United States Agency for International Development

1341:"This past year ... Congressional Committees, the Executive Branch and distinguished private citizens have just examined these programs anew. ... I recommend the following legislative actions: ... economic development assistance should be provided primarily through loans, continuingly, and related closely to technical assistance. ... I recommend a clear separation of military and defense support assistance on the one hand, from economic development assistance on the other. ... I recommend that longterm development assistance be provided from a Development Loan Fund. ... Such loans should not compete with or replace such existing sources of credit private investors, the International Bank , or the Export-Import Bank. ... I believe the Fund should be established and administered in the International Cooperation Administration. ... The technical cooperation program is one of the most valuable elements of our entire mutual security effort. It also should be continued on a long-term basis and must be closely related to the work of the Fund." 2943:

in 2006 and 2011. (See the references authored by USAID, at the end of this article.) To give a perspective of USAID's goals that is as general as possible, the list of goals in this article subsumes one of the goals from the 2004 White Paper, "Strengthen fragile states," whose emphasis as understood at the time was on Iraq and Afghanistan, into a more general goal, "U.S. national interests," together with one of the White Paper's other goals, "Support strategic states." State fragility is understood to be one of the development issues addressed under this article's "Socioeconomic development" goal. On the other hand, the White Paper's goal, "Provide humanitarian relief," is divided in this article into two goals, both of which are humanitarian: "Disaster relief" (which may assist victims at various income levels) and "Poverty relief" (which targets chronic poverty, not just the result of a disaster, and which does not necessarily have to be justified by a developmental impact).

357: 1589:(PPD) on Global Development. (Although the Administration considered the PPD too sensitive for release to the public, it was finally released in February 2014 as required by a U.S. court order. The Administration had initially provided a fact sheet to describe the policy.) The PPD promised to elevate the role of development assistance within U.S. policy and rebuild "USAID as the U.S. Government's lead development agency." It also established an Interagency Policy Committee on Global Development led by the National Security Staff and added to U.S. development efforts an emphasis on innovation. To implement the PPD's instruction that "USAID will develop robust policy, planning, and evaluation capabilities," USAID re-created in mid-2010 a development planning office, the Bureau of Policy, Planning, and Learning. 40: 836:

exporting industries), and modernization of government regulatory frameworks for the industry in various sectors (telecommunications, agriculture, and so forth). In USAID's early years and some larger programs, Economic Growth offices have financed economic infrastructure like roads and electrical power plants. Economic Growth assistance is thus quite diverse in terms of the range of sectors where it may work. It corresponds to USAID's socioeconomic development objective and is the source of sustainable poverty reduction. Economic Growth offices also occasionally manage assistance to poverty relief projects, such as to government programs that provide "cash transfer" payments to low-income families.

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for exports of U.S. agricultural products. The 1953 amendment to the Mutual Security Act and the much larger Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954, known as "PL-480", allowed the U.S. government to buy U.S. farm surpluses and sell them in developing countries for inconvertible local currencies. Much of PL-480's foreign-currency revenue was returned to developing countries as a supplement to U.S. development assistance. PL-480 revenues in the first twenty years were sometimes huge and although PL-480 has become smaller it continues to provide resources to USAID for nutrition and disaster relief programs.

52: 1881:, USAID helped provide safer housing for almost 200,000 displaced Haitians; supported vaccinations for more than 1 million people; cleared more than 1.3 million cubic meters of the approximately 10 million cubic meters of rubble generated; helped more than 10,000 farmers double the yields of staples like corn, beans, and sorghum; and provided short-term employment to more than 350,000 Haitians, injecting more than $ 19 million into the local economy. USAID has provided nearly $ 42 million to help combat cholera, helping to decrease the number of cases requiring hospitalization and reduce the case fatality rate. 2302:

technical assistance in the earliest days of the program in the 1940s. It soon became necessary for the federal government technical experts to plan and manage larger assistance programs than they could perform by themselves. The global expansion of technical assistance in the early 1950s reinforced the need to draw on outside experts, which was also accelerated by Congress's requirement of major reductions of U.S. government staffing in 1953. By 1955, observers commented on a perceived shift toward re use of shorter-term contracts (rather than using employees with career-length contracts).

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land-grant universities' work in building India's agricultural universities. Read's book inspired an Illinois Member of Congress concerned with famine prevention, Paul Findley, to draft a bill authorizing more support for programs like the ones Read described. In a legislative process involving USAID staff, the association of state universities and land-grant colleges (NASULGC), and Sen. Hubert Humphrey, Rep. Findley's bill ultimately became Title XII of the Foreign Assistance Act, via an amendment to the FAA passed in 1975. Title XII created the

185: 1279:"defense support") was considered an inherently short-term measure. In place of U.S. economic assistance, the Eisenhower administration proposed that U.S. allies should increasingly finance themselves through their own exports: in other words, through "trade not aid". With respect to financial assistance for developing countries, the policy was maintained that it should be provided primarily by the U.S. Export-Import Bank and by the World Bank, and that it should be available only on commercial terms and primarily to finance private investment. 972:

the help of the mission's contracting office, publish a solicitation for applications from NGOs for financial assistance to their programs. One or several grants could be made to selected NGOs by the contracting office's "Agreement Officer". Similar to the case of a contract, a USAID technical-office staff member would be assigned as the Agreement Officer's Representative to monitor progress in the NGOs' implementation and to arrange for external evaluations. USAID grants require recipient NGOs to contract for external audits.

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improved textbooks and materials. Larger programs have included school construction. Education offices often manage scholarship programs for training in the U.S., while assistance to the country's universities and professional education institutions may be provided by Economic Growth and Health offices. The Education office's emphasis on school access for the poor majority of the population corresponds to USAID's poverty relief objective, as well as to the socioeconomic development objective in the long term.

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administration into a single agency. He sent a proposed "Act for International Development" to Congress in May and the resulting "Foreign Assistance Act" was approved in September, repealing the Mutual Security Act. In November, Pres. Kennedy signed the act and issued an Executive Order tasking the Secretary of State to create, within the State Department, the "Agency for International Development" (or A.I.D.: subsequently re-branded as USAID), as the successor to both ICA and the Development Loan Fund.

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and being repayable in local currency rather than U.S. dollars. Some projects were financed by a combination of a DLF soft loan and a harder World Bank loan. Operationally, the DLF became administratively self-contained by 1959 after contracting for administrative support from ICA for its first two years. Also, the Export-Import Bank's lending limit was raised in 1958 from $ 5 billion to $ 7 billion, and the administration advocated in January 1959 an expanded "food for peace" program.

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influence in low-income countries who were seeking financing for their development initiatives. India was a particular case of a country where the U.S. felt it needed to provide economic assistance to balance the USSR's influence, even though India was not a U.S. military ally. These considerations led to advocacy of expanded economic assistance by several voices within the Eisenhower administration: the FOA Director, former Minnesota Governor Harold Stassen; national security advisor

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needed softer financing to invest in public health systems, schools, and economic infrastructure, for which "hard", commercial lending was unsuitable. Personnel changes soon reflected this change in the administration's view: Christian Herter succeeded Herbert Hoover Jr. as Under Secretary of State in February 1957, Robert Anderson succeeded George Humphrey as Treasury Secretary in July 1957, and James H. Smith Jr. replaced John Hollister as ICA Director in September 1957.

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International Affairs programs and operations for civilian agencies, including USAID. This page also has a link to a "Where Does the Money Go?" table, which shows the recipients of USAID's financial assistance (foreign governments as well as NGOs), the totals that were spent for various countries, and the sources (U.S. government agencies, universities, and private companies) from which USAID procured the goods and services that it provided as technical assistance.

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Accord: "There will be absolutely no mention of United States government involvement," "This is absolutely crucial for the long-term success of the service and to ensure the success of the Mission." ZunZuneo's subscribers were never aware that it was created by the US government or that USAID was gathering their private data to gain useful demographics that would gauge their levels of dissent and help USAID 'maximize our possibilities to extend our reach.'

1242:(EPTA). The U.S. provided 60% of EPTA's financing. By 1955, EPTA adopted a country-led approach where the UN's TA in each country was programmed according to a plan drawn up by the receiving country in consultation with the UN. ECOSOC also created a new Technical Assistance Board, which (similarly to the United States' wartime Interdepartmental Committee) coordinated the TA being provided to low-income countries by various individual UN agencies. 1080:, China, Turkey, and several Latin American countries requested missions on subjects like fiscal management, monetary institutions, election management, mining, schooling, roads, flood control, and urban sanitation. The U.S. government also initiated missions, particularly to Central America and the Caribbean, when it felt that U.S. interests might be affected by crises like failed elections, debt defaults, or spread of infectious disease. 2044: 1607:, the QDDR of 2010 reaffirmed the plan to re-build USAID's Foreign Service staffing while also emphasizing the increased role that staff from the State Department and domestic agencies would play in implementing U.S. assistance. In addition, it laid out a program for a future transfer of health sector assistance back from the State Department to USAID. The follow-on QDDR released in April 2015 reaffirmed the Administration's policies. 1286:(FOA). MSA, TCA (which had been under MSA's direction), and IIAA (which had been part of TCA) were all abolished as of August 1953 and their country offices became "United States Operations Missions" (USOMs) under FOA. The President directed other federal agencies to put their technical assistance in developing countries under FOA's management as well. USDA in particular transferred OFAR's programs to FOA, while reconstituting the 64: 1123:(IIAA), chartered in March 1942. The I+institute was the initiative of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, Nelson Rockefeller, the future Vice President of the United States, whose family financed the Rockefeller Foundation. IIAA's 1,400 employees provided technical assistance across Central and South America for economic stabilization, food supply, health, and sanitation. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's 1984:'. According to the AP's report, the plan was to build an audience by initially presenting non-controversial content like sports, music and weather. Once a critical mass of users was reached the US government operators would change the content to spark political dissent and mobilize the users into organized political gatherings called 'smart mobs' that would trigger an uprising against the Cuban government. 959:

then advertise for bids, manage the selection of a contractor from among the competing bidders, sign the contract, and assign a technical-office staff member as the Contracting Officer's Representative to oversee the performance under the contract. (If the workload permits, this staff member might be the same person who oversees USAID's financial assistance to the government agency.)

2553:, supported the Fujimori government's sterilization efforts. Investigations by Peru's congressional subcommittee found a causal correlation between increased USAID funding and the number of sterilizations performed. These sterilizations were part of a global strategy by the United States government to reduce birth rates in developing countries for political and economic stability. 736:(This recruitment system differs from the State Department's use of the "Foreign Service Officer Test" to identify potential U.S. diplomats. Individuals who pass the test become candidates for the State Department's selection process, which emphasizes personal qualities in thirteen dimensions such as "Composure" and "Resourcefulness". No specific education level is required.) 318: 2362:, Brazil's largest newspaper, accused USAID of trying to influence political reform in Brazil in a way that would have purposely benefited right-wing parties. USAID spent $ 95,000 US in 2005 on a seminar in the Brazilian Congress to promote a reform aimed at pushing for legislation punishing party infidelity. According to USAID papers acquired by Folha under the 1258:(MSA), which reported directly to the President and supervised both civilian and military assistance. MSA increased the emphasis on large-scale financial assistance to U.S. allies, which was provided as civilian "economic assistance" but was intended to help the allies to make greater military efforts and was therefore often called "defense support". 1262:

coordinated approach, the policy was adopted that ECA and TCA would not both operate in the same country ("one country—one agency"). Accordingly, each agency transferred programs to the other and closed down in some countries. For example, in Indonesia and Burma, ECA closed its financial-assistance programs, while TCA initiated technical assistance.

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community well-being by partnering with the private sector to align business goals with development objectives. Through HEARTH, USAID implements One Health principles to achieve sustainable benefits for both people and the environment through projects focused on livelihoods, well-being, conservation, biodiversity, and governance.

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rights, gender equality and women's empowerment. The Engineering Division, in particular, draws on licensed professional engineers to support USAID Missions in a multibillion-dollar portfolio of construction projects, including medical facilities, schools, universities, roads, power plants, and water and sanitation plants.

7912: 2564:, USAID ceased funding for sterilizations in Peru in 1998. The forced sterilizations continued until President Fujimori fled to Japan in 2000. The policy resulted in a generational shift, creating a smaller younger generation unable to provide economic stimulation to rural areas, thus increasing poverty in those regions. 1578:

planning and resource management across State and USAID, directing all USAID offices' budgets according to a detailed "Standardized Program Structure" comprising hundreds of "Program Sub-Elements". USAID accordingly closed its Washington office that had been responsible for development policy and budgeting.

2493:, listed as a terrorist organization by the US Department of State, said that the USAID condition was nothing more than an attempt "to impose political solutions prepared in the kitchens of Western intelligence agencies to weaken the rights and principles of Palestinians, especially the right of return." 1389:. Through most of the 1950s, the U.S. concentrated on technical assistance in the region. Financial assistance sources were limited to the Eximbank and the World Bank, with the U.S. opposing proposals for a regional development bank. Events in 1958—notably a riot during Vice President Nixon's visit to 2181:

expelled USAID from Bolivia on May 1, 2013, for allegedly seeking to undermine his government following ten years of operations within the country. President Morales explained that the expulsion was because USAID's objectives in Bolivia were to advance American interests, not to advance the interests

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The impact of all these actions of the early 1970s on the overall scale of U.S. development assistance is indicated by the change in the number of U.S. staff in field missions. In 1969, the year when Pres. Nixon took office, the number was already decreasing from its Vietnam War high of 8,717 and had

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The Basic Human Needs reforms largely cut off USAID's assistance to higher education. A large part of that assistance had gone to agricultural universities in hungry developing countries, as illustrated by a 1974 book by a University of Illinois professor, Hadley Read, describing USAID-supported U.S.

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Taking this momentum onto the world stage via an address to the UN General Assembly in September 1961, Pres. Kennedy called for a "United Nations Decade of Development". This initiative was endorsed by a General Assembly resolution in December, establishing the concepts of development and development

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The United States also encouraged Western Europe and Japan to increase their development assistance by building on the European Marshall Plan organization, the Organization of European Economic Cooperation (OEEC). The OEEC had been created in 1948 by recipients of Marshall Plan aid, at the request of

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While the U.S. supported expanded World Bank facilities, it did not support the proposal for a Special UN Fund for Economic Development (SUNFED). The UN did create a "Special Fund" in 1957, but it was limited to designing projects for the UN's technical assistance program, EPTA, and could not finance

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As a result, the Development Loan Fund was established in August 1957. The DLF largely financed infrastructure (such as railroads, highways, and power plants), factories, and agriculture with loans whose terms were relatively "soft" in the sense of charging interest rates lower than commercial levels

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An overall goal of the new administration was to administer the government efficiently and cut spending. While TCA's technical assistance to developing countries was a small budget item and was considered a long-term program (although fresh funds were appropriated annually), "economic assistance" (or

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In January 1949, President Truman, responding to advice from staff who had worked with IIAA, proposed a globalized version of the program as the fourth element of his overall foreign policy—"Point Four". The purpose of the program was to provide technical knowledge to aid the growth of underdeveloped

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The coming of World War II stimulated the U.S. government to create what proved to be permanent, sustained foreign aid programs that evolved into USAID. U.S. development assistance focussed initially on Latin America. Since countries in the region were regularly requesting expert assistance from U.S.

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Examples of projects often assisted by Economic Growth offices are projects for improvements in agricultural techniques and marketing (the mission may have a specialized "Agriculture" office), development of microfinance industries, streamlining of Customs administrations (to accelerate the growth of

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Examples of projects assisted by Democracy offices are projects for the country's political institutions, including elections, political parties, legislatures, and human rights organizations. Counterparts include the judicial sector and civil society organizations that monitor government performance.

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Host-country staff normally work under one-year contracts that are renewed annually. Formerly, host-country staff could be recruited as "direct hires" in career positions and at present many host-country staff continue working with USAID missions for full careers on a series of one-year contracts. In

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The Mission Director is a member of the U.S. Embassy's "Country Team" under the direction of the U.S. Ambassador. As a USAID mission works in an unclassified environment with relative frequent public interaction, most missions were initially located in independent offices in the business districts of

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A history of all the programs that USAID has supported since 1961, in scores of countries, plus the evolution of U.S. government policies and academic theories about development and development assistance, to say nothing of the development in the low-income countries themselves, would require enough

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Although USAID officially selects contractors on a competitive and objective basis, watch dog groups, politicians, foreign governments and corporations have occasionally accused the agency of allowing its bidding process to be unduly influenced by the political and financial interests of its current

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The messaging service was launched in 2010 and gained 40,000 followers at its peak. Extensive efforts were made to conceal the USAID involvement in the program, using offshore bank accounts, front companies and servers based overseas. According to a memo from one of the project's contractors, Mobile

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Up-to-date details of the budget for USAID's assistance and other aspects of U.S. foreign assistance are available from USAID's budget webpage. This page contains a link to the Congressional Budget Justification, which shows the U.S. Government's Foreign Operations budget (the "150 Account") for all

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Congress did not act on the President's proposal for replacing USAID but rather amended the Foreign Assistance Act to direct that USAID emphasize "Basic Human Needs": food and nutrition; population planning and health; and education and human resources development. Specifically, USAID's budget would

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After his inauguration as president on January 20, 1961, JFK created the Peace Corps by Executive Order on March 1, 1961. On March 22, he sent a special message to Congress on foreign aid, asserting that the 1960s should be a "Decade of Development" and proposing to unify U.S. development assistance

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As the U.S. expanded its development-assistance efforts in the course of the 1950s, other industrial countries were recovering economically from World War II and were increasingly able to engage in development assistance. The U.S. supported their involvement through several multilateral initiatives.

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After the end of the war in 1945, IIAA was transferred to the State Department. Based on positive evaluations from the U.S. Ambassadors in Latin America, the State Department succeeded in getting congressional authorization to extend IIAA, initially through 1950 and then through 1955. OFAR continued

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IIAA's operational approach set the pattern for subsequent U.S. government technical assistance in developing countries, including ultimately USAID. In each country, a program comprising a group of projects in a given sector—health, food supply, or schools—was planned and implemented jointly by U.S.

