Ulaanbaatar - Knowledge

3096: 1480: 1842: 3860: 3918: 4175: 3985: 198: 4424: 4779: 4683: 4539: 134: 3899: 1412: 165: 188: 2878: 290: 3942: 90: 678: 1216:) passed through the area of Ulaanbaatar. The Tuul River naturally leads to the north-side of Bogd Khan Mountain, which stands out as a large island of forest positioned conspicuously at the south-western edge of the Khentii mountains. As the main gate and stopover point on the route to and from the holy Khentii mountains, the Bogd Khan Mountain saw large amounts of traffic going past it and was protected from early times. Even after the Northern Yuan period it served as the location of the annual and triannual Assembly of Nobles ( 4054: 237: 3887: 1498: 151: 254: 4044: 3969: 104: 4470: 2999: 4635: 4587: 3875: 3930: 4247: 3728: 3313: 4355: 3354: 4731: 4555: 4795: 4763: 3957: 8185: 4747: 363: 4667: 4619: 1653: 1389: 4603: 4715: 4699: 4651: 4571: 4523: 3637: 3693: 120: 1144: 2893:. Starting after the fall of communism, many of the towerblocks' ground floors were modified and upgraded to small shops, and many new buildings have been erected—some illegally, as some private companies erect buildings without legal licenses/permits. Since the 2010s, a construction boom has been ongoing, leading to many high-rise apartment and office blocks in the inner core as well as new settlement areas. 73: 1462:, and nearby the palace of the Manchu viceroy. With the growth of Western trade at the Chinese ports, the tea trade to Russia declined, some Chinese merchants left, and wool became the main export. Manufactured goods still came from Russia, but most were now brought from Kalgan by caravan. The annual trade was estimated at 25 million rubles, nine-tenths in Chinese hands and one-tenth in Russian. 297: 261: 1833:. The decision was met by a public outcry and criticism from the Union of Mongolian Architects, which demanded that the buildings be preserved and restored. In January 2020, culture minister Yondonperenlein Baatarbileg denied that the government intended to demolish buildings other than the Natural History Museum, and stated that the government planned to renovate them instead. 3222:, Ulaanbaatar has been the focal point for urbanization and migration from rural areas. With a population of 400 thousand in 1979, it has experienced rapid growth, reaching 1 million inhabitants around 2007. Population growth in the 2010s averaged 2.7% a year, representing a two-fold fall from the previous decade. In 2020, the city's population was recorded as 1,466,125. 7905: 1661: 3087:), in the southeastern outskirts of the city, opened in 2009 and has become a popular summer destination for residents. It has a total area of 55 hectares, with over 100,000 trees planted. The park is geared towards becoming an educational center for healthy, responsible living as well as environmental education. 3852:

that took the lives of over 32,000 statesmen, herders, scholars, politicians and lamas in the 1930s – told about one of the most tragic periods in Mongolia's 20th-century history. The small building had fallen into serious disrepair and was demolished on 7 October 2019, despite public outcry in favor

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Since Mongolia's transition to a market economy in 1990, the city has experienced rapid growth. From a population of 535,000 in 1990, it had grown to 1 million inhabitants by 2007, and 1.5 million by 2021, or about half the entire country's population. Much of this rapid population rise is attributed

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Concerning the prolonged public outcry, Minister of Education, Culture Science and Sports Yo.Baatarbileg today clarified during his meeting with reporters that "Buildings of National Academic Drama Theater, National Academic Theater of Opera and Ballet of Mongolia and Central Library of Mongolia are

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In 1986, the Ulaanbaatar government created a centralized system for all public libraries in the city, known as the Metropolitan Library System of Ulaanbaatar (MLSU). This system coordinates management, acquisitions, finances and policy among public libraries in the capital, in addition to providing

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of 267 millimetres (10.51 in) falls from May to September. The highest recorded annual precipitation in the city was 659 millimetres or 25.94 inches at the Khureltogoot Astronomical Observatory on Mount Bogd Khan Uul. Ulaanbaatar has an average annual temperature of 0.2 °C or 32.4 °F,

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The largest corporations and conglomerates of Mongolia are almost all headquartered in Ulaanbaatar. In 2017 Ulaanbaatar had five billionaires and 90 multimillionaires with net worth above 10 million dollars. Major Mongolian companies include MCS Group, Gatsuurt LLC, Genco, MAK, Altai Trading, Tavan

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A 1913 panorama of the city. The large circular compound in the middle is the Zuun Khuree temple-palace complex. The Gandan temple complex is to the left. The palaces of the Bogd are to the south of the river. To the far bottom right of the painting is the Maimaicheng district. To its left are the

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What they call the Urga is the court, or the place where the prince (Tusheet Khan) and high priest (Bogd Jebtsundamba Khutugtu) reside, who are always encamped at no great distance from one another. They have several thousand tents about them, which are removed from time to time. The Urga is much

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The movements of the city can be detailed as follows: Shireet Tsagaan Nuur (1639), Khoshoo Tsaidam (1640), Khentii Mountains (1654), Ogoomor (1688), Inner Mongolia (1690), Tsetserlegiin Erdene Tolgoi (1700), Daagandel (1719), Usan Seer (1720), Ikh Tamir (1722), Jargalant (1723), Eeven Gol (1724),

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is a major problem in Ulaanbaatar, with average peak hour driving speeds in the city being 8.9 km/h in 2021. In the same year, city residents spent an average of 2.5 hours a day stuck in traffic. Recent studies predict rush hour speeds plummeting to just 5 km/hr by 2025. Another major problem is

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In 1839, the 5th Bogd Jebtsundamba moved his residence to Gandan Hill, an elevated position to the west of the Baruun Damnuurchin markets. Part of the city was moved to nearby Tolgoit. In 1855, the part of the camp that moved to Tolgoit was brought back to its 1778 location, and the 7th Bogd

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without plumbing, sanitation, central heating, and basic services. This rise in population, including the formation of new settlement areas, has not been accompanied with appropriate investment in infrastructure and services, hampering development and causing a myriad of problems.

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from Chinese imprisonment and killing a part of the Chinese garrison. Baron Ungern's capture of Urga was followed by the clearing out of Mongolia's small gangs of demoralized Chinese soldiers and, at the same time, looting and murder of foreigners, including a vicious pogrom that

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Ulaanbaatar (Urga) has been a key location where the economic history and wealth creation of the nation has played out. Unlike the highly mobile dwellings of herders nomadizing between winter and summer pastures, Urga was set up to be a semi-permanent residence of the high lama

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In 1919, Mongolian nobles, over the opposition of the Bogd Khan, agreed with the Chinese resident Chen Yi on a settlement of the "Mongolian question" along Qing-era lines, but before this settlement could be put into effect, Khüree was occupied by the troops of Chinese warlord

1400:. For example, in 1797 a decree of the 4th Jebtsundamba forbade "singing, playing with archery, myagman, chess, usury and smoking"). Executions were forbidden where the holy temples of the Bogd Jebtsundama could be seen, so capital punishment took place away from the city. 2957:

Ulaanbaatar presently has multiple cinemas, one modern ski resort, two large indoor stadiums, several large department stores and one large amusement park. Food, entertainment and recreation venues are steadily increasing in variety. International food chains such as

1995:, but Greenland is not independent). Nuuk has a tundra climate with consistent cold temperatures throughout the year. Ulaanbaatar's annual average is brought down by its cold winter temperatures even though it is significantly warm from late April to early October. 1440:, and southeast over the mountains to Peking. Urga was also a collection point for goods coming from further west. These were either sent to China or shipped north to Russia via Kyakhta, because of legal restrictions and the lack of good trade routes to the west. 5503:

On October 7, Mongolia's Victims of Political Persecution Memorial Museum was demolished. The museum was housed in one of Ulan Bator's oldest buildings, a small, brown wooden house in the center of the city, which stood in contrast to the high-rises surrounding

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More than half the wealth created in Urga in the period from 1639 to 1688 is thought to have been lost in 1688. Only in 1701 did Urga return to the region and start a second period of expansion, but it had to remain mobile until the end of the 70-year-long

4088:(established in 1946), in the Khan-Uul District (established in 1948), in the Bayanzurkh District (established in 1968) and in the Songino-Khairkhan District (established in 1991). There is also a Children's Central Library, which was established in 1979. 1699:, connecting Ulaanbaatar with Moscow and Beijing, was completed in 1956, and cinemas, theaters, museums and other modern facilities were erected. Most of the temples and monasteries of pre-socialist Khüree were destroyed following the anti-religious 7220: 7153: 1294:

Khujirtbulan (1729), Burgaltai (1730), Sognogor (1732), Terelj (1733), Uliastai River (1734), Khui Mandal (1736), Khuntsal (1740), Udleg (1742), Ogoomor (1743), Selbe (1747), Uliastai River (1756), Selbe (1762), Khui Mandal (1772) and Selbe (1778).

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recommended maximum levels by more than a dozen times. They also exceed the concentrations measured in northern Chinese industrial cities. During the winter months, smoke regularly obscures vision, and even led to problems with air traffic at the

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throughout the city and heat buildings during the winter months from September to April. Ger districts surrounding the city are not connected to the central heating system, therefore having to rely on burning coal and other materials for heat.

720:. It has a population of 1.6 million, and it is the coldest capital city in the world by average yearly temperature. The municipality is located in north central Mongolia at an elevation of about 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) in a valley on the 4130:

The Press Institute in Ulaanbaatar oversees the Digital Archive of Mongolian Newspapers. It is a collection of 45 newspaper titles with a particular focus on the years after the fall of communism in Mongolia. The project was supported by the

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In July 2015, a smart card system was rolled out for bus fare payments (U Money) - previously the bus network had conductors from which tickets would be bought using cash. As of 2021, fares are 100-200₮ for children and 300-500₮ for adults.

4151:(ACMS) operates a research library with 1,500 volumes related to Mongolia in numerous languages. It also hosts an online library that includes special reference resources and access to digital databases, including a digital book collection. 3842:. Part of the museum is dedicated to special photo exhibits that change frequently. The Mongolian Railway History Museum is an open-air museum that displays six types of locomotives used during a 65-year period of Mongolian rail history. 1977:

The city features brief, warm summers and long, bitterly cold and dry winters. The coldest January temperatures, usually at the time just before sunrise, are between −36 and −40 °C (−32.8 and −40.0 °F) with no wind, because of

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This has garnered public criticism, including the Union of Mongolian Architects, who claimed that those buildings hold cultural heritage and architectural values, and demanding preservation and restoration of the buildings instead of

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As the parliament began its autumn legislative agenda, the government budget for the year revealed several line items financing the demolition of the city's Natural History Museum, Opera and Ballet House, Drama Theatre, and Central

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The transition to a market economy in 1990 has so far correlated with an increase in GDP, leading to a shift towards service industries (which now make up 43% of the city's GDP) along with rapid urbanization and population growth.

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The Mongolia-Japan Center for Human Resources Development maintains a library in Ulaanbaatar consisting of about 7,800 items, with a strong focus on both aiding Mongolians studying Japanese and books in Japanese about Mongolia.

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The Military Museum of Mongolia features two permanent exhibition halls, commemorating the war history of the country from prehistoric times to the modern era. In the first hall, one can see various tools and weapons from the

4497:, but also the local coal-fueled power plants. The problem is compounded by Ulaanbaatar's location in a valley between relatively high mountains, which shield the city from the winter winds and thus obstruct air circulation. 3644:

Ulaanbaatar features a mix of traditional and western-style theatres, offering world-class performances. Many of the traditional folklore bands play regularly around the world, including in New York, London and Tokyo. The

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On 22 February 1921, the Bogd Khan was once again elevated to Great Khan of Mongolia in Urga. However, at the same time that Baron Ungern was taking control of Urga, a Soviet-supported Communist Mongolian force led by

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and Chinese traders started by an incident at the Da Yi Yu shop in the Baruun Damnuurchin market district. He was unable to bring the lamas under control, and was forced to flee back to his quarters. In 1911, with the

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is an amusement park located in the downtown section, south of Shangri-La Hotel. It is also a popular place for young people to hang out. This small amusement park features rides, games and paddle boats. Its original

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zone to the south and the forest-steppe zone to the north. Traditionally, Ulaanbaatar is said to be surrounded by four peaks, clockwise from west: Songino Khairkhan, Chingeltei, Bayanzurkh, and finally Bogd Khan Uul.

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with a length of 31 kilometres (19 miles) and width of 3 kilometres (1.9 miles), covering an area of 67,300 hectares (166,302 acres). Nature conservation dates back to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries when the

6591: 4017: 1341:) made most of the city's religious decisions. It had also become Outer Mongolia's commercial center. From 1733 to 1778, Urga moved around the vicinity of its present location. In 1754, the Erdene Shanzodba Yam 1774:. A four-day state of emergency was declared, the capital was placed under a curfew, and alcohol sales banned with no further riots taking place. This was the first deadly riot in modern Ulaanbaatar's history. 5670:

planned to go under renovation this year with funding of MNT 2 billion from state budget for each. The official position and decision of the Ministry of Culture not to demolish them remain the same as before".

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In July 1921, the Communist Soviet-Mongolian army became the second conquering force in six months to enter Urga, and Mongolia came under the control of Soviet Russia. On 29 October 1924, the town was renamed

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Buses are the main form of public transport in Ulaanbaatar. As of 2021, 950 buses from 19 companies served 105 routes and 1169 bus stops. Daily ridership is 480-500 thousand. The bus fleet consists of 18

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The city's museum offers a view of Ulaanbaatar's history through old maps and photos. Among the permanent items is a huge painting of the capital as it looked in 1912, showing major landmarks such as

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Satellite image of Ulaanbaatar, showing the city core along the Tuul River Valley with Bogd Khan Mountain dominating the south. The city's ger districts sprawl into the mountainous areas in the north.

2002:, which means that building is difficult in sheltered locations that preclude thawing in the summer, but easier on more exposed ones where soils fully thaw. Suburban residents live in traditional 3649:, situated in the center of the city, hosts concerts and musical performances as well as opera and ballet performances, some in collaboration with world ballet houses such as the Boston Theatre. 3792:

presents the history of the performing arts in Mongolia. The city's former Lenin Museum announced plans in January 2013 to convert to a museum showcasing dinosaur and other prehistoric fossils.

3549:, Bodi, Shunkhlai, Monnis and Petrovis. While not on the level of multinational corporations, most of these companies are multi-sector conglomerates with far-reaching influence in the country. 1798:

Since 2013, a number of landmark buildings and structures have been demolished in Ulaanbaatar, despite considerable public outcry. This includes the White Gate at Nisekh in September 2013, the

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lies 43 kilometres (27 mi) south of the city. With a population of just over 1.6 million as of December 2022, it contains almost half of the country's total population. As the country's

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of Urga was given authority to supervise the administrative affairs of the Bogd's subjects. It also served as the city's chief judicial court. In 1758, the Qianlong Emperor appointed the

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briquettes, claiming fuel efficiency and less smoke pollution. Results have been inconclusive since the switch to briquettes, though as of 2023 smoke is still a major concern in winter.

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By 1908, there was a Russian quarter with a few hundred merchants and a Russian club and informal Russian mayor. East of the main town was the Russian consulate, built in 1863, with an

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was forming in Russia, and in March they crossed the border. Ungern and his men rode out in May to meet Red Russian and Red Mongolian troops, but suffered a disastrous defeat in June.

