406:, which reprimanded the Polish government. During the parliamentary elections of that year, the Polish government tried to deter the Ukrainian people from voting for Ukrainian parties. UNDO formed a temporary coalition with the other Ukrainian parties that won 21 seats in the House of deputies (17 of which were held by UNDO) and four seats in the Senate (3 of which were held by UNDO). Despite UNDO's presence in the parliament, anti-Ukrainian actions by the Polish state accelerated. Laws were passed that stipulated that only people who could speak and write Polish could serve as county or city officials, and four-fifths of Ukrainian judges were removed from their positions or transferred to Central and Western Poland.
458:, more access to administrative positions within the Polish state, and others. These demands were generally ignored by the Polish authorities, which led to a loss of credibility for Normalization among many Ukrainians. As a result, in 1938 UNDO proclaimed that Normalization had failed and that Poland opposed Ukrainian political life; it once again demanded autonomy for Poland's Ukrainian minority. At the same time, Germany's puppet government in Czechoslovakia granted autonomy to Slovakia's ethnic Ukrainian region,
462:. When in December 1938 articles began to appear in the German press supporting a Ukrainian state that would include parts of Poland, UNDO's leader informed the German ambassador in Warsaw that he saw no hopes for Polish-Ukrainian cooperation and that he hoped for German support. As a result, Poland pressed Germany to allow Hungary to annex Carpatho-Ukraine and when Hungary did so in 1939 Poland exploited Ukrainian disappointment in order to improve relations, and once again promised autonomy.
414:"Normalization." In exchange for UNDO agreeing to work with the Polish government, Ukrainians were guaranteed nineteen seats total in both houses of the Polish parliament, as well as the position of vice-marshal (speaker) of the Polish parliament, many Ukrainian political prisoners were amnestied, and credits were given to Ukrainian cooperatives. Russophile representation was also eliminated, and the status quo in Ukrainian schooling was maintained.
45:
788:
323:
418:
402:, which involved mass arrests and beatings of Ukrainian activists, burning down of Ukrainian reading rooms and cooperatives, and closing of Ukrainian private schools. UNDO's representatives in the Polish parliament led the Ukrainian delegation in sponsoring a motion condemning these acts. After the motion's rejection, the Ukrainian parliamentarians appealed to the
473:, UNDO's former leader, Dr. Dmytro Levitsky, who had once been chief of the Ukrainian delegation in the pre-war Polish parliament, as well as many of his colleagues, were arrested, deported to Moscow, and never heard from again. UNDO along with all other legal Ukrainian political parties was forced by the Soviet authorities to disband. As a result, the
255:. UNDO protested acts of antisemitism and cooperated with Jewish representatives in the Polish parliament. It supported Jewish civil rights and fought against Polish attempts to limit Jewish cultural practices. For example, UNDO's representatives in the Polish parliament joined their Jewish colleagues in voting against an attempt to limit
342:
266:
against Jews in 1936, an UNDO leader published an article called "After the Jews Will Come Our Turn." Despite its rejection of violence and discrimination against Jews, UNDO also engaged in an economic struggle against them by supporting
Ukrainian cooperatives through boycotting non-Ukrainian (and
428:
UNDO's efforts to reach an agreement with the Polish government led to fractures within the party. In 1933 a group of UNDO members led by Dmytro Paliiv left UNDO to form another party that was uncompromisingly opposed to both Poland as well as the Soviet Union. Although this new party was more
413:
and other Soviet atrocities affecting the
Ukrainian population, that the Soviet Union, not Poland was Ukraine's principal enemy, induced many UNDO's leaders to seek some sort of accommodation with the Polish government. In March 1935, UNDO reached a compromise with the Polish government known as
231:
and the "organic development" of
Ukrainian society that would prepare it for independence once the opportunity arose. The approach of "organic development" focused on building up Ukrainian institutions, promoting Ukrainian education, and fostering Ukrainian self-reliance organizations that could
290:, the Soviet form of government is alien to the mindset of the Ukrainian nation. But as we register facts, we cannot make note of certain facts while ignoring others. Therefore, we state the well-known and unquestionable fact that the national idea is growing, strengthening, and developing in
453:
During
Normalization, UNDO pressed the Polish government for more substantial changes, such as cultural autonomy in western Ukraine, improvement in elementary and secondary education, a Ukrainian university, self-government, elimination of
310:, coming to consider it the principal enemy of Ukraine. With this in mind, UNDO's programme evolved into seeking a new understanding with Poland. This alienated some of its supporters and brought it into conflict with the
232:
operate independently from the Polish authorities. In so doing, UNDO hoped to achieve through peaceful means that which was not attained through war. UNDO supported agrarian reform and the development and expansion of the
441:
resigned from his post as head of the party. While not resigning from the party itself, he went into internal opposition. Levytsky was supported by many of UNDO's members and by the editorial board of the newspaper
2278:
429:
nationalistic and authoritarian, it was legal and continued UNDO's opposition to the terrorism of the
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. Because the Poles were only willing to apply concessions to
477:(OUN), which already had an underground structure dating to its time of conflict with the Polish authorities, was left as the sole functioning, independent, political organization in western Ukraine.