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Although the size of the development-assistance effort was not new, the 1961 decision to reorganize the government's main development-assistance agency was a landmark in terms of institutional evolution, representing the culmination of twenty years' experience with different organizational forms and

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As a government agency is usually specialized in services to the beneficiary population (medical services, for example), its staff may not be equipped to undertake planning and evaluation, construction, acquisition of equipment, or management of training and study tours. The government agency might,

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This funding agreement would take the form of a letter from USAID's Mission Director, countersigned by the recipient agency, explaining the agency's objectives, the amount of USAID's financial commitment, the specific expenditures to be financed by USAID's grant, and other operational aspects of the

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The Mission Director's signature authorizes technical offices to assist according to the designs and budgets they propose. With the help of the Program Office, the Mission Director ensures that designs are consistent with USAID policy for the country, including budgetary earmarks by which Washington

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and by development professionals from the country itself, with the host-country professionals forming the majority of the staff. The length of a Foreign Service Officer's "tour" in most countries is four years, to provide enough time to develop in-depth knowledge about the country. (Shorter tours of

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Technical assistance includes technical advice, training, scholarships, construction, and commodities. Technical assistance is contracted or procured by USAID and provided in-kind to recipients. For technical advisory services, USAID draws on experts from the private sector, mainly from the assisted

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After 1945, many newly independent countries needed assistance to relieve the chronic deprivation afflicting their low-income populations. USAID and its predecessor agencies have continuously provided poverty relief in many forms, including assistance to public health and education services targeted

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Each particular official statement of USAID's goals is specific to the U.S. foreign-policy emphases of the moment the statement is made. The best official statement relevant to the most recent era is contained in USAID's 2004 "White Paper," which was reaffirmed in high-level USAID policy documents

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USAID states that "U.S. foreign assistance has always had the twofold purpose of furthering America's foreign policy interests in expanding democracy and free markets while improving the lives of the citizens of the developing world." Non-government organization watch groups have noted that as much

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The ZunZuneo operation was part of a program that included a second operation which started in October 2009 and was financed jointly with ZunZuneo. In the second operation USAid sent Venezuelan, Costa Rican and Peruvian youngsters to Cuba to recruit Cubans into anti-regime political activities. The

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created the Office of the Director of U.S. Foreign Assistance ('F') within the State Department. Under a Director with the rank of Deputy Secretary, F's purpose was to ensure that foreign assistance would be used as much as possible to meet foreign policy objectives. F integrated foreign assistance

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playing a prominent role, Congress approved in July 1958 another new World Bank facility, the International Development Association (IDA). Funded by grants from industrialized countries, the IDA would make low-interest credits to developing countries for projects like public works. The IDA formally

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needed massive economic assistance after an armistice was finally signed in July 1953, and U.S. economic assistance to South Vietnam increased after the retreat of France in 1954. On a global scale, the Cold War after the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953 evolved in the direction of rivalry over

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U.S. technical missions in this era were not part of a systematic, government-supported program. Possibly the closest approximation to what federal development assistance would become was the China Foundation for the Promotion of Education and Culture, established by the United States in 1924 using

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The realization that early industrializers like the United States could provide technical assistance to other countries' development efforts spread gradually in the late 1800s, leading to a substantial number of visits to other countries by U.S. technical experts, generally with official support by

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As some local NGOs may be small and young organizations with no prior experience in receiving awards from USAID, the USAID mission's financial management office reviews grant applicants' administrative systems to ensure that they are capable of managing U.S. government funds. Where necessary, USAID

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Non-governmental organizations are, like their government counterparts, usually already engaged in service provision in areas where USAID wants to assist, and they often have unique abilities that complement public programs. Therefore, USAID technical-office staff might set aside a budget and, with

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USAID plans its work in each country around an individual country development program managed by a resident office called a "mission". The USAID mission and its U.S. staff are guests in the country, with a status that is usually defined by a "framework bilateral agreement" between the government of

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Some voices in the administration continued to point in the opposite direction: for example, Under Secretary of State Herbert Hoover Jr. and the new ICA head, John Hollister, who represented more frugal attitudes. Given the lack of consensus, Pres. Eisenhower and Congress conducted in 1956 several

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In June 1954, Congress raised the ExIm Bank's lending authority from $ 4.5 billion to $ 5 billion. Pres. Eisenhower also created in December 1954 a Cabinet-level Council on Foreign Economic Policy, which in March 1955 recommended expanded soft loans for development. In April 1955, Pres. Eisenhower

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While a "trade not aid" strategy required the U.S. to import more goods from its allies, the administration was unable to convince Congress to liberalize import policy. On the contrary, the main foreign commercial measure taken at this time went in the other direction: the U.S. ramped up subsidies

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USAID's technical office would collaborate with the government agency in drafting the specifications for what is needed (generally referred to as a "Statement of Work" for the contract) and in conducting market research for available sources and potential bidders. USAID's Contracting Officer would

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Called "technical" offices by USAID staff, these offices design and manage the technical and financial assistance that USAID provides to their local counterparts' projects. The technical offices that are frequently found in USAID missions include Health and Family Planning, Education, Environment,

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The only times the Republican Party had a majority in either house of Congress in the 48-year span from 1933 to 1981 was in 1947-1949 when it enjoyed small majorities in both houses in the 80th Congress under Pres. Truman and in 1953-1955 when it had majorities in both houses of the 83rd Congress

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After an initial attempt to operate in the mode of the old Interdepartmental Committee and to merely coordinate programs of other agencies (such as IIAA), TCA adopted an integrated implementation mechanism in November 1951. In an approach that was greatly expanded after 1953, some early technical

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Between the two world wars, U.S. assistance to low-income countries was often a private initiative, including the work of private foundations such as the Rockefeller Foundation and the Near East Foundation. The Rockefeller Foundation, for example, assisted the breeding of improved maize and wheat

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When the federal government created USAID in November 1961, it built on a legacy of previous development-assistance agencies and their people, budgets, and operating procedures. USAID's predecessor agency was already substantial, with 6,400 U.S. staff in developing-country field missions in 1961.

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In these areas, the national government could not provide physical security against attacks by insurgent forces. The role of the U.S. military assistance in COIN was, therefore, to combat insurgent military forces and to protect the civilian work of USAID and the national government. The military

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When a local development project's assistance needs have been identified, USAID arranges the agreed assistance through funding agreements with implementing organizations, referred to by USAID staff as "implementing partners". USAID finances several types of implementers using a variety of funding

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U.S. citizens can apply to become USAID Foreign Service Officers by competing for specific job openings based on academic qualifications and experience in development programs. Within five years of recruitment, most Foreign Service Officers receive tenure for an additional 20+ years of employment

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proposed abolishing USAID and replacing it with three new institutions: one for development loans, one for technical assistance and research, and one for trade, investment and financial policy. USAID's field missions would have been eliminated in the new institutional setup. Consistent with this

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Administrative functions were consolidated as the various agencies came into FOA, and the Mutual Security Act of July 1953 instructed FOA to reduce personnel by at least 10% within 120 days. A large number of TCA's senior professionals were summarily dismissed, and FOA's administrator mounted an

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The Mutual Security Agency absorbed the Marshall Plan (the ECA), which otherwise had been scheduled to end in 1952. The Technical Cooperation Administration remained a semi-autonomous agency in the State Department to administer Point Four, but after 1951 under the supervision of MSA. Under this

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The key to a successful development project is the institutional capacity of local organizations, including the professional ability of their staff members. The key to successful assistance is how well it fits the needs of local development projects, including institutional capacity building and

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While the terms "assistance project" and "development project" might sometimes be used indiscriminately, it helps in understanding USAID's work to make a distinction. (1) Development is what developing countries do. Development projects are projects of local government agencies and NGOs, such as

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Commitments of U.S. government funds to NGOs and firms that implement USAID's assistance programs can only be made in compliance with carefully designed contracts and grant agreements executed by warranted Contracting and Agreement Officers. The Mission Director is authorized to commit financial

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Of this total, 1,850 were USAID Foreign Service Officers who spend their careers mostly residing overseas (1,586 overseas in June 2016) and partly on rotation in Washington DC (264). The Foreign Service Officers stationed overseas worked alongside the 4,935 local staff of USAID's field missions.

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Economic Growth offices in E3 define Agency policy and provide technical support to Mission assistance activities in the areas of economic policy formulation, international trade, sectoral regulation, capital markets, microfinance, energy, infrastructure, land tenure, urban planning and property

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USAID/Washington helps define overall federal civilian foreign assistance policy and budgets, working with the State Department, Congress, and other U.S. government agencies. It is organized into "Bureaus" covering geographical areas, development subject areas, and administrative functions. Each

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USAID missions work in over fifty countries, consulting with their governments and non-governmental organizations to identify programs that will receive USAID's assistance. As part of this process, USAID missions conduct socio-economic analysis, discuss projects with host-country leaders, design

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To build indigenous expertise and leadership, USAID finances scholarships to U.S. universities and assists in the strengthening of developing countries' own universities. Local universities' programs in developmentally important sectors are assisted directly and through USAID support for forming

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Documents obtained through the Freedom of Information Act revealed that USAID effectively took control of Peru's national health system from 1993 to 1998, during the period of forced sterilizations. It was concluded that it would be virtually inconceivable for these sterilization abuses to have

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USAID frequently contracts with private firms or individuals for specialist services lasting from a few weeks to several years. It has long been asked whether USAID should more often assign such tasks to career U.S. government employees instead. United States government staff directly performed

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Subsequently, USAID played a major role in the U.S. reconstruction and development effort in Iraq. As of June 2009, USAID had invested approximately $ 6.6 billion on programs designed to stabilize communities; foster economic and agricultural growth; and build the capacity of the national,

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The overall view that emerged was that sustained development assistance would have long-term benefits for the U.S. position in the world and, more specifically, that developing countries needed substantial financial assistance in the form of low-interest loans. Developing countries particularly

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In the countries referred to as being in the general area of China, the Marshall Plan (ECA) operated through Special Technical and Economic Missions (STEMs). The STEMs were set up in 1950 and 1951, and had a "Point Four character" in the sense that they emphasized services by technical experts.

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Point Four and TCA had been established in the context of several other programs in the large-scale U.S. foreign aid effort of the 1940s. Already during the war, in 1943, the U.S. (jointly with its wartime allies, referred to collectively as "the United Nations") established the "United Nations

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Also, international NGOs frequently make unsolicited proposals to USAID, requesting funding for their own planned assistance activities. Where NGOs or business enterprises are dedicating a substantial amount of non-governmental resources to their projects, they can receive USAID funding through

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USAID's technical office would assign a staff member (U.S. or local) to oversee progress in the agency's implementation. USAID's financial management office would transfer funds to the agency, in tranches as needed. Audit under this kind of government-to-government (G2G) financial assistance is

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USAID's Education offices mainly assist the national school system, emphasizing broadening the coverage of quality basic education to reach the entire population. Examples of projects often assisted by Education offices are projects for curriculum development, teacher training, and provision of

1427:

At the end of the 1950s, the momentum in favor of development assistance—as represented by PL-480, new mechanisms for financial assistance, larger U.S. budgets and staffing, and multilateral initiatives—picked up support from Senator John F. Kennedy, who was preparing to be a candidate for the

1163:

While U.S. government development assistance was institutionalized on a nearly global scale by TCA, strong currents of change in U.S. foreign economic policy during the 1950s affected how development assistance worked and at times called its continued existence into question. When this process

868:

While the Mission Director is the public face and key decision-maker for an impressive array of USAID technical capabilities, arguably the offices that make USAID preeminent among U.S. government agencies in the ability to follow through on assistance agreements in low-income countries are the

441:

To help low-income nations achieve self-sustaining socioeconomic development, USAID assists them in improving the management of their own resources. USAID's assistance for socioeconomic development mainly provides technical advice, training, scholarships, commodities, and financial assistance.

380:

Technical cooperation between nations is essential for addressing a range of cross-border concerns like communicable diseases, environmental issues, trade and investment cooperation, safety standards for traded products, money laundering, and so forth. The United States has specialized federal

2584:

have accused in recent years of sharing ties to terrorism organizations in South Asia. In August 2023, USAID's Vetting Support Unit cleared HHRD to receive the grant. In 2024, researchers at George Mason University reported that allegations against HHRD were part of a campaign targeting large

2366:, the seminar was planned to coincide with the eve of talks in that country's Congress on a broad political reform. The papers read that although the "pattern of weak party discipline is found across the political spectrum, it is somewhat less true of parties on the liberal left, such as the 2209:. Through TV and internet ads as well as social media initiatives, FWD encouraged Americans to spread awareness about the crisis, support the humanitarian organizations that were conducting relief operations, and consult the Feed the Future global initiative for broader solutions. Celebrities 1859:

and known as the Development Assistance Committee (DAC). Most countries do not adhere to this target, as the OECD's table indicates that the DAC average ODA in 2011 was 0.31% of GNP. The U.S. figure for 2011 was 0.20% of GNP, which still left the U.S. as the largest single source of ODA among

809:

USAID (United States Agency for International Development) has recently initiated the HEARTH (Health, Ecosystems and Agriculture for Resilient, Thriving Societies) program, which operates in 10 countries with 15 activities aimed at promoting conservation of threatened landscapes and enhancing

397:

Among these global interests, environmental issues attract high attention. USAID assists projects that conserve and protect threatened land, water, forests, and wildlife. USAID also assists projects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to build resilience to the risks associated with global

1450:

With these actions, the U.S. created a permanent agency working with administrative autonomy under the policy guidance of the State Department to implement, through resident field missions, a global program of both technical and financial development assistance for low-income countries. This

984:

International NGOs have their own development projects and capabilities. If USAID and its counterparts determine that development objectives can best be met by supporting an NGO project, and if local NGO capacity is not yet sufficient, the relevant USAID technical office will draft a program

895:

Called the "Executive Office" in USAID (sometimes leading to confusion with the Embassy's Executive Office, which is the office of the Ambassador), "EXO" provides operational support for mission offices, including human resources, information systems management, transportation, property, and

886:

Funds can be committed only when the Mission's Controller certifies their availability for the stated purpose. "FM" offices assist technical offices in financial analysis and in developing detailed budgets for inputs needed by projects assisted. They evaluate potential recipients' management

414:

To support U.S. geopolitical interests, Congress appropriates exceptional financial assistance to allies, largely in the form of "Economic Support Funds" (ESF). USAID is called on to administer the bulk (90%) of ESF and is instructed: "To the maximum extent feasible, provide assistance ...

739:

In 2008, USAID launched the "Development Leadership Initiative" to reverse the decline in USAID's Foreign Service Officer staffing, which had fallen to a total of about 1,200 worldwide. Although USAID's goal was to double the number of Foreign Service Officers to about 2,400 in 2012, actual

805:

Examples of projects assisted by environmental offices are projects for tropical forest conservation, protection of indigenous people's lands, regulation of marine fishing industries, pollution control, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and helping communities adapt to climate change.

1979:

published an investigative report that revealed USAID was behind the creation of a social networking text messaging service aimed at creating political dissent and triggering an uprising against the Cuban government. The name of the messaging network was ZunZuneo, a Cuban slang term for a

976:

can devote part of the grant to the NGO's internal strengthening to help the NGO qualify for USAID's financing and build the capacity of the organization in the process. Following completion of the NGO's internal strengthening, USAID would disburse financing for the NGO's service project.

1009:

Budget agreements with other federal agencies are common in supporting collaboration between the U.S. and other countries on global issues. Large budget-support grants, referred to as "non-project" assistance, may be made to recipient governments to pursue U.S. foreign policy interests.

1018:

In the exceptional circumstances of Vietnam in the 1960s and Afghanistan and Iraq in the 2000s, the government of the United States had USAID integrate selected staff with U.S. military units for "counterinsurgency" (COIN) operations. The integrated institutions were "CORDS" in Vietnam

756:

While USAID can have as little presence in a country as a single person assigned to the U.S. Embassy, a full USAID mission in a larger country may have twenty or more USAID Foreign Service Officers and a hundred or more professional and administrative employees from the country itself.

1410:

got agreement from OEEC members to create a Development Assistance Group composed of the OEEC members who were the main sources of development assistance, along with non-members who were major donors—the U.S., Canada, and Japan. In 1961, the OEEC itself was restructured to become the

634:

Every year, the Global Health Bureau reports to the U.S. Congress through its Global Health Report to Congress. The Global Health Bureau also submits a yearly report on the Call to Action: ending preventable child and maternal deaths. This is part of USAID's follow-up to the 2012

501:

as a new foreign aid agency that is mainly restricted to providing financial assistance. In 2009, the Obama administration initiated a major realignment of USAID's own programs to emphasize financial assistance, referring to it as "government-to-government" or "G2G" assistance.

992:

In general, USAID provides financial assistance to support other organizations' programs when those programs correspond to the areas that USAID wants to support, while USAID uses contracts to procure products or services requested by the leaders of local development projects.

1864:, The United States' total official development assistance (ODA) (US$ 55.3 billion, preliminary data) increased in 2022, mainly due to support to Ukraine, as well as increased costs for in-donor refugees from Afghanistan. ODA represented 0.22% of gross national income (GNI). 1491:

A further amendment of the Foreign Assistance Act in 1974 prohibited assistance for police, thus ending USAID's involvement in Public Safety programs in Latin America, which in the 1960s were, along with the Vietnam War, part of the U.S. government's anti-Communist strategy.

2489:, as a condition of funding. Issam Abdul Rahman, media coordinator for the Palestinian Non-Governmental Organizations' Network, a body representing 135 NGOs in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, said his organization "takes issue with politically conditioned funding". Also, the 896:

procurement services. Increasing integration into Embassies' chancery complexes, and the State Department's recently increased role in providing support services to USAID, is expanding the importance of coordination between USAID's EXO and the Embassy's Management section.