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in 1757. After settling down in its current location in 1778, Urga saw sustained economic growth, but most of the wealth went to the Buddhist clergy, nobles as well as the temporary

1159:-era royal tombs have been discovered around Ulaanbaatar, including the tombs of Belkh Gorge near Dambadarjaalin monastery and tombs of Songinokhairkhan. Located on the banks of the 7284: 7114: 794:. Since 1990, an influx of migrants from the rest of the country has led to an explosive growth in its population, a major portion of whom live in ger districts, which has led to 3561:. Here he set about building a permanent monastery town with stone buildings. Urga stayed at Mount Saridag for a full 35 years and was indeed assumed to be permanent there when 6981: 3652:

The Mongolian State Grand National Orchestra was established in 1945. It has the largest orchestra of traditional instruments in the country, with a repertoire going beyond

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Although administratively part of Ulaanbaatar, Nalaikh and Baganuur are separate cities. Bagakhangai and Baganuur are noncontiguous exclaves, the former located within the

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that do not protrude into the soil. Extreme temperatures in the city range from −43.9 °C (−47.0 °F) in January 1957 to 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in July 1988.

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The 2019 Mongolian government budget originally included items for the demolition of a number of historic neoclassical buildings in the heart of Ulaanbaatar, including the

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opened up, along which the city was eventually settled. With the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, the city was a focal point for independence efforts, leading to the

3593:, private property was only marginally tolerated, while most assets were state-owned. The oldest companies still operating in Ulaanbaatar date to the early MPR. Only the 3565:

suddenly invaded the region in 1688 and burnt down the city. With a major part of his life's work destroyed, Zanabazar had to take the mobile portion of Urga and flee to

3557:. It stood in one location (Khoshoo Tsaidam) from 1640 to 1654, an unusually long period of 15 years, before Zanabazar moved it east to the foot of Mount Saridag in the 7769: 6588: 3898: 3678:, based at Sükhbaatar Square. It is a popular ensemble featuring the national string instrument, the morin khuur, and performs various domestic and international works. 8217: 7952: 4072:

with a collection of about 500,000 items. It has 232,097 annual users and a total of 497,298 loans per year. It does charge users a registration fee of 3800 to 4250

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to migration from rural areas, as herder families abandon their traditional lifestyles in search of opportunities in the city. Much of these new arrivals settle in

5703: 5163: 4924: 5852: 5827: 3328: 2864: 1593:. On the session of the 1st Great People's Khuraldaan of Mongolia in 1924, a majority of delegates had expressed their wish to change the capital city's name to 1545:

and assumed the title Bogd Khan. Khüree as the seat of the Jebtsundamba Khutugtu was the logical choice for the capital of the new state. However, following the

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In the Western world, Ulaanbaatar continued to be generally known as Urga or Khuree until 1924, and afterward as Ulan Bator (a spelling derived from the Russian

417: 5956: 3064: 559: 3859: 7259: 1189:, is said to have had his palace here (the Black Forest of the Tuul River) and forbade hunting in the holy mountain Bogd Uul. The palace is said to be where 3968: 1392:

Detail of 19th-century painting of Urga (Ulaanbaatar): in the center the movable square temple of Bat Tsagaan, built in 1654, besides numerous other temples

7733: 4076:, or about US$ 3.29 to 3.68. The fees may be the result of operating on a budget under $ 176,000 per year. They also host websites on classical and modern 3646: 1369:

and Setsen Khan territories. With this, Urga became the highest civil authority in the country. Based on Urga's Mongol governor Sanzaidorj's petition, the

1251:), the settlement was first located at Lake Shireet Tsagaan nuur (75 kilometres (47 miles) directly east of the imperial capital Karakorum) in what is now 1869:. Bogd Khan Uul is a broad, heavily forested mountain rising 2,250 metres (7,380 ft) to the south of Ulaanbaatar. It forms the boundary between the 5729: 782:

in 1924, the city was officially renamed Ulaanbaatar and declared the country's capital. Modern urban planning began in the 1950s, with most of the old

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Ulaanbaatar serves as the country's primary road, air, and rail hub. Transport within Ulaanbaatar is conducted through private cars, public transport (

3811:(c. 1663); Zanabazar's large fur coat, also presented by the Kangxi Emperor; and a great number of original statues made by Zanabazar (e.g., the Green 7043: 5433: 4407:

Due to worsening congestion and growth, a number of proposals have been made to improve the city's transport infrastructure, such as the short-lived

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The city's inner core consists of a central district built in 1940s- and 1950s-style Soviet architecture, surrounded by and mingled with residential

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In 1778, the city moved from Khui Mandal and settled for good at its current location, near the confluence of the Selbe and Tuul rivers, and beneath

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The Tumen Ekh Ensemble comprises artists who perform all types of Mongolian song, music and dance. They play traditional instruments, including the

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By Zanabazar's death in 1723, Urga was Mongolia's preeminent monastery in terms of religious authority. A council of seven of the highest-ranking

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is located in Ulaanbaatar and includes an extensive historical collection, items in non-Mongolian languages and a special children's collection.

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statue made by Zanabazar himself in 1683 (the city's main deity, kept at the Vajradhara temple); an ornate throne presented to Zanabazar by the

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officially recognized an annual ceremony on Bogd Khan Mountain in 1778 and provided the annual imperial donations. The city was the seat of the

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has been operating non-stop for 205 years (with a 6-year gap during World War II), but whether it can be seen as a business is still debated.

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support to school and children's libraries. Other than the Metropolitan Central Library, the MLSU has four branch libraries. They are in the

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Monasteries and Temples of Bogdiin Khuree, Ikh Khuree or Urga, the Old Capital City of Mongolia in the First Part of the Twentieth Century

3013:, a nature preserve with many tourist facilities, is approximately 70 km (43 mi) from Ulaanbaatar. The 40-metre-high (130-foot) 1396:

By 1778, Urga may have had as many as ten thousand monks, who were regulated by a monastic rule, Internal Rule of the Grand Monastery or

830: 7564: 5026: 3619:, and foreign investment in the sector has allowed for growth and development. However, in light of a noticeable drop in GDP during the 3506:

flower, a symbol of peace, equality and purity. In its talons it is holding a snake, a symbol of evil of which it is intolerant. On the

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8 companies operate 372 official taxis within the city as of 2021, down from 566 official taxis in 2019. Usage of unofficial taxis and

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one. A quarter-century later, in 1786, a decree issued in Peking gave right to the Urga ambans to decide the administrative affairs of

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Owing to its high elevation, its relatively high latitude, its location hundreds of kilometres from any coast, and the effects of the

8203: 7705:, September 1962. A unique, detailed historical snapshot of life in Mongolia at the height of the Cold War. Retrieved 11 August 2022. 3941: 1476:

festival and major religious festivals to more than 100,000. In 1919, the number of monks had reached 20,000, up from 13,000 in 1810.

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trade town grew "four trees" 4.24 km (2.63 mi) east of the city center at the confluence of the Uliastai and Tuul rivers.

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between Russia and China – mostly Siberian furs for Chinese cloth and later tea. The route ran south to Urga, southeast across the

1123:, Buyant-Ukhaa and Songinokhairkhan mountains, revealing tools which date from 300,000 years ago to 40,000–12,000 years ago. These 6985: 6036: 8240: 6639: 6532: 5074: 4434: 4427: 4013: 3956: 3539: 6929: 9007: 4862: 3615:

Mining is the second-largest contributor to Ulaanbaatar's GDP, at 25%. North of the city are several gold mines, including the

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Ulaanbaatar has several museums dedicated to Mongolian history and culture. The Natural History Museum features many dinosaur

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Ger district in Ulaanbaatar with the Temple of Boddhisattva Avalokiteshvara at Gandantegchinlen Monastery in the background

4381: 1784: 1771: 7595: 7372: 5173:, Presentation of the Director of the General Archives Authority D. Ulziibaatar", archives.gov.mn; accessed 26 March 2018. 3715:. These monasteries are among the very few in Mongolia to escape the wholesale destruction of Mongolian monasteries under 7696: 7490: 7009: 4032: 1704: 5707: 4271:), as well as informal taxis and minivans. As of 2021, the total number of registered vehicles in the city was 662,644. 7027: 6562: 6359:"Urbanization and environmental change during the economic transition on the Mongolian Plateau: Hohhot and Ulaanbaatar" 4487: 4389: 4183: 3421:, of which there are 204. Each district also serves as a constituency that elects one or more representatives into the 2737: 1790:

Since the 2010s Ulaanbaatar has seen a construction boom filling the city with high-rise offices and apartment blocks.

289: 3248:, having been initially founded and settled as a monastic center. Prominent places of worship in the city include the 9057: 5960: 5882: 5690: 5291: 5222: 5107: 4235: 3620: 236: 7596:"Mongolia: Air Pollution in Ulaanbaatar – Initial Assessment of Current Situation and Effects of Abatement Measures" 4964: 4068:

The Metropolitan Central Library of Ulaanbaatar, sometimes also referred to as the Ulaanbaatar Public Library, is a

1455:. There was a telegraph line north to Kyakhta and southeast to Kalgan and weekly postal service along these routes. 253: 4943: 4301:

In 2021, public transport usage totaled 147 million passengers, with 61% of the population using public transport.

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Vajradhara Temple (1841) in the center, Zuu Temple (1869) on the left, connected by a passage built in 1945–1946

3604:, Ulaanbaatar produces a variety of consumer goods and is responsible for about two-thirds of Mongolia's total 1841: 8435: 5932: 4159: 4028: 3590: 3044:

Aimag – who prohibited logging and hunting activities – claimed the Bogd Khan as a holy mountain. The ruins of

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The Puzzle Toys Museum displays a comprehensive collection of complex wooden toys that visitors can assemble.

5980: 5737: 4324:) are disproportionally underserved by paved roads. 720,000 vehicles were registered in the city as of 2023. 4136: 2987: 1726:. Starting on 10 December 1989, protesters outside the Youth Culture Center called for Mongolia to implement 7538: 7514: 6956:"American Center for Mongolian Studies Library Homepage. American Center for Mongolian Studies, Ulaanbaatar" 6402: 6339: 5184: 4477:

Air pollution is a serious problem in Ulaanbaatar, especially in winter. Concentrations of certain types of

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Ulaanbaatar's electricity is mainly supplied through thermal power plants utilizing coal, the largest being

4396:. The airport is accessible from Ulaanbaatar via highway with taxis and shuttles operating along the route. 187: 5992: 4062: 4047: 3675: 2909: 2898: 1830: 1723: 1700: 1017: 791: 775: 767: 4369: 4358: 4280: 4222: 4218: 3765: 3748: 3010: 3002: 1983: 1767: 1735: 1085: 434: 6816: 6615: 3277:

According to the 2020 national census, 46.3% of the population over 15 years of age identified as being

9023: 4965:"Нийслэлийн статистикийн газар – Статистик үзүүлэлт – 01. Хүн амын тоо, хүйсээр, оны эхэнд, мянган хүн" 4035:

are examples of Western-style K-12 education in English for Mongolian nationals and foreign residents.

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began in the 1950s, and much of the city core today is a result of construction between 1960 and 1985.

1565: 1518: 1405: 750:, the spiritual head of the Gelug lineage of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia. Following the regulation of 713: 95: 17: 9047: 8516: 8164: 7869: 6673: 5252:

Kuzmin, S.L. History of Baron Ungern: an Experience of Reconstruction. Moscow: KMK, 2011, pp. 165–200

4415:. On April 4, 2024, the construction of a cable car from Yaarma to the Kharkhorin bus station began. 4191: 3848:

The Victims of Political Persecution Memorial Museum – dedicated to those fallen under the Communist

3371: 3077: 1959: 1256: 995: 7728: 7718: 7196:"Улаанбаатар хотын хатуу хучилттай авто замын 80 гаруй хувь нь борооны ус зайлуулах шугам сүлжээгүй" 6791: 6698: 5768: 4989: 3711:, which dates to the 19th century. Its most famous attraction is a 26.5-meter-high golden statue of 1252: 9019: 6766: 3789: 3589:(жас), which functioned as businesses, but none of these survived the Communist period. During the 3348: 3297: 1999: 1778: 1743: 1560:

The city changed hands twice in 1921. First, on 4 February, a mixed Russian/Mongolian force led by

1546: 1093: 949: 755: 743: 538: 7323:"Mongolia to intensify efforts to reduce traffic congestion in capital - Xinhua | English.news.cn" 6853: 5133: 3623:, as demand for mining exports dropped, there has been movement towards diversifying the economy. 3414: 2897:, in the government district, is the center of Ulaanbaatar and contains in the middle a statue of 1734:

in their full sense. After months of large-scale demonstrations and hunger strikes, the governing

8685: 4493:

Sources of the pollution are mainly the simple stoves used for heating and cooking in the city's

4365: 4199: 3261: 3052: 1958:

3b). Aside from precipitation and from a thermal standpoint, the city is on the boundary between

1696: 1444: 548: 430: 8146: 7804: 6365:. The Provision of Ecosystem Services in Response to Global Change. 144, Part B (Pt B): 96–112. 6005: 4445:

In 2019, the government banned the burning of raw coal within Ulaanbaatar, instead distributing

731:

centre, changing location 28 times, and was permanently settled at its modern location in 1778.

8173: 8011: 7859: 7854: 5516: 4225: 3984: 3716: 3701: 3605: 3057: 2943: 1950: 1665: 1264: 1105: 8020: 7993: 7879: 7839: 7322: 4461:. Water provisioning is managed by the Water Supply and Sewage Authority, a municipal agency. 1465:

The Moscow trade expedition of the 1910s estimated the population of Urga at 60,000, based on

8797: 8101: 7961: 7799: 7786: 7572: 5733: 4393: 4368:

crosses the city center in a roughly east-to-west direction, with the main railway hub being

4174: 3831:

period (1911–24) up until Mongolia's recent military involvement in peacekeeping operations.

3776:

has a large collection of Mongolian art, including works of the 17th-century sculptor/artist

3740: 3390: 3048:

are located on the southern flank of Bogd Khan Uul and is a popular destination for outings.