389:. During the elections, it obtained approximately 600,000 votes and a large majority of the Ukrainian seats in the Polish parliament. Its main competitor within the Ukrainian community, the socialist
224:
because such actions resulted in negative repercussions on the
Ukrainian population. UNDO was essentially democratic in nature, guided by varying amounts of Catholic, liberal, and socialist ideology.
337:
85:
75:
248:. Ukrainian women's organizations actively participated in UNDO, which sent a woman representative to the Ukrainian parliament where she attained the position of party spokesperson.
2271:
2578:
262:. UNDO's support for the Jews was largely driven by the belief that actions against Jews would set a precedent for future discrimination against Ukrainians. Following a Polish
2264:
1742:
751:
2719:
2563:
532:
383:). UNDO's members controlled many of the region's Ukrainian financial, cooperative, and cultural institutions, including the principal western Ukrainian newspaper
2755:
1764:
1722:
71:
1414:
2304:
398:
216:
of western
Ukraine. It sought to promote Ukrainians' well-being within the Polish state until independence could be achieved, and in so doing opposed the
2568:
470:
201:
2217:
1757:
773:
2760:
2222:
1727:
1896:
1868:
1752:
1333:
2765:
2036:
725:
2471:
1879:
781:
2770:
2750:
1732:
1343:
212:
UNDO like other western
Ukrainian political parties considered Polish rule over current western Ukraine to be illegitimate, advocating the
267:
thus, often, Jewish) businesses. While rejecting Polish offers of cooperation against Jews, UNDO spokesmen also blamed Jews for spreading
2240:
2103:
1939:
1911:
1368:
2709:
2461:
332:
UNDO was founded at a party congress in 1925 through the merger of three western
Ukrainian political parties, under the leadership of
2745:
2605:
2507:
2379:
1854:
1492:
1388:
396:
In 1930, in response to terrorist activities of the
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, Poland initiated a policy referred to as
2529:
2495:
508:
2517:
2299:
2056:
1928:
1802:
529:
Lobbing dla Ukrainy w Europie Międzywojennej. Ukraińskie Biuro Prasowe w Londynie oraz jego konkurenci polityczni (do roku 1932)
2740:
2476:
2404:
2093:
1459:
1289:
1191:
1184:
948:
766:
474:
311:
221:
2558:
2026:
1603:
1348:
2287:
1989:
2425:
2389:
2004:
1945:
1923:
1885:
1789:
1583:
1523:
782:
291:
134:
709:
2598:
2409:
2046:
1598:
1541:
2714:
2512:
2394:
2148:
1933:
1818:
1784:
1747:
1700:
1688:
1634:
1439:
1203:
967:
828:
759:
368:
2128:
1813:
1497:
245:
2335:
2325:
1513:
1487:
1301:
1271:
233:
601:
In Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust. (1980) New York: Conference of Jewish Social Studies. pg. 177
2593:
2041:
1666:
1444:
2358:
2153:
2108:
1969:
1891:
1661:
1481:
1393:
1358:
194:
102:
2256:
2363:
2164:
2051:
2016:
1963:
1848:
1628:
1419:
1311:
1281:
1073:
486:
1409:
2456:
2440:
1917:
1710:
1683:
1678:
1617:
1469:
1454:
1399:
955:
2500:
2384:
2078:
2031:
1950:
1861:
1671:
1593:
1561:
1383:
1328:
742:
549:
466:
95:
2180:
2170:
2067:
1901:
1808:
1318:
1219:
1137:
1061:
1023:
930:
859:
846:
430:
352:
237:
2534:
2185:
2158:
2143:
1999:
1906:
1795:
1649:
1475:
390:
2583:
2466:
2399:
2340:
2123:
2088:
2073:
2061:
1979:
1737:
1705:
1644:
1353:
1104:
204:
in 1939. Throughout the interwar years, UNDO enjoyed both German and Soviet financial support.