1480:, loans and grants, and population.") The new system was based on a proposal developed by a bipartisan group of House members and staff working with USAID management and outside advisors. President Nixon signed the New Directions Act into law (PL 93-189) in December 1973. 445:

Programs of the various types above frequently reinforce one another. For example, the Foreign Assistance Act requires USAID to use funds appropriated for geopolitical purposes ("Economic Support Funds") to support socioeconomic development to the maximum extent possible.

1951:

A USAID subcontractor was arrested in Cuba in 2009 for distributing satellite equipment to provide Cubans with internet access. The subcontractor was released during Obama's second presidential term as part of the measures to improve relations between the two countries.

819:

Democracy assistance received its greatest impetus at the time of the creation of the successor states to the USSR starting in about 1990, corresponding both to USAID's objective of supporting U.S. bilateral interests and to USAID's socioeconomic development objective.

1523:

was introduced to create a Cabinet-level International Development Cooperation Agency (IDCA), whose intended role was to supervise USAID in place of the State Department. Established by executive order in September 1979, it did not in practice make USAID independent.

1432:(a former U.S. Ambassador to India), a major expansion of U.S. economic support for India. As a candidate in 1960, he supported the emphasis on humanitarian goals for PL-480 set by Sen. Hubert Humphrey's "Food for Peace" Act of 1959 and supported the idea of a 463:

country's own pool of expertise, as well as from specialized U.S. government agencies. Many host-government leaders have drawn on USAID's technical assistance for the development of IT systems and computer hardware procurement to strengthen their institutions.

1832:

The cost of supplying USAID's assistance includes the agency's "Operating Expenses", $ 1.35 billion in fiscal year 2012, and "Bilateral Economic Assistance" program costs, $ 20.83 billion in fiscal year 2012 (the vast bulk of which was administered by USAID).

1184:

Relief was quickly followed by reconstruction assistance. In 1946, the U.S. created a special financial-assistance program for rehabilitation of war damages in its former possession, the Philippines. In 1948, reconstruction assistance was expanded through the

3260: 787:

vaccines, and coordination of Demographic and Health Surveys. This assistance is primarily targeted to the poor majority of the population and corresponds to USAID's poverty relief objective, as well as strengthening the basis for socio-economic development.

6771: 2156:

region, citing frustration with U.S. efforts to persuade them to switch to growing unviable alternatives. From 1998 to 2003, Bolivian farmers could receive USAID funding for help planting other crops only if they eliminated all their coca, according to the

5179:

The names of predecessor agencies often continued in popular usage. In Vietnam in the 1960s, it was common to refer to A.I.D.'s office as "USOM," while in Peru A.I.D. telephone operators continued in the 1960s to answer calls saying "Punto Cuatro" (Point

1030:

Counterinsurgency operations were undertaken in localities where insurgents were vying with the national government for control. In Vietnam, for example, these were areas where there was what the United States government called "Viet Cong infrastructure".

860:

directs that funds be used for certain general purposes such as public health or environmental conservation. The Program Office compiles combined reports to Washington to support budget requests to Congress and to verify that budgets were used as planned.

5092:

Bracho, Gerardo (2021). "Chapter 5: Diplomacy by stealth and pressure: the creation of the Development Assistance Group (and the OECD) in 51 days". In Bracho, Gerardo; Carey, Richard; Hynes, William; Klingebiel, Stephan; Trzeciak-Duval, Alexandra (eds.).

585:

The country programs are supported by USAID's headquarters in Washington, D.C., "USAID/Washington", where about half of USAID's Foreign Service Officers work on rotation from foreign assignments, alongside USAID's Civil Service staff and top leadership.

1397:

in May 1958—resulted in a reversal of the U.S. position in August 1958. With U.S. support, the Organization of American States created in April 1959 the Inter-American Development Bank, most of whose capital was contributed by the borrowing countries.

1419:(DAC) as a restructured DAG that was brought under the OECD. This effort resulted in informal agreements to increase budgets for development assistance. Several participating countries also established new agencies to manage development assistance. 1365:

In November 1954, the U.S. decided to endorse the World Bank's proposed International Finance Corporation, which would raise funds from global capital markets to lend to the private sector in developing countries. The IFC was finally established in

4436:

The name under which Congress appropriates these funds has changed over time, becoming "Supporting Assistance" in 1961, "Security Supporting Assistance" in 1971, and finally "Economic Support Funds" from 1978 to the present. See Nowels (1987), pp.

1401:

To further engage other wealthy countries in development assistance, the United States supported the creation of the Aid India Consortium in August 1958. This was the first of several informal groupings of donors focussing on particular countries.

1348:

The overall trend in U.S. government development-assistance activity in the 1950s is indicated by the change in the number of U.S. staff in field missions, which during Pres. Eisenhower's years in office from 1953 to 1961 rose from 2,839 to 6,387.

1177:) for war-affected parts of Europe, China, the Philippines, Korea, and Ethiopia. Immediately after the war, the United States government supplied relief in Germany and Japan, funded by appropriations for "Government and Relief in Occupied Areas" ( 1274:

took office. The President's party, which had been out of the White House since 1933, took a critical view of the previous administrations' policies, including both the globalizing policies of the 1940s and the New Deal initiatives of the 1930s.

778:

Examples of projects assisted by missions' Health and Family Planning offices are projects for the eradication of communicable diseases, strengthening of public health systems focusing on maternal-child health including family planning services,

530:

As countries develop and need less assistance, USAID shrinks and ultimately closes its resident missions. USAID has closed missions in a number of countries that had achieved a substantial level of prosperity, including South Korea, Turkey, and

1472:

approach, in early 1971 President Nixon transferred the administration of private investment programs from USAID to the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), which had been established by foreign aid legislation at the end of 1969.

2173:

that will get fruit in eight years but you don't have anything to eat in the meantime? A bad idea," she said. "The thing about kicking out USAID, I don't think it's an anti-American sentiment overall but rather a rejection of bad programs".

1535:, who aimed to replace USAID with a grant-making foundation. Although the House of Representatives passed a bill abolishing USAID, the measure did not become law. To gain congressional cooperation for his foreign affairs agenda, President 1570:(MCC) as a new foreign aid agency to provide financial assistance to a limited number of countries selected for good performance in socioeconomic development. The MCC also finances some USAID-administered development assistance projects. 760:

The USAID mission's staff is divided into specialized offices in three groups: (1) assistance management offices; (2) the Mission Director's and the Program office; and (3) the contracting, financial management, and facilities offices.

1476:

be reformed to account for expenditures for each of these Basic Human Needs, a system referred to as "functional accounts". (Previously, budgets had been divided between categories such as "development loans, technical assistance,

1164:

finally resulted in the creation of USAID in 1961, USAID continued to use TCA's core mechanism—providing technical assistance led by in-country resident offices—and supplemented it with substantial amounts of financial assistance.

1063:

The new structure created in 1961 "proved to be sturdy and durable". In particular, the federal government has maintained since then "the unique American pattern of placing strong resident aid missions in countries that helping."

1237:

The U.S. also participated in post-1945 UN initiatives for technical assistance to developing countries. Through a series of actions in 1948 and 1949, the UN's General Assembly and Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) created the

8132: 1495:

The reforms also ended the practice of the 1960s and 1970s in which many USAID officers in Latin America and Southeast Asia had worked in joint offices led by State Department diplomats or in units with U.S. military personnel.

1294:

effort to compensate for lower U.S. government staffing by drawing on experts from U.S. universities and private voluntary organizations. The ExIm Bank's lending volume in developing countries was also cut dramatically in 1953.

985:

description and the contracting office will issue as a request for applications to solicit responses from the international NGO community. USAID manages the award and implementation processes in the same way as for local NGOs.

241:, who sought to unite several existing foreign assistance organizations and programs under one agency. USAID became the first U.S. foreign assistance organization whose primary focus was long-term socioeconomic development. 7846: 1483:

Also in 1973, the "Percy Amendment" of the Foreign Assistance Act required U.S. development assistance to integrate women into its programs, leading to USAID's creation of its Women in Development (WID) office in 1974. The

1210:

In terms of geographic focus, while the Marshall Plan and Point Four mainly operated in different countries, the Marshall Plan also expanded into developing nations. In particular, the Marshall Plan financed activities in:

422:" programs that the U.S. military conducts to win the friendship of local populations. In these circumstances, USAID may be directed by specially appointed diplomatic officials of the State Department, as has been done in 7876: 1155:

assistance projects were implemented by U.S. universities under contract to TCA. University project staff in some cases helped perform administrative functions in TCA missions that were in the process of being set up.

7864: 3268: 1959:

in Cuba. Between 2009 and 2012, USAID ran a multimillion-dollar program, disguised as humanitarian aid and aimed at inciting rebellion in Cuba. The program consisted of two operations: one to establish an anti-regime

1903:

The interactions between USAID and other U.S. government agencies in the period of planning the Iraq operation of 2003 are described by the Office of the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction in its book

7992: 7730: 1539:

adopted in 1997 a State Department proposal to integrate more foreign affairs agencies into the department. The "Foreign Affairs Agencies Consolidation Act of 1998" (Division G of PL 105-277) abolished IDCA, the

519:

the United States and the host government. Framework bilaterals give the mission and its U.S. staff privileges similar to (but not necessarily the same as) those accorded to the U.S. embassy and diplomats by the

7805: 2182:

of the Bolivian people. More specifically, President Morales noted the American "counter-narcotic" programs that harms the interests of Bolivian coca farmers who get caught in the middle of American operations.

5410: 2017:, a development specialist and USAID subcontractor was arrested in Cuba, the US government warned USAID about the safety of covert operatives. Regardless of safety concerns, USAID refused to end the operation. 677:

The Lab serves as an innovation hub, taking smart risks to test new ideas and partner within the Agency and with other actors to harness the power of innovative tools and approaches that accelerate development

2012:

The operation was also criticized for putting the undercover operatives themselves at risk. The covert operatives were given limited training about evading Cuban authorities suspicious of their actions. After

667:

The mission of the DRG Bureau is to lead USAID's efforts to invigorate democracy, enhance human rights and justice, and bolster governance that advances the public interest and delivers inclusive development.

7799: 1317:

To implement Congress's August 1954 decision that technical assistance for developing countries should be put back under the State Department, Pres. Eisenhower abolished FOA in May 1955 and created the new

3904:

Data from USAID reports, "Distribution of Personnel as of June 30, 1949 thru 1976," "Supporting the USAID Mission, and the "USAID Staffing Report to Congress" of 2016. See full citations in "References,"

1406:

the United States government, to decide on allocation of that aid within Europe, and by the late 1950s it had fulfilled its original mandate. In January 1960, Pres. Eisenhower and Under Secretary of State

1331:

studies to give foreign aid policy a more solid basis. Mainly delivered in early 1957, the reports included an updated version of the essay by Millikan and Rostow that C.D. Jackson had circulated in 1954.

962:

The contractor supplies technical assistance directly to the government agency, so that in monitoring contractor performance USAID relies substantially on the agency's evaluation of the contractor's work.

4859:

An expanding academic literature also featured models that assumed that low-income countries would grow virtually automatically if sufficient macroeconomic financing was provided. See Ruttan (1996), pp.

887:

abilities before financial assistance can be authorized and then review implementers' expenditure reports with great care. This office often has the largest number of staff of any office in the mission.

806:

Environment assistance corresponds to USAID's objective of technical cooperation on global issues, as well as laying a sustainable basis for USAID's socioeconomic development objective in the long term.

248:, which Congress supplements through directions in annual funding appropriation acts and other legislation. As an official component of U.S. foreign policy, USAID operates subject to the guidance of the 2398:

in an attempt to instigate uprisings against the Cuban government. Its involvement was concealed in order to ensure mission success. The plan was to draw in users with non-controversial content until a

1056:

Except for the peak years of the Vietnam War, 1965–70, that was more U.S. field staff than USAID would have in the future, and triple the number USAID has had in field missions in the years since 2000.

7811: 7986: 7651: 1377:

Also in 1958, the United States proposed doubling industrialized countries' contributions to the World Bank, raising the bank's capitalization from $ 10 billion to $ 21 billion in September 1959.

7882: 2354:, a now-disbanded division of USAID, has been mentioned as an example of this, having served as a front for training foreign police in counterinsurgency methods (including torture techniques). 1103:

after the German invasion. After World War I in 1919, the federal government created the American Relief Administration, also headed by Hoover, which provided food primarily in Eastern Europe.

590: 510:

USAID is organized around country development programs managed by resident USAID offices in developing countries ("USAID missions"), supported by USAID's global headquarters in Washington, DC.

161: 1116:

cabinet departments, an Interdepartmental Committee on Cooperation with the American Republics was established in 1938, with the State Department in the chair, to ensure systematic responses.

2573: 710: 6745: 1516:

Foreign aid has always operated within the framework of U.S. foreign policy and the organizational linkages between the Department of State and USAID have been reviewed on many occasions.

1127:(OFAR) also began during the war to assist Latin American countries in food production. U.S. benefits included development of sources for raw materials that had been disrupted by the war. 348:

USAID manages relief efforts after wars and natural disasters through its Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance, which is the lead federal coordinator for international disaster assistance.

5094: 1995:, the Twitter co-founder, as part of a plan for it to go independent. The service was abruptly closed down around mid-2012, which USAID said was due to the program running out of money. 2061: 851:. Rather than having a permanent presence in country missions, this office has supplies pre-positioned in strategic locations to respond quickly to disasters when and where they occur. 490:

who in turn give technical assistance in developing countries. Although USAID formerly provided loans, all financial assistance is now provided in the form of non-reimbursable grants.

1084:

funds provided by China as reparations following the "Boxer" conflict. The foundation's activities ranged widely and included support for development of a leading Chinese university,

442:

Through grants and contracts, USAID mobilizes the technical resources of the private sector, other U.S. government agencies, universities, and NGOs to participate in this assistance.

233:

on September 4, 1961, which reorganized U.S. foreign assistance programs and mandated the creation of an agency to administer economic aid. USAID was subsequently established by the

1501: 8127: 1840:

U.S. assistance budget totals are shown along with other countries' total assistance budgets in tables in a webpage of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

7460: 3504: 2370:." The papers also expressed a concern about the "'indigenization' of the conference so that it is not viewed as providing a U.S. perspective." The event's main sponsor was the 8799: 9173: 538:

USAID also closes missions when requested by host countries for political reasons. In September 2012, the U.S. closed USAID/Russia at that country's request. Its mission in

7705: 6988: 4347:) The following month, in April 1951, the U.S. and the Philippines signed an agreement for the U.S. to open an aid office (a Special Technical and Economic Mission). (See 8317: 6860:

Bollen, Kenneth; Paxton, Pamela; Morishima, Rumi (June 2005). "Assessing international evaluations: An example from USAID's Democracy and Governance Programs".

2477:

walked to the seat of the Yemeni Ambassador and retorted: "That was the most expensive No vote you ever cast". Immediately, USAID ceased operations and funding in Yemen.

9148: 8704: 3180: 2319:, for instance, it emerged that all five implementing partners selected to bid on a $ 600 million Iraq reconstruction contract enjoyed close ties to the administration. 2509:

and other diseases all over the world through USAID grants. One of the conditions imposed by the law on grant recipients was a requirement to have "a policy explicitly

1034:

USAID's role was to assist the national government in strengthening its local governance and service capabilities, and in providing direct services to local residents.

486:

Financial assistance supplies cash to developing country organizations to supplement their budgets. USAID also provides financial assistance to local and international

6724: 5417: 4552: 7858: 4331:

By the program's completion in March 1951, the U.S. had provided $ 388 million for private property claims and $ 55 million for public property reconstruction. (See

1855:, which included an Official Development Assistance (ODA) aid target of 0.7% of gross national product (GNP) for rich nations, specified as roughly 22 members of the 8774: 8744: 2698: 1548:, which formerly maintained American libraries overseas. Although the law authorized the President to abolish USAID, President Clinton did not exercise this option. 905:

projects to improve public services or business regulations, etc. (2) Assistance is what USAID does. USAID's assistance projects support local development projects.

740:

recruitment net of attrition reached only 820 by the end of 2012. USAID's 2016 total of 1,850 Foreign Service Officers compared with 13,000 in the State Department.

733:

before mandatory retirement. Some are promoted to the Senior Foreign Service with extended tenure, subject to the Foreign Service's mandatory retirement age of 65.

9163: 8065: 7918: 955:

therefore, request USAID's assistance in these areas, and USAID could respond by contracting with a firm to supply the services or technical assistance requested.

389:. USAID's special ability to administer programs in low-income countries supports these and other U.S. government agencies' international work on global concerns. 1200:

of academic exchanges was established in 1946, globalizing the wartime program of exchange visits between professionals from Latin America and the United States.

2108: 1488:

of 1973 banned use of U.S. government funds for abortion as a method of family planning, which effectively required USAID to eliminate all support for abortion.

17: 8122: 721:

USAID's staffing reported to Congress in June 2016 totaled 10,235, including both field missions "overseas" (7,176) and the Washington DC headquarters (3,059).

8677: 7777: 3238: 2080: 1412: 1020: 2746: 2454:

Several studies suggest that foreign aid is used as a political weapon for the U.S. to elicit desired actions from other nations. A state's membership of the

654:

Environment offices in E3 define Agency policy and provide technical support to Mission assistance activities in the areas of climate change and biodiversity.

8476: 8471: 8466: 1250:

Coordination between development assistance and the Marshall Plan was tightened in response to the 1950–51 war in Korea. In October 1951 Congress passed the

593:. The current Administrator, Samantha Power, was sworn in on May 3, 2021. Under the Biden administration, the Administrator became a regular attendee of the 115: 4657:

A currency is "inconvertible" when the government forbids it to be used to buy foreign exchange, so that it can only be spent in the country that issues it.

1119:

More ambitiously, the U.S. subsequently created an institution that for the first time would take an active role in development assistance programming: the

8165: 7924: 7571: 2953: 6220: 6183: 2391:

government and coopt the country’s dynamic social movements—just as it has tried to do recently in Venezuela and traditionally throughout Latin America".