3022: 1979: 1763: 1313: 973: 818: 747: 492: 7347: 4139:. The Metropolitan Central Library in Ulaanbaatar maintains a digital monthly news archive. 3923:

Zanabazar's Fine Arts Museum, built in 1905 by Russian merchant Gudvintsal as a trading shop

9042: 8708: 8128: 7814: 6366: 4211: 4077: 3581:

based in the eastern and western China-towns of Urga. There were numerous companies called

3336: 3323:

Ulaanbaatar is treated as an independent first-level region, separate from the surrounding

3289: 3018: 1934: 1415:

The Russian Consulate of Urga (Ulaanbaatar) and the Holy Trinity Church, both built in 1863

1411: 728: 725: 425: 8151: 7348:"How Ulaanbaatar's Traffic Gridlock is Affecting Daily Life and What Can Be Done About It" 6464: 6442: 4423: 2901: 2894: 1719: 1582: 79: 8: 9015: 8791: 8544: 8236: 8038: 7834: 5270:Протоколы 1-го Великого Хуралдана Монгольской Народной Республики. Улан-Батор-Хото, 1925. 4408: 4309: 4231: 4203: 4085: 3947: 3827:

empire. The second hall showcases the modern history of the Mongolian military, from the

3546: 3293: 3253: 2932: 1466: 1043: 967: 908: 884: 854: 709: 109: 6370: 3502:. In its right hand is a key, a symbol of prosperity and openness, and in its left is a 164: 8895: 8137: 8029: 7824: 7794: 7747: 4829: 4478: 4338: 3866: 3465: 3422: 3362: 3068: 3045: 3028: 2877: 1673: 1485: 1178: 1120: 1031: 983: 955: 928: 896: 872: 842: 672: 660: 7076:"Planning safe, sustainable, resilient, and inclusive public transport in Ulaanbaatar" 6636: 6540: 5404: 5378: 1877:

The forests of the mountains surrounding Ulaanbaatar are composed of evergreen pines,

1781:, and has also lent its name to the Ulaanbaatar Dialogue on Northeast Asian Security. 1312:

One of the earliest Western mentions of Urga is the account of the Scottish traveller

133: 8949: 8429: 8133: 8061: 8002: 7829: 7620: 6933: 6384: 6156: 5878: 5686: 5594:"A crime against culture': Ulaanbaatar set to demolish majestic Soviet-era buildings" 5287: 5218: 5103: 4412: 3653: 3574: 3558: 3410: 3301: 2971: 2670: 2622: 1974:). This is due to its 10 °C (50 °F) mean temperature for the month of May. 1967: 1942: 1885:, while the riverine forest of the Tuul River is composed of broad-leaved, deciduous 1425: 1132: 1124: 1116: 31: 7601:. Sustainable Development Series: Discussion Paper. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank 5020: 4154:

There is a Speaking Library at School #116 for the visually impaired, funded by the

3974:

Residence of Prince Chin Wang Khanddorj (Minister of Foreign Affairs), built in 1913

3712: 3281:, while 53.7% identified as being religious, a decrease of 7.7 percentage points in 2938:

Important shopping districts include the 3rd Microdistrict Boulevard (simply called

1088:

spelling and transliteration (1941–1950); however, the name of the city was spelled

8583: 8577: 8155: 8083: 8056: 7894: 7874: 7844: 6374: 4838: 4438: 4195: 4155: 3909: 3578: 3517: 3433: 1707: 1677: 1514: 1370: 920: 802: 619: 7930: 7221:"URBAN MOBILITY AND APPLICATION OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT INDEX: ULAANBAATAR" 7154:"URBAN MOBILITY AND APPLICATION OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT INDEX: ULAANBAATAR" 7044:"FIBA 3x3 U18 World Cup: seventh edition all set to tip off in Mongolia on June 3" 4385: 4053: 817:, it serves as its cultural, industrial and financial heart and the center of its 8879: 8092: 8065: 8052: 8047: 7989: 7864: 7819: 7809: 7722: 7031: 7013: 6881: 6751: 6661: 6643: 6595: 6471: 6379: 6358: 5911: 5792: 5654:"Culture Minister: Three historical buildings to be renovated with MNT 6 billion" 5624:"Culture Minister: Three historical buildings to be renovated with MNT 6 billion" 5211: 5170: 5140: 4327:

The city's traffic is concentrated around its main thoroughfares — Peace Avenue (

4287: 4132: 3812: 3616: 3268: 2924: 1497: 1452: 1347: 1283: 1164: 89: 8142: 8110: 7884: 6654: 6019: 3795:

Pre-1778 artifacts that have never left the city since its founding include the

3429: 3324: 2916:), the main thoroughfare through town, runs along the south side of the square. 1366: 1354:

of Urga, with full authority to "oversee the Khuree and administer well all the

806: 150: 9011: 8802: 8440: 8124: 8119: 7849: 6065: 4069: 4043: 3800: 3736: 3566: 3513: 3032: 1955: 1689: 1617: 1561: 1287: 1084:). This form was defined two decades before the Mongolian name got its current 7006: 6132:"Хүн ам, орон сууцны 2020 оны улсын ээлжит тооллого - Улаанбаатар нэгдсэн дүн" 5817:"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Ulaanbaatar" 4469: 3009:

A number of national parks and protected areas officially belong to the city.

2998: 1557:, who forced the Mongolian nobles and clergy to renounce autonomy completely. 1274:

As a mobile monastery-town, Örgöö was often moved to various places along the

9036: 8972: 8873: 8043: 5097: 5015: 4834: 4634: 4586: 3824: 3785: 3769: 3727: 3312: 2886: 2413: 1866: 1685: 1429: 1362: 1298: 1275: 1205: 1201: 1194: 787: 751: 701: 340: 327: 139: 103: 7444:"Mongolia's Capital Banned Coal To Fix Its Pollution Problem. Will It Work?" 7024: 5904: 4863:"Хүн ам, орон сууцны 2020 оны улсын ээлжит тооллого - Нийслэлийн нэгсэн дүн" 4354: 4234:

is a professional football club based in the city and currently competes in

3394: 3256:. In modern times, it has become a multifaith center, having added multiple 1459: 8911: 8617: 8280: 8226: 8115: 8097: 8074: 7964: 7889: 7701: 6567: 6388: 6281:"The list of 100 richest Mongolians is causing a stir on a Russian website" 5121:

Travels from St. Petersburgh in Russia, to various parts of Asia (Volume 1)

4494: 4392:

in 2021 and features flights to destinations in Europe, Asia, and domestic

4321: 3839: 3483: 3257: 3233: 3232:

64.6% of the population was reported to have been born in Ulaanbaatar. The

3226: 3219: 2905: 2890: 1755: 1681: 1523: 1451:

guards. It was fortified in 1900 and briefly occupied by troops during the

1378: 1374: 1279: 1190: 1186: 814: 783: 125: 58: 5542:"Сурвалжлага: МУИС-ийн байрыг нурааж, 7 давхар болгон шинэчилнэ | News.MN" 3525: 3507: 3445: 3353: 3099:

Ger districts against a backdrop of high-rise new buildings in Ulaanbaatar

1738:

resigned on 9 March 1990. The provisional government announced Mongolia's

8823: 8633: 8477: 8364: 8353: 8007: 7644: 6911: 6205: 4730: 4703: 4554: 4512: 4446: 4246: 3820: 3660: 3386: 3282: 3278: 3229:, areas with inadequate infrastructure, sanitation, and public services. 2963: 2935:. Mongolia's tallest building is the Shangri-La Hotel complex at 91.5 m. 1727: 1554: 1433: 1382: 6955: 6875:Жил бvр зохиогдож байгаа Монголын шилдэг вэб шалгаруулах уралдааны тухай 5030:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 795. 4388:, which functions as the country's main air hub. It replaced the former 3880:

A building of the Dambadarjaalin Monastery (1765) in Sukhbaatar District

1849:

Ulaanbaatar is located at about 1,350 metres (4,430 ft) above mean

1777:

In April 2013, Ulaanbaatar hosted the 7th Ministerial Conference of the

1526:

in China headed for total collapse, Mongolian leaders in Ikh Khüree for

1212:

to the birthplace and tomb of the Khans in the Khentii mountain region (

790:. In 1990, Ulaanbaatar was the site of large demonstrations that led to 8966: 8752: 8650: 8571: 8455: 8324: 8313: 8302: 8291: 8169: 8160: 8034: 8016: 7998: 6874: 6563:"It's goodbye Lenin, hello dinosaur as fossils head to Mongolia museum" 4968: 4794: 4762: 4458: 4457:

Ulaanbaatar relies entirely on groundwater recharged directly from the

4295: 4264: 4207: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3447: 3398: 2950:

or "Great Store") and the Narantuul "Black Market" area (simply called

1854: 1488:

can be seen on Mount Bogd Khan Uul at the bottom-right of the painting.

1267:. Zanabazar returned to Mongolia from Tibet in 1651, and founded seven 1213: 1182: 1160: 721: 574: 520: 5305:"02. Улаанбаатар хотын суурин хүн ам, дүүргээр, оны эцэст, мянган хүн" 1906: 1703:

of the late 1930s. The Gandan monastery was reopened in 1944 when the

1656:

Green areas were increased in the city center during the communist era

1530:

met in secret on Mount Bogd Khan Uul and resolved to end 220 years of

8809: 8703: 8690: 8668: 8661: 8639: 8611: 8588: 8521: 8505: 8483: 8461: 8348: 8025: 7645:"Sister city relations established between Ulaanbaatar and Chongqing" 7396: 5653: 5623: 5434:"Mongolia's building boom traps capital residents in concrete jungle" 5354: 4783: 4671: 3935:

Ulaanbaatar History Museum, built in 1904 by a Buryat-Mongol merchant

3905: 3828: 3777: 3758: 3732: 3668: 3664: 3554: 2983: 2967: 2790: 1992: 1914: 1878: 1858: 1850: 1621: 1569: 1538: 1260: 1209: 1170: 1148: 1021: 771: 515: 6255: 6230: 4320:

As of 2024, the city had 1253 km of paved roads, and its periphery (

1652: 1342: 1282:

and Tuul rivers, as supply and other needs would demand. During the

8934: 8889: 8769: 8655: 8622: 8560: 8499: 8466: 8399: 8319: 8308: 8275: 8195: 8184: 8079: 8070: 7968: 7668: 7401: 7260:"Mongolia's capital imposes odd-even car ban to reduce traffic jam" 6280: 4884: 4746: 4719: 4343: 3601: 3457: 3453: 3402: 3382: 3317: 3245: 3041: 2975: 1937:, Ulaanbaatar is the coldest national capital in the world, with a 1731: 1595: 1448: 1174: 717: 368: 274: 1388: 8987: 8982: 8944: 8928: 8862: 8839: 8763: 8736: 8644: 8606: 8600: 8555: 8527: 8337: 8297: 8106: 8088: 6420: 5675: 5568:"Санхүү, эдийн засгийн их сургуулийн барилгыг нураажээ | News.MN" 5355:"Ulaanbaatar City Needs Improvement in Infrastructure to Develop" 4799: 4751: 4735: 4687: 4639: 4575: 3692: 3636: 3503: 3406: 3037: 3017:

is 54 km (34 mi) east of the city. It is also close to

1938: 1922: 1910: 1886: 1862: 1458:

Beyond the Russian consulate was the Chinese trading post called

1306: 1302: 1156: 1128: 810: 763: 759: 8494: 6406: 6098: 6078:

Statistisches Bundesamt: Statistik des Auslands - Mongolei, 1985

5304: 2013:

Climate data for Ulaanbaatar (1991-2020, extremes 1869-present)

1321:

frequented by merchants from China and Russia, and other places.

1143: 8955: 8906: 8867: 8851: 8834: 8828: 8814: 8758: 8730: 8725: 8719: 8628: 8549: 8532: 8417: 8412: 8376: 8370: 8286: 7465:"Сайжруулсан түлш агаарын бохирдлыг нэмсэн, нэмээгүй | News.MN" 6501: 4767: 4714: 4698: 4666: 4655: 4650: 4623: 4618: 4607: 4591: 4570: 4543: 4527: 4522: 4187: 4073: 3754: 3562: 3499: 3418: 2979: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1870: 1766:

after supporters of the opposition parties disputed the ruling

1531: 1527: 1502: 1473: 1437: 1208:(1368-1635) the main, natural route from the capital region of 889:'Khüree of Wisdom'), and by 1706 it was referred to as 170: 119: 6745:

Institutes of the Academy of Sciences (3 department libraries)

6256:"Foreigners have determined the 10 richest people in Mongolia" 5853:"Climate & Weather Averages at Ulan-Bator weather station" 4186:

is the main sporting venue, notable as the host of the yearly

4158:, and the collection is largely based on materials donated by 4106:

Institutes of the Academy of Sciences (3 department libraries)

1987:

making it the coldest capital in the world (almost as cold as

1549:, Mongolia's status was effectively reduced to mere autonomy. 1361:

In 1761, a second amban was appointed for the same purpose, a

1271:(monastic departments) in Urga, later establishing four more. 1163:, Ulaanbaatar has been well within the sphere of Turco-Mongol 1135:, the bones of which are found abundantly around Ulaanbaatar. 651: 72: 8922: 8917: 8785: 8774: 8714: 8595: 8510: 8488: 8472: 8450: 8388: 8383: 8359: 8342: 7715: 7491:"Despite use of briquettes, toxic air overwhelms Ulaanbaatar" 7464: 7416: 6893: 6824: 5593: 5567: 5541: 5487: 4778: 4682: 4559: 4538: 3849: 3671:

ritual dance, an ancient palace dance and a Tsam mask dance.

3521: 1918: 1882: 1479: 1351: 645: 631: 600: 5188: 2740:

weather station (WMO identifier: 44291) (between 1991-2020)

8960: 8856: 8780: 8747: 8741: 8673: 8566: 6181: 5823: 5019: 4899:"GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, by region, aimags and the Capital" 4602: 4268: 3288:

Of the people identifying as religious, responses included

2722: 2003: 1988: 1326: 1244: 1229: 1115:

Human habitation at the site of Ulaanbaatar dates from the

497: 5922:"Mongolia: Museum Highlights", San Francisco, 2005, pg. 89 3962:

West Geser Temple, built in 1919–1920 by Guve Ovogt Zakhar

3316:

Newly built city government headquarters in Yaarmag area,

1722:

was a major site of demonstrations that led to Mongolia's

622: 7904: 7621:"List of twinned cities and friendly relationship cities" 7448: 7373:"The Hidden Cause Behind Mongolia's Deadly Summer Floods" 7195: 6677: 4482: 4298:, 46 medium capacity buses, and 46 small capacity buses. 4291: 4260: 4080:

and food, in addition to providing free internet access.

3339:

with four-year terms upon the city council's nomination.

2959: 1890: 1506:

proclaiming Ikh Khüree as Niislel (Capital) Khüree, 1912.

835:

The city at its establishment in 1639 was referred to as

589: 7777: 7669:"Ulaanbaatar, Bishkek established sister-city relations" 6846:"Digital Librarian Lends Expertise to Mongolian Project" 6795: 6727: 6706: 6655:

The 800th Anniversary of Great Mongolian State. Branches

4993: 3025:

wild horses, 90 kilometres (56 miles) west of the city.

1787:

in Ulaanbataar was opened to the public on 4 July 2021.

6984:. Ubpost.mongolnews.mn. 8 November 2007. Archived from 6770: 6637:

The 800th Anniversary of Great Mongolian State. History

6357:

Fan, Peilei; Chen, Jiquan; John, Ranjeet (2016-01-01).

5459: 4384:, located 52 km (32 mi) south of the city in 3656:, encompassing dozens of international musical pieces. 3376: 3082: 1742:, which were held in July 1990, paving the way for the 1710:

asked to see a monastery during his visit to Mongolia.