186:
2638:
2435:
2138:
2133:
1994:
1984:
1656:
1622:
1503:
1378:
1373:
1162:
1110:
998:
809:
107:
17:
2191:
1956:
1694:
1639:
1464:
1363:
673:
409:
By 1932, the relentless Polish pressure combined with the perception, based in part on the
303:
2658:
8:
2643:
2633:
1843:
1508:
1449:
1434:
1404:
1128:
871:
688:
298:
ended, and news of Soviet crimes devastating Ukrainian society in the 1930s (such as the
241:
139:
2668:
2653:
2245:
2175:
2098:
2010:
1276:
1212:
1048:
348:
159:
129:
114:
1556:
1241:
1234:
1197:
1150:
1092:
1085:
1067:
961:
936:
902:
895:
865:
403:
446:. This split incapacitated the party. Levytsky was replaced as head of the party by
2693:
2663:
2113:
1874:
1306:
1295:
1265:
1175:
1011:
989:
923:
822:
459:
384:
2673:
2330:
2235:
2228:
2021:
1551:
1169:
1036:
1005:
883:
816:
438:
421:
372:
333:
306:) filtered into western Ukraine, UNDO radically altered its position towards the
286:, party leader, wrote in 1925, "We are firmly convinced that, much like abstract
283:
190:
182:
171:
1518:
2648:
2430:
1974:
1838:
1144:
1030:
853:
834:
568:
356:
275:
251:
UNDO pursued a dual policy with respect to Poland's next largest minority, the
2734:
2688:
2197:
1716:
1424:
1338:
1323:
1098:
908:
364:
326:
295:
282:, a significant segment of the UNDO leadership had a pro-Soviet orientation.
279:
646:
2286:
2118:
1611:
307:
213:
1429:
1225:
1055:
975:
916:
447:
376:
197:, which with almost 14% of Poland's population was the largest minority.
119:
2683:
2678:
2522:
652:
347:, which had been the leading western Ukrainian political party during
2610:
2309:
1588:
410:
299:
287:
268:
228:
217:
877:
434:
322:
259:
648:
Political Activities of the Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance
44:
2083:
630:
455:
417:
256:
179:
651:
Summary of Dissertation defended by Boris Gregorovich Khruslov,
787:
360:
263:
363:
were members of UNDO. Prominent figures in the party included
1540:
244:
cooperatives. UNDO also maintained close relations with the
800:
469:, UNDO declared its loyalty to the Polish state. After the
380:
379:, who would become the speaker of Poland's parliament (the
252:
1743:
Polish Socialist Party – Freedom, Equality, Independence
2213:
italic font – electoral alliances and/or popular fronts
1765:
Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania
783:
Political parties and political associations in Poland
599:
Ukrainian-Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation.
633:, article by Stanislav Kulchitsky, in the newspaper
619:
No way out: the politics of Polish Jewry, 1935-1939
274:
Seeing Poland as the main enemy, in the 1920s while
193:. It dominated the mainstream political life of the
164:Українське національно-демократичне об'єднання, УНДО
676:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 838-848
665:
663:
661:
200:UNDO was founded in 1925 and dissolved during the
1415:Organisation of the Polish Nation – Polish League
575:Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 434-441
2732:
1897:Christian Democracy of the Third Polish Republic
1753:Polish Socialist Party of the Prussian Partition
1334:Christian Democracy of the Third Polish Republic
705:
703:
701:
695:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pg. 598.
