157:. Indeed, improvement in economic standards developed concurrently with the increase in Ukrainian national consciousness. Because the professions of moneylending and shopkeeping had traditionally been Jewish vocations in western Ukraine, the cooperative movement also created financial hardship for the local Jewish community, by eliminating many Jewish jobs. The financial hardship caused antagonism between the two communities and was a cause for Jewish emigration from Galicia.
182:. Many western Ukrainian veterans took part in the movement, claiming that "by working in the cooperatives we are once again the nation's soldiers." Every bit of capital that stayed in Ukrainian hands was seen as a victory against the Polish enemy. The cooperative organization grew and became elaborately organized. Credit Unions were united into the
226:
institutions. The success of the
Ukrainian credit unions is reflected in the fact that by the late 1990s, Ukrainian credit unions in the United States alone had assets of 1.1 billion dollars. Ten years later, this had grown to 2.146 billion dollars in assets held by 17 Ukrainian American Credit Unions. In 2006, 10 Ukrainian credit unions in
152:
of western
Ukraine and the peasantry, something that the intelligentsia in Russian-ruled Ukraine was not able to accomplish. Because the cooperative movement was largely the project of Ukrainophiles (those western Ukrainians with a patriotic Ukrainian national orientation), its practical help to the
209:
The Polish government was alarmed by the growth of
Ukrainian cooperatives and attempted to limit them by supporting Polish cooperatives and creating problems through allegations of hygiene code violations or incorrect filing of reports. In 1934, the Polish government passed a law forcing Ukrainian
31:
that enabled
Ukrainians (primarily peasants) to pool their resources, to obtain less expensive loans and insurance, and to pay less for products such as farm equipment. The cooperatives played a major role in the social and economic mobilization of the Ukrainian people, most of whom were peasants.
225:
Western
Ukrainians brought cooperatives with them as they emigrated to North and South America, western Europe and Australia. Credit unions served the purpose of offering personal and business loans that Ukrainian immigrants would have otherwise have had difficulty obtaining from other financial
205:
All of these organizations were further subordinated into an umbrella organization called the Audit Union of
Ukrainian Cooperatives (RUSK). The number of Ukrainian cooperatives in Galicia grew from 580 in 1921 to 2,500 in 1928 and approximately 4,000 by 1939. Membership on the eve of the second
177:
in 1919. This dramatically widened the scope of the
Ukrainian cooperative movement. No longer merely a tool for economic progress, cooperatives came to be seen as a school for self-government and a method of economic self-defence against the Polish occupiers. The movement was particularly
128:
credit union was the first to be stable and well-regulated. Typically charging approximately 10% interest for loans, hundreds of credit unions sprung up throughout
Austrian-ruled Ukraine. They helped put traditional moneylenders out of business. In 1904, a central association of Ukrainian
89:. Its ability to do so was limited, however, by lack of experience in economic matters. The need for an experienced organizer was fulfilled by Vasyl Nahirny (Ukrainian Galician architect and public figure, one of the "parents" of the cooperative movement in
230:
reported assets of 1.2 billion dollars CDN. These credit unions continue the
Ukrainian cooperative movement's mission of service to the Ukrainian community. In 2007, Ukrainian American credit unions donated over 3 million dollars in support of Ukrainian
140:
were heavily involved in the cooperative movement, and an association of priests formed whose focus was on improving the peasants' socioeconomic conditions. Many priests took part in organizing cooperatives. The Church's leader,
202:. Women had their own cooperative, which by 1936 included 36,000 members. It taught women how to operate cooperatives and nursing schools, and established a cooperative that helped to popularize and sell folk art made at home.
101:("People's Trade"), whose goal was to buy and sell products in large quantities, eliminate middlemen, and pass the savings on to the Ukrainian villagers. Through this cooperative Nahirny hoped to familiarize Ukrainians with
145:, taught that the poor needed more than merely money and that the educated or well off had a duty to help the poor learn how to raise themselves from their circumstances - "teach them, show them how to improve their lot."
346:
450:
148:
The rise of the cooperative movement in late 19th century
Ukraine had several effects. It helped to bring about a close and harmonious relationship between the
214:
194:, which included dairies supplied by over 200,000 farms. It dominated the western Ukrainian and even much of the central Polish market, and exported to
37:
32:
First begun in 1883, by 1939 cooperatives had 700,000 members in western Ukraine, employing 15,000 Ukrainians. The cooperatives were shut down by the
210:
cooperatives outside Galicia to unite with Polish ones. Despite such tactics, Ukrainians had twice as many cooperatives per capita than did Poles.
254:
179:
475:
425:
435:
393:
465:
440:
430:
170:
153:
Ukrainian population contributed to its allegiance to the Ukrainian national movement rather than to the competing
133:
455:
470:
460:
420:
415:
217:, the Soviet authorities liquidated most Ukrainian community institutions, including Ukrainian cooperatives.
112:, whose aim was to teach the peasants modern farming methods, was founded. By 1913 it had 32,000 members.
445:
244:
174:
137:
90:
70:
40:. However, they continue to exist and flourish among Ukrainian emigrants and their descendants in
206:
world war was estimated at 700,000 people, and the cooperatives employed over 15,000 Ukrainians.
129:
cooperatives was formed, which had 550 institutional affiliates and 180,000 individual members.