1660: 1000: 859:'Palace'). This name was eventually adapted as 792:

Mongolia's transition to democracy and a market economy

5933:"Shangri-La Ulaanbaatar Hotel - The Skyscraper Center" 5042:Улаанбаатар хотын хөгжлийн түүхэн замнал, хэтийн төлөв 7007:

Mongolia-Japan Center for Human Resources Development

6182:"Улаанбаатар хотын 35 дахь дарга өнөөдөр томилогдоно" 6020:"Mongolia: Provinces, Cities & Urban Settlements" 5151:

Lindon Wallace Bates, The Russian Road to China, 1910

4885:"Kh.Nyambaatar appointed as new Mayor of Ulaanbaatar" 3768:

includes exhibits from prehistoric times through the

3337:

Governor of the Capital City and Mayor of Ulaanbaatar

3005:

is a popular picnic and camping ground all year round

1428:

in 1727, Urga (Ulaanbaatar) was a major point of the

634: 625: 6674:"Library of Mongolian State University of Education" 5240:

White Terror: Cossack Warlords Of The Trans-Siberian

3988:

Main building of the National University of Mongolia

3674:

The Morin Khuur Ensemble of Mongolia is part of the

1286:

wars of the late 17th century, it was even moved to

865:

in the West. By 1651, it began to be referred to as

648: 642: 628: 418:

Citizens' Representatives Khural of the Capital City

7960: 6792:"Library of the Institute of Finance and Economics" 4109:

Library of the Institute of Language and Literature

3640:

Mongolian National Song and Dance Academic Ensemble

1897:. Ulaanbaatar lies at roughly the same latitude as 1793: 639: 6589:"Victims of Political Persecution Memorial Museum" 6058: 5210: 5159: 5157: 4097:Library of Mongolian State University of Education 1853:, slightly east of the center of Mongolia, on the 1724:transition to democracy and market economy in 1990 1492: 1024:'s palace present, the city's name was changed to 27:Municipality, capital and largest city of Mongolia 7734:General information about Ulaanbaatar, up-to-date 6761: 6759: 6066:"City Population - Historical population figures" 4190:festival. Other venues include the multi-purpose 4115:Library of the Institute of Finance and Economics 4010:Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences 1408:flourished as a center of philosophical studies. 1055:in 29th of October 1924, its name was changed to 913:'Great Khüree'). The Chinese equivalent, 9034: 7397:"New Chinggis Khaan International Airport opens" 4967:(in Mongolian). Statis.ub.gov.mn. Archived from 4507:List of twin towns and sister cities in Mongolia 4342:flooding, with only 16% of paved roads having a 4331:), Ikh Toiruu, Narnii Zam, and Chinggis Avenue ( 2904:on horseback; and in the north side a statue of 1800:Victims of Political Persecution Memorial Museum 5460:"Нисэхийн "Цагаан хаалга"-ыг буулгахаар боллоо" 5154: 4957: 4500: 4437:. Aside from generating electricity, they also 3520:. The city's flag is sky blue representing the 3331:with 45 members, elected every four years. The 1484:white buildings of the Russian consulate area. 1025: 977: 947: 890: 866: 860: 836: 30:"Ulan Bator" redirects here. For the band, see 7593: 7257: 6756: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6118: 5957:"Biosphere Reserve Information: BOGD KHAN UUL" 5824:National Centers for Environmental Information 4992:(in Mongolian). Ulaanbaatar.mn. Archived from 4118:Library of the National University of Mongolia 4103:Library of the National University of Mongolia 4018:Mongolian State University of Arts and Culture 4002:Mongolian University of Science and Technology 3780:, as well as Mongolia's most famous painting, 1404:Jebtsundamba returned to the Zuun Khuree. The 1301:, at that time also on the caravan route from 1193:stayed with Yesui Khatun before attacking the 424: • Governor of the Capital City and 8211: 7946: 7763: 6894:"American Center of Mongolian Studies – ACMS" 6616:"Metropolitan Central Library of Ulaanbaatar" 6610: 6608: 6087:Encyclopedia "Cartactual," published 01/01/85 5706:. Plantsdb.gr. 15 August 1965. Archived from 3225:Two-thirds of the city's inhabitants live in 1806:in December 2019, Buildings #3 and #6 of the 1419: 1079: 914: 6598:, Attractions, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, Asia. 4922: 2942:or "the District"), Peace Avenue around the 1350:Vice General Sanzaidorj as the first Mongol 1290:. As the city grew, it moved less and less. 1051:When the city became the capital of the new 1005:), itself a term originally referring to an 746:preeminent religious centre and seat of the 724:. The city was founded in 1639 as a nomadic 7539:"Air Pollution Puts Lives At Risk Mongolia" 7515:"Water Security Woes in Mongolia's Capital" 7417:"The construction of the cable car started" 7285:"УЛААНБААТАР ХОТЫН НИЙТИЙН ТЭЭВРИЙН СИСТЕМ" 7218: 7151: 7115:"УЛААНБААТАР ХОТЫН НИЙТИЙН ТЭЭВРИЙН СИСТЕМ" 7109: 7107: 7105: 7103: 7101: 6356: 6115: 5481: 5479: 5065: 5063: 4905:. Mongolian Statistical Information Service 3700:Among the notable older monasteries is the 3473: 3432:, the latter on the border between Töv and 3236:population was recorded as 17,456 in 2020. 3031:, which dominates the south, is a strictly 2881:New high rise constructions in Yaarmag area 1913:. It lies at roughly the same longitude as 1629: 1601: 1233: 1060: 1020:, with both the secular government and the 831:Names of Ulaanbaatar in different languages 685: 8218: 8204: 7953: 7939: 7770: 7756: 6605: 5758: 5565: 3663:(horsehead fiddle), and perform Mongolian 3444:The official emblem of Ulaanbaatar is the 1865:, in a valley at the foot of the mountain 935:), was rendered into Western languages as 142:panel buildings built in the socialist era 7277: 6378: 5905:http://mongoliantemples.org/index.php/en/ 5903:"Documentation of Mongolian Monasteries" 5787: 5785: 5651: 5621: 5591: 5517:"Фото: Байгалийн түүхийн музейг нураалаа" 5164:"From Khutagtiin Khuree to Niislel Khuree 4944:"The Coldest Capital Cities In The World" 3361:The city is divided into nine districts ( 1664:Outdoor market near Gandan Hill in 1972; 1472:The city's population swelled during the 1094:in which Mongolia used the Latin alphabet 7370: 7098: 6313:. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Edition 5809: 5485: 5476: 5060: 5014: 4468: 4422: 4353: 4245: 4210:is a popular destination for skiing and 4173: 4052: 4042: 3983: 3726: 3691: 3635: 3352: 3311: 3094: 2997: 2876: 1840: 1659: 1651: 1496: 1478: 1410: 1387: 1142: 768:proclamation of the Bogd Khanate in 1911 7193: 7073: 7069: 7067: 7065: 6210:Montsame Mongolian National News Agency 5539: 5457: 4982: 4941: 4091: 4014:Mongolian State University of Education 3865:Ruins of the Tsogchin Temple (1749) of 3540:Category:Companies based in Ulaanbaatar 772:8th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, or Bogd Khan 173:ceremony at the National Sports Stadium 14: 9035: 9008:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute 7488: 7462: 7189: 7187: 5782: 5730:"Climatological Normals of Ulan Bator" 5208: 5132:Majer, Zsuzsa & Krisztina Teleki, 4855: 3117: 1768:Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party 1736:Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party 1688:, often financed by the Soviet Union. 824: 8199: 7934: 7751: 7562: 7441: 7345: 7194:IKON.MN, П. Сайнжаргал (2024-06-25). 6352: 6350: 6330: 6328: 6031: 6029: 5458:iKon.mn, Х. Алтанзагас (2013-09-19). 5428: 5426: 4828: 4149:American Center for Mongolian Studies 4121:Library of the Agriculture University 4006:Mongolian University of Life Sciences 1151:'s 12th-century palace in Ulaanbaatar 671: 450:4,704 km (1,816 sq mi) 9053:Populated places established in 1639 8225: 7779:Administrative divisions of Mongolia 7212: 7145: 7062: 6982:"Speaking Library at School No. 116" 6916:American Center of Mongolian Studies 6560: 5995:, Google Maps. Retrieved 2022-09-13. 5983:, Google Maps. Retrieved 2022-09-14. 5486:Menarndt, Aubrey (17 October 2019). 5397: 5371: 4382:Chinggis Khaan International Airport 4142: 4125: 4100:Library of the Academy of Management 3696:1913 color photo of Gandan Monastery 3585:(пүүс) and temple treasuries called 3439: 3244:Ulaanbaatar has a long tradition of 2923:, the socialist monument complex at 1785:Chinggis Khaan International Airport 1547:tripartite Kyakhta agreement of 1915 1517:went to quell a major fight between 7258:Bernama-Xinhua (18 December 2023). 7184: 6096: 6037:"Mongolia: Urban Sector Fact Sheet" 5722: 5405:"Streets calm in riot-hit Mongolia" 5379:"Fatal clashes in Mongolia capital" 4402: 4274: 4112:Library of the Institute of History 4033:International School of Ulaanbaatar 4022:University of Finance and Economics 3417:. Each district is subdivided into 3357:Map of the districts of Ulaanbaatar 1812:University of Finance and Economics 1713: 1223: 296: 260: 241:Ulaanbaatar highlighted in Mongolia 24: 7689: 7219:Eldev-Ochir, Erdenechimeg (2019). 7152:Eldev-Ochir, Erdenechimeg (2019). 6504:. Nationalmuseum.mn. 21 March 2012 6347: 6334:Economic Development in Mongolia. 6325: 6206:"The capital city has 204 khoroos" 6026: 5423: 5237: 5231: 4481:(PM10 and PM2.5) regularly exceed 4399:There are 6 helipads in the city. 4390:Buyant-Ukhaa International Airport 4057:Ulaanbaatar Public Library in 2023 3807:hat presented to Zanabazar by the 3683:Mongolian People's Central Theatre 3112: 2990:have opened branches in the city. 2927:with its views over the city, the 2738:Buyant-Ukhaa International Airport 1620:, a Kazakh Soviet activist of the 25: 9074: 7709: 5592:Ankhtuyaa, B. (18 October 2019). 5329:"The Urbanization of Ulaanbaatar" 5182: 4942:Sen Nag, Oishimaya (2021-01-21). 4925:"Area Database – Global Data Lab" 4882: 4241: 4236:Mongolian National Premier League 3600:As the main industrial center of 8183: 7903: 7661: 7637: 7613: 7594:The World Bank (December 2009). 7587: 7556: 7531: 7507: 7482: 7456: 7435: 7409: 7389: 7364: 7339: 7315: 7251: 7036: 7018: 7000: 5073:. Ulaanbaatar.mn. Archived from 4793: 4777: 4761: 4745: 4729: 4713: 4697: 4681: 4665: 4649: 4633: 4617: 4601: 4585: 4569: 4553: 4537: 4521: 4217:Ulaanbaatar has hosted the 2019 3967: 3955: 3940: 3928: 3916: 3908:, built in 1903, designed under 3897: 3885: 3873: 3858: 1794:Demolition of historic buildings 1647: 1616:). However, under pressure from 1119:, with a number of sites on the 618: 361: 295: 288: 259: 252: 235: 196: 186: 163: 149: 132: 118: 102: 88: 71: 8241:states with limited recognition 7489:bawadi, mohammed (2022-01-11). 7469:News.MN - Мэдээллийн эх сурвалж 6974: 6948: 6930:"ACMS Digital Books Collection" 6922: 6904: 6886: 6868: 6838: 6809: 6784: 6738: 6720: 6691: 6666: 6648: 6630: 6582: 6554: 6533:"Zanazabar Museum of Fine Arts" 6525: 6516: 6494: 6485: 6476: 6458: 6449: 6427: 6413: 6395: 6299: 6273: 6248: 6223: 6198: 6173: 6149: 6090: 6081: 6072: 6012: 5998: 5986: 5974: 5949: 5925: 5916: 5897: 5888: 5867: 5845: 5752: 5696: 5645: 5615: 5585: 5572:News.MN - Мэдээллийн эх сурвалж 5559: 5546:News.MN - Мэдээллийн эх сурвалж 5533: 5509: 5451: 5346: 5321: 5297: 5276: 5264: 5255: 5246: 5202: 5176: 5145: 5126: 5113: 5089: 5048: 5034: 4841:retains original pronunciation. 4178:National Sports Stadium in 2019 3998:National University of Mongolia 3992:Ulaanbaatar is home to most of 3460:scriptures, referred to as the 3272:Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral 3090: 1810:, and the main building of the 1808:National University of Mongolia 1575:killed off the Jewish community 1568:captured the city, freeing the 1493:Independence and Niislel Khüree 805:, Ulaanbaatar is surrounded by 778:. With the proclamation of the 157:National University of Mongolia 7371:Lkhaajav, Bolor (2023-08-29). 6602:. Retrieved 13 September 2022. 5071:"Brief history of Ulaanbaatar" 5008: 4935: 4916: 4891: 4876: 4817: 4029:American School of Ulaanbaatar 3687: 3084:Ündesnii tsetserlegt khüreelen 3015:Genghis Khan Equestrian Statue 1770:'s claim of victory after the 1138: 795: 13: 1: 7571:(Spring 2012). Archived from 7442:Kwong, Emily (30 July 2019). 6435:"Choijing lama temple museum" 6179: 6103:Нийслэлийн Статистикийн Газар 5704:"Hardiness Zones – WORLD MAP" 5652:Baljmaa.T (13 January 2020). 5622:Baljmaa.T (13 January 2020). 5352: 5309:Нийслэлийн Статистикийн Газар 4883:E, Oyun-Erdene (2023-10-04). 4848: 4137:Endangered Archives Programme 3994:Mongolia's major universities 3774:Zanabazar Museum of Fine Arts 3307: 1998:The city lies in the zone of 1447:church, a post office and 20 1398:Yeke Kuriyen-u Doto'adu Durem 1110: 7697:"Communism, Mongolian Brand" 7296:. 9 Sep 2022. Archived from 7126:. 9 Sep 2022. Archived from 6380:10.1016/j.envres.2015.09.020 6344:; accessed 13 November 2016. 4990:"Төрийн үйлчилгээний портал" 4501:Twin towns and sister cities 4464: 4254: 4063:National Library of Mongolia 4048:National Library of Mongolia 4038: 3979: 3676:Mongolian State Philharmonic 3342: 2919:Major landmarks include the 2872: 1836: 1686:Soviet-style blocks of flats 1185:identified as the legendary 776:communist revolution of 1921 458:1,350 m (4,429 ft) 7: 9063:1639 establishments in Asia 5797:(in Russian). Pogoda.ru.net 4370:Ulaanbaatar railway station 4359:Ulaanbaatar railway station 4281:Trolleybuses in Ulaanbaatar 4219:FIBA 3x3 Under-18 World Cup 3950:complex, built in 1904–1908 3766:National Museum of Mongolia 3749:List of museums in Mongolia 3667:, epic and eulogy songs, a 3591:Mongolian People's Republic 3526: 3516:, which is featured on the 3508: 3446: 3425:, the national parliament. 3377: 3239: 3083: 3073:Үндэсний Цэцэрлэгт Хүрээлэн 3011:Gorkhi-Terelj National Park 3003:Gorkhi-Terelj National Park 2978:, and hotel chains such as 2486:Average precipitation days 2272:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2132:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1748:Mongolian People's Republic 1746:and the dissolution of the 1676:, especially following the 1053:Mongolian People's Republic 1048:'Capital Khüree'). 1026: 1001: 978: 976:'s Khüree'), or simply 948: 915: 891: 867: 861: 837: 780:Mongolian People's Republic 734:During its early years, as 375:Monastic center established 273:Location of Ulaanbaatar in 10: 9079: 9024:Georgian-Ossetian conflict 7346:Adiya, Amar (2023-11-17). 6728:"Монгол Улсын Их Сургууль" 6618:. Nla.gov.au. 1 March 2004 6212:(in Mongolian). 2021-12-27 5540:Ариунаа, Э. (2023-09-12). 5057:, Ulaanbaatar 2001, pg. 9f 4504: 4278: 3746: 3722: 3680: 3626: 3595:Gandantegchinlen Monastery 3537: 3533: 3452:, a mythical bird in both 3346: 3333:Prime Minister of Mongolia 3250:Gandantegchinlen Monastery 2921:Gandantegchinlen Monastery 2862: 2735: 2720: 2715: 2012: 1928: 1764:the scene of riots in 2008 1566:Roman von Ungern-Sternberg 1539:8th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu 1534:control of their country. 1420:Urga and the Kyakhta trade 1147:Roof tiles recovered from 1103: 1099: 828: 758:, a caravan route between 673:[ʊˌɮaːɴ‿ˈpaːʰtə̆r] 96:Gandantegchinlen Monastery 29: 9001: 8517:Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte 8265: 8251: 8234: 8180: 7985: 7975: 7912: 7901: 7785: 7463:Нэргүй, Г. (2023-01-03). 6465:Museum of natural history 5566:А.Цээсүрэн (2023-09-08). 5333:earthobservatory.nasa.gov 4830:[ʊlaʁamˈbaʁatʊ̆r] 4435:Thermal Power Plant No. 4 4428:Thermal Power Plant No. 4 4418: 4380:Ulaanbaatar is served by 4192:Buyant Ukhaa Sport Palace 3786:Baldugiin "Marzan" Sharav 3498:appears on Ulaanbaatar's 3469: 3366: 3211: 3130:— 3072: 3040:of the Mongolian Ancient 2929:Bogd Khan's Winter Palace 2788: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2668: 2620: 2576: 2532: 2485: 2411: 2341: 2271: 2201: 2131: 2061: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 1541:was declared ruler of an 1537:On 29 December 1911, the 1080: 1035: 987: 959: 932: 924: 900: 876: 846: 756:Treaty of Kyakhta in 1727 664: 595: 583: 573: 565: 547: 537: 527: 514: 504: 488: 483: 475: 467: 462: 454: 446: 441: 423: 413: 403: 398: 390: 382: 374: 356: 321: 246: 234: 230: 210: 182: 65: 56: 42: 9058:Subdivisions of Mongolia 9020:Abkhaz-Georgian conflict 7743:Mongolia and the Mongols 7729:Ulaanbaatar Travel Guide 6767:"Шинжлэх ухааны академи" 6660:23 February 2006 at the 6006:"Ulaanbaatar Population" 5937:www.skyscrapercenter.com 5793: 5761:"Coldest Capital Cities" 5492:South China Morning Post 5139:27 February 2009 at the 4810: 4452: 4333:Chinggisiin örgön chölöö 4329:Enkh Taivny örgön chölöö 4198:for indoor skating, and 4169: 4160:Mongolian National Radio 3904:Winter residence of the 3823:age to the times of the 3790:Mongolian Theatre Museum 3621:financial crisis of 2008 3349:Districts of Ulaanbaatar 3329:Ulaanbaatar City Council 3327:. It is governed by the 2993: 2914:Enkh Taivny Urgon Chuloo 2716:Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net 2000:discontinuous permafrost 1779:Community of Democracies 1744:new constitution of 1992 1718:Ulaanbaatar and chiefly 803:independent municipality 46: 37:Capital city in Mongolia 8686:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 7741:from A. M. Pozdneyev's 5873:Montsame News Agency. 5123:, 1763, London, pg. 344 5027:Encyclopædia Britannica 4827:. It was pronounced as 4366:Trans-Mongolian Railway 4349: 4315: 4184:National Sports Stadium 3647:Ulaanbaatar Opera House 3631: 3285:since the 2010 census. 3274:) and Islamic mosques. 3053:National Amusement Park 3021:, home to reintroduced 1772:parliamentary elections 1697:Trans-Mongolian Railway 1622:Communist International 1469:'s study in the 1870s. 774:, and again during the 505: • Per capita 479:311/km (807/sq mi) 431:Khishgeegiin Nyambaatar 6363:Environmental Research 6044:Asian Development Bank 5681:Montsame News Agency. 5282:Montsame News Agency. 5213:The Bloody White Baron 5209:Palmer, James (2009). 4474: 4430: 4375: 4361: 4251: 4226:East Asian Youth Games 4212:features a golf course 4179: 4058: 4050: 3989: 3744: 3741:Jebtsundamba Khutuktus 3717:Khorloogiin Choibalsan 3702:Choijin Lama Monastery 3697: 3641: 3606:gross domestic product 3358: 3320: 3260:churches (such as the 3100: 3058:Artificial Lake Castle 3006: 2944:State Department Store 2912:, while Peace Avenue ( 2908:. To the north is the 2882: 1846: 1823:Opera and Ballet House 1819:Natural History Museum 1804:Natural History Museum 1669: 1666:State Department Store 1657: 1507: 1489: 1416: 1393: 1323: 1265:Jebtsundamba Khutughtu 1152: 1106:History of Ulaanbaatar 341:47.92028°N 106.91722°E 8798:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 8237:Dependent territories 7716:Ulaanbaatar City Hall 7625:khural.ulaanbaatar.mn 7030:22 March 2010 at the 6880:16 April 2008 at the 6642:29 March 2008 at the 6470:27 March 2009 at the 6161:khural.ulaanbaatar.mn 5734:Hong Kong Observatory 5185:"Urga, February 1921" 5102:(4th edition, 2005); 4929:hdi.globaldatalab.org 4472: 4426: 4357: 4290:, 1129 high capacity 4249: 4177: 4056: 4046: 3987: 3730: 3695: 3681:Further information: 3639: 3356: 3315: 3104:Historical population 3098: 3001: 2880: 1982:. Most of the annual 1980:temperature inversion 1844: 1802:in October 2019, the 1663: 1655: 1624:, the city was named 1500: 1482: 1414: 1391: 1318: 1228:Founded in 1639 as a 1206:Northern Yuan dynasty 1146: 878:ᠨᠣᠮ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ 796:harmful air pollution 748:Jebtsundamba Khutuktu 8709:United Arab Emirates 7569:World Policy Journal 7563:Hasenkopf, Christa. 