658:
584:Sharon L. Wolchik and Alfred G. Meyer. (1985).
450:, who became speaker of the Polish parliament.
168:Ukraiinśke Nacionaľno-Demokratychne Obiednannia
2756:Interwar Ukrainian political parties in Poland
1758:Polish Socialist Party – Revolutionary Faction
504:
502:
176:Ukraińskie Zjednoczenie Narodowo-Demokratyczne
36:Ukraińskie Zjednoczenie Narodowo-Demokratyczne
34:Українське національно-демократичне об'єднання
2272:
767:
698:
336:. It was the direct descendant of the prewar
2288:Modern Ukraine after the Russian Revolution
1369:Jurassic-Silesian Association European Home
499:
16:"UNDO" redirects here. For other uses, see
2710:Congress of the Enslaved Peoples of Russia
2279:
2265:
2232:****: not currently registered as a party
2037:Movement for the Republic – Patriotic Camp
774:
760:
684:
682:
586:Women, State, and Party in Eastern Europe
564:
562:
560:
558:
43:
1880:Centre Agreement – Integrative Initiative
1869:Catholic Electoral Committee "Fatherland"
1493:Social Movement of the Republic of Poland
1389:National Party of Retirees and Pensioners
1344:Edward Gierek's Economic Revival Movement
355:. The vast majority of western Ukraine's
2761:Political parties disestablished in 1939
1912:Citizens' Movement for Democratic Action
710:Encyclopedia of Ukraine, "Normalization"
613:
611:
609:
607:
416:
321:
2300:Universals (Central Council of Ukraine)
2104:Polish Confederation – Dignity and Work
2057:Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms
1940:Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union
1803:Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth
1728:Polish People's Party "Nowe Wyzwolenie"
679:
555:
375:, who led the party for ten years, and
367:, former head of the government of the
2733:
2618:Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance
2477:Central Executive Committee of Ukraine
2380:Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets
1460:Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland
621:Hebrew Union College Press: pp.113-130
475:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
456:Polish colonization of Ukrainian lands
312:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
222:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
207:
152:Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance
31:Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance
2766:Political parties established in 1925
2260:
2027:Movement for Reconstruction of Poland
1855:Agreement for the Future – CenterLeft
1604:Communist Party of Western Belorussia
1349:Farmers from the Baltic to the Tatras
755:
604:
202:Soviet annexation of western Ukraine
2771:Ukrainian nationalist organizations
2751:Defunct political parties in Poland
2390:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
2005:League of the Right of the Republic
1924:Confederation of Independent Poland
1790:Confederation of Independent Poland
338:Ukrainian National Democratic Party
86:Ukrainian National Democratic Party
13:
2410:Galician Soviet Socialist Republic
2405:Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic
1733:Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"
1599:Communist Party of Western Ukraine
588:. Duke University Press. pp.89-90
353:war of independence against Poland
14:
2782:
2715:All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets
2530:Ukrainian Social Democratic Party
2395:Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic
2149:Self-Defence of the Polish Nation
1970:Feminist Initiative/Women's Party
1785:Communist Party of Poland (Mijal)
1701:Polish Christian Democratic Party
1635:Christian Union of National Unity
1440:Polish Party of Animal Protection
1204:Confederation of the Polish Crown
968:Confederation of the Polish Crown
351:through western Ukraine's failed
2746:1939 disestablishments in Poland
2426:West Ukrainian People's Republic
786:
712:article written by Andrzej Zięba
670:Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia.