350:
Ukraine: The agricultural sector continues to hold its leading position in the domestic economy
315:. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta. pg. 250 and pg. 264
232:
259:
154:
307:
Andrii Krawchuk. (1989). "Andriy Sheptytsky and the Ethics of Christian Social Action." In
120:
and by 1907 had 213,000 policyholders. Most important, however, was the rise of Ukrainian
81:
society which had been dedicated to educational and cultural efforts attempted to organize
8:
360:
331:
308:
378:
53:
190:(People's Trade") brought together urban retailers. Dairy cooperatives united to form
142:
178:
supported by western Ukrainians' largest and most significant political party, the
397:
166:
97:
studying that nation's well-developed cooperative systems. In 1883 he organized
74:
169:
collapsed following the first world war, in 1918 western Ukrainians declared an
336:
A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pg. 442 and pg. 589
291:
199:
149:
409:
390:
121:
82:
33:
364:
Leadership Conference focuses on Ukrainian Americans' expanding horizons.
249:
94:
28:
24:
86:
49:
379:
Official website of the Ukrainian National Credit Union Association
102:
78:
41:
298:
Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 324-325 and pp.437-438.
195:
27:
people through the creation of financial, agricultural and trade
227:
45:
313:
Morality and Reality: the Life and Times of Andrei Sheptytsky
117:
23:
was a movement that addressed the economic plight of the
69:The Ukrainian cooperative movement originated in
407:
124:. Although some existed as early as 1874, the
73:, a western Ukrainian region that was part of
451:Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland 1939–1941
215:Soviet Union annexed western Ukraine in 1939
116:, an insurance company, was established in
108:Many other cooperatives followed. In 1899,
287:
285:
283:
281:
279:
277:
275:
327:
325:
323:
321:
374:
372:
272:
16:1883–1939 political movement in Ukraine
408:
318:
255:Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance
180:Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance
64:
369:
160:
348:Agriculture in the Black Sea Region
38:annexed by the Soviet Union in 1939
13:
220:
14:
487:
175:conquered and absorbed by Poland
366:by Yaro Bihun. October 19, 1997
134:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
384:
354:
340:
301:
21:Ukrainian Cooperative Movement
1:
265:
93:), who had spent a decade in
391:Canadian Credit Union Report
77:. Initially, the Ukrainian
7:
476:Ukrainian Austro-Hungarians
426:Economic history of Ukraine
238:
10:
492:
59:
436:Social history of Ukraine
36:when western Ukraine was
466:Catholic social teaching
245:Agricultural cooperative
441:Cooperatives in Ukraine
431:20th century in Ukraine
233:community organizations
155:pro-Russian orientation
42:North and South America
456:Ukrainian nationalism
260:Khrystofor Baranovsky
471:Ukrainians in Poland
461:Socialism in Ukraine
421:Mutualism (movement)
416:Cooperative movement
381:Annual Meeting 2008
332:Paul Robert Magocsi
309:Paul Robert Magocsi
296:Ukraine: a History.
65:Under Austrian Rule
396:2009-03-22 at the
188:Narodnia Torhivlia
186:("Central Bank").
54:Ukrainian diaspora
34:Soviet authorities
446:Agrarian politics
362:Ukrainian Weekly.
171:independent state
161:Under Polish Rule
143:Andrei Sheptytsky
99:Narodna Torhivlia
483:
400:
388:
382:
376:
367:
358:
352:
344:
338:
329:
316:
305:
299:
289:
491:
490:
486:
485:
484:
482:
481:
480:
406:
405:
404:
403:
398:Wayback Machine
389:
385:
377:
370:
359:
355:
345:
341:
330:
319:
306:
302:
290:
273:
268:
241:
223:
221:Outside Ukraine
167:Austria-Hungary
163:
110:Silsky Hospodar
75:Austria-Hungary
67:
62:
17:
12:
11:
5:
489:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
402:
401:
383:
368:
353:
339:
317:
300:
292:Orest Subtelny
270:
269:
267:
264:
263:
262:
257:
252:
247:
240:
237:
222:
219:
200:Czechoslovakia
162:
159:
150:intelligentsia
66:
63:
61:
58:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
488:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
411:
399:
395:
392:
387:
380:
375:
373:
365:
363:
357:
351:
349:
343:
337:
333:
328:
326:
324:
322:
314:
310:
304:
297:
293:
288:
286:
284:
282:
280:
278:
276:
271:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
242:
236:
234:
229:
218:
216:
211:
207:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
172:
168:
158:
156:
151:
146:
144:
139:
135:
130:
127:
123:
122:Credit unions
119:
115:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:, stores and
84:
83:credit unions
80:
76:
72:
57:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
386:
361:
356:
347:
342:
335:
312:
303:
295:
224:
212:
208:
204:
191:
187:
183:
164:
147:
131:
125:
113:
109:
107:
98:
68:
29:cooperatives
20:
18:
334:. (1996).
250:Cooperative
184:Tsentrobank
95:Switzerland
410:Categories
294:. (1988).
266:References
192:Maslosoyuz
138:its clergy
87:warehouses
213:When the
173:that was
50:Australia
25:Ukrainian
394:Archived
239:See also
103:commerce
79:Prosvita
311:(Ed.).
196:Austria
114:Dnister
91:Galicia
71:Galicia
60:History
228:Canada
165:After
46:Europe
198:and
136:and
132:The
126:Vira
118:Lviv
52:—in
48:and
19:The
412::
371:^
320:^
274:^
235:.
105:.
56:.
44:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.