6409:on 22 December 2015. 6099:"Статистик үзүүлэлт" 5359:MONTSAME News Agency 5183:Othen, Christopher. 4092:University libraries 4078:Mongolian literature 3772:to the present. The 3735:by his disciple the 3065:National Garden Park 3019:Hustai National Park 2887:concrete towerblocks 2062:Record high °C (°F) 1956:Plant Hardiness Zone 1935:Siberian anticyclone 1740:first free elections 1543:independent Mongolia 1232:monastery as Örgöö ( 1218:Khan Uuliin Chuulgan 1167:throughout history. 1018:independence in 1911 946:Other names include 476: • Density 426:Mayor of Ulaanbaatar 279:Show map of Mongolia 9016:Status of Jerusalem 8792:Episkopi Cantonment 8545:Bandar Seri Begawan 7739:"Urga or Da Khuree" 6537:Zanabazarmuseum.org 6439:Museums of Mongolia 6371:2016ER....144...96F 6336:The Asia Foundation 5765:About.com Education 5261:Kuzmin, pp. 250–300 4411:, and the proposed 4409:Ulaanbaatar Railbus 4312:(UBCab) is common. 4232:Ulaanbaatar City FC 4204:Mongolian wrestling 4086:Chingeltei District 3948:Choijin Lama Temple 3782:One Day In Mongolia 3761:found in Mongolia. 3547:Mobicom Corporation 3512:'s forehead is the 3265:Holy Trinity Church 3254:Choijin Lama Temple 3105: 3060:was built in 1969. 2933:Choijin Lama Temple 2577:Average snowy days 2533:Average rainy days 2342:Record low °C (°F) 2202:Daily mean °C (°F) 1705:U.S. Vice President 1467:Nikolay Przhevalsky 1179:Nestorian Christian 825:Names and etymology 500:13.2 billion (2023) 346:47.92028; 106.91722 337: / 110:Choijin Lama Temple 7787:Aimags (provinces) 7721:2012-08-06 at the 7565:"Clearing the Air" 7264:News Straits Times 7012:2010-03-18 at the 6960:Mongoliacenter.org 6898:mongoliacenter.org 6821:library.num.edu.mn 6750:2010-11-29 at the 6594:2022-09-14 at the 6421:"Official Website" 6403:"Official Website" 5910:2015-12-17 at the 5794:КЛИМАТ УЛАН-БАТОРА 5740:on 23 October 2019 5169:2017-10-10 at the 5077:on 3 December 2013 4923:Sub-national HDI. 4479:particulate matter 4475: 4431: 4362: 4252: 4250:Bus in Ulaanbaatar 4180: 4059: 4051: 3990: 3867:Manjusri Monastery 3745: 3698: 3642: 3423:State Great Khural 3359: 3321: 3103: 3101: 3046:Manjusri Monastery 3007: 2954:or "the Market"). 2899:revolutionary hero 2883: 1941:-influenced, cold 1847: 1680:, most of the old 1670: 1658: 1508: 1490: 1486:Manjusri Monastery 1417: 1394: 1153: 1092:during the decade 788:Soviet-style flats 752:Qing-Russian trade 714:most populous city 489: • Total 468: • Total 447: • Total 309:Ulaanbaatar (Asia) 211:Nickname(s): 9030: 9029: 8996: 8995: 8430:Camp Thunder Cove 8193: 8192: 7928: 7927: 7695:Lattimore, Owen. 7327:www.xinhuanet.com 6561:Branigan, Tania. 6502:"National Museum" 6180:O, Erdenechimeg. 5217:. Perseus Books. 4805: 4789: 4773: 4757: 4741: 4725: 4709: 4693: 4677: 4661: 4645: 4629: 4613: 4597: 4581: 4565: 4549: 4533: 4310:ride-sharing apps 4288:articulated buses 4143:Special libraries 4126:Digital libraries 3996:, among them the 3803:(before 1723); a 3575:Dzungar-Qing Wars 3559:Khentii Mountains 3440:Municipal symbols 3411:Songino Khairkhan 3375: 3267:, as well as the 3216: 3215: 3081: 2972:Round Table Pizza 2910:Government Palace 2902:Damdin Sükhbaatar 2895:Sükhbaatar Square 2869: 2868: 2736:Climate data for 2729: 2728: 2623:relative humidity 1960:humid continental 1943:semi-arid climate 1720:Sükhbaatar Square 1684:were replaced by 1668:in the background 1583:Damdin Sükhbaatar 1426:Treaty of Kyakhta 1331:Khamba Nomon Khan 1173:, Toghrul of the 1133:woolly rhinoceros 1125:Upper Paleolithic 1117:Lower Paleolithic 1047: 999: 971: 961:ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ 912: 888: 858: 819:transport network 611: 610: 510:US$ 8,049 (2023) 414: • Body 404: • Type 391:Named Ulaanbaatar 80:Sükhbaatar Square 78:City centre with 32:Ulan Bator (band) 16:(Redirected from 9070: 9048:Capitals in Asia 8584:Christmas Island 8578:Flying Fish Cove 8254: 8253: 8220: 8213: 8206: 8197: 8196: 8188: 8187: 7955: 7948: 7941: 7932: 7931: 7907: 7772: 7765: 7758: 7749: 7748: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7679: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7655: 7641: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7631: 7617: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7600: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7560: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7550: 7535: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7525: 7511: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7501: 7486: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7476: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7439: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7413: 7407: 7406: 7393: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7383: 7368: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7358: 7343: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7333: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7302: 7289: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7238: 7232:. Archived from 7225: 7216: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7206: 7191: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7171: 7165:. Archived from 7158: 7149: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7132: 7119: 7111: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7080: 7074:UNESCAP (2022). 7071: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7040: 7034: 7022: 7016: 7004: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6988:on 20 March 2012 6978: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6952: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6932:. Archived from 6926: 6920: 6919: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6890: 6884: 6872: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6856:on 6 August 2012 6852:. Archived from 6842: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6832: 6823:. Archived from 6813: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6803: 6794:. Archived from 6788: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6769:. Archived from 6763: 6754: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6724: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6714: 6705:. Archived from 6695: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6685: 6676:. Archived from 6670: 6664: 6652: 6646: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6612: 6603: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6548: 6539:. Archived from 6529: 6523: 6520: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6498: 6492: 6491:Kohn, pp. 61, 66 6489: 6483: 6480: 6474: 6462: 6456: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6441:. Archived from 6431: 6425: 6424: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6405:. Archived from 6399: 6393: 6392: 6382: 6354: 6345: 6332: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6311:encyclopedia.com 6303: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6287:. 3 October 2016 6277: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6217: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6128: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6094: 6088: 6085: 6079: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6041: 6033: 6024: 6023: 6016: 6010: 6009: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5959:. Archived from 5953: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5929: 5923: 5920: 5914: 5901: 5895: 5892: 5886: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5832: 5826:. Archived from 5821: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5789: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5776: 5767:. Archived from 5759:Matt Rosenberg. 5756: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5736:. Archived from 5726: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5710:on 16 April 2014 5700: 5694: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5666: 5664: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5636: 5634: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5606: 5604: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5579: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5500: 5498: 5483: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5430: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5301: 5295: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5262: 5259: 5253: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5216: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5187:. Archived from 5180: 5174: 5161: 5152: 5149: 5143: 5130: 5124: 5117: 5111: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5067: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5044:. УБ: УХГ. 1974. 5038: 5032: 5031: 5023: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4996:on 6 August 2012 4986: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4870: 4859: 4842: 4839:Mongolian script 4832: 4821: 4803: 4798: 4797: 4787: 4782: 4781: 4771: 4766: 4765: 4755: 4750: 4749: 4739: 4734: 4733: 4723: 4718: 4717: 4707: 4702: 4701: 4691: 4686: 4685: 4675: 4670: 4669: 4659: 4654: 4653: 4643: 4638: 4637: 4627: 4622: 4621: 4611: 4606: 4605: 4595: 4590: 4589: 4579: 4574: 4573: 4563: 4558: 4557: 4547: 4542: 4541: 4531: 4526: 4525: 4439:supply hot water 4403:Future proposals 4275:Public transport 4196:AIC Steppe Arena 4156:Zorig Foundation 3971: 3959: 3944: 3932: 3920: 3910:Tsar Nicholas II 3901: 3889: 3877: 3862: 3836:Gandan Monastery 3739:, used by later 3731:Throne given to 3713:Migjid Janraisig 3709:Gandan Monastery 3579:Shanxi merchants 3529: 3518:flag of Mongolia 3511: 3490: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3451: 3380: 3370: 3368: 3119: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3086: 3076: 3074: 2733: 2732: 2489: 2010: 2009: 1831:National Library 1762:Ulaanbaatar was 1714:Contemporary era 1678:Second World War 1674:socialist period 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1626:Ulaanbaatar Khot 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1406:Gandan Monastery 1371:Qianlong Emperor 1345: 1250: 1247: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1224:Mobile monastery 1204:(1206-1368) and 1090:Ulaanbaatar koto 1083: 1082: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1037:ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠰᠯᠡᠯ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ 1029: 1004: 994: 992: 990: 981: 966: 964: 962: 953: 934: 926: 918: 907: 905: 903: 894: 883: 881: 879: 870: 864: 853: 851: 849: 840: 809:, whose capital 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 683: 682: 681: 675: 670: 666: 658: 657: 654: 653: 650: 647: 644: 641: 637: 636: 633: 630: 627: 624: 607: 604: 602: 557: 367: 365: 364: 352: 351: 349: 348: 347: 342: 338: 335: 334: 333: 330: 313: 312:Show map of Asia 299: 298: 292: 280: 263: 262: 256: 239: 200: 190: 167: 153: 136: 122: 106: 92: 75: 51: 40: 39: 21: 9078: 9077: 9073: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9068: 9067: 9033: 9032: 9031: 9026: 9006:Disputed. See: 8997: 8992: 8880:Northern Cyprus 8844: 8696: 8537: 8422: 8408: 8333: 8247: 8230: 8224: 8194: 8189: 8182: 8178: 7981: 7971: 7959: 7929: 7924: 7908: 7899: 7781: 7776: 7723:Wayback Machine 7712: 7692: 7690:Further reading 7687: 7686: 7677: 7675: 7667: 7666: 7662: 7653: 7651: 7643: 7642: 7638: 7629: 7627: 7619: 7618: 7614: 7604: 7602: 7598: 7592: 7588: 7578: 7576: 7561: 7557: 7548: 7546: 7537: 7536: 7532: 7523: 7521: 7519:thediplomat.com 7513: 7512: 7508: 7499: 7497: 7495:A24 News Agency 7487: 7483: 7474: 7472: 7461: 7457: 7440: 7436: 7426: 7424: 7415: 7414: 7410: 7395: 7394: 7390: 7381: 7379: 7377:thediplomat.com 7369: 7365: 7356: 7354: 7352:Mongolia Weekly 7344: 7340: 7331: 7329: 7321: 7320: 7316: 7306: 7304: 7300: 7287: 7283: 7282: 7278: 7268: 7266: 7256: 7252: 7242: 7240: 7236: 7223: 7217: 7213: 7204: 7202: 7192: 7185: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7156: 7150: 7146: 7136: 7134: 7130: 7117: 7113: 7112: 7099: 7089: 7087: 7078: 7072: 7063: 7053: 7051: 7042: 7041: 7037: 7032:Wayback Machine 7023: 7019: 7014:Wayback Machine 7005: 7001: 6991: 6989: 6980: 6979: 6975: 6965: 6963: 6954: 6953: 6949: 6939: 6937: 6936:on 4 March 2010 6928: 6927: 6923: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6892: 6891: 6887: 6882:Wayback Machine 6873: 6869: 6859: 6857: 6844: 6843: 6839: 6830: 6828: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6801: 6799: 6790: 6789: 6785: 6776: 6774: 6765: 6764: 6757: 6752:Wayback Machine 6743: 6739: 6726: 6725: 6721: 6712: 6710: 6697: 6696: 6692: 6683: 6681: 6672: 6671: 6667: 6662:Wayback Machine 6653: 6649: 6644:Wayback Machine 6635: 6631: 6621: 6619: 6614: 6613: 6606: 6596:Wayback Machine 6587: 6583: 6573: 6571: 6559: 6555: 6546: 6544: 6531: 6530: 6526: 6521: 6517: 6507: 6505: 6500: 6499: 6495: 6490: 6486: 6481: 6477: 6472:Wayback Machine 6463: 6459: 6454: 6450: 6445:on 31 May 2009. 6433: 6432: 6428: 6419: 6418: 6414: 6401: 6400: 6396: 6355: 6348: 6333: 6326: 6316: 6314: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6290: 6288: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6264: 6262: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6240: 6238: 6229: 6228: 6224: 6215: 6213: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6190: 6188: 6178: 6174: 6165: 6163: 6157:"Түүхэн товчоо" 6155: 6154: 6150: 6140: 6138: 6130: 6129: 6116: 6107: 6105: 6095: 6091: 6086: 6082: 6077: 6073: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6049: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6034: 6027: 6018: 6017: 6013: 6004: 6003: 5999: 5991: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5966: 5964: 5955: 5954: 5950: 5941: 5939: 5931: 5930: 5926: 5921: 5917: 5912:Wayback Machine 5902: 5898: 5893: 5889: 5872: 5868: 5858: 5856: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5836: 5834: 5833:on 17 July 2021 5830: 5819: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5783: 5774: 5772: 5757: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5728: 5727: 5723: 5713: 5711: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5680: 5676: 5662: 5660: 5650: 5646: 5632: 5630: 5620: 5616: 5602: 5600: 5590: 5586: 5577: 5575: 5564: 5560: 5551: 5549: 5538: 5534: 5525: 5523: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5496: 5494: 5484: 5477: 5468: 5466: 5456: 5452: 5443: 5441: 5432: 5431: 5424: 5414: 5412: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5388: 5386: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5363: 5361: 5351: 5347: 5338: 5336: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5313: 5311: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5256: 5251: 5247: 5238:Bisher, Jamie. 5236: 5232: 5225: 5207: 5203: 5194: 5192: 5181: 5177: 5171:Wayback Machine 5162: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5141:Wayback Machine 5131: 5127: 5118: 5114: 5094: 5090: 5080: 5078: 5069: 5068: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4997: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4974: 4972: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4949: 4947: 4940: 4936: 4921: 4917: 4908: 4906: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4881: 4877: 4868: 4866: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4845: 4823:Transcribed as 4822: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4792: 4776: 4760: 4744: 4728: 4712: 4696: 4680: 4664: 4648: 4632: 4616: 4600: 4584: 4568: 4552: 4536: 4520: 4511:Ulaanbaatar is 4509: 4503: 4467: 4455: 4421: 4405: 4378: 4352: 4344:drainage system 4318: 4283: 4277: 4257: 4244: 4172: 4145: 4133:British Library 4128: 4094: 4041: 3982: 3975: 3972: 3963: 3960: 3951: 3945: 3936: 3933: 3924: 3921: 3912: 3902: 3893: 3890: 3881: 3878: 3869: 3863: 3853:of renovation. 3751: 3725: 3707:Another is the 3690: 3685: 3634: 3629: 3617:Boroo Gold Mine 3542: 3536: 3530:in the center. 