424:, party leader from 1925 to 1935
369:West Ukrainian National Republic
76:Ukrainian Party of National Work
2706:All-Ukrainian National Congress
2129:Polish Labour Party - August 80
1946:Democratic Party – demokraci.pl
1886:Centre Agreement – Polish Union
1594:Communist Party of Poland (KPP)
731:
715:
246:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
2579:Polish Democratic Center Party
1689:Polish-Catholic People's Party
640:
624:
591:
578:
538:
521:
471:Soviets annexed Eastern Poland
234:Ukrainian cooperative movement
227:UNDO supported constitutional
1:
2741:1925 establishments in Poland
2594:Socialist Revolutionary Party
1748:Polish Socialist Party – Left
1738:Polish Socialist Party (1892)
1723:Polish People's Party "Piast"
1667:National Radical Camp Falanga
492:
23:Political party in Poland
2541:Soviet of Peasants Deputies
2492:Ukrainian Socialist Parties
2154:Self-Defence Social Movement
1814:Polish United Workers' Party
1662:National Radical Camp (1934)
1482:Silesian Separatist Movement
1394:National Radical Camp (1993)
1359:First Self-Governance League
728:. Monday September 11, 1939.
655:University, 2000 (Ukrainian)
195:Ukrainian minority in Poland
7:
2552:Soviet of Soldiers Deputies
2364:Crimean Regional Government
2336:Ukrainian People's Republic
2326:Ukrainian People's Republic
2165:Solidarity Electoral Action
2052:National Self-Defence Front
2047:National Party "Fatherland"
2017:Liberal Democratic Congress
1929:Conservative People's Party
1849:Alternative Social Movement
1312:Union of Christian Families
1282:Agreement (political party)
1074:Union of European Democrats
512:, National Democratic Party
487:Bloc of National Minorities
480:
10:
2787:
2590:Russian Socialist Parties
2549:Soviet of Workers Deputies
2457:Central Council of Ukraine
2094:People's National Movement
1918:Coalition for the Republic
1470:Silesian Autonomy Movement
1455:Right Wing of the Republic
1400:National Revival of Poland
393:, received 280,000 votes.
317:
15:
2720:Labor Congress of Ukraine
2702:
2626:
2575:Polish Socialist Parties
2555:Jewish Socialist Parties
2544:Ukrainian Peasant Society
2485:
2449:
2418:
2385:Ukrainian Soviet Republic
2372:
2359:Crimean People's Republic
2351:
2319:Ukrainian national states
2318:
2295:
2241:List of political parties
2210:
2109:Polish Beer-Lovers' Party
2032:Movement for the Republic
1862:Catholic Electoral Action
1831:
1777:
1672:National Radical Camp ABC
1574:
1533:
1384:League of Polish Families
1253:
1125:
985:
796:
743:Columbia University Press
550:Columbia University Press
527:Andrzej A. Zięba (2010).
163:
125:
113:
101:
91:
81:
67:
59:
51:
42:
28:
1934:Democratic Left Alliance
1902:Christian National Union
1410:Bezpartyjni Samorządowcy
1319:United Beyond Boundaries
617:Emanuel Melzer. (1997).
517:, written by Vasyl Mudry
2535:Ukrainian Radical Party
2441:Kuban People's Republic
2352:Crimean national states
2305:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2186:Third Republic Movement
2159:Social Justice Movement
2000:League and Self-Defense
1907:Christian-Peasant Party
1796:Front of National Unity
1684:National Workers' Party
1679:National People's Union
1584:Catholic People's Party
1476:Silesian Regional Party
737:John Armstrong (1963).
544:John Armstrong (1963).
510:Encyclopedia of Ukraine
391:Ukrainian Radical Party
271:in Ukrainian villages.