2087: 8881: 8687: 8487: 8482: 8362: 8110: 7747: 1044:

In each of these countries, USAID also administered substantial conventional assistance programs that were not under the U.S. military chain of command.

288:

USAID's decentralized network of resident field missions is drawn on to manage U.S. government programs in low-income countries for a range of purposes.

3783: 3631: 1889:

With American entry into Afghanistan in 2001, USAID worked with the Department of State and Department of Defense to coordinate reconstruction efforts.

1310:(who drew on advice from MIT economists Max Millikan and Walt Rostow); and leading officials in the State Department and the National Security Council. 7753: 651:

The Education Office in E3 defines Agency policy and provides technical support to Mission assistance activities for both basic and tertiary education.

211: 5326: 3958:

Merle Curti and Kendall Birr, "Prelude to Point Four: American Technical Missions Overseas, 1838–1938" (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1954).

3380: 329:

Some of the U.S. government's earliest foreign aid programs provided relief in crises created by war. In 1915, U.S. government assistance through the

8901: 8871: 8682: 8057: 2520: 2166: 2024:, the head of USAID, was scheduled to testify before the Senate Appropriations State Department and Foreign Operations Subcommittee on 8 April 2014. 713:, which conducts criminal and civil investigations, financial and performance audits, reviews, and inspections of USAID activities around the world. 5611: 2403:

is reached, after which more political messaging would be introduced. At its peak, more than 40,000 unsuspecting Cubans interacted on the platform.

2094: 9183: 9168: 9153: 7793: 7698: 3831: 2581: 8732: 7349: 6635: 2576:

launched an investigation in 2023 into the agency for awarding $ 110,000 in 2021 to Helping Hand for Relief and Development (HHRD), a charity in

527:

assistance to those projects, award contracts and grants, administer assistance (including evaluation and reporting), and manage flows of funds.

433:

U.S. commercial interests are served by U.S. law's requirement that most goods and services financed by USAID must be sourced from U.S. vendors.

3690: 2293:

USAID and U.S. foreign economic assistance in general have been the subject of debate, controversy, and criticism continuously since the 1950s.

1189:, implemented by the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), mainly for Western Europe. In the same year, the U.S. and China established the 8841: 8536: 8332: 8069: 7562: 6918: 2470: 2076: 1067:

The story of how the base for USAID's structure was built is described below, along with an account of changes that have been made since 1961.

7646: 5906: 3537: 3282: 3023: 2257:

on January 31, 2019. On November 10, 2023, more than 1,000 employees of USAID signed an open letter calling for an immediate ceasefire in the

1207:, Point Four focussed on technical assistance and provided financial assistance only in limited amounts to support its technical initiatives. 470:

The various forms of technical assistance are frequently coordinated as capacity-building packages for the development of local institutions.

9036: 8809: 8672: 8406: 6089: 5126:

NATO was also considered as a possible institutional base for cooperation between Western Europe and North America on development assistance.

2502: 2490: 1556: 1485: 386: 8327: 8105: 7487: 6934: 5787: 8492: 7930: 7906: 7900: 7894: 5578: 4113: 2561: 1600: 1504:, with seven members representing U.S. universities and agricultural technology institutions who advise USAID on Title XII implementation. 6145: 1282:

To administer the foreign assistance more efficiently, President Eisenhower integrated management into a single agency, the newly created

9178: 8435: 7936: 7834: 7691: 5150: 2708: 8826: 8497: 8389: 8095: 8086: 6063: 6017: 3968: 2363: 1239: 1041:

The overall purpose of U.S. civilian-military assistance was to give the national government a capable and uncontested local presence.

382: 356: 7467: 4880: 3880: 3511: 337:

prevented starvation in Belgium after the German invasion. After 1945, the European Recovery Program championed by Secretary of State

8025: 7959: 7771: 2515: 1991:

USAID officials realized they needed an exit strategy to conceal their involvement in the program, at one point seeking funding from

1592:

On November 23, 2010, USAID announced the creation of a new Bureau for Food Security to lead the implementation of President Obama's

520: 6543: 2193:'s assumption of power, Ms. Áñez invited USAID to return to Bolivia to provide "technical aid to the electoral process in Bolivia." 1001:

In addition to the types of projects described above, USAID uses various other assistance mechanisms for different U.S. objectives.

844:

Some USAID missions have specialized technical offices for areas like counter-narcotics assistance or assistance in conflict zones.

8513: 8115: 7942: 5954: 2718: 1319: 1190: 1124: 636: 550:, asked USAID to close its mission, which had worked in the country for 49 years. The closure was completed on September 20, 2013. 532: 102: 5659: 5507:"Intellectual Property: U.S. Trade Policy Guidance on WTO Declaration on Access to Medicines May Need Clarification (GAO-07-1198)" 8759: 8518: 8046: 7840: 6569: 6202: 3362: 989:"Global Development Alliance" grants, provided that the non-governmental resources are at least equal in value to USAID's grant. 257: 6995: 3663: 2101: 8911: 8784: 8425: 7783: 7765: 4267:

Glick (1957), pp. 35–39. The revised operating procedure was modeled on reforms that had been pioneered by IIAA in March 1951.]

2651: 2532: 2161:. Other rules, such as the requirement that participating communities declare themselves "terrorist-free zones" as required by 226:

in the world and accounts for more than half of all U.S. foreign assistance—the highest in the world in absolute dollar terms.

223: 402:. U.S. environmental regulation laws require that programs sponsored by USAID should be both economically and environmentally 8851: 7151: 6636:"How the U.S. Government Led a Program That Forcibly Sterilized Thousands of Poor Peruvian Women in the 1990s | Ryan McMaken" 6510: 6333: 5443: 5104: 2801: 2631: 848: 6725:"USAID watchdog began investigating tax dollars to a terrorism-tied NGO. Then Biden sent it more cash - Washington Examiner" 6268: 3077: 8789: 8457: 8277: 8210: 5713: 5345:"The Famine Prevention and Freedom from Hunger Amendment: Issues and Compromises in International Development Policymaking" 4496:

The New Deal's Tennessee Valley Authority was the model for some major development assistance projects. See Ekbladh (2002).

2641: 2407: 1148: 916:

To illustrate, USAID might assist a development project with inputs provided through several different funding agreements:

729:

USAID's management approach, local staff may fill highly responsible, professional roles in program design and management.

6038: 5637: 5198:

The Fulbright educational and cultural exchange program was also strengthened by the Fulbright-Hays Act in September 1961.

5189:

In 1966, the UN would also integrate its EPTA and the Special Fund into a new agency, the UN Development Program, or UNDP.

4335:

Rehabilitation of the Philippines: Final and Ninth Semiannual Report of the United States Philippine War Damage Commission

493:

In recent years, the United States has increased its emphasis on financial rather than technical assistance. In 2004, the

8861: 8508: 8503: 8178: 5849: 2890: 2857: 2033: 1541: 1120: 563: 7642:

Access over 218,000 USAID documents, reports and publications through USAID's Development Experience Clearinghouse (DEC)

6462: 4209: 8856: 5486: 5096:

Origins, Evolution and Future of Global Development Cooperation: The Role of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC)

4960: 2371: 1968:, and the other to attract potential dissidents contacted by undercover operatives posing as tourists and aid workers. 1532: 1193:, which, starting on the mainland and continuing for two decades in Taiwan, provided sustained development assistance. 1131:

and local staff working in an office located in the developing country itself. In IIAA's case the offices were called "

6423: 5982: 7508: 7230: 7067: 6907: 6820:"Mapping Anti-Muslim Discrimination and Information Manipulation, and its Impact on Humanitarian Aid and Development" 6640: 5307: 4905:

Local-currency repayments were adjusted when exchange rates changed to maintain their value in terms of U.S. dollars.

4792: 3863: 2311:

as 40% of aid to Afghanistan has found its way back to donor countries through awarding contracts at inflated costs.

2127: 1283: 5819: 3024:"ADS Chapter 310: Source and Nationality Requirements for Procurement of Commodities and Services Financed by USAID" 482:

National Open Source Software Competition – USAID financial assistance for groups developing technology in Indonesia

8876: 8866: 8846: 8694: 8667: 7969: 7714: 7647:

Access over 9,100 USAID project descriptions, 1946–1996, through USAID's Development Experience Clearinghouse (DEC)

6184:"'USAID to end all Palestinian projects on Jan. 31,' former director says - Arab-Israeli Conflict - Jerusalem Post" 6166: 5145: 2753: 2688: 2678: 2431: 1567: 1545: 1416: 1091:

A notable early example of U.S. government foreign assistance for disaster relief was its contribution to the 1915

498: 330: 253: 8598: 5879: 2779: 8896: 8727: 8546: 8445: 8440: 8183: 8100: 7787: 4668: 2455: 1092: 1024: 51: 39: 7612: 7578: 6488: 4553:"Special Message to the Congress on the Organization of the Executive Branch for the Conduct of Foreign Affairs" 4279:

University Contracts: A Review and Comment on Selected University Contracts in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia

3478: 2961: 2537:

During the 1990s, USAID was implicated in the forced sterilization of approximately 300,000 indigenous women in

1301:

Several factors arose that favored large-scale economic assistance to developing countries, especially in Asia.

8049: 7683: 5019: 2611: 2546: 2186: 2065: 1851:

in 1992, most of the world's governments adopted a program for action under the auspices of the United Nations

369: 249: 7033: 6819: 6600: 1999:

operatives posed as traveling aid workers and tourists. In one of the covert operations, the workers formed a

8711: 8610: 8604: 8419: 8337: 8322: 8254: 8081: 8018: 7678: 6746:"McCaul Demands Answers From USAID on Alarming Failure to Address $ 110K Grant to Terrorist-Linked Nonprofit" 5530: 3638: 3315: 2400: 2270: 1936: 7241: 6111: 4246: 4099:

History of the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs: Historical Reports on War Administration

3388: 1508:

reached 7,701. By 1976, near the end of the Nixon-Agnew and Ford-Rockefeller administrations, it was 2,007.

1463:

In the late 1960s, foreign aid became one of the focal points in Legislative-Executive differences over the

639:, where it committed to ending preventable child and maternal deaths in a generation with A Promise Renewed. 8943: 8588: 8556: 7558: 7451: 7417: 7340: 7306: 7191: 7163:"Economic Security Assistance As a Tool of American Foreign Policy: The Current Dilemma and Future Options" 7103: 6979: 5323: 4167: 2636: 2384: 2316: 1940: 1932: 1701: 1287: 7621: 7119: 6670:"Informe final sobre la aplicación de la anticoncepción quirúrgica voluntaria (AQV) en los años 1990-2000" 3228: 566:

in east Africa in the same year, missions have gradually been moved into U.S. Embassy chancery compounds.

8934: 8569: 8400: 8282: 7828: 6605: 5615: 604:(Some tasks similar to those of USAID's Bureaus are performed by what are termed "Independent Offices".) 5344: 8970: 8906: 8562: 8394: 2723: 2646: 2367: 2346:

has said that in the 1960s and early 1970s USAID has maintained "a close working relationship with the

2158: 1604: 1593: 1586: 1436:

that was under development thanks to the initiatives of Sen. Humphrey, Rep. Reuss, and Sen. Neuberger.

7630: 7510:

U.S. Overseas Loans and Grants: Obligations and Loan Authorizations, July 1, 1945 – September 30, 2015

7356: 6284: 4173: 4047: 3609: 8891: 8581: 8352: 7852: 3697: 3001: 2713: 2663: 2656: 2282: 2258: 372:. Also, USAID provides funding to NGOs to supplement private donations in relieving chronic poverty. 322: 215: 8220: 5384:

See also Congressional Research Service (1981), material found via search string "higher education".

4751: 4597: 3410: 2285:

aims to foster mutual acceptance of GFSI-recognized certification programmes for the food industry.

1559:, putting USAID's HIV/AIDS programs under the direction of the State Department's new Office of the 562:

capital cities. Since the passage of the Foreign Affairs Agencies Consolidation Act in 1998 and the

478: 9126: 9048: 8749: 8737: 8347: 8011: 3544: 3289: 3130: 3104: 3030: 2510: 2466: 2278: 2206: 2205:

launched the "Famine, War, and Drought" (FWD) campaign to raise awareness about that year's severe

2162: 554: 7664: 8988: 8804: 8342: 7491: 5794: 4648:

Kaufman (1982), pp. 26–29. Sen. Hubert Humphrey was a prominent supporter of the PL-480 concept.

2621: 2351: 2054: 1560: 1307: 1147:

countries around the world. After a lengthy debate, Congress approved Point Four in 1950 and the

5299: 5293: 9158: 9042: 8836: 8646: 6371: 6303: 5931: 4784: 4423: 4302:

Ninth and Final Financial Report of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration

2567: 1898: 1322:(ICA) in the State Department. This separated development assistance from military assistance. 1255: 245: 230: 219: 8886: 6527: 5158: 2557:

occurred systematically without the knowledge of USAID administrators in Peru and Washington.

2003:

workshop, which leaked memos called "the perfect excuse" for the programme's political goals.

1971:

USAID engineered a subversive program using social media aimed at fueling political unrest in

9024: 9012: 8574: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8249: 8173: 3825: 2673: 1912:

local, and provincial governments to represent and respond to the needs of the Iraqi people.

1477: 299: 6900:

U.S. Development Aid – An Historic First: Achievements and Failures in the Twentieth Century

5099:. Bonn, Germany: German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik. 3972: 9105: 8764: 8551: 8412: 8236: 8226: 6345: 6341: 6337: 5872: 4532:

U.S. documents of the 1950s usually referred to the World Bank as "the International Bank."

3587: 2616: 2602: 2068: in this subsection titled "Bolivia". Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1374:

came into being in September 1960, with the U.S. contributing 42% of its initial resources.

1271: 7223:

United States Development Assistance Policy: The Domestic Politics of Foreign Economic Aid

6772:"Biden admin sent cash to non-profit under investigation for terrorism links, report says" 6123: 4121:. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration 2225:

took part in the campaign via a series of Public Service Announcements. Corporations like

1617:

The 20 Countries with the Largest Budgets for U.S. Economic Assistance in Fiscal Year 2012

8: 9000: 8982: 8794: 8636: 8357: 8205: 4217: 2474: 1429: 1251: 1151:(TCA) was established within the Department of State in September 1950 to administer it. 1085: 5695: 3759: 3724: 2327: 2009:

said the operation could undermine US efforts to work toward improving health globally.

9078: 9060: 8926: 8916: 8699: 8430: 7552: 7262:"U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID): Background, Operations, and Issues" 7140: 7057: 6877: 6610: 6574: 5769: 5367: 5324:

USAID's Family Planning Guiding Principles and U.S. Legislative and Policy Requirements

4833: 4825: 4777: 4416: 3157:"U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID): Background, Operations, and Issues" 2683: 2545:. Population control guidelines promoted by international bodies, including USAID, the 1741: 338: 184: 7034:"Breaking Open the Black Box: Increasing Aid Transparency and Accountability in Haiti" 6844: 5670: 4465: 4083:

Erb, Claude (1985). "Prelude to Point Four: The Institute of Inter-American Affairs".

3725:"Introducing One Health Advances: a new journal connecting the dots for global health" 9112: 9090: 9054: 8626: 8367: 8190: 7572:"Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (Public Law 187-195), as amended through May 5, 2017" 7445: 7411: 7393:"Supporting the USAID Mission: Staffing and Activities from Inception to Present Day" 7334: 7300: 7226: 7185: 7147: 7097: 7063: 6973: 6903: 6881: 6437: 6329: 5303: 5100: 4837: 4788: 3859: 3764: 3746: 3667: 2735:

For sources with short references, see "References" below for full source citations.

2550: 2516:

Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International, Inc.

2190: 1407: 1338:

Pres. Eisenhower summarized the conclusions in his May 21, 1957 message to Congress:

1226:

Minimizing overlaps with the Marshall Plan, Point Four managed assistance mainly in:

1197: 7488:"U.S. Foreign Aid: Meeting the Challenges of the Twenty-first Century (White Paper)" 6324: 4541:

Glick (1957), pp. 130–136: "The Relation of Technical Co-operation to Economic Aid."

4357: 4350:

Thirteenth Report to Congress of the Economic Cooperation Administration: Supplement

3632:"Survey of USAID's Development Leadership Initiative in Southern and Eastern Africa" 9030: 9006: 8994: 8976: 8779: 8593: 8541: 8195: 7616: 7316:"Historical Bibliography of the United States Agency for International Development" 7142:

Improving Democracy Assistance: Building Knowledge Through Evaluations and Research

6869: 6797:"Letter from USAID Vetting Support Unit to Helping Hand for Relief and Development" 6677: 6433: 5359: 4817: 4353: 4342: 4338: 4305: 3754: 3736: 2703: 2585:

American Muslim charities based on the manipulation of poorly-sourced information.

2358: 2153: 1976: 1574: 1468: 574: 119: 6989:"Documents relating to foreign aid, 1948–90: Deposited by Albert H. Huntington Jr" 6695: 2809: 8034: 7888: 7668: 7625: 7376: 6669: 5330: 3264: 3081: 2831: 2668: 2379: 1520: 1140: 238: 234: 7713: 5932:"USAID DAI Contract - United States Agency For International Development - Cuba" 4309: 3340: 1218:"The general area of China"—Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Burma, and the Philippines. 748: 8962: 8816: 8312: 8155: 5583: 3741: 3055: 2000: 1961: 1923:

as he toured Iraq. The special program C-SPAN produced aired over four nights.

1920: 1848: 1552: 1096: 579: 494: 399: 360:

Early reading and literacy programs contribute to long-term development, USAID

334: 277: 157: 7392: 7281: 5857: 5638:"USAID Impact » Bread for the World Applauds New Bureau of Food Security" 4333:

Waring, Frank A.; Delgado, Francisco A.; O'Donnell, John A. (March 31, 1951).

2922: 2897: 2864: 2350:, and Agency officers often operated abroad under USAID cover." The 1960s-era 2169:, director of the organization. "Eradicate all your coca and then you grow an 929:

A grant to an international NGO to strengthen the operations of the local NGO.

