAA 4826:1986 4819:1985 4812:1984 4805:1983 4789:1986 4782:1985 4775:1984 4768:1983 4742:1986 4735:1985 4728:1984 4721:1983 4492:2019 4462:2020 4432:2012 4402:2020 4372:2020 4342:2012 4313:2021 4282:2020 4251:2020 4224:2017 4194:2012 4150:2017 4054:2015 4023:2018 3973:2021 3943:2014 3912:2019 3875:ISBN 3838:ISBN 3808:2021 3777:2021 3747:2010 3663:2017 3634:2017 3608:2008 3582:2017 3552:2017 3526:2017 3496:2017 3470:2017 3444:2016 3414:2009 3354:2011 3325:2015 3294:2021 3242:2022 3209:2021 3165:ISBN 3150:2024 3106:Iowa 3087:1986 3056:1985 3025:1984 2994:1983 2973:Date 2952:and 2944:and 2865:ABC 2819:ABC 2773:ABC 2709:Date 2680:1985 2669:1984 2658:1983 2368:List 2109:1994 2081:2005 2066:2006 2058:1986 1972:and 1931:WLAF 1821:lien 1762:Pogo 1752:jury 1692:and 1647:and 1510:and 1471:and 1451:and 1351:2022 1342:1986 1280:The 1220:The 1126:The 999:and 997:Cubs 968:and 930:The 831:The 791:The 752:The 735:The 698:The 636:and 545:and 506:ESPN 435:1945 414:, a 368:and 343:, G 339:and 299:and 244:and 127:USFL 121:The 108:Last 87:1986 79:1983 71:1982 18:USFL 5846:XFL 5410:FCS 5377:FBS 5177:NFL 2724:MVP 1976:'s 1968:'s 1947:AAF 1943:UFL 1935:CFL 1897:'s 1769:." 1765:: " 1716:". 1694:NBC 1690:CBS 1607:'s 1375:XFL 995:'s 815:'s 773:WFL 557:'s 498:ABC 311:of 303:of 6552:: 6046:¹ 4478:. 4452:. 4448:. 4422:. 4418:. 4392:. 4388:. 4362:. 4358:. 4315:. 4303:. 4299:. 4272:. 4268:. 4214:. 4210:. 4180:, 4140:. 4136:. 4104:^ 4090:. 4044:. 4040:. 4013:. 4009:. 3963:. 3959:. 3929:. 3902:. 3898:. 3873:. 3869:. 3852:^ 3836:. 3832:. 3816:^ 3798:. 3794:. 3763:. 3737:. 3642:^ 3568:. 3512:. 3434:. 3430:. 3333:^ 3315:. 3311:. 3284:. 3265:, 3232:. 3226:. 3199:. 3195:. 3141:. 3102:OT 3071:WR 3040:RB 3009:QB 2964:. 2844:24 2835:28 2789:23 2752:22 2743:24 2135:: 2083:. 2003:, 1941:, 1933:, 1556:. 1548:, 1544:, 1536:, 1532:, 1528:, 1524:, 1475:. 1447:, 1419:). 1381:. 1050:, 964:, 960:, 956:, 952:, 906:. 632:, 628:, 574:. 376:. 360:, 331:, 323:, 319:, 266:. 95:18 6054:. 5956:³ 5928:³ 5825:³ 5779:² 5771:² 5678:e 5671:t 5664:v 4895:e 4888:t 4881:v 4541:e 4534:t 4527:v 4494:. 4434:. 4344:. 4284:. 4253:. 4226:. 4152:. 4056:. 4025:. 3945:. 3914:. 3883:. 3846:. 3810:. 3779:. 3749:. 3665:. 3636:. 3610:. 3584:. 3554:. 3528:. 3498:. 3472:. 3416:. 3390:. 3373:. 3356:. 3327:. 3296:. 3244:. 3211:. 3173:. 3152:. 2798:3 2541:1 2535:2 2529:3 1296:. 1267:. 1182:. 1090:. 942:. 125:( 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

United States Football League

Index