115:Political position
2584:Polish Socialist Party
2400:Odessa Soviet Republic
2124:Polish Reason of State
2074:Patriotic Self-Defence
1645:Popular National Union
1445:Polish Communist Party
1254:Other existing parties
1105:Polish Socialist Party
467:Germany invaded Poland
425:
329:
187:Second Polish Republic
175:
2639:Volodymyr Vynnychenko
2508:Socialists-Sovereigns
2436:Kholodny Yar Republic
2134:Polish National Party
2042:National Party (1989)
1995:Labour Party (Poland)
1985:Initiative for Poland
1819:United People's Party
1809:Polish Workers' Party
1657:National Radical Camp
1623:Labour Faction (1937)
1488:Socialist Alternative
1374:Kashubian Association
1272:Alliance of Democrats
1220:Polish People's Party
1062:Polish People's Party
931:Polish People's Party
739:Ukrainian Nationalism
637:, February 14th, 2006
546:Ukrainian Nationalism
533:Księgarnia Akademicka
420:
325:
108:Ukrainian nationalism
72:Ukrainian Labor Party
18:Undo (disambiguation)
2472:Constituent Assembly
1695:Polish Catholic Bloc
1640:Camp of Great Poland
1465:Self-Defence Rebirth
1364:Freedom and Equality
693:A History of Ukraine
674:Volodymyr Kubiyovych
304:Executed Renaissance
220:and violence of the
2644:Vsevolod Holubovych
2634:Mykhailo Hrushevsky
2089:Peasants' Agreement
1892:Christian Democracy
1844:Alliance for Poland
1509:There is One Poland
1450:Real Politics Union
1435:Polish Pirate Party
1405:New Democracy - Yes
1258:political movements
1129:European Parliament
889:Independents (15)**
689:Paul Robert Magocsi
573:Ukraine: a History.
278:was experiencing a
208:Political programme
2669:Volodymyr Zatonsky
2654:Pavlo Skoropadskyi
2246:Politics of Poland
2176:The Poor of Poland
2099:Poland Comes First
2011:Left and Democrats
1964:European Coalition
1629:National Democracy
1514:Workers' Democracy
1277:Silesians Together
1126:Represented in the
1049:Third Way (Poland)
942:Independent (1)***
426:
330:
178:) was the largest
130:Politics of Poland
2728:
2727:
2659:Noman Çelebicihan
2486:Political parties
2419:Other territories
2344:
2254:
2253:
2206:
2205:
1827:
1826:
1773:
1772:
1570:
1569:
1542:Polish–Lithuanian
1151:Polish Initiative
1068:Centre for Poland
956:National Movement
937:Centre for Poland
866:Polish Initiative
631:We and the Empire
597:Philip Friedman.
404:League of Nations
148:
147:
135:Political parties
2778:
2694:Maria Nikiforova
2674:Georgiy Pyatakov
2664:Yukhym Medvediev
2501:independent left
2338:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2258:
2257:
2218:Zbigniew Ajchler
2114:Poland Fair Play
2079:Party of Regions
1951:Democratic Union
1875:Centre Agreement
1829:
1828:
1775:
1774:
1618:Labor Party (PP)
1572:
1571:
1538:
1537:
1329:Civic Initiative
1307:Party of Drivers
1296:All-Polish Youth
1266:Polish Coalition
1156:Independents (3)
1118:Independents (4)
1042:Independents (4)
1017:Independents (4)
1012:Sovereign Poland
924:Polish Coalition
840:Independent (2)*
823:Sovereign Poland
791:
790:
776:
769:
762:
753:
752:
746:
735:
729:
719:
713:
707:
696:
686:
677:
672:(1963). Editor:
667:
656:
644:
638:
628:
622:
615:
602:
595:
589:
582:
576:
566:
553:
542:
536:
535:, pp. 136-7, 151
525:
519:
506:
460:Carpatho-Ukraine
437:, UNDO's leader
346:
280:cultural revival
165:
82:Preceded by
47:
26:
25:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2698:
2622:
2481:
2445:
2414:
2368:
2347:
2331:Ukrainian State
2314:
2291:
2285:
2255:
2250:
2236:Portal:Politics
2231:
2229:Marek Biernacki
2226:
2223:Piotr Adamowicz
2220:
2215:
2202:
2181:The Republicans
2068:Social Alliance
2022:Libertas Poland
1823:
1769:
1576:
1566:
1552:Patriotic Party
1543:
1534:Defunct parties
1529:
1524:German Minority
1420:Peasants' Party
1302:National League
1257:
1255:
1249:
1170:Law and Justice
1138:Civic Coalition
1127:
1121:
1079:Independent (1)
1037:Yes! For Poland
1024:Civic Coalition
1006:Law and Justice
987:
981:
884:Yes! For Poland
847:Civic Coalition
817:Law and Justice
798:
792:
785:
780:
750:
749:
736:
732:
726:"National Glue"
720:
716:
708:
699:
687:
680:
668:
659:
645:
641:
629:
625:
616:
605:
596:
592:
583:
579:
567:
556:
543:
539:
526:
522:
507:
500:
495:
483:
439:Dmytro Levytsky
422:Dmytro Levytsky
373:Dmytro Levytsky
340:
334:Dmytro Levytsky
320:
284:Dmytro Levytsky
236:, particularly
210:
191:Western Ukraine
183:political party
144:
38:
37:
35:
32:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2784:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2649:Symon Petliura
2646:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2431:Makhnovshchina
2428:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2284:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2261:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2144:Right Alliance
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1975:Forward Poland
1972:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1839:Ancestral Home
1835:
1833:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1713:
1711:People's Party
1708:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1650:National Party
1647:
1642:
1637:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1577:inter-war eras
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1557:Hetmans' Party
1554:
1548:
1546:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1261:
1259:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1145:Civic Platform
1133:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1031:Civic Platform
1020:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1009:
994:
992:
986:Represented in
983:
982:
980:
979:
973:
972:
971:
965:
959:
945:
944:
943:
940:
934:
920:
914:
913:
912:
906:
892:
891:
890:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
854:Civic Platform
843:
842:
841:
838:
835:Polish Affairs
832:
826:
820:
805:
803:
797:Represented in
794:
793:
779:
778:
771:
764:
756:
748:
747:
730:
714:
697:
678:
657:
639:
623:
603:
590:
577:
569:Orest Subtelny
554:
537:
520:
497:
496:
494:
491:
490:
489:
482:
479:
357:intelligentsia
319:
316:
292:Soviet Ukraine
276:Soviet Ukraine
209:
206:
146:
145:
143:
142:
137:
132:
126:
123:
122:
117:
111:
110:
105:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
69:
68:Merger of
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
40:
39:
33:
30:
29:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2783:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2689:Nestor Makhno
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:Major figures
2625:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2462:Minor Council
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:Soviet states
2371:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2199:
2198:Your Movement
2196:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1990:Initiative RP
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:Freedom Union
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:Communist era
1776:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1717:Polish Centre
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1706:Peasant Party
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1573:
1563:
1562:Familia Party
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:Piast Faction
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1339:Common Powiat
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1324:Better Poland
1322:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1290:Confederation
1287:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1252:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1192:Confederation
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1185:Confederation
1182:
1177:
1176:United Poland
1174:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1099:Left Together
1097:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
996:
995:
993:
991:
984:
977:
974:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
953:
951:
950:
949:Confederation
946:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
928:
926:
925:
921:
918:
915:
910:
909:Left Together
907:
904:
901:
900:
898:
897:
893:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
851:
849:
848:
844:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