9142: 9072: 8921: 8769: 8307: 8259: 8231: 8147: 7531: 7426: 7315: 7200: 7162: 7078: 7025:

The Beginnings of American Aid to Southeast Asia: The Griffin Mission of 1950

6950: 6873: 6441: 6424:"US secretly created 'Cuban Twitter' to stir unrest and undermine government" 5983:"US secretly created 'Cuban Twitter' to stir unrest and undermine government" 5490: 5462: 5243: 5218: 4916: 4281:. Technical Assistance Study Group, International Cooperation Administration. 4096: 3750: 3261:"Bolivia's President Morales expels USAID, accused it of working against him" 2238: 2230: 2218: 1956: 1511: 1386: 1370: 1204: 1186: 1158: 419: 342: 269: 7279: 6544:"How dare you make us cooperate with Israel, Palestinian NGOs protest to EU" 5506: 4171: 3805: 2568:

Office of Inspector General investigation into alleged terror-linked funding

1107:

varieties in Latin America and supported public health initiatives in Asia.

854: 558:

one or two years are usual in countries of exceptional hardship or danger.)

9018: 8269: 6596: 6570:"Justices Say U.S. Cannot Impose Antiprostitution Condition on AIDS Grants" 6428: 6398: 6308: 5959: 4988:

Data from USAID, "Distribution of Personnel as of June 30, 1949 thru 1976."

3768: 2626: 2343: 2005: 1844: 1582: 1536: 949: 863: 827: 601:

Bureau is headed by an Assistant Administrator appointed by the President.

7679:

USAID COVID-19 Resources for Faith and Community Leaders and Organizations

7514: 7202:

Partners in Development: An Analysis of AID-University Relations 1950–1966

6325:

Killing hope : U.S. military and CIA interventions since World War II

5244:"Report to the President from the Task Force on International Development" 5020:

International Development Association. "Articles of Agreement, Schedule A"

3806:"Revisiting CORDS: The Need for Unity of Effort to Secure Victory in Iraq" 3205: 553:

USAID missions are led by Mission Directors and are staffed both by USAID

9066: 8952: 8200: 8142: 7261: 6951:"The New Directions Mandate and the Agency for International Development" 6565: 5827: 5757: 5461:

Epstein, Susan B.; Nowels, Larry Q.; Hildreth, Steven A. (May 28, 1998).

5298:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. pp. 3156: 2388: 2274: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2178: 2170: 2149: 1992: 1631: 1528: 1464: 1439: 1433: 1428:

presidency. In 1957, JFK proposed, in bipartisan collaboration with Sen.

1302: 1215:

Overseas territories of European allies, including territories in Africa.

547: 423: 403: 273: 5773: 5416:. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library. pp. 158–161. Archived from 4418:

The Structure of United Nations Economic-Aid to Underdeveloped Countries

4399:

Jolly, Richard; Emmerji, Louis; Ghai, Dharam; Lapeyre, Frederic (2004).

542:

had been in operation for two decades. On May 1, 2013, the President of

7533:

Highlights of President Kennedy's New Act for International Development

5883: 5371: 4829: 4808:

Haviland, H. Field (1958). "Foreign Aid and the Policy Process: 1957".

4166:

OFAR was an office in USDA between 1939 and 1953. In this period, the

2542: 2254: 2202: 2021: 2014: 1811: 1761: 979: 966: 5503:

For the nature of the emergency and the U.S. Government response, see

5069:"DAC in Dates: The History of OECD's Development Assistance Committee" 5068: 2394:

From 2010 to 2012, the agency operated a social media site similar to

783:

monitoring, delivery of medical supplies including contraceptives and

711:

Office of Inspector General, U.S. Agency for International Development

368:

at the poorest. USAID has also helped manage food aid provided by the

8754: 7870: 6288: 6227:. United States Agency for International Development. April 26, 2023. 6146:"Interim Bolivian president Añez calls Indigenous citizens "savages"" 5955:"USAID programme used young Latin Americans to incite Cuba rebellion" 5504: 4210:"Title IV of the Foreign Economic Assistance Act of 1950 (PL 81-535)" 3482: 2486: 2427: 2411: 2336: 2250: 1852: 1781: 1394: 1013: 7059:

Trade and aid : Eisenhower's foreign economic policy, 1953–1961

5793:. US Special Inspector General – Iraq Reconstruction. Archived from 5363: 4821: 4779:

Trade and aid : Eisenhower's foreign economic policy, 1953-1961

3538:"ADS Chapter 495: Foreign Service National Personnel Administration" 2152:

ejected the 100 employees and contractors from USAID working in the

2043: 1955:

USAID has been used as a mechanism for "hastening transition", i.e.

415:

consistent with the policy directions, purposes, and programs of ."

9084: 8137: 6700: 5579:"Fact Sheet: U.S. Global Development Policy | The White House" 5295:

Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Economic Policy 1929–1976

3881:"Pentagon Shuts Down Floating Pier for Gaza Aid After Storm Damage" 2577: 2435: 2332: 2234: 1965: 1771: 1721: 1661: 1641: 1110: 933:

Each of these types of USAID funding agreements is profiled below.

780: 454:

USAID delivers both technical assistance and financial assistance.

427: 418:

Also, when U.S. troops are in the field, USAID can supplement the "

8003: 7016:

The administration of technical assistance: Growth in the Americas

6090:"US agency that created 'Cuban Twitter' faces political firestorm" 6039:"White House denies 'Cuban Twitter' ZunZuneo programme was covert" 3713:

See in particular the definitions of "Large mission" and "Office."

3428: 594: 6206: 5534: 4881:"Special Message to the Congress on the Mutual Security Programs" 3233: 2693: 2443: 2439: 2423: 2419: 2395: 2226: 2145: 1981: 1791: 1731: 1502:

Board for International Food and Agricultural Development (BIFAD)

1390: 1100: 847:

Disaster assistance on a large scale is provided through USAID's

543: 361: 63: 6221:"USAID Signs Partnership with the Global Food Safety Initiative" 5556: 4172:

National Archives and Records Administration (August 15, 2016).

3945:

books to fill a library. For a start, see Samuel Butterfield's

3856:

Blowtorch: Robert Komer, Vietnam, and American Cold War Strategy

3283:"ADS Chapter 436: Foreign Service Assignments and Tours of Duty" 3002:"Stabilization: Lessons from the U.S. Experience in Afghanistan" 2505:

providing U.S. government funds to private groups to help fight

2273:(GFSI) announced a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to improve 1527:

In 1995, legislation to abolish USAID was introduced by Senator

1290:

for the task of building global markets for U.S. farm products.

1038:

also contributed substantial resources for assistance projects.

8241: 7759: 6170: 5907:"Why the internet in Cuba has become a US political hot potato" 5853: 5735: 5151:"International Voluntary Services - Mennonite Archival Commons" 4249:. National Archives and Records Administration. August 15, 2016 4050:. National Archives and Records Administration. August 15, 2016 2513:

and sex trafficking". In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in

2471:

a resolution for a U.S.-led coalition to use force against Iraq

1916: 1711: 1651: 1178: 539: 261: 6948: 6203:"Over 1,000 USAID officials call for Gaza ceasefire in letter" 5612:"USAID FrontLines: Insights From Administrator Dr. Rajiv Shah" 2526: 2496: 1599:

On December 21, 2010, Secretary of State Clinton released the

1422: 6796: 5823: 5666: 4170:

reported to the Department of State rather than to USDA. See

3969:"China Foundation for the Promotion of Education and Culture" 2957: 2805: 2462: 2446:) called on its members to expel USAID from their countries. 2387:

was using USAID to fund efforts in Bolivia to "undermine the

1878: 1821: 1801: 1751: 1681: 1671: 1174: 1077: 946:

usually performed by the host government's own audit agency.

709:

Independent oversight of USAID activities is provided by its

6986: 6932: 6916: 6359:

American torture: from the Cold War to Abu Ghraib and beyond

5463:"Foreign Policy Agency Reorganization in the 105th Congress" 4403:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 68–73. 3453: 3229:"USAID mission in Russia to close following Moscow decision" 1143:

of 1948 also supported technical assistance in agriculture.

1076:

the U.S. government even when the missions were unofficial.

7636: 7280:

USAID (Agency for International Development) (April 1977).

6167:"New PSAs: 'FWD' Awareness About the Horn of Africa Crisis" 6064:"US government harassed Castro with a fake Twitter service" 5880:"The Legacy and the promise (Lebanese American University)" 5596: 3995: 2538: 2506: 2415: 2141: 1972: 1861: 1856: 1691: 1596:, which had formerly been managed by the State Department. 1361:

Three of these initiatives expanded World Bank facilities.

487: 265: 7674:

Eurodad: Aid Effectiveness, Conditionality, Aid Accounting

7673: 7282:"Distribution of Personnel: As of June 30, 1948 thru 1976" 5758:""Afghanistan Reconstruction: Lessons from the Long War."" 4332: 3316:"Foreign Service Work and Life: Embassy, Employee, Family" 1512:

Evolving organizational linkages with the State Department

1159:

Maturation of American development assistance institutions

909:

supporting professional education and training for staff.

878:

assistance directly to the country's government agencies.

222:. With a budget of over $ 50 billion, USAID is one of the 7631:

Records of the Agency for International Development (AID)

7605: 7137: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6361:(Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Press, 2007), p. 60. 6269:

40% of Afghan aid returns to donor countries, says report

5022:

IDA-articlesofagreement.pdf. Retrieved 16 September 2018.

5010:. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution. pp. 381–389. 2991:

Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (as amended), Section 531.

2699:

Strengthening Emergency Response Abilities (SERA) Project

2347: 2335:

on a USAID Advertisement saying "We dont need your aid",

855:

The Office of the Mission Director and the Program Office

784: 260:. USAID has missions in over 100 countries, primarily in 214:

that is primarily responsible for administering civilian

175: 7529: 5505:

U.S. Government Accountability Office (September 2007).

5031:

Kapur, D., Lewis, J. P, & Webb, R. Charles. (1997).

4247:"Records of U.S. Foreign Assistance Agencies, 1948-1961" 3577:

ADS section 495.3.4; Koehring et al. (1992), pp. 17, 28.

950:

Contract for technical assistance to a government agency

936: 864:

Contracting, financial management and management offices

317: 7641: 5609: 5396:

Partners With India: Building Agricultural Universities

4736: 4734: 4398: 2533:

Forced sterilization in Peru § Foreign Involvement

1975:

to overthrow the Cuban government. On 3 April 2014 the

1519:

In 1978, legislation drafted at the request of Senator

7661: 7656: 6655: 5144:

Until 1973, USAID and its predecessors also supported

4468:. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. pp. 42–44 4004:

Bread from stones: fifty years of technical assistance

1413:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

1021:

Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support

7657:

EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database

7225:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. xxiv+657. 6859: 5460: 4783:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 4401:

UN Contributions to Development Thinking and Practice

4148:

Glick (1957), pp. 17ff and Mosher (1957), pp. 323–328

1060:

procedures, in changing foreign-policy environments.

926:

A grant to a local NGO serving the beneficiary group.

9174:

Independent agencies of the United States government

7112:

A proposal : key to an effective foreign policy

6463:"After More Than 50 Years, USAID Is Leaving Ecuador" 6018:"US secretly created 'Cuban Twitter' to stir unrest" 6012: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5696:"Budget - U.S. Agency for International Development" 4731: 4337:. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 3804:

Coffey, Ross (Major, U.S. Army) (March–April 2006).

3637:. USAID Inspector General. p. 1. Archived from 3363:"Global Health Programs: Report to Congress FY 2014" 2592: 2077:"United States Agency for International Development" 1325: 980:

Grant to international NGOs for technical assistance

967:

Grant to finance NGO services to a beneficiary group

27:

United States government civilian foreign aid agency

8363:

Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961

7208:. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press 6374:

EUA tentaram influenciar reforma política do Brasil

5949: 5947: 5945: 4304:. Washington, D.C.: UNRRA. March 1949. p. 25. 4101:(Government Printing Office; Washington, DC, 1947). 3723:Shen, Jianzhong; Schwarz, Stefan (March 29, 2023). 1601:

Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review (QDDR)

694:

OHCTM—Office of Human Capital and Talent Management

644:E3—Economic Growth, Education, and the Environment 244:USAID's programs are authorized by Congress in the 9149:United States Agency for International Development 7139: 7120:"America's lost vision: The demise of development" 6285:Another Iraq deal rewards company with connections 6201:Pamuk, Humeyra; Lewis, Simon (November 10, 2023). 5788:"Hard Lessons: The Iraq Reconstruction Experience" 5216:See Pres. Nixon's April 1971 message to Congress: 5035:(Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution), p. 929. 4776: 4415: 2485:USAID requires NGOs to sign a document renouncing 2480: 2458:can give a considerable raise of U.S. assistance. 2449: 2305: 1014:Cases of integration with U.S. military operations 752:Pakistani and U.S. Staff of USAID/Pakistan in 2009 662:Bureau for Democracy, Human Rights and Governance 212:independent agency of the United States government 204:United States Agency for International Development 33:United States Agency for International Development 8902:John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School 7652:FrontLines—the employee news publication of USAID 7062:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 6690: 6688: 6515:Bribery! And Blackmail, Extortion, and Theft Too! 6001: 3993:For information on the Near East Foundation, see 2891:"ADS Chapter 101.2 Agency Programs and Functions" 1385:The U.S. also adopted a regional initiative with 923:A contract with a firm for support to the agency. 831:A dried fruit vendor in Peshawar, Pakistan (2007) 9140: 8775:U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 7146:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 6949:Congressional Research Service (July 13, 1981). 6933:Center for American Progress (August 21, 2008). 6917:Center for American Progress (August 14, 2008). 6889:Brown, William Adams Jr.; Opie, Redvers (1953). 6629: 6627: 5942: 5905:Augustin, Ed; Montero, Daniel (August 3, 2021). 4961:"Special Message to the Congress on Agriculture" 4073:. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 7–9. 4032:Brown, William Adams Jr.; Opie, Redvers (1953). 1906:Hard Lessons: The Iraq Reconstruction Experience 1111:Institutionalization of American development aid 764: 9164:Foreign relations agencies of the United States 8733:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum 7569: 7077:Koehring, John W.; et al. (October 1992). 5975: 5904: 5898: 5489:. Pepfar.gov. November 15, 2006. Archived from 4749: 4595: 4115:Records of the Office of Inter-American Affairs 513: 7032:Johnston, Jake; Main, Alexander (April 2013). 6685: 6601:"AGENCY FOR INT'L DEVELOPMENT v. ALLIANCE FOR" 6455: 5444:"Helms Seeks to Merge Foreign Policy Agencies" 4984: 4982: 4917:"Terminal Report of the Development Loan Fund" 4036:. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. 2322: 2288: 2264: 920:A budget-support grant to a government agency. 381:agencies dealing with such areas, such as the 9037:Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington 8407:Report to the American People on Civil Rights 8019: 7699: 7079:"A.I.D.'s In-Country Presence: An Assessment" 6845:"Oral History Interview with Stanley Andrews" 6789: 6624: 6595: 6124:"Bolivian President Evo Morales expels USAID" 4466:"Oral History Interview with Stanley Andrews" 4174:"Records of the Foreign Agricultural Service" 4001: 2491:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 1939:financially, with major contributions to the 1566:In 2004, the Bush administration created the 773: 7350:"Policy Framework for Bilateral Foreign Aid" 7110:Millikan, M. F, & Rostow, W. W. (1957). 7031: 6987:Dwight D. Eisenhower Library (August 2001). 6564: 6529:Country Fact Sheets – Background Note: Yemen 5531:"About MCC | MCC | Washington, DC" 5033:The World Bank : its first half century 3830:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3784:"Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance" 1265: 1047:The US military is assisting USAid in 2024. 703:BRM—Office of Budget and Resource Management 436: 7427:"USAID Primer: What We Do and How We Do It" 6897: 6811: 6112:"Bolivian coca growers cut ties with USAID" 5398:. Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois. 4979: 3722: 3056:"USAID Primer: What We Do and How We Do It" 2923:"USAID Primer: What We Do and How We Do It" 2709:Title 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations 2527:Involvement in Peru's forced sterilizations 2497:Renouncing prostitution and sex trafficking 2281:in Africa. GFSI's work in benchmarking and 1423:Creation of USAID and Decade of Development 1352: 1314:proposed a special economic fund for Asia. 1173:Relief and Rehabilitation Administration" ( 345:") helped rebuild war-torn Western Europe. 8026: 8012: 7706: 7692: 7198: 6817: 6200: 6110:Andean Information Network, 27 June 2008, 5441: 5316: 5267:Ruttan (1996). pp. 94, 98–100, 543 fn. 2. 5219:"For a Generation of Peaceful Development" 4959:Eisenhower, Dwight D. (January 29, 1959). 4958: 4878: 4550: 4071:The Administration of Technical Assistance 3666:. U.S. Department of State. Archived from 3181:"South Korea: From Aid Recipient to Donor" 3080:. Usaid.gov. March 4, 2011. Archived from 2954:"Global Climate Change: Capacity Building" 2560:Under pressure from investigations by the 2244: 1557:President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief 1240:Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance 849:Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance 409: 183: 146:$ 50 billion (FY 2023 Budgetary Resources) 8847:John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston) 8465:U.S. House of Representatives elections: 8333:Status of Women (Presidential Commission) 7561:) CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7043:. Center for Economic and Policy Research 6888: 6716: 6304:"Halliburton misses $ 600m Iraq contract" 5411:"Interview with Paul Findley: Transcript" 4048:"Records of Interdepartmental Committees" 4031: 3758: 3740: 2572:According to a February 2024 report, the 2128:Learn how and when to remove this message 1877:Following the January 2010 earthquake in 1139:to operate separately until 1954 and the 521:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 8481:U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: 7242:"Foreign Aid for Development Assistance" 7076: 6919:"U.S. Aid to Afghanistan by the Numbers" 6893:. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. 6722: 6696:"Mass sterilisation scandal shocks Peru" 5736:"OECD Development Co-operation Profiles" 5610:Scott Gruber, LPA/PIPOS (July 2, 2010). 4807: 4006:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. 4002:Badeau, John S.; Stevens, G. G. (1966). 3858:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 3226: 2858:"USAID: Automated Directives System 400" 2719:United States Foreign Military Financing 2326: 1320:International Cooperation Administration 1191:Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction 1125:Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations 1023:") and "PRTs" in Afghanistan and Iraq (" 826: 747: 573: 477: 355: 316: 103:International Cooperation Administration 9184:Organizations based in Washington, D.C. 9169:Government agencies established in 1961 9154:1961 establishments in Washington, D.C. 8760:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 7259: 7117: 7055: 7027:. Lexington, MA: Heath Lexington Books. 7018:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 6842: 6633: 6541: 6252: 5408: 5342: 5276: 4774: 4276: 4241: 4239: 4193: 4111: 4019:The story of the Rockefeller Foundation 4016: 3929: 3914: 3241:from the original on September 18, 2012 3227:Mohammed, Arshad (September 18, 2012). 3154: 2315:presidential administration. Under the 2296: 1860:individual countries. According to the 1167: 881: 743: 473: 457: 18:US Agency for International Development 14: 9141: 8842:Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts 8426:Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts 7662:CE-DAT: The Complex Emergency Database 7530:U.S. Department of State (June 1961). 7220: 7160: 7118:Moseley, William G. (August 8, 2006). 6769: 6237: 5291: 5091: 4879:Eisenhower, Dwight D. (May 21, 1957). 4551:Eisenhower, Dwight D. (June 1, 1953). 4413: 4021:(1st ed.). New York City: Harper. 3803: 3691:"ADS Chapter 102: Agency Organization" 3411:"Maternal, newborn and child survival" 3321:. American Foreign Service Association 2780:"Agency for International Development" 2652:Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition 2547:United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 2523:prohibition against compelled speech. 1070: 899: 449: 8852:John F. Kennedy International Airport 8007: 7883:Liechtensteinische Entwicklungsdienst 7687: 7637:USAID Development Innovation Ventures 7485: 7458: 7424: 7390: 7313: 7022: 7013: 6935:"U.S. Aid to Pakistan by the Numbers" 6770:Walker, Jackson (February 28, 2024). 6396: 5755: 5557:"Director of U.S. Foreign Assistance" 5442:Greenhouse, Steven (March 16, 1995). 5006:Mason, Edward; Asher, Robert (1973). 4914: 4810:The American Political Science Review 4666: 4389:Brown & Opie (1953), pp. 412–414. 4371:Brown & Opie (1953), pp. 341–342. 4322:Brown & Opie (1953), pp. 108–109. 4068: 3853: 3781: 3688: 3535: 3128: 3102: 2201:On September 19, 2011, USAID and the 1931:USAID has periodically supported the 1458: 1270:In 1953, the administration of Pres. 937:Budget support to a government agency 839: 617:LAC—Latin America & the Caribbean 467:partnerships with U.S. universities. 8907:John F. Kennedy University (defunct) 8211:Migration and Refugee Assistance Act 7622:Agency for International Development 7613:Agency for International Development 7239: 7170:Development Experience Clearinghouse 6958:Development Experience Clearinghouse 6723:Kaminsky, Gabe (February 28, 2024). 6491:. Globalpolicy.org. November 1, 2006 6397:Dangl, Benjamin (February 1, 2008). 6301: 5393: 5066: 4236: 2930:Development Experience Clearinghouse 2882: 2642:Development Experience Clearinghouse 2249:USAID ended all its projects in the 2066:adding citations to reliable sources 2037: 1573:In January 2006, Secretary of State 1149:Technical Cooperation Administration 1004: 430:during operations against al-Qaeda. 8179:Arms Control and Disarmament Agency 8033: 7461:"USAID Staffing Report to Congress" 6818:FitzGerald, Gerald (January 2024). 6489:"Security Council Seat Tied to Aid" 5640:. Blog.usaid.gov. November 24, 2010 4869:Haviland (1958), pp. 690, 691, 696. 3878: 3505:"USAID Staffing Report to Congress" 2574:USAID's Office of Inspector General 1980:hummingbird's tweet and a play on ' 1542:Arms Control and Disarmament Agency 1121:Institute of Inter-American Affairs 996: 569: 564:bombings of U.S. Embassy chanceries 24: 9179:International development agencies 7715:International development agencies 7347: 7138:National Research Council (2008). 6634:McMaken, Ryan (October 26, 2018). 6542:Sterman, Adiv (January 31, 2013). 6148:. People's World. January 28, 2020 5148:, which was founded in 1953. See 5008:The World Bank Since Bretton Woods 4231:Act for International Development. 4097:Office of Inter-American Affairs, 3610:"Foreign Service Test Information" 3313: 2747:"Agency Financial Report, FY 2016" 2519:that the requirement violated the 2465:Ambassador to the United Nations, 2372:International Republican Institute 1533:Senate Foreign Relations Committee 822: 700:PPL—Policy, Planning, and Learning 697:LPA—Legislative and Public Affairs 659:Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance 312: 25: 9195: 8502:Democratic National Conventions: 8338:University of Alabama integration 7597: 7506: 7374: 7240:Shah, Arup (September 28, 2014). 6898:Butterfield, Samuel Hale (2004). 6641:Foundation for Economic Education 4940:Terminal Report of the DLF, p. 6. 4596:U.S. Government (July 16, 1953). 4523:Kaufman (1982), ch. 2, pp. 12–33. 4422:. The Hague: M. Nijhoff. p. 2888: 2377:In 2008, Benjamin Dangl wrote in 2051:This subsection titled "Bolivia" 1587:Presidential Policy Determination 1581:On September 22, 2010, President 1455:assistance as global priorities. 1451:structure has continued to date. 1326:Resolving debate over foreign aid 1284:Foreign Operations Administration 351: 9122: 9121: 7970:Millennium Challenge Corporation 7267:. Congressional Research Service 7199:Richardson, John M. Jr. (1969). 6763: 6738: 6589: 6558: 6535: 6520: 6503: 6481: 6416: 6390: 6364: 6351: 6316: 6295: 6277: 6261: 6246: 6231: 6213: 6194: 6176: 6160: 6138: 6116: 6104: 6082: 6056: 6031: 5924: 5842: 5812: 5780: 5749: 5728: 5706: 5688: 5660:"Leading Through Civilian Power" 5652: 5630: 5603: 5571: 5549: 5523: 5479: 5454: 5435: 5402: 5387: 5378: 5343:Guither, Harold D. (July 1977). 5336: 5285: 5270: 5261: 5235: 5210: 5201: 5192: 5183: 5173: 5146:International Voluntary Services 5138: 5129: 5120: 5085: 5060: 5051: 5038: 5025: 5013: 5000: 4991: 4952: 4943: 4934: 4908: 4899: 4872: 4863: 4853: 4844: 4801: 4768: 4743: 4722: 4713: 4704: 4695: 4277:Andrews, Stanley (August 1961). 2689:Office of Transition Initiatives 2679:List of development aid agencies 2595: 2432:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2042: 1568:Millennium Challenge Corporation 1546:United States Information Agency 1417:Development Assistance Committee 800: 770:Democracy, and Economic Growth. 683:RFS—Resilience and Food Security 674:LAB—U.S. Global Development Lab 637:Call to Action on Child Survival 499:Millennium Challenge Corporation 375: 331:Commission for Relief in Belgium 321:USAID packages are delivered by 62: 50: 38: 8897:John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge 8514:U.S. presidential election 1960 8303:Federal housing segregation ban 8184:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 8058:U.S. Senator from Massachusetts 7260:Tarnoff, Curt (July 21, 2015). 5352:Illinois Agricultural Economics 4965:The American Presidency Project 4885:The American Presidency Project 4682: 4660: 4651: 4642: 4633: 4624: 4615: 4589: 4580: 4571: 4557:The American Presidency Project 4544: 4535: 4526: 4517: 4508: 4499: 4490: 4480: 4458: 4449: 4440: 4430: 4407: 4392: 4383: 4374: 4365: 4325: 4316: 4294: 4285: 4270: 4261: 4202: 4187: 4160: 4151: 4142: 4133: 4105: 4090: 4077: 4062: 4040: 4025: 4010: 3987: 3961: 3952: 3938: 3923: 3908: 3898: 3872: 3847: 3838: 3797: 3775: 3716: 3682: 3656: 3624: 3602: 3580: 3571: 3562: 3529: 3497: 3471: 3446: 3421: 3403: 3373: 3355: 3333: 3307: 3275: 3253: 3220: 3198: 3173: 3155:Tarnoff, Curt (July 21, 2015). 3148: 3122: 3096: 3070: 3048: 3016: 2994: 2985: 2582:House Foreign Affairs Committee 2481:State Department terrorist list 2450:Influence on the United Nations 2306:Financial conflicts of interest 2241:also signed on to support FWD. 2053:needs additional citations for 2034:Bolivia–United States relations 1603:. Modeled after the military's 1093:Committee for Relief in Belgium 1025:Provincial Reconstruction Teams 505: 387:Environmental Protection Agency 8050:President of the United States 7114:. New York: Harper & Bros. 7023:Hayes, Samuel J., ed. (1971). 6862:American Journal of Evaluation 3387:. June 4, 2019. Archived from 2976: 2946: 2915: 2850: 2824: 2794: 2772: 2739: 2612:African Development Foundation 2196: 2187:2019 Bolivian political crisis 2144:growers union affiliated with 1884: 1438:(See the "History" section of 872: 392: 370:U.S. Department of Agriculture 13: 1: 8611:John F. Kennedy document hoax 8605:Happy Birthday, Mr. President 8599:Coretta Scott King phone call 8537:Birthplace and childhood home 8420:A rising tide lifts all boats 8323:Presidential Medal of Freedom 6836: 6302:Tran, Mark (March 31, 2003). 4752:"Mutual Security Act of 1953" 4598:"Mutual Security Act of 1953" 3479:"U.S. Global Development Lab" 3267:. May 1, 2013. Archived from 3136:. p. Section 155.3.1.1.c 3058:. Usaid.gov. December 8, 2010 2632:Development Alternatives Inc. 2562:Population Research Institute 2271:Global Food Safety Initiative 2269:In April 2023, USAID and the 2020:In light of the AP's report, 1937:American University of Beirut 1919:followed USAID administrator 1245: 890: 765:Assistance management offices 224:largest official aid agencies 8810:Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences 8278:Communications Satellite Act 6750:Committee on Foreign Affairs 6092:. ArsTechnica. April 4, 2014 5333:Retrieved September 10, 2012 4455:Bingham (2004), pp. 262–263. 4168:Foreign Agricultural Service 3854:Jones, Robert Leith (2013). 3696:. p. 23. Archived from 2637:Development Credit Authority 2473:, U.S. Ambassador to the UN 1943:'s Campaign for Excellence. 1941:Lebanese American University 1933:Lebanese American University 1867: 1702:Democratic Republic of Congo 1288:Foreign Agricultural Service 1233:India, Pakistan, and Ceylon. 813: 791: 514:Country development programs 7: 8712:Gravesite and Eternal Flame 8570:Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana 8493:1960 presidential primaries 8401:We choose to go to the Moon 8283:Community Mental Health Act 7391:USAID (November 27, 2007). 7056:Kaufman, Burton I. (1982). 6891:American Foreign Assistance 6606:Legal Information Institute 5614:. Usaid.gov. Archived from 5487:"Department of State (DoS)" 5241:See the "Peterson Report": 5207:Ruttan (1996). pp. 107–108. 5135:Ruttan (1996), pp. 156–159. 5057:Kaufman (1982), p. 161-162. 4701:Ruttan (1996), pp. 259–260. 4034:American Foreign Assistance 3782:USAID (November 15, 2016). 3381:"Maternal and Child Health" 3110:. p. Section 349.3.1.1 2588: 2323:Political operations abroad 2289:Controversies and criticism 2265:Public–Private Partnerships 1437: 1099:, to prevent starvation in 716: 497:Administration created the 383:Centers for Disease Control 302:, including the environment 283: 10: 9200: 8498:1960 presidential campaign 8431:State of the Union Address 8395:American University speech 8298:Federal affirmative action 8128:Presidential Proclamations 7377:"Operational Policy (ADS)" 7221:Ruttan, Vernon W. (1996). 5292:Pastor, Robert A. (1980). 4997:Kaufman (1982), pp. 46–49. 4639:Kaufman (1982), pp. 37–46. 4630:Kaufman (1982), pp. 29–33. 4446:Butterfield (2004), p. 37. 4112:Anthony, Edwin D. (1973). 3742:10.1186/s44280-023-00011-1 3612:. U.S. Department of State 3343:. USAID. February 16, 2018 2724:United States military aid 2647:Feed the Future Initiative 2530: 2364:Freedom of Information Act 2159:Andean Information Network 2031: 2027: 1926: 1896: 1605:Quadrennial Defense Review 1594:Feed the Future Initiative 1050: 774:Health and Family Planning 620:E&E—Europe and Eurasia 138:10,235 employees (FY 2016) 130:"From the American people" 9100: 8961: 8892:John F. Kennedy Arboretum 8825: 8720: 8660: 8619: 8529: 8456: 8380: 8353:Oil Pollution Act of 1961 8268: 8255:Moscow–Washington hotline 8164: 8080: 8041: 7978: 7951: 7820: 7739: 7722: 7717:maintained by governments 7161:Nowels, Larry Q. (1987). 7014:Glick, Philip M. (1957). 6902:. Westport, CN: Praeger. 6847:. Harry S. Truman Library 6843:Andrews, Stanley (1970). 5716:. OECD. December 23, 2013 5533:. Mcc.gov. Archived from 4850:Kaufman (1982), pp. 96ff. 4710:Ruttan (1996), pp. 72–73. 2714:United States foreign aid 2541:as part of the country's 2501:In 2003, Congress passed 1610: 1266:Eisenhower administration 1230:Latin America (via IIAA). 595:National Security Council 437:Socioeconomic development 323:United States Coast Guard 308:Socioeconomic development 298:Technical cooperation on 258:National Security Council 196: 191: 170: 150: 142: 134: 126: 111: 95: 77: 72: 61: 49: 37: 9049:Patricia Kennedy Lawford 8750:Civil Rights Act of 1964 8738:Profile in Courage Award 8348:All-Channel Receiver Act 8318:Pilot Food Stamp Program 7667:August 15, 2020, at the 7633:in the National Archives 7570:U.S. Government (1961). 7557:: CS1 maint: location ( 7450:: CS1 maint: location ( 7416:: CS1 maint: location ( 7339:: CS1 maint: location ( 7305:: CS1 maint: location ( 7190:: CS1 maint: location ( 7102:: CS1 maint: location ( 6978:: CS1 maint: location ( 6874:10.1177/1098214005275640 4775:Kaufman, B. Ira (1982). 4750:U.S. Government (1953). 4380:Hayes (1971), pp. 44–52. 4358:2027/umn.31951d03727992c 4291:Brown & Opie (1953). 3568:See ADS section 495.3.1. 