3488: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3442: 3351: 3345: 3310: 3242: 3093: 2996: 2946:(simply called 2925:Zaisan Memorial 2875: 2870: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2730: 2725:(humidity-sun) 2487: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 1931: 1839: 1796: 1716: 1650: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1495: 1453:Boxer Rebellion 1422: 1377:Khutugtus, two 1248: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1226: 1165:nomadic empires 1141: 1113: 1108: 1102: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1039:; Нийслэл Хүрээ 1036: 988: 960: 901: 877: 847: 833: 827: 801:Governed as an 738:(anglicized as 697: 694: 691: 688: 677: 676: 668: 638: 621: 617: 599: 555: 533: 509: 496: 408:Council–Manager 362: 360: 345: 343: 339: 336: 331: 328: 326: 324: 323: 317: 316: 315: 314: 311: 310: 307: 306: 305: 304: 300: 283: 282: 281: 278: 277: 271: 270: 269: 268: 264: 242: 226: 206: 205: 204: 203: 194: 193: 178: 177: 176: 175: 174: 168: 160: 159: 154: 145: 144: 143: 137: 129: 128: 123: 114: 113: 112: 107: 99: 98: 93: 84: 83: 82: 76: 61: 52: 49: 48: 45: 38: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9076: 9066: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9028: 9027: 9012:Cyprus dispute 9002: 8999: 8998: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8990: 8979: 8963: 8952: 8941: 8925: 8914: 8903: 8886: 8870: 8859: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8842: 8831: 8820: 8806: 8788: 8777: 8766: 8755: 8744: 8733: 8722: 8711: 8699: 8697: 8695: 8694: 8676: 8665: 8658: 8647: 8636: 8625: 8614: 8603: 8592: 8574: 8563: 8552: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8535: 8524: 8513: 8502: 8491: 8480: 8469: 8458: 8447: 8425: 8423: 8421: 8420: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8391: 8380: 8367: 8356: 8345: 8329: 8328: 8327: 8316: 8305: 8294: 8283: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8264: 8263:Southeast Asia 8261: 8258: 8252: 8249: 8248: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8223: 8222: 8215: 8208: 8200: 8191: 8190: 8181: 8179: 8177: 8176: 8167: 8158: 8149: 8140: 8131: 8122: 8113: 8104: 8095: 8086: 8077: 8068: 8059: 8050: 8041: 8032: 8023: 8014: 8005: 7996: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7958: 7957: 7950: 7943: 7935: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7922: 7916: 7914: 7910: 7909: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7791: 7789: 7783: 7782: 7775: 7774: 7767: 7760: 7752: 7746: 7745: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7711: 7710:External links 7708: 7707: 7706: 7691: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7660: 7636: 7612: 7586: 7555: 7530: 7506: 7481: 7471:(in Mongolian) 7455: 7434: 7423:. 4 April 2024 7408: 7388: 7363: 7338: 7314: 7276: 7250: 7239:on 16 Sep 2023 7211: 7183: 7172:on 16 Sep 2023 7144: 7097: 7061: 7035: 7017: 6999: 6973: 6947: 6921: 6918:. 25 May 2020. 6903: 6885: 6867: 6837: 6808: 6783: 6755: 6737: 6732:www.num.edu.mn 6719: 6703:www.aom.lib.mn 6690: 6665: 6647: 6629: 6604: 6581: 6553: 6524: 6515: 6493: 6484: 6475: 6457: 6455:Kohn, pp. 63–4 6448: 6426: 6412: 6394: 6346: 6324: 6298: 6272: 6247: 6237:(in Mongolian) 6235:ulaanbaatar.mn 6222: 6197: 6172: 6148: 6114: 6089: 6080: 6071: 6057: 6025: 6011: 5997: 5985: 5973: 5948: 5924: 5915: 5896: 5887: 5866: 5844: 5808: 5781: 5751: 5721: 5695: 5674: 5644: 5614: 5584: 5574:(in Mongolian) 5558: 5548:(in Mongolian) 5532: 5508: 5475: 5450: 5422: 5396: 5370: 5353:B, Nyambayar. 5345: 5320: 5296: 5275: 5263: 5254: 5245: 5242:. p. 276. 5230: 5223: 5201: 5175: 5153: 5144: 5125: 5112: 5095:Kohn, Michael 5088: 5059: 5047: 5033: 5018:, ed. (1911). 5016:Chisholm, Hugh 5007: 4981: 4956: 4934: 4915: 4890: 4875: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4790: 4774: 4758: 4742: 4738:, South Korea 4726: 4710: 4694: 4678: 4662: 4646: 4630: 4614: 4598: 4582: 4566: 4562:, South Korea 4550: 4534: 4517: 4502: 4499: 4488:former airport 4466: 4463: 4454: 4451: 4420: 4417: 4404: 4401: 4377: 4374: 4351: 4348: 4317: 4314: 4276: 4273: 4256: 4253: 4243: 4242:Infrastructure 4240: 4171: 4168: 4144: 4141: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4093: 4090: 4070:public library 4040: 4037: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3976: 3973: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3954: 3952: 3946: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3915: 3913: 3903: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3872: 3870: 3864: 3857: 3801:Kangxi Emperor 3747:Main article: 3737:Kangxi Emperor 3724: 3721: 3689: 3686: 3654:national music 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3567:Inner Mongolia 3535: 3532: 3514:soyombo symbol 3491:) by Mongols. 3441: 3438: 3347:Main article: 3344: 3341: 3309: 3306: 3241: 3238: 3218:As Mongolia's 3214: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3092: 3089: 3033:protected area 2995: 2992: 2874: 2871: 2867: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2786: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2731: 2727: 2726: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2671:sunshine hours 2666: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2618: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2483: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2008: 1930: 1927: 1838: 1835: 1795: 1792: 1715: 1712: 1690:Urban planning 1649: 1646: 1618:Turar Ryskulov 1494: 1491: 1424:Following the 1421: 1418: 1381:ambans, and a 1358:'s subjects". 1288:Inner Mongolia 1225: 1222: 1140: 1137: 1127:people hunted 1112: 1109: 1104:Main article: 1101: 1098: 1027:Niĭslel Khüree 963:; Богдын хүрээ 950:Bogdiin Khuree 826: 823: 700:), previously 609: 608: 597: 593: 592: 587: 581: 580: 577: 571: 570: 567: 563: 562: 552: 545: 544: 541: 535: 534: 531: 529: 525: 524: 518: 512: 511: 508:MNT 27,455,175 506: 502: 501: 495:45,047 billion 490: 486: 485: 481: 480: 477: 473: 472: 469: 465: 464: 460: 459: 456: 452: 451: 448: 444: 443: 439: 438: 428: 421: 420: 415: 411: 410: 405: 401: 400: 396: 395: 392: 388: 387: 384: 383:Final location 380: 379: 376: 372: 371: 358: 354: 353: 319: 318: 308: 302: 301: 294: 293: 287: 286: 285: 284: 272: 266: 265: 258: 257: 251: 250: 249: 248: 247: 244: 243: 240: 232: 231: 228: 227: 212: 208: 207: 201: 195: 191: 185: 184: 183: 180: 179: 169: 162: 161: 155: 148: 147: 146: 138: 131: 130: 124: 117: 116: 115: 108: 101: 100: 94: 87: 86: 85: 77: 70: 69: 68: 67: 66: 63: 62: 57: 54: 53: 43: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9075: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9040: 9038: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9005: 9000: 8989: 8985: 8984: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8974: 8973:South Ossetia 8969: 8968: 8964: 8962: 8958: 8957: 8953: 8951: 8947: 8946: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8936: 8931: 8930: 8926: 8924: 8920: 8919: 8915: 8913: 8909: 8908: 8904: 8902: 8898: 8897: 8892: 8891: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8881: 8876: 8875: 8874:North Nicosia 8871: 8869: 8865: 8864: 8860: 8858: 8854: 8853: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8841: 8837: 8836: 8832: 8830: 8826: 8825: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8812: 8811: 8807: 8804: 8800: 8799: 8794: 8793: 8789: 8787: 8783: 8782: 8778: 8776: 8772: 8771: 8767: 8765: 8761: 8760: 8756: 8754: 8750: 8749: 8745: 8743: 8739: 8738: 8734: 8732: 8728: 8727: 8723: 8721: 8717: 8716: 8712: 8710: 8706: 8705: 8701: 8700: 8698: 8692: 8688: 8687: 8682: 8681: 8677: 8675: 8671: 8670: 8666: 8664: 8663: 8659: 8657: 8653: 8652: 8648: 8646: 8642: 8641: 8637: 8635: 8631: 8630: 8626: 8624: 8620: 8619: 8615: 8613: 8609: 8608: 8604: 8602: 8598: 8597: 8593: 8590: 8586: 8585: 8580: 8579: 8575: 8573: 8569: 8568: 8564: 8562: 8558: 8557: 8553: 8551: 8547: 8546: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8534: 8530: 8529: 8525: 8523: 8519: 8518: 8514: 8512: 8508: 8507: 8503: 8501: 8497: 8496: 8492: 8490: 8486: 8485: 8481: 8479: 8475: 8474: 8470: 8468: 8464: 8463: 8459: 8457: 8453: 8452: 8448: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8437: 8432: 8431: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8419: 8415: 8414: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8401: 8397: 8396: 8392: 8390: 8386: 8385: 8381: 8379: 8378: 8373: 8372: 8368: 8366: 8362: 8361: 8357: 8355: 8351: 8350: 8346: 8344: 8340: 8339: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8326: 8322: 8321: 8317: 8315: 8311: 8310: 8306: 8304: 8300: 8299: 8295: 8293: 8289: 8288: 8284: 8282: 8278: 8277: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8269: 8262: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8221: 8216: 8214: 8209: 8207: 8202: 8201: 8198: 8186: 8175: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7984: 7980: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7963: 7956: 7951: 7949: 7944: 7942: 7937: 7936: 7933: 7921: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7911: 7906: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7773: 7768: 7766: 7761: 7759: 7754: 7753: 7750: 7744: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7724: 7720: 7717: 7714: 7713: 7704: 7703: 7698: 7694: 7693: 7674: 7670: 7664: 7650: 7646: 7640: 7626: 7622: 7616: 7597: 7590: 7575:on 6 May 2012 7574: 7570: 7566: 7559: 7544: 7540: 7534: 7520: 7516: 7510: 7496: 7492: 7485: 7470: 7466: 7459: 7451: 7450: 7445: 7438: 7422: 7418: 7412: 7405:. 2021-07-04. 7404: 7403: 7398: 7392: 7378: 7374: 7367: 7353: 7349: 7342: 7328: 7324: 7318: 7303:on 3 Feb 2023 7299: 7295: 7294: 7286: 7280: 7265: 7261: 7254: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7222: 7215: 7201: 7197: 7190: 7188: 7168: 7164: 7163: 7155: 7148: 7133:on 3 Feb 2023 7129: 7125: 7124: 7116: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7086: 7085: 7077: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7050:. 3 June 2019 7049: 7045: 7039: 7033: 7029: 7026: 7021: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7003: 6987: 6983: 6977: 6961: 6957: 6951: 6935: 6931: 6925: 6917: 6913: 6907: 6899: 6895: 6889: 6883: 6879: 6876: 6871: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6841: 6827:on 2011-08-26 6826: 6822: 6818: 6812: 6798:on 2011-08-29 6797: 6793: 6787: 6773:on 2011-08-24 6772: 6768: 6762: 6760: 6753: 6749: 6746: 6741: 6733: 6729: 6723: 6709:on 2004-10-14 6708: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6680:on 2012-10-05 6679: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6659: 6656: 6651: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6633: 6617: 6611: 6609: 6601: 6600:Lonely Planet 6597: 6593: 6590: 6585: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6557: 6543:on 2011-09-24 6542: 6538: 6534: 6528: 6519: 6503: 6497: 6488: 6479: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6461: 6452: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6430: 6422: 6416: 6408: 6404: 6398: 6390: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6353: 6351: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6331: 6329: 6312: 6308: 6307:"Ulaanbaatar" 6302: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6236: 6232: 6231:"Хотын тухай" 6226: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6187: 6183: 6176: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6137: 6133: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6104: 6100: 6093: 6084: 6075: 6067: 6061: 6045: 6038: 6032: 6030: 6021: 6015: 6007: 6001: 5994: 5989: 5982: 5977: 5963:on 2016-02-18 5962: 5958: 5952: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5919: 5913: 5909: 5906: 5900: 5891: 5884: 5883:99929-0-627-8 5880: 5876: 5870: 5854: 5848: 5829: 5825: 5818: 5812: 5796: 5788: 5786: 5771:on 2011-12-28 5770: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5725: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5692: 5691:99929-0-627-8 5688: 5684: 5678: 5671: 5659: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5629: 5625: 5618: 5611: 5599: 5595: 5588: 5573: 5569: 5562: 5547: 5543: 5536: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5505: 5493: 5489: 5482: 5480: 5465: 5461: 5454: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5427: 5411:. 3 July 2008 5410: 5406: 5400: 5385:. 2 July 2008 5384: 5380: 5374: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5293: 5292:99929-0-627-8 5289: 5285: 5279: 5267: 5258: 5249: 5241: 5234: 5226: 5224:9780465014484 5220: 5215: 5214: 5205: 5191:on 2019-11-21 5190: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5160: 5158: 5148: 5142: 5138: 5135: 5129: 5122: 5116: 5109: 5108:1-74059-359-6 5105: 5101: 5099: 5098:Lonely Planet 5092: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5064: 5056: 5051: 5043: 5037: 5029: 5028: 5022: 5017: 5011: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4971:on 2013-12-02 4970: 4966: 4960: 4945: 4938: 4930: 4926: 4919: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4886: 4879: 4864: 4858: 4854: 4840: 4836: 4835:Middle Mongol 4831: 4826: 4825:Ulaganbagatur 4820: 4816: 4802:, Kyrgyzstan 4801: 4796: 4791: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770:, Kazakhstan 4769: 4764: 4759: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4495:ger districts 4491: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4471: 4462: 4460: 4450: 4448: 4443: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4425: 4416: 4414: 4413:subway system 4410: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4394:aimag centers 4391: 4387: 4386:Sergelen, Töv 4383: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4356: 4347: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4323: 4322:ger districts 4313: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4282: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4248: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4200:Bökhiin Örgöö 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4176: 4167: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4089: 4087: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4064: 4055: 4049: 4045: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3986: 3970: 3965: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3938: 3931: 3926: 3919: 3914: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3895: 3888: 3883: 3876: 3871: 3868: 3861: 3856: 3855: 3854: 3851: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3770:Mongol Empire 3767: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3703: 3694: 3684: 3679: 3677: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3650: 3648: 3638: 3624: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3548: 3541: 3531: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3485: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3449: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3373: 3364: 3355: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3335:appoints the 3334: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3314: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3227:ger districts 3223: 3221: 3210: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3116: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3097: 3088: 3085: 3079: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3029:Bogd Khan Uul 3026: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2906:Chinggis Khan 2903: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2891:ger districts 2888: 2879: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2792: 2787: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669:Mean monthly 2667: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2484: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2415: 2414:precipitation 2410: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1984:precipitation 1981: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1867:Bogd Khan Uul 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1843: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1827:Drama Theatre 1824: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1757: 1756:ger districts 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1711: 1709: 1708:Henry Wallace 1706: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1682:ger districts 1679: 1675: 1667: 1662: 1654: 1648:Socialist era 1645: 1639:Red-Hero City 1627: 1623: 1619: 1599: 1597: 1592: 1586: 1584: 1578: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1562:White Russian 1558: 1556: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1510:In 1910, the 1505: 1504: 1499: 1487: 1481: 1477: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1430:Kyakhta trade 1427: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1401: 1399: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1299:Bogd Khan Uul 1295: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1246: 1231: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1202:Mongol Empire 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1181:monarch whom 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1150: 1145: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1107: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1076: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1003: 997: 985: 980: 975: 969: 957: 952: 951: 944: 942: 938: 930: 922: 917: 910: 898: 893: 886: 880:; Номын хүрээ 874: 869: 868:Nomiĭn Khüree 863: 856: 844: 839: 832: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 784:ger districts 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 742:), it became 741: 737: 732: 730: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 680: 674: 662: 656: 615: 606: 598: 594: 591: 588: 586: 582: 578: 576: 572: 568: 566:License plate 564: 561: 553: 550: 546: 542: 540: 536: 530: 526: 522: 519: 517: 513: 507: 503: 499: 494: 491: 487: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 440: 436: 432: 429: 427: 422: 419: 416: 412: 409: 406: 402: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 370: 359: 355: 350: 322:Coordinates: 320: 291: 276: 255: 245: 238: 233: 229: 224: 220: 216: 209: 199: 189: 181: 172: 166: 158: 152: 141: 135: 127: 126:Ger districts 121: 111: 105: 97: 91: 81: 74: 64: 60: 55: 50:ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ 41: 33: 19: 9003: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8965: 8954: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8927: 8916: 8912:Saudi Arabia 8905: 8900: 8894: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8872: 8861: 8850: 8833: 8822: 8817: 8808: 8796: 8790: 8779: 8768: 8757: 8746: 8735: 8724: 8713: 8702: 8684: 8678: 8667: 8660: 8649: 8638: 8627: 8618:Kuala Lumpur 8616: 8605: 8594: 8582: 8576: 8565: 8554: 8543: 8526: 8515: 8504: 8493: 8482: 8471: 8460: 8449: 8444: 8434: 8428: 8411: 8405: 8394: 8393: 8382: 8375: 8369: 8358: 8347: 8336: 8330: 8318: 8307: 8296: 8285: 8281:Turkmenistan 8274: 8257:Central Asia 8244: 8102:Bayankhongor 8098:Bayankhongor 7978: 7919: 7913:Municipality 7800:Bayankhongor 7742: 7702:The Atlantic 7700: 7676:. Retrieved 7672: 7663: 7652:. Retrieved 7648: 7639: 7628:. Retrieved 7624: 7615: 7603:. Retrieved 7589: 7577:. Retrieved 7573:the original 7568: 7558: 7547:. Retrieved 7545:. 