814:
812:
811:
807:
806:
804:
802:
795:
789:
784:
777:
772:
770:
765:
763:
758:
757:
754:
744:
740:
734:
727:
723:
722:Time Magazine
718:
711:
706:
704:
702:
694:
690:
685:
683:
675:
671:
666:
664:
662:
654:
650:
649:
643:
636:
632:
627:
620:
614:
612:
610:
608:
600:
594:
587:
581:
574:
570:
565:
563:
561:
559:
551:
547:
541:
534:
530:
524:
518:
515:
514:
511:
505:
503:
498:
488:
485:
484:
478:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
451:
449:
445:
440:
436:
433:, and not to
432:
423:
419:
415:
412:
407:
405:
401:
400:
394:
392:
388:
387:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:Kost Levytsky
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:Austrian rule
344:
339:
335:
328:
327:Kost Levytsky
324:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:Ukrainization
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
270:
265:
261:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
225:
223:
219:
215:
205:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:
177:
173:
169:
161:
157:
153:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
116:
112:
109:
106:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
27:
19:
2617:
2212:
2190:
2163:
2139:Reason Party
2119:Polish Union
2066:
2009:
1962:
1955:
1938:
1916:
1884:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1801:
1794:
1715:
1693:
1627:
1612:Front Morges
1610:
1544:Commonwealth
1504:Slavic Union
1379:Labour Party
1288:
1264:
1233:
1211:
1183:
1163:United Right
1161:
1136:
1111:Labour Union
1084:
1047:
1022:
999:United Right
997:
947:
922:
894:
845:
810:United Right
808:
741:. New York:
738:
733:
721:
717:
692:
669:
647:
642:
634:
626:
618:
598:
593:
585:
580:
572:
548:. New York:
545:
540:
528:
523:
516:
513:
509:
464:
452:
443:
427:
408:
399:Pacification
397:
395:
385:
331:
308:Soviet Union
273:
260:slaughtering
250:
238:agricultural
226:
214:independence
211:
199:
189:, active in
167:
155:
151:
149:
92:Headquarters
2569:Poalei Zion
2467:Directorate
2450:Parliaments
2341:Directorate
2290:(1917–1920)
2192:United Left
1957:Europa Plus
1575:Pre-war and
1430:Polish Left
1226:Poland 2050
1056:Poland 2050
917:Poland 2050
552:, pp. 18-19
448:Vasyl Mudry
377:Vasyl Mudry
341: [
120:Centre-left
2735:Categories
2679:Yuri Gaven
2611:Mensheviks
2606:Bolsheviks
2559:Fareynikte
2523:Borotbists
1832:Modern era
1519:Freedomers
1498:Solidarity
872:The Greens
691:. (1996).
653:Chernivtsi
571:. (1988).
531:. Kraków:
493:References
2310:Act Zluky
1589:Centrolew
1213:Third Way
878:AGROunion
411:Holodomor
300:Holodomor
294:." After
288:communism
269:Communism
242:financial
229:democracy
218:terrorism
180:Ukrainian
160:Ukrainian
140:Elections
60:Dissolved
2684:Béla Kun
2564:The Bund
2339:(led by
2225:et al.,
1242:New Left
1235:The Left
1198:New Hope
1093:New Left
1086:The Left
976:Kukiz'15
962:New Hope
903:New Left
896:The Left
829:Renew RP
745:, pg. 65
481:See also
435:Volhynia
103:Ideology
2084:Party X
1354:Falanga
431:Galicia
318:History
185:in the
52:Founded
2171:Spring
990:Senate
860:Modern
850:(157)
813:(191)
361:clergy
264:pogrom
257:kosher
172:Polish
96:Poland
2496:USDLP
2227:***:
1166:(20)
1141:(21)
1052:(12)
1027:(41)
1002:(34)
952:(18)
927:(32)
899:(26)
856:(127)
819:(165)
465:When
345:]
2599:Left
2518:UPSR
2513:UPSF
2221:**:
2062:Now!
1526:****
1238:(3)
1216:(3)
1188:(6)
1172:(18)
1147:(17)
1089:(9)
1033:(36)
1008:(29)
988:the
933:(28)
919:(33)
905:(19)
825:(18)
801:Sejm
799:the
444:Dilo
386:Dilo
381:Sejm
359:and
302:and
253:Jews
240:and
156:UNDO
150:The
74:and
63:1939
55:1925
2216:*:
1256:and
1244:(3)
1228:(1)
1222:(2)
1206:(1)
1200:(2)
1194:(3)
1178:(2)
1153:(1)
1113:(1)
1107:(1)
1101:(2)
1095:(5)
1076:(1)
1070:(1)
1064:(4)
1058:(5)
1039:(1)
1014:(1)
978:(3)
970:(3)
964:(8)
958:(6)
939:(3)
911:(7)
886:(1)
880:(1)
874:(3)
868:(4)
862:(6)
837:(1)
831:(5)
635:Day
158:) (
154:, (
2737::
724:,
700:^
681:^
660:^
606:^
557:^
501:^
371:,
343:uk
314:.
174::
170:,
166:,
162::
2343:)
2280:e
2273:t
2266:v
1500:*
1484:*
1478:*
1472:*
1396:*
1298:*
775:e
768:t
761:v
20:.
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