2730: 2580:that Republicans on the 2467:Abdullah Saleh al-Ashtal 2279:sustainable food systems 1872: 1555:established PEPFAR, the 1353:Multilateral Initiatives 555:Foreign Service Officers 305:U.S. bilateral interests 8989:Patrick Bouvier Kennedy 8912:John F. Kennedy Stadium 8745:Twenty-fourth Amendment 8343:Voter Education Project 6526:U.S. State Department, 6240:Partners in Development 6126:. BBC News. May 1, 2013 4577:Bingham (2004), p. 240. 4487:under Pres. Eisenhower. 4343:2027/mdp.39015039449130 4157:Glick (1957), pp. 26–28 4017:Fosdick, R. B. (1952). 3588:"USAID Foreign Service" 3510:. USAID. Archived from 3288:. USAID. Archived from 3029:. USAID. Archived from 2752:. USAID. Archived from 2622:Chemonics International 2406:In the summer of 2012, 2352:Office of Public Safety 2245:Palestinian territories 2165:irritated people, said 1946: 1892: 1561:Global AIDS Coordinator 1308:Charles Douglas Jackson 410:U.S. national interests 9106:← Dwight D. Eisenhower 9043:Eunice Kennedy Shriver 8837:Harvard Kennedy School 8755:Apollo 11 Moon landing 8648:A Nation of Immigrants 8138:Presidential limousine 7425:USAID (January 2006). 6267:Richard Norton-Taylor 5409:Findley, Paul (2013). 4949:Kaufman (1982), p. 167 4740:Kaufman (1982), p. 52. 4728:Kaufman (1982), p. 37. 4719:Kaufman (1982), p. 32. 4621:Ruttan (1996), p. 205. 4514:Bingham (1953), p. 38. 4505:Kaufman (1982), p. 14. 4069:Glick, Philip (1957). 3996:"Near East Foundation" 2982:Tarnoff (2015), p. 13. 2340: 2283:standard harmonisation 2207:drought in East Africa 1899:Reconstruction of Iraq 1531:, the Chairman of the 1415:, which established a 1256:Mutual Security Agency 832: 753: 589:USAID is headed by an 582: 483: 364: 326: 246:Foreign Assistance Act 231:Foreign Assistance Act 220:development assistance 116:Ronald Reagan Building 83:; 62 years ago 9025:Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. 9013:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. 8705:attending dignitaries 8293:Executive Order 11110 8174:Alliance for Progress 8111:Judicial appointments 6399:"Undermining Bolivia" 6242:. pp. 13–14, 37. 5820:"Assistance for Iraq" 5394:Read, Hadley (1974). 5322:USAID Public website 4414:Kirdar, Üner (1966). 3078:"USAID: Organization" 2932:. USAID. January 2006 2674:Learning organization 2511:opposing prostitution 2456:U.N. Security Council 2330: 1478:Alliance for Progress 1467:. In September 1970, 830: 751: 688:Headquarters bureaus 628:Subject-area bureaus 577: 481: 359: 320: 81:November 3, 1961 8805:U.S. five cent stamp 8765:Kennedy Space Center 8413:Ich bin ein Berliner 8237:Cuban Missile Crisis 8227:Bay of Pigs Invasion 8133:Presidential pardons 7314:USAID (April 1995). 6517:" September 26, 2003 6255:U.S. Development Aid 5830:on November 14, 2011 5756:Spoko, John (2013). 5676:on February 21, 2013 5587:. September 22, 2010 5537:on December 28, 2016 5423:on November 15, 2017 5279:U.S. Development Aid 4692:. (1980), chapter 6. 4310:2027/nnc1.cu03384870 4196:U.S. Development Aid 4139:Ruttan (1996), p. 37 3975:on December 21, 2014 3947:U.S. Development Aid 3932:U.S. Development Aid 3917:U.S. Development Aid 3670:on December 15, 2016 3644:on December 27, 2016 2903:on November 18, 2003 2870:on November 19, 2003 2759:on September 5, 2018 2617:Bretton Woods system 2603:United States portal 2297:Non-career contracts 2062:improve this article 1626:Billions of Dollars 1272:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1168:Post-war foreign aid 882:Financial management 744:USAID field missions 578:USAID Administrator 474:Financial assistance 458:Technical assistance 229:Congress passed the 9113:Lyndon B. Johnson → 9001:Tatiana Schlossberg 8983:John F. Kennedy Jr. 8800:U.S. postage stamps 8795:Kennedy half dollar 8785:Cultural depictions 8638:Profiles in Courage 8358:Revenue Act of 1962 8206:Trade Expansion Act 8066:U.S. Representative 7459:USAID (June 2016). 7172:. PC-AAB-992: USAID 7084:. PN-AAX-260: USAID 6960:. PC-AAC-420: USAID 6546:. Timesofisrael.com 6509:Hornberger, Jacob" 6378:. .folha.uol.com.br 6190:. January 17, 2019. 5989:. AP. April 3, 2014 5281:. pp. 177–179. 5161:on October 11, 2017 5155:mac.libraryhost.com 4887:. UC-–Santa Barbara 4586:Glick (1957) p. 49. 4218:Library of Congress 3729:One Health Advances 3206:"Mission Directory" 3036:on October 31, 2020 2964:on January 20, 2012 2385:Bush administration 2317:Bush administration 1619: 1430:John Sherman Cooper 1252:Mutual Security Act 1203:In contrast to the 1086:Tsinghua University 1071:Before World War II 900:Assistance projects 869:"support" offices. 608:Geographic bureaus 450:Modes of assistance 34: 9079:John F. Fitzgerald 9061:Jean Kennedy Smith 8971:Jacqueline Bouvier 8917:Kennedy Expressway 8887:Runnymede memorial 8688:in popular culture 8589:Castle Hot Springs 8143:Presidential yacht 7913:Rossotrudnichestvo 7584:on August 15, 2017 7124:The New York Times 6611:Cornell Law School 6575:The New York Times 6357:Michael Otterman, 6173:. October 26, 2011 5776:– via JSTOR. 5448:The New York Times 5329:2013-03-29 at the 5048:(2004), pp. 73–83. 4967:. UC–Santa Barbara 4559:. UC–Santa Barbara 4352:. pp. 58–65. 4221:. pp. 204–209 4085:Diplomatic History 3879:Youssef, Nancy A. 3429:"USAID DRG Bureau" 2684:Mexico City policy 2341: 1742:West Bank and Gaza 1615: 1459:New Directions Act 840:Special assistance 833: 754: 623:ME—the Middle East 583: 484: 365: 327: 254:Secretary of State 32: 9136: 9135: 9091:Billie and Debbie 9055:Robert F. Kennedy 8882:Portland memorial 8862:Brooklyn memorial 8652: 8642: 8632: 8628:Why England Slept 8390:Inaugural address 8376: 8375: 8368:Wetlands Loan Act 8191:Flexible response 8001: 8000: 7362:on April 12, 2019 7153:978-0-309-11736-4 7001:on April 12, 2019 6799:. August 16, 2023 6776:The National Desk 6599:(June 20, 2013). 6568:(June 20, 2013). 6469:. October 1, 2014 6436:. April 3, 2014. 6334:978-1-84277-369-7 6328:Zed Books, 2003, 6257:. pp. 25–26. 5850:"Rebuilding Iraq" 5702:. March 11, 2019. 5597:National Archives 5106:978-3-96021-163-1 4669:"Food Assistance" 3485:on August 3, 2018 3131:"ADS Chapter 155" 3105:"ADS Chapter 349" 3084:on April 23, 2011 2782:. USASpending.gov 2551:Nippon Foundation 2521:First Amendment's 2461:In 1990 when the 2138: 2137: 2130: 2112: 1830: 1829: 1408:C. Douglas Dillon 1198:Fulbright Program 1005:Budget agreements 631:GH—Global Health 200: 199: 68:Wordmark of USAID 16:(Redirected from 9191: 9125: 9124: 9031:Rosemary Kennedy 9007:Jack Schlossberg 8995:Rose Schlossberg 8977:Caroline Kennedy 8872:Hyannis memorial 8650: 8640: 8630: 8594:Hammersmith Farm 8542:Kennedy Compound 8308:Fifty-mile hikes 8196:Kennedy Doctrine 8162: 8161: 8123:Executive Orders 8073: 8061: 8053: 8028: 8021: 8014: 8005: 8004: 7941:United Kingdom: 7708: 7701: 7694: 7685: 7684: 7617:Federal Register 7609: 7608: 7606:Official website 7593: 7591: 7589: 7583: 7577:. Archived from 7576: 7566: 7556: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7538: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7517:on June 27, 2017 7513:. Archived from 7503: 7501: 7499: 7494:on March 6, 2020 7490:. Archived from 7482: 7480: 7478: 7472: 7466:. Archived from 7465: 7455: 7449: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7431: 7421: 7415: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7397: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7361: 7355:. Archived from 7354: 7344: 7338: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7320: 7310: 7304: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7286: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7266: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7236: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7207: 7195: 7189: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7167: 7157: 7145: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7107: 7101: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7083: 7073: 7052: 7050: 7048: 7038: 7028: 7019: 7010: 7008: 7006: 7000: 6994:. Archived from 6993: 6983: 6977: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6955: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6913: 6894: 6885: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6720: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6692: 6683: 6682: 6678:Congress of Peru 6674: 6666: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6631: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6539: 6533: 6524: 6518: 6511:But Foreign Aid 6507: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6434:Associated Press 6420: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6368: 6362: 6355: 6349: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6299: 6293: 6281: 6275: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6180: 6174: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6142: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6120: 6114: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6014: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5963:. August 4, 2014 5951: 5940: 5939: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5886:on March 1, 2012 5882:. Archived from 5876: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5856:. Archived from 5846: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5826:. Archived from 5816: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5799: 5792: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5714:"Aid statistics" 5710: 5704: 5703: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5675: 5669:. Archived from 5664: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5594: 5592: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5511: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5493:on July 28, 2011 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5467: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5422: 5415: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5391: 5385: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5349: 5340: 5334: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5274: 5268: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5248: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5223: 5214: 5208: 5205: 5199: 5196: 5190: 5187: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5157:. Archived from 5142: 5136: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5073: 5064: 5058: 5055: 5049: 5042: 5036: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5004: 4998: 4995: 4989: 4986: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4956: 4950: 4947: 4941: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4921: 4912: 4906: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4876: 4870: 4867: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4782: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4756: 4747: 4741: 4738: 4729: 4726: 4720: 4717: 4711: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4693: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4631: 4628: 4622: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4603:. Section 706(a) 4602: 4593: 4587: 4584: 4578: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4548: 4542: 4539: 4533: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4497: 4494: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4462: 4456: 4453: 4447: 4444: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4421: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4381: 4378: 4372: 4369: 4363: 4361: 4346: 4329: 4323: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4298: 4292: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4274: 4268: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4243: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4226: 4214: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4164: 4158: 4155: 4149: 4146: 4140: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4120: 4109: 4103: 4094: 4088: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4014: 4008: 4007: 3999: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3971:. Archived from 3965: 3959: 3956: 3950: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3912: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3829: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3762: 3744: 3720: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3703:on June 30, 2017 3702: 3695: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3643: 3636: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3584: 3578: 3575: 3569: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3550:on June 15, 2017 3549: 3543:. Archived from 3542: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3516: 3509: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3481:. Archived from 3475: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3369:. July 12, 2021. 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3320: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3294: 3287: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3185: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3161: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3135: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3109: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3035: 3028: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2960:. Archived from 2950: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2927: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2902: 2896:. Archived from 2895: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2869: 2863:. Archived from 2862: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2808:. Archived from 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2776: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2758: 2751: 2743: 2704:The INFO Project 2605: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2475:Thomas Pickering 2469:, voted against 2359:Folha de S.Paulo 2259:Israel–Hamas war 2133: 2126: 2122: 2119: 2113: 2111: 2070: 2046: 2038: 1977:Associated Press 1620: 1614: 1575:Condoleezza Rice 1443: 997:Other mechanisms 570:USAID/Washington 187: 182: 179: 177: 151:Agency executive 120:Washington, D.C. 96:Preceding agency 91: 89: 84: 66: 54: 42: 35: 31: 21: 9199: 9198: 9194: 9193: 9192: 9190: 9189: 9188: 9139: 9138: 9137: 9132: 9096: 9019:Rose Fitzgerald 9003:(granddaughter) 8997:(granddaughter) 8957: 8946:John F. Kennedy 8937:John F. Kennedy 8929:John F. Kennedy 8877:London memorial 8867:Dallas memorial 8828: 8821: 8716: 8700:Riderless horse 8656: 8615: 8525: 8452: 8382: 8372: 8264: 8160: 8084: 8076: 8064: 8056: 8045: 8037: 8035:John F. Kennedy 8032: 8002: 7997: 7974: 7964:United States: 7947: 7889:Lux-Development 7881:Liechtenstein: 7816: 7735: 7718: 7712: 7669:Wayback Machine 7626:USAspending.gov 7604: 7603: 7600: 7587: 7585: 7581: 7574: 7550: 7549: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7520: 7518: 7497: 7495: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7463: 7443: 7442: 7435: 7433: 7429: 7409: 7408: 7401: 7399: 7395: 7381: 7379: 7365: 7363: 7359: 7352: 7332: 7331: 7324: 7322: 7318: 7298: 7297: 7290: 7288: 7284: 7270: 7268: 7264: 7250: 7248: 7233: 7211: 7209: 7205: 7183: 7182: 7175: 7173: 7165: 7154: 7128: 7126: 7095: 7094: 7087: 7085: 7081: 7070: 7046: 7044: 7036: 7004: 7002: 6998: 6991: 6971: 6970: 6963: 6961: 6953: 6939: 6937: 6923: 6921: 6910: 6850: 6848: 6839: 6834: 6824: 6822: 6816: 6812: 6802: 6800: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6780: 6778: 6768: 6764: 6754: 6752: 6744: 6743: 6739: 6729: 6727: 6721: 6717: 6707: 6705: 6704:. July 24, 2002 6694: 6693: 6686: 6672: 6668: 6667: 6656: 6646: 6644: 6632: 6625: 6615: 6613: 6594: 6590: 6580: 6578: 6563: 6559: 6549: 6547: 6540: 6536: 6532:. 12 March 2012 6525: 6521: 6508: 6504: 6494: 6492: 6487: 6486: 6482: 6472: 6470: 6461: 6460: 6456: 6446: 6444: 6422: 6421: 6417: 6407: 6405: 6403:Progressive.org 6395: 6391: 6381: 6379: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6356: 6352: 6321: 6317: 6300: 6296: 6283:Barbara Slavin 6282: 6278: 6266: 6262: 6251: 6247: 6236: 6232: 6219: 6218: 6214: 6199: 6195: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6165: 6161: 6151: 6149: 6144: 6143: 6139: 6129: 6127: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6109: 6105: 6095: 6093: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6073: 6071: 6070:. April 3, 2014 6062: 6061: 6057: 6047: 6045: 6037: 6036: 6032: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6015: 6002: 5992: 5990: 5981: 5980: 5976: 5966: 5964: 5953: 5952: 5943: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5915: 5913: 5903: 5899: 5889: 5887: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5863: 5861: 5860:on May 17, 2008 5848: 5847: 5843: 5833: 5831: 5818: 5817: 5813: 5803: 5801: 5800:on May 16, 2013 5797: 5790: 5786: 5785: 5781: 5754: 5750: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5719: 5717: 5712: 5711: 5707: 5694: 5693: 5689: 5679: 5677: 5673: 5662: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5643: 5641: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5621: 5619: 5618:on June 1, 2011 5608: 5604: 5590: 5588: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5562: 5560: 5555: 5554: 5550: 5540: 5538: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5496: 5494: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5459: 5455: 5440: 5436: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5413: 5407: 5403: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5379: 5364:10.2307/1348954 5347: 5341: 5337: 5331:Wayback Machine 5321: 5317: 5310: 5290: 5286: 5275: 5271: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5240: 5236: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5206: 5202: 5197: 5193: 5188: 5184: 5178: 5174: 5164: 5162: 5149: 5143: 5139: 5134: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5090: 5086: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5043: 5039: 5030: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4980: 4970: 4968: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4822:10.2307/1951900 4806: 4802: 4795: 4773: 4769: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4671: 4665: 4661: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4485: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4431: 4412: 4408: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4348: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4252: 4250: 4245: 4244: 4237: 4224: 4222: 4212: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4198:. pp. 2–4. 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4165: 4161: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4095: 4091: 4082: 4078: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4030: 4026: 4015: 4011: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3978: 3976: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3939: 3928: 3924: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3823: 3822: 3815: 3813: 3810:Military Review 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3780: 3776: 3721: 3717: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3687: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3593: 3591: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3540: 3534: 3530: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3462: 3460: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3433:USAID Democracy 3427: 3426: 3422: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3394: 3392: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3314:Dorman, Shawn. 3312: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3271:on May 1, 2013. 