2016-04-26 7542: 7533: 7522:. Retrieved 7518: 7509: 7498:. Retrieved 7494: 7484: 7473:. Retrieved 7468: 7458: 7447: 7437: 7425:. Retrieved 7420: 7411: 7400: 7391: 7380:. Retrieved 7376: 7366: 7355:. Retrieved 7351: 7341: 7330:. Retrieved 7326: 7317: 7305:. Retrieved 7298:the original 7291: 7279: 7267:. Retrieved 7263: 7253: 7241:. Retrieved 7234:the original 7227: 7214: 7203:. Retrieved 7199: 7174:. Retrieved 7167:the original 7160: 7147: 7135:. Retrieved 7128:the original 7121: 7088:. Retrieved 7082: 7052:. Retrieved 7047: 7038: 7020: 7002: 6990:. Retrieved 6986:the original 6976: 6964:. Retrieved 6962:. 7 May 2008 6959: 6950: 6938:. Retrieved 6934:the original 6924: 6915: 6906: 6897: 6888: 6870: 6858:. Retrieved 6854:the original 6849: 6840: 6829:. Retrieved 6825:the original 6820: 6811: 6800:. Retrieved 6796:the original 6786: 6775:. Retrieved 6771:the original 6740: 6731: 6722: 6711:. Retrieved 6707:the original 6702: 6693: 6682:. Retrieved 6678:the original 6668: 6650: 6632: 6620:. Retrieved 6599: 6584: 6572:. Retrieved 6568:The Guardian 6566: 6556: 6545:. Retrieved 6541:the original 6536: 6527: 6522:Kohn, pg. 61 6518: 6506:. Retrieved 6496: 6487: 6478: 6460: 6451: 6443:the original 6438: 6429: 6415: 6407:the original 6397: 6362: 6340: 6338:. Available 6335: 6315:. Retrieved 6310: 6301: 6289:. Retrieved 6284: 6275: 6265:16 September 6263:. Retrieved 6259: 6250: 6239:. Retrieved 6234: 6225: 6214:. Retrieved 6209: 6200: 6189:. Retrieved 6185: 6175: 6164:. Retrieved 6160: 6151: 6139:. Retrieved 6135: 6106:. Retrieved 6102: 6092: 6083: 6074: 6060: 6048:. Retrieved 6043: 6014: 6000: 5988: 5976: 5965:. Retrieved 5961:the original 5951: 5940:. Retrieved 5936: 5927: 5918: 5899: 5894:Kohn, pg. 52 5890: 5874: 5869: 5857:. Retrieved 5847: 5835:. 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Retrieved 4857: 4824: 4819: 4510: 4492: 4476: 4456: 4444: 4432: 4406: 4398: 4379: 4363: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4326: 4319: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4296:trolleybuses 4284: 4265:trolleybuses 4258: 4230: 4216: 4181: 4164: 4153: 4146: 4129: 4082: 4067: 4060: 4026: 3991: 3847: 3844: 3840:Green Palace 3833: 3817: 3794: 3781: 3763: 3752: 3706: 3699: 3673: 3658: 3651: 3643: 3614: 3610: 3599: 3586: 3582: 3571: 3551: 3545:Bogd Group, 3543: 3524:and has the 3495: 3493: 3461: 3443: 3430:Töv Province 3427: 3360: 3322: 3300:(3.3%), and 3298:Christianity 3287: 3276: 3243: 3234:foreign-born 3231: 3224: 3220:primate city 3217: 3091:Demographics 3062: 3050: 3027: 3008: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2937: 2918: 2913: 2884: 2416:mm (inches) 1997: 1976: 1971: 1963: 1949: 1932: 1881:larches and 1876: 1848: 1816: 1797: 1789: 1783: 1776: 1761: 1752: 1717: 1694: 1671: 1625: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1579: 1559: 1551: 1536: 1524:Qing dynasty 1519:Gandan lamas 1511: 1509: 1501: 1471: 1464: 1457: 1442: 1423: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1375:Jebtsundamba 1367:Tusheet Khan 1360: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1324: 1319: 1311: 1296: 1292: 1273: 1268: 1263:, the first 1227: 1217: 1199: 1191:Genghis Khan 1187:Prester John 1169: 1155:A number of 1154: 1114: 1089: 1077: 1056: 1050: 1015: 1010: 1006: 945: 940: 936: 902:ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ 834: 815:primate city 807:Töv Province 800: 786:replaced by 739: 735: 733: 705: 613: 612: 603:.ulaanbaatar 222: 218: 217:), Нийслэл ( 214: 202:Coat of arms 59:Capital city 9043:Ulaanbaatar 8899:(de facto) 8824:Kuwait City 8680:West Island 8634:Philippines 8478:Afghanistan 8395:Ulaanbaatar 8365:South Korea 8354:North Korea 8165:Övörkhangai 8147:Bayan-Ölgii 8129:Darkhan-Uul 8008:Dalanzadgad 7979:Ulaanbaatar 7920:Ulaanbaatar 7870:Övörkhangai 7815:Darkhan-Uul 7805:Bayan-Ölgii 7649:montsame.mn 7269:19 December 7048:Sportskeeda 6817:"Номын сан" 6482:Kohn, p. 60 6317:13 November 5993:Ulaanbaatar 5981:Ulaanbaatar 5714:25 November 5640:demolition. 5119:John Bell, 5081:24 November 5055:Улаанбаатар 5000:24 November 4903:www.1212.mn 4754:, Thailand 4704:Novosibirsk 3906:Bogd Gegeen 3821:Paleolithic 3688:Monasteries 3661:morin khuur 3522:eternal sky 3436:provinces. 3387:Bagakhangai 3283:religiosity 3279:irreligious 3038:Tooril Khan 2964:Burger King 2948:Ikh Delguur 1728:perestroika 1672:During the 1591:Ulaanbaatar 1555:Xu Shuzheng 1460:Maimaicheng 1434:Gobi Desert 1257:Övörkhangai 1200:During the 1139:Before 1639 1057:Ulaanbaatar 798:in winter. 770:led by the 665:Улаанбаатар 614:Ulaanbaatar 528:Postal code 344: / 332:106°55′02″E 303:Ulaanbaatar 267:Ulaanbaatar 47:Улаанбаатар 44:Ulaanbaatar 9037:Categories 8967:Tskhinvali 8753:Azerbaijan 8651:Phnom Penh 8572:East Timor 8456:Bangladesh 8406:North Asia 8325:Uzbekistan 8314:Tajikistan 8303:Kyrgyzstan 8292:Kazakhstan 8260:South Asia 8161:Arvaikheer 8152:Sükhbaatar 8134:Tsetserleg 8062:Choibalsan 8053:Öndörkhaan 8039:Govi-Altai 8021:Sükhbaatar 8017:Baruun-Urt 7999:Mandalgovi 7994:Govisümber 7962:Provincial 7880:Sükhbaatar 7840:Govisümber 7835:Govi-Altai 7725:(Mongolia) 7678:2024-04-06 7654:2024-04-06 7630:2024-04-06 7549:2021-06-02 7524:2023-11-12 7500:2023-11-12 7475:2023-11-12 7382:2024-06-25 7357:2023-11-20 7332:2023-09-16 7205:2024-06-25 7054:5 December 6831:2011-08-22 6802:2011-08-22 6777:2011-08-22 6713:2018-12-14 6684:2021-03-21 6574:27 January 6547:2012-04-18 6241:2023-11-12 6216:2024-06-04 6191:2023-11-12 6166:2023-11-12 6108:2023-11-12 6046:. Dec 2022 5967:2015-12-11 5942:2023-11-12 5775:2006-11-11 5578:2023-11-12 5552:2023-11-12 5526:2023-11-12 5469:2023-11-12 5444:2023-11-12 5364:2024-06-25 5339:2024-06-25 5314:2024-06-25 5195:2020-06-01 4975:2014-09-07 4950:2022-12-12 4909:2023-12-06 4887:. gogo.mn. 4869:2021-04-24 4849:References 4505:See also: 4459:Tuul River 4339:Congestion 4279:See also: 4208:Sky Resort 4020:, and the 3809:Dalai Lama 3805:sandalwood 3797:Vajradhara 3759:meteorites 3538:See also: 3415:Sükhbaatar 3399:Chingeltei 3395:Bayanzürkh 3308:Governance 2988:Shangri-La 2931:, and the 2889:and large 2721:Source 2: 2488:(≥ 1.0 mm) 1855:Tuul River 1335:Ded Khamba 1214:Ikh Khorig 1183:Marco Polo 1161:Tuul River 1111:Prehistory 1081:Улан-Батор 1011:settlement 904:; Их хүрээ 892:Ikh Khüree 829:See also: 744:Mongolia's 722:Tuul River 706:Ulan Bator 702:anglicized 669:pronounced 575:ISO 3166-2 543:+976 (0)11 463:Population 399:Government 329:47°55′13″N 18:Ulan Bator 8896:Palestine 8810:Jerusalem 8704:Abu Dhabi 8691:Australia 8669:Vientiane 8662:Singapore 8640:Naypyidaw 8612:Indonesia 8589:Australia 8522:Sri Lanka 8506:New Delhi 8484:Kathmandu 8462:Islamabad 8349:Pyongyang 8331:East Asia 8266:West Asia 8138:Arkhangai 8030:Dornogovi 8026:Sainshand 7977:Capital: 7825:Dornogovi 7795:Arkhangai 6940:22 August 6912:"Library" 6291:3 October 6097:BBESoft. 5859:10 August 5801:4 January 5521:Peak News 5497:6 January 5438:France 24 5110:, pg. 52. 4865:. 1212.mn 4784:Chongqing 4722:, Russia 4706:, Russia 4674:, Turkey 4672:Gaziantep 4658:, Russia 4626:, Turkey 4578:, Russia 4530:, Russia 4465:Pollution 4255:Transport 4039:Libraries 3980:Education 3829:Bogd Khan 3778:Zanabazar 3733:Zanabazar 3665:long song 3555:Zanabazar 3466:Mongolian 3462:Khangar'd 3372:romanized 3363:Mongolian 3343:Districts 3325:Töv Aimag 3294:Shamanism 3292:(89.1%), 3258:Christian 3204:1,395,773 3193:1,089,358 3078:romanized 3069:Mongolian 2984:Kempinski 2968:Pizza Hut 2940:Khoroolol 2873:Cityscape 2791:dew point 1993:Greenland 1968:subarctic 1915:Chongqing 1879:deciduous 1859:tributary 1851:sea level 1837:Geography 1814:in 2023. 1611:Hero City 1570:Bogd Khan 1337:and five 1316:in 1721: 1314:John Bell 1261:Zanabazar 1210:Karakorum 1197:in 1226. 1171:Wang Khan 1149:Wang Khan 1121:Bogd Khan 1032:Mongolian 1022:Bogd Khan 1007:enclosure 996:romanized 984:Mongolian 972:'The 956:Mongolian 929:Mongolian 897:Mongolian 873:Mongolian 843:Mongolian 708:, is the 661:Mongolian 556:very high 539:Area code 521:UTC+08:00 516:Time zone 471:1,672,627 455:Elevation 8935:Abkhazia 8890:Ramallah 8770:Damascus 8656:Cambodia 8623:Malaysia 8561:Thailand 8500:Maldives 8467:Pakistan 8400:Mongolia 8320:Tashkent 8309:Dushanbe 8276:Ashgabat 8227:Capitals 8174:Khövsgöl 8080:Uliastai 8071:Ulaangom 8012:Ömnögovi 8003:Dundgobi 7969:Mongolia 7965:capitals 7860:Ömnögovi 7855:Khövsgöl 7830:Dundgobi 7719:Archived 7427:10 April 7402:montsame 7028:Archived 7010:Archived 6992:18 April 6966:18 April 6878:Archived 6860:18 April 6748:Archived 6699:"lib.mn" 6658:Archived 6640:Archived 6622:18 April 6592:Archived 6508:18 April 6468:Archived 6389:26456409 6285:Ugluu.mn 6186:eagle.mn 5908:Archived 5885:, pg. 34 5877:, 2006; 5875:Mongolia 5837:2 August 5744:14 April 5693:, pg. 35 5685:. 2006, 5683:Mongolia 5663:19 April 5658:Montsame 5633:19 April 5628:Montsame 5610:Library. 5603:19 April 5409:BBC News 5383:BBC News 5286:. 2006; 5284:Mongolia 5167:Archived 5137:Archived 5100:Mongolia 4786:, China 4720:Ulan-Ude 4690:, China 4546:, China 4221:and the 4031:and the 3838:and the 3602:Mongolia 3470:Хангарьд 3454:Buddhist 3403:Khan Uul 3391:Bayangol 3383:Baganuur 3318:Khan Uul 3304:(0.9%). 3296:(5.4%), 3290:Buddhism 3269:Catholic 3262:Orthodox 3246:Buddhism 3240:Religion 3212:Source: 2976:Cinnabon 2863:Source: 2798:(−12.5) 2793:°C (°F) 2789:Average 2711:2,804.3 2621:Average 2481:(10.74) 2412:Average 2407:(−47.0) 2402:(−44.0) 2397:(−31.0) 2362:(−15.0) 2357:(−35.0) 2352:(−44.0) 2347:(−47.0) 2277:(−14.1) 2127:(102.2) 2097:(102.2) 2092:(100.9) 1857:, a sub- 1732:glasnost 1564:warlord 1445:Orthodox 1356:Khutugtu 1253:Burd sum 1175:Keraites 1086:Cyrillic 1070:Red Hero 933:Да Хүрээ 916:Dà Kùlún 729:monastic 726:Buddhist 718:Mongolia 695:Red Hero 554:0.810 – 369:Mongolia 275:Mongolia 221:), Хот ( 140:Ugsarmal 8988:Armenia 8983:Yerevan 8950:Georgia 8945:Tbilisi 8929:Sukhumi 8863:Nicosia 8840:Bahrain 8764:Lebanon 8737:Baghdad 8645:Myanmar 8607:Jakarta 8601:Vietnam 8556:Bangkok 8528:Thimphu 8338:Beijing 8298:Bishkek 8245:italics 8243:are in 8229:of Asia 8156:Selenge 8125:Darkhan 8107:Zuunmod 8089:Erdenet 8084:Zavkhan 8057:Khentii 7895:Zavkhan 7875:Selenge 7845:Khentii 7673:gogo.mn 7421:news.mn 7293:UNESCAP 7229:UNESCAP 7200:ikon.mn 7162:UNESCAP 7123:UNESCAP 7084:UNESCAP 7025:Library 6850:Uwm.edu 6367:Bibcode 6260:Caak.mn 6136:1212.mn 5598:News.mn 5464:ikon.mn 4800:Bishkek 4752:Bangkok 4736:Incheon 4688:Beijing 4640:Oakland 4610:, Cuba 4576:Irkutsk 4513:twinned 3755:fossils 3743:in Urga 3723:Museums 3627:Culture 3608:(GDP). 3534:Economy 3477: 3434:Khentii 3419:khoroos 3407:Nalaikh 3374:: 3182:760,077 3171:540,300 3160:396,300 3149:297,615 3141:+156.0% 3138:179,063 3080:: 3042:Keraite 2858:(17.4) 2853:(−8.7) 2843:(18.3) 2838:(32.9) 2833:(46.2) 2828:(48.9) 2823:(40.1) 2818:(25.2) 2813:(14.7) 2803:(−5.6) 2476:(0.14) 2471:(0.25) 2466:(0.34) 2461:(1.10) 2456:(2.57) 2451:(2.93) 2446:(1.86) 2441:(0.85) 2436:(0.33) 2431:(0.18) 2426:(0.11) 2421:(0.08) 2392:(−4.0) 2382:(27.0) 2377:(31.6) 2372:(25.0) 2337:(22.5) 2332:(−9.2) 2322:(23.9) 2317:(39.4) 2312:(52.0) 2307:(56.3) 2302:(50.5) 2297:(38.3) 2292:(26.1) 2282:(−7.1) 2267:(32.4) 2262:(−2.2) 2257:(12.9) 2252:(33.6) 2247:(50.0) 2242:(61.9) 2237:(66.2) 2232:(61.7) 2227:(50.4) 2222:(37.4) 2217:(19.9) 2207:(−6.3) 2197:(44.1) 2187:(23.4) 2182:(45.9) 2177:(63.0) 2172:(73.4) 2167:(77.4) 2162:(73.6) 2157:(64.0) 2152:(50.7) 2147:(31.6) 2142:(15.1) 2122:(43.0) 2117:(55.4) 2112:(72.5) 2107:(89.1) 2102:(98.1) 2087:(92.3) 2082:(83.7) 2077:(66.0) 2072:(52.3) 2067:(32.0) 1954:, USDA 1939:monsoon 1929:Climate 1923:Jakarta 1911:Seattle 1907:Orléans 1895:willows 1887:poplars 1883:birches 1863:Selenge 1861:of the 1633: 1605: 1449:Cossack 1383:Chinese 1348:Khalkha 1307:Kyakhta 1303:Beijing 1284:Dzungar 1276:Selenge 1243:palace- 1237: 1157:Xiongnu 1129:mammoth 1100:History 1064: 1046: 998:: 991:; Хүрээ 989:ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ 970: 921:Chinese 911: 887: 857: 850:; Өргөө 811:Zuunmod 764:Kyakhta 760:Beijing 754:by the 710:capital 689: 596:Website 585:Climate 532:210 xxx 357:Country 219:capital 8956:Tehran 8907:Riyadh 8868:Cyprus 8852:Muscat 8835:Manama 8829:Kuwait 8815:Israel 8759:Beirut 8731:Turkey 8726:Ankara 8720:Jordan 8629:Manila 8550:Brunei 8533:Bhutan 8418:Russia 8413:Moscow 8377:Taiwan 8371:Taipei 8287:Astana 8093:Orkhon 8066:Dornod 8048:Bulgan 8044:Bulgan 7865:Orkhon 7820:Dornod 7810:Bulgan 7605:12 May 7579:31 May 7543:BORGEN 7307:16 Sep 7243:16 Sep 7176:16 Sep 7137:16 Sep 7090:16 Sep 6387: 6141:29 May 6050:12 Nov 5881: 5855:. NOAA 5689: 5290: 5221: 5106: 4837:. The 4804:(2023) 4788:(2022) 4772:(2019) 4768:Astana 4756:(2017) 4740:(2017) 4724:(2015) 4708:(2015) 4692:(2014) 4676:(2010) 4660:(2010) 4656:Elista 4644:(2006) 4642:, USA 4628:(2003) 4624:Ankara 4612:(2002) 4608:Havana 4596:(2001) 4594:, USA 4592:Denver 4580:(1998) 4564:(1995) 4548:(1991) 4544:Hohhot 4532:(1957) 4528:Moscow 4515:with: 4419:Energy 4267:, and 4188:Naadam 4074:tugrik 4016:, and 3825:Manchu 3788:. The 3669:shaman 3563:Oirats 3527:garuḍa 3509:garuḍa 3500:emblem 3496:garuḍa 3486:Garuda 3448:garuḍa 3378:Düüreg 3367:дүүрэг 3207:+28.1% 3196:+43.3% 3185:+40.7% 3174:+36.3% 3163:+33.2% 3152:+66.2% 3127:69,951 2986:, and 2980:Ramada 2848:(3.7) 2808:(5.9) 2745:Month 2708:137.7 2705:175.4 2702:227.6 2699:249.5 2696:265.2 2693:278.3 2690:282.3 2687:297.9 2684:265.3 2681:257.4 2678:203.5 2675:164.2 2387:(7.9) 2367:(3.0) 2327:(4.8) 2287:(9.3) 2212:(2.7) 2192:(7.3) 2137:(4.1) 2018:Month 1966:) and 1947:Köppen 1903:Munich 1899:Vienna 1871:steppe 1701:purges 1596:Baatar 1532:Manchu 1528:Naadam 1503:Jarlig 1474:Naadam 1438:Kalgan 1363:Manchu 1280:Orkhon 1269:aimags 1195:Tangut 1002:Küriye 979:Khüree 923:: 848:ᠥᠷᠭᠦᠭᠡ 569:УБ, УН 551:(2018) 366: 171:Naadam 8923:Yemen 8918:Sanaa 8786:Qatar 8775:Syria 8715:Amman 8596:Hanoi 8511:India 8489:Nepal 8473:Kabul 8451:Dhaka 8389:Japan 8384:Tokyo 8360:Seoul 8343:China 8170:Mörön 8143:Ölgii 8120:Khovd 8116:Khovd 8035:Altai 7990:Choir 7850:Khovd 7599:(PDF) 7301:(PDF) 7288:(PDF) 7237:(PDF) 7224:(PDF) 7170:(PDF) 7157:(PDF) 7131:(PDF) 7118:(PDF) 7079:(PDF) 6040:(PDF) 5831:(CSV) 5820:(CSV) 4811:Notes 4560:Seoul 4453:Water 4294:, 42 4292:buses 4269:taxis 4261:buses 4170:Sport 3850:purge 3504:lotus 3458:Hindu 3302:Islam 3023:Takhi 2994:Parks 2851:−22.6 2846:−15.7 2806:−14.5 2801:−20.9 2796:−24.7 2784:Year 2661:75.1 2658:68.3 2655:56.9 2652:56.1 2649:60.8 2646:58.2 2643:50.1 2640:42.7 2637:44.2 2634:57.6 2631:69.5 2628:74.7 2528:47.8 2405:−43.9 2400:−42.2 2395:−35.0 2390:−20.0 2385:−13.4 2365:−16.1 2360:−26.1 2355:−37.2 2350:−42.2 2345:−43.9 2330:−22.9 2325:−15.1 2285:−12.6 2280:−21.7 2275:−25.6 2260:−19.0 2255:−10.6 2210:−16.3 2205:−21.3 2190:−13.7 2135:−15.5 2057:Year 2004:yurts 1919:Hanoi 1515:Sando 1512:amban 1352:amban 1339:Tsorj 1327:lamas 1016:Upon 941:Kuren 937:Kulun 838:Örgöö 736:Örgöö 9022:and 8961:Iran 8857:Oman 8781:Doha 8748:Baku 8742:Iraq 8674:Laos 8567:Dili 8495:Malé 8436:BIOT 8239:and 7607:2011 7581:2012 7429:2024 7309:2023 7271:2023 7245:2023 7178:2023 7139:2023 7092:2023 7056:2020 6994:2012 6968:2012 6942:2011 6862:2012 6624:2012 6576:2013 6510:2012 6385:PMID 6341:here 6319:2016 6293:2016 6267:2017 6143:2022 6052:2023 5879:ISBN 5861:2023 5839:2023 5803:2015 5746:2010 5716:2013 5687:ISBN 5665:2021 5635:2021 5605:2021 5499:2022 5417:2018 5391:2018 5288:ISBN 5219:ISBN 5104:ISBN 5083:2013 5002:2013 4447:coke 4364:The 4350:Rail 4316:Road 4223:2023 4202:for 4182:The 4147:The 4061:The 4027:The 3813:Tara 3764:The 3757:and 3632:Arts 3583:puus 3494:The 3484:Khan 3474:lit. 3456:and 3413:and 3252:and 3201:2020 3190:2010 3179:2000 3168:1989 3157:1979 3146:1970 3135:1960 3124:1950 3113:Pop. 3109:Year 3063:The 3051:The 2952:Zakh 2856:−8.1 2841:−7.6 2816:−3.8 2811:−9.6 2781:Dec 2778:Nov 2775:Oct 2772:Sep 2769:Aug 2766:Jul 2763:Jun 2760:May 2757:Apr 2754:Mar 2751:Feb 2748:Jan 2723:NOAA 2625:(%) 2595:0.1 2566:0.1 2542:0.3 2525:1.7 2522:2.8 2519:2.1 2516:4.9 2513:8.8 2510:9.9 2507:6.7 2504:3.7 2501:2.5 2498:1.8 2495:1.6 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