3265:Washington Post 3259: 3258: 3254: 3244: 3242: 3225: 3221: 3211: 3209: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3097: 3087: 3085: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3007: 3005: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2935: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2887: 2883: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2841: 2839: 2832:"USAID HISTORY" 2830: 2829: 2825: 2815: 2813: 2812:on May 15, 2012 2802:"USAID History" 2800: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2733: 2728: 2669:Learning agenda 2601: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2570: 2535: 2529: 2499: 2483: 2452: 2380:The Progressive 2325: 2308: 2299: 2291: 2267: 2247: 2199: 2167:Kathryn Ledebur 2134: 2123: 2117: 2114: 2071: 2069: 2059: 2047: 2036: 2030: 1949: 1929: 1901: 1895: 1887: 1875: 1870: 1613: 1521:Hubert Humphrey 1514: 1486:Helms Amendment 1469:President Nixon 1461: 1425: 1355: 1328: 1268: 1254:, creating the 1248: 1170: 1161: 1141:Smith-Mundt Act 1113: 1073: 1053: 1016: 1007: 999: 982: 969: 952: 939: 902: 893: 884: 875: 866: 857: 842: 825: 823:Economic Growth 816: 803: 794: 776: 767: 746: 719: 572: 516: 508: 476: 460: 452: 439: 412: 395: 378: 354: 339:George Marshall 315: 313:Disaster relief 292:Disaster relief 286: 239:John F. Kennedy 235:executive order 174: 166: 118: 107: 87: 85: 82: 73:Agency overview 67: 57: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9197: 9187: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9130: 9117: 9116: 9109: 9101: 9098: 9097: 9095: 9094: 9088: 9082: 9076: 9070: 9064: 9058: 9052: 9046: 9040: 9034: 9028: 9022: 9016: 9010: 9004: 8998: 8992: 8986: 8980: 8974: 8967: 8965: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8955: 8950: 8948: (CVN-79) 8941: 8932: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8833: 8831: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8819: 8817:Operation Sail 8814: 8813: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8741: 8740: 8730: 8724: 8722: 8718: 8717: 8715: 8714: 8709: 8708: 8707: 8702: 8692: 8691: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8678:media coverage 8675: 8664: 8662: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8654: 8644: 8634: 8623: 8621: 8617: 8616: 8614: 8613: 8608: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8579: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8561:Navy service: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8533: 8531: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8523: 8522: 8521: 8511: 8506: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8462: 8460: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8450: 8449: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8428: 8423: 8416: 8409: 8404: 8397: 8392: 8386: 8384: 8378: 8377: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8313:Food for Peace 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8274: 8272: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8248:Soviet Union: 8246: 8245: 8244: 8234: 8229: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8187: 8186: 8176: 8170: 8168: 8166:Foreign policy 8159: 8158: 8156:Situation Room 8153: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8119: 8118: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8092: 8090: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8074: 8062: 8054: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8031: 8030: 8023: 8016: 8008: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7995: 7989: 7982: 7980: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7972: 7962: 7955: 7953: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7945: 7939: 7933: 7927: 7921: 7915: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7891: 7885: 7879: 7873: 7867: 7861: 7855: 7849: 7843: 7837: 7831: 7824: 7822: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7814: 7808: 7802: 7796: 7790: 7788:Korea Eximbank 7780: 7776:Saudi Arabia: 7774: 7768: 7762: 7756: 7750: 7743: 7741: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7733: 7726: 7724: 7720: 7719: 7711: 7710: 7703: 7696: 7688: 7682: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7628: 7619: 7610: 7599: 7598:External links 7596: 7595: 7594: 7567: 7527: 7504: 7486:USAID (2004). 7483: 7473:on May 3, 2017 7456: 7422: 7388: 7372: 7348:USAID (2011). 7345: 7311: 7277: 7257: 7237: 7231: 7218: 7196: 7158: 7152: 7135: 7115: 7108: 7074: 7068: 7053: 7029: 7020: 7011: 6984: 6946: 6930: 6914: 6908: 6895: 6886: 6868:(2): 189–203. 6857: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6832: 6810: 6788: 6762: 6737: 6715: 6684: 6654: 6623: 6588: 6557: 6534: 6519: 6502: 6480: 6454: 6415: 6389: 6363: 6350: 6322:William Blum, 6315: 6294: 6276: 6272:guardian.co.uk 6260: 6245: 6230: 6212: 6193: 6175: 6159: 6137: 6115: 6103: 6081: 6055: 6030: 6000: 5974: 5941: 5923: 5897: 5871: 5841: 5811: 5779: 5748: 5727: 5705: 5687: 5651: 5629: 5602: 5584:whitehouse.gov 5570: 5548: 5522: 5478: 5453: 5434: 5401: 5386: 5377: 5335: 5315: 5308: 5284: 5269: 5260: 5234: 5209: 5200: 5191: 5182: 5172: 5137: 5128: 5119: 5105: 5084: 5059: 5050: 5037: 5024: 5012: 4999: 4990: 4978: 4951: 4942: 4933: 4922:. pp. 3–4 4915:USAID (1962). 4907: 4898: 4871: 4862: 4852: 4843: 4816:(3): 689–724. 4800: 4793: 4767: 4742: 4730: 4721: 4712: 4703: 4694: 4681: 4667:USAID (2017). 4659: 4650: 4641: 4632: 4623: 4614: 4588: 4579: 4570: 4543: 4534: 4525: 4516: 4507: 4498: 4489: 4479: 4457: 4448: 4439: 4429: 4406: 4391: 4382: 4373: 4364: 4324: 4315: 4293: 4284: 4269: 4260: 4235: 4201: 4186: 4159: 4150: 4141: 4132: 4104: 4089: 4076: 4061: 4039: 4024: 4009: 3986: 3960: 3951: 3937: 3922: 3907: 3897: 3871: 3864: 3846: 3837: 3796: 3774: 3715: 3689:USAID (2012). 3681: 3655: 3623: 3601: 3579: 3570: 3561: 3536:USAID (2014). 3528: 3517:on May 3, 2017 3496: 3470: 3445: 3420: 3415:www.unicef.org 3402: 3391:on May 8, 2016 3372: 3354: 3341:"Organization" 3332: 3306: 3295:on May 4, 2017 3274: 3252: 3219: 3197: 3172: 3147: 3129:USAID (2004). 3121: 3103:USAID (2003). 3095: 3069: 3047: 3015: 2993: 2984: 2975: 2945: 2914: 2881: 2849: 2823: 2793: 2771: 2737: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2664:John Granville 2661: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2590: 2587: 2569: 2566: 2531:Main article: 2528: 2525: 2498: 2495: 2482: 2479: 2451: 2448: 2368:Worker's Party 2324: 2321: 2307: 2304: 2298: 2295: 2290: 2287: 2266: 2263: 2246: 2243: 2198: 2195: 2185:Following the 2136: 2135: 2050: 2048: 2041: 2029: 2026: 2001:HIV prevention 1962:social network 1948: 1945: 1928: 1925: 1921:Andrew Natsios 1915:In June 2003, 1897:Main article: 1894: 1891: 1886: 1883: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1849:Rio de Janeiro 1828: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1612: 1609: 1553:President Bush 1513: 1510: 1460: 1457: 1424: 1421: 1382:public works. 1379: 1378: 1375: 1367: 1354: 1351: 1327: 1324: 1267: 1264: 1247: 1244: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1169: 1166: 1160: 1157: 1112: 1109: 1097:Herbert Hoover 1072: 1069: 1052: 1049: 1015: 1012: 1006: 1003: 998: 995: 981: 978: 968: 965: 951: 948: 938: 935: 931: 930: 927: 924: 921: 901: 898: 892: 889: 883: 880: 874: 871: 865: 862: 856: 853: 841: 838: 824: 821: 815: 812: 802: 799: 793: 790: 775: 772: 766: 763: 745: 742: 718: 715: 707: 706: 705: 704: 701: 698: 695: 692: 686: 685: 684: 681: 680: 679: 672: 670: 669: 668: 665: 660: 657: 656: 655: 652: 649: 642: 641: 640: 626: 625: 624: 621: 618: 615: 612: 580:Samantha Power 571: 568: 515: 512: 507: 504: 475: 472: 459: 456: 451: 448: 438: 435: 411: 408: 400:climate change 394: 391: 377: 374: 353: 352:Poverty relief 350: 335:Herbert Hoover 314: 311: 310: 309: 306: 303: 296: 295:Poverty relief 293: 285: 282: 278:Eastern Europe 198: 197: 194: 193: 189: 188: 172: 168: 167: 165: 164: 158:Samantha Power 154: 152: 148: 147: 144: 140: 139: 136: 132: 131: 128: 124: 123: 113: 109: 108: 106: 105: 99: 97: 93: 92: 79: 75: 74: 70: 69: 59: 58: 55: 47: 46: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9196: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9159:Civil affairs 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9129: 9128: 9119: 9118: 9115: 9114: 9110: 9108: 9107: 9103: 9102: 9099: 9092: 9089: 9086: 9083: 9081:(grandfather) 9080: 9077: 9075:(grandfather) 9074: 9073:P. J. Kennedy 9071: 9068: 9065: 9062: 9059: 9056: 9053: 9050: 9047: 9044: 9041: 9038: 9035: 9032: 9029: 9026: 9023: 9020: 9017: 9014: 9011: 9008: 9005: 9002: 8999: 8996: 8993: 8990: 8987: 8984: 8981: 8978: 8975: 8972: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8960: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8942: 8940: 8939: (CV-67) 8938: 8933: 8931: 8930: 8925: 8923: 8922:Mount Kennedy 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8857:Boston statue 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8830: 8824: 8818: 8815: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8770:Kennedy Round 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8739: 8736: 8735: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8723: 8719: 8713: 8710: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8697: 8696: 8695:State funeral 8693: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8670: 8669: 8668:Assassination 8666: 8665: 8663: 8659: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8618: 8612: 8609: 8606: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8566: 8565: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8530:Personal life 8528: 8520: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8455: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8433: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8402: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8379: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8288:Equal Pay Act 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8275: 8273: 8271: 8267: 8261: 8260:Vienna summit 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8250:Berlin Crisis 8247: 8243: 8240: 8239: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8232:Cuban Project 8230: 8228: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8169: 8167: 8163: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8150: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8117: 8116:Supreme Court 8114: 8113: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8083: 8079: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8048: 8044: 8043: 8040: 8036: 8029: 8024: 8022: 8017: 8015: 8010: 8009: 8006: 7994: 7990: 7988: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7979:South America 7977: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7961: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7952:North America 7950: 7944: 7940: 7938: 7934: 7932: 7929:Switzerland: 7928: 7926: 7922: 7920: 7916: 7914: 7910: 7908: 7904: 7902: 7898: 7896: 7892: 7890: 7886: 7884: 7880: 7878: 7874: 7872: 7868: 7866: 7862: 7860: 7856: 7854: 7850: 7848: 7844: 7842: 7838: 7836: 7832: 7830: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7813: 7809: 7807: 7803: 7801: 7797: 7795: 7792:New Zealand: 7791: 7789: 7785: 7782:South Korea: 7781: 7779: 7775: 7773: 7769: 7767: 7763: 7761: 7757: 7755: 7751: 7749: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7738: 7732: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7721: 7716: 7709: 7704: 7702: 7697: 7695: 7690: 7689: 7686: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7666: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7614: 7611: 7607: 7602: 7601: 7580: 7573: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7554: 7535: 7534: 7528: 7516: 7512: 7511: 7505: 7493: 7489: 7484: 7469: 7462: 7457: 7453: 7447: 7428: 7423: 7419: 7413: 7394: 7389: 7378: 7373: 7358: 7351: 7346: 7342: 7336: 7317: 7312: 7308: 7302: 7283: 7278: 7263: 7258: 7247: 7246:Global Issues 7243: 7238: 7234: 7232:0-8018-5051-7 7228: 7224: 7219: 7204: 7203: 7197: 7193: 7187: 7171: 7164: 7159: 7155: 7149: 7144: 7143: 7136: 7125: 7121: 7116: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7099: 7080: 7075: 7071: 7069:0-8018-2623-3 7065: 7061: 7060: 7054: 7042: 7035: 7030: 7026: 7021: 7017: 7012: 6997: 6990: 6985: 6981: 6975: 6964:September 10, 6959: 6952: 6947: 6936: 6931: 6920: 6915: 6911: 6909:0-313-31910-3 6905: 6901: 6896: 6892: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6858: 6846: 6841: 6840: 6821: 6814: 6798: 6792: 6777: 6773: 6766: 6751: 6747: 6741: 6726: 6719: 6703: 6702: 6697: 6691: 6689: 6680: 6679: 6671: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6630: 6628: 6612: 6608: 6607: 6602: 6598: 6597:Roberts, John 6592: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6545: 6538: 6531: 6530: 6523: 6516: 6514: 6506: 6490: 6484: 6468: 6464: 6458: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6419: 6404: 6400: 6393: 6377: 6375: 6367: 6360: 6354: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6326: 6319: 6311: 6310: 6305: 6298: 6291: 6290: 6286: 6280: 6274:25 March 2008 6273: 6270: 6264: 6256: 6253:Butterfield. 6249: 6241: 6234: 6226: 6222: 6216: 6208: 6204: 6197: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6172: 6168: 6163: 6147: 6141: 6125: 6119: 6113: 6107: 6091: 6085: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6044: 6040: 6034: 6019: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6005: 5988: 5984: 5978: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5916:September 15, 5912: 5908: 5901: 5885: 5881: 5875: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5815: 5796: 5789: 5783: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5737: 5731: 5715: 5709: 5701: 5697: 5691: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5655: 5639: 5633: 5617: 5613: 5606: 5598: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5574: 5558: 5552: 5536: 5532: 5526: 5508: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5464: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5419: 5412: 5405: 5397: 5390: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5332: 5328: 5325: 5319: 5311: 5309:0-520-03904-1 5305: 5301: 5297: 5296: 5288: 5280: 5277:Butterfield. 5273: 5264: 5245: 5238: 5220: 5213: 5204: 5195: 5186: 5176: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5141: 5132: 5123: 5108: 5102: 5098: 5097: 5088: 5077:September 16, 5070: 5067:OECD (2006). 5063: 5054: 5047: 5041: 5034: 5028: 5021: 5016: 5009: 5003: 4994: 4985: 4983: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4946: 4937: 4918: 4911: 4902: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4866: 4856: 4847: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4796: 4794:9780801826238 4790: 4786: 4781: 4780: 4771: 4753: 4746: 4737: 4735: 4725: 4716: 4707: 4698: 4691: 4685: 4670: 4663: 4654: 4645: 4636: 4627: 4618: 4599: 4592: 4583: 4574: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4538: 4529: 4520: 4511: 4502: 4493: 4483: 4467: 4461: 4452: 4443: 4433: 4425: 4420: 4419: 4410: 4402: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4368: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4328: 4319: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4288: 4280: 4273: 4264: 4248: 4242: 4240: 4232: 4220: 4219: 4211: 4205: 4197: 4194:Butterfield. 4190: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4154: 4145: 4136: 4117: 4116: 4108: 4102: 4100: 4093: 4086: 4080: 4072: 4065: 4049: 4043: 4035: 4028: 4020: 4013: 4005: 3997: 3990: 3974: 3970: 3964: 3955: 3948: 3941: 3934:. p. 37. 3933: 3930:Butterfield. 3926: 3919:. p. 60. 3918: 3915:Butterfield. 3911: 3901: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3867: 3865:9781612512280 3861: 3857: 3850: 3844:Coffey. p. 31 3841: 3833: 3827: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3785: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3699: 3692: 3685: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3640: 3633: 3627: 3611: 3605: 3589: 3583: 3574: 3565: 3546: 3539: 3532: 3513: 3506: 3500: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3342: 3336: 3317: 3310: 3291: 3284: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3245:September 19, 3240: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3223: 3207: 3201: 3182: 3176: 3158: 3151: 3132: 3125: 3106: 3099: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3057: 3051: 3032: 3025: 3019: 3003: 2997: 2988: 2979: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2931: 2924: 2918: 2899: 2892: 2885: 2866: 2859: 2853: 2837: 2833: 2827: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2781: 2775: 2755: 2748: 2742: 2738: 2736: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2604: 2593: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2565: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2524: 2522: 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State.gov 5358:(2): 7–12. 5112:February 3, 4688:Mason, Kim 4125:February 8, 3325:December 1, 3299:December 1, 3212:December 1, 3190:December 1, 3040:December 1, 3008:December 1, 2410:countries ( 2275:food safety 2223:Chanel Iman 2215:Uma Thurman 2211:Geena Davis 2197:East Africa 2179:Evo Morales 2171:orange tree 2150:Evo Morales 1993:Jack Dorsey 1885:Afghanistan 1632:Afghanistan 1529:Jesse Helms 1465:Vietnam War 1440:Peace Corps 1434:Peace Corps 1303:South Korea 942:agreement. 873:Contracting 801:Environment 548:Evo Morales 424:Afghanistan 404:sustainable 393:Environment 274:Middle East 216:foreign aid 9143:Categories 9093:(hamsters) 9009:(grandson) 8979:(daughter) 8827:Memorials, 8552:La Querida 8096:Transition 8082:Presidency 7907:Polish Aid 7899:Portugal: 7810:Thailand: 6837:References 5741:October 4, 4253:October 2, 3463:October 2, 3454:"DRGLinks" 3438:October 3, 2842:January 8, 2543:Plan Verde 2339:, Jan 2007 2255:Gaza Strip 2203:Ad Council 2177:President 2148:President 2088:newspapers 2032:See also: 2022:Rajiv Shah 2015:Alan Gross 1812:Mozambique 1762:Bangladesh 1544:, and the 1246:Korean War 1196:Also, the 1095:headed by 891:Management 611:AFR—Africa 533:Costa Rica 333:headed by 256:, and the 88:1961-11-03 9069:(brother) 9057:(brother) 9027:(brother) 8944:USS 8935:USS 8829:namesakes 8683:reactions 8458:Elections 7871:Irish Aid 7869:Ireland: 7857:Germany: 7845:Finland: 7839:Denmark: 7827:Austria: 7553:cite book 6882:146522432 6825:March 31, 6803:March 28, 6781:March 10, 6755:March 10, 6730:March 10, 6708:August 4, 6647:August 4, 6495:March 12, 6442:0261-3077 6292:4/17/2003 6289:USA Today 6225:usaid.gov 6188:jpost.com 6068:The Verge 5967:August 5, 5864:August 7, 5834:August 7, 5804:August 7, 5700:usaid.gov 5680:August 7, 5644:March 12, 5622:March 12, 5591:March 12, 5563:March 12, 5541:March 12, 5497:March 12, 4838:144564474 4563:April 26, 4472:April 22, 4225:April 25, 4054:April 17, 3751:2731-9970 3664:"Mission" 3385:usaid.gov 3367:usaid.gov 3088:March 12, 3062:March 12, 2968:August 7, 2836:usaid.gov 2816:August 7, 2487:terrorism 2428:Nicaragua 2412:Venezuela 2383:that the 2337:West Bank 2331:Critical 2251:West Bank 2189:that saw 1868:By region 1853:Agenda 21 1782:Indonesia 1585:signed a 1551:In 2003, 1395:Venezuela 1133:servicios 814:Democracy 792:Education 614:ASIA—Asia 523:of 1961. 325:personnel 250:President 192:Footnotes 135:Employees 9127:Category 9085:Pushinka 9063:(sister) 9051:(sister) 9045:(sister) 9039:(sister) 9033:(sister) 9021:(mother) 9015:(father) 8673:timeline 8383:speeches 8149:Resolute 8087:timeline 7985:Brazil: 7958:Canada: 7935:Turkey: 7923:Sweden: 7911:Russia: 7905:Poland: 7893:Norway: 7863:Greece: 7851:France: 7804:Taiwan: 7770:Kuwait: 7758:Israel: 7665:Archived 7588:June 21, 7543:June 13, 7521:June 13, 7446:cite web 7436:June 13, 7412:cite web 7382:June 21, 7335:cite web 7325:June 13, 7301:cite web 7271:June 13, 7251:June 13, 7212:June 13, 7186:cite web 7176:June 20, 7129:June 13, 7098:cite web 7088:June 15, 7047:June 13, 7041:cepr.net 7005:June 13, 6974:cite web 6940:June 13, 6924:June 13, 6851:June 15, 6701:BBC News 6616:July 17, 6581:June 25, 6467:NBC News 6408:April 1, 6096:April 5, 6074:April 5, 6048:April 5, 5993:July 30, 5774:26803228 5720:June 10, 5515:March 6, 5471:March 2, 5427:June 13, 5327:Archived 5165:June 19, 4926:June 19, 4760:June 21, 4674:June 19, 4607:June 21, 4179:June 17, 4087:. 9 (3). 3816:July 22, 3789:June 13, 3769:37521534 3760:10049891 3735:(1): 1. 3707:June 13, 3554:June 15, 3489:July 17, 3458:DRGLinks 3347:July 21, 3239:Archived 3165:June 13, 3140:June 19, 3114:June 19, 2936:July 16, 2786:March 8, 2589:See also 2578:Michigan 2549:and the 2436:Dominica 2333:graffiti 2235:PepsiCo. 2163:U.S. law 2146:Bolivian 1966:ZunZuneo 1935:and the 1772:Colombia 1722:Tanzania 1662:Ethiopia 1642:Pakistan 781:HIV-AIDS 717:Staffing 428:Pakistan 385:and the 284:Purposes 210:) is an 8557:Wexford 8519:debates 8106:Cabinet 7991:Chile: 7917:Spain: 7875:Italy: 7764:Japan: 7752:China: 7729:Egypt: 7615:in the 7507:USAID. 7375:USAID. 6550:May 27, 6382:May 27, 6207:Reuters 5372:1348954 5300:278–279 5253:May 22, 5227:May 22, 4830:1951900 3949:(2004). 3890:June 5, 3812:: 24–34 3590:. 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