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state, large farms produced a variety of staples, including hemp, wheat, oats, hay, and corn. On many of these estates the owner worked alongside his slaves to harvest the greatest economic benefit from the land. This forced labor system was less entrenched in the city of St. Louis, where the
African American population was 2% in 1860, down from 25% in 1830. Enslaved people were often "hired out" by their masters in return for an agreed upon wage. A portion of the wage was sometimes paid to enslaved people, allowing a measure of self-determination and in rare cases the opportunity to purchase their freedom.
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the orchards and gardens, harvesting the fruits and vegetables for consumption by all who lived on the property. During Grant's management of the farm, he worked side by side with Dan, one of the enslaved people given to Julia at birth. Grant, along with Dan and other enslaved people, felled trees and took firewood by wagon to sell to acquaintances in St. Louis. More than 75 horses, cattle, and pigs required daily attention, while grounds maintenance and numerous remodeling projects on the main house and outbuildings used the skills of enslaved people.
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of delicious
Maryland biscuit, such exquisite custards and puddings, such omelettes, gumbo soup, and fritters." An enslaved man named "Old Bob," who traveled with the Dents from Maryland in 1816, had the responsibility to keep the fires going in White Haven's seven fireplaces. Julia thought Bob was careless to allow the embers to die out, as this forced him "to walk a mile to some neighbors and bring home a brand of fire from their backlog." Such "carelessness" provided Bob and many other enslaved people an opportunity to escape their masters' eyes.
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Hunt. The work of Walace, Andrew, Lydia, Loutette, and Adie would be an important part of the Hunts' farming venture. The Hunts sold the
Gravois property to Frederick Dent in 1820, for the sum of $ 6,000 (~$ 180,251 in 2023). Naming the property "White Haven" after his family home in Maryland, Colonel Dent considered himself a Southern gentleman with enslaved people whom he could force to do the farmwork. By the 1850s, 18 people were enslaved at White Haven.
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She returned to her parents' home after stopping at
Ulysses' parents' home in Ohio, where Ulysses Jr., was born. Grant's army pay was insufficient to bring his family out to the West Coast, and he tried several business ventures to supplement his income. Suffering from depression and loneliness after being separated for two years, Grant finally resigned from the army in 1854 and returned to White Haven.
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had chores such as feeding chickens and cows, and they mastered their assigned tasks as the white children went off to school. Returning home from boarding school, Julia noted the transition from playmate to servant. She noted that the enslaved girls had "attained the dignity of white aprons." These aprons symbolized forced labor, a departure from the less structured days of childhood play.
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sense of integrity. Julia remembered "Old Bob" going into the meadow to pray and sing. According to historian
Lorenzo J. Greene, "St. Louis…was the only place in the state where the organized black church achieved any measure of success." It is unknown whether Dent allowed the people he enslaved to attend services.
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Forced labor was used extensively in the farming and maintenance of the 850-acre plantation. Using the "best improvements in farm machinery" owned by
Colonel Dent, field hands plowed, sowed and reaped the wheat, oats, Irish potatoes, and Indian corn grown on the estate. Enslaved people also cared for
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Enslaved adults performed many household chores on the Dent plantation. Kitty and Rose served as nurses to Julia and Emma, while Mary
Robinson became the family cook. The wide variety of foods prepared in her kitchen were highly praised by Julia: "Such loaves of beautiful snowy cake, such plates full
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Each of the farm's early residents enslaved people during their tenure on the
Gravois property. When Theodore and Anne Lucas Hunt purchased William Lindsay Long's home in 1818, there existed "several good log cabins" on the property—potential quarters for the five enslaved people purchased earlier by
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Most slaveholders in
Missouri enslaved few people; those who owned ten were considered wealthy. In the southeastern Bootheel area and along the fertile Missouri River valley known as "little Dixie," large, single-crop plantations predominated, with an intensive use of enslaved labor. Elsewhere in the
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s memorial to Grant following his death, she noted that "he always said he wanted to give his wife's slaves their freedom as soon as he was able." In 1859, Grant freed
William Jones, the only person he is known to have enslaved. During the Civil War, some enslaved people at White Haven simply walked
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After his marriage to Julia, Grant was stationed in Michigan and New York. Julia traveled with him to these posts, returning to White Haven in 1850 for the birth of their first child, Fred. When Ulysses was sent west in 1852, Julia was not able to go with him, being pregnant with their second child.
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Enslaved people claimed time for socializing amid their chores. Corn shuckings provided one opportunity to come together as a community to eat, drink, sing, and visit, often including slaves from nearby plantations. Participation in religious activities, individually or as a group, also provided a
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In 1830, half of the people enslaved by Dent were under the age of ten. Henrietta, Sue, Ann, and Jeff, among other enslaved people, played with the Dent children. Julia Dent recalled that they fished for minnows, climbed trees for bird nests, and gathered strawberries. However, slave children also
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property, and the acreage around the main house was rescued from development of a Grant-themed amusement park in 1913 by Albert Wenzlick, a St. Louis real estate developer. The house was maintained by Wenzlick and his son until the latter's death in 1979. The property was listed on the
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lived and worked at White Haven. According to the National Park Service, during the 1850s slave labor "was used extensively in the farming and maintenance of the 850-acre plantation." From 1854 to 1859, Grant lived here with his wife, Julia, and their children, managing the farm for his
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Grant farmed the White Haven property for his father-in-law, working with the slaves owned by Julia's father. Two more children were born, Ellen, born on July 4, 1855, and Jesse, in February 1858. Due to a
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located 10 mi (16 km) southwest of downtown St. Louis, Missouri, within the municipality of Grantwood Village, Missouri. The site, also known as
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states. Missouri's constitutional convention abolished slavery in the state in January 1865, freeing any enslaved people still living at White Haven.
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427:"I Ulysses S. Grant... do hereby manumit, emancipate and set free from Slavery my Negro man William, sometimes called William Jones... forever."
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Grant, Julia Dent. The Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant (Mrs. Ulysses S. Grant). Southern Illinois University Press, 1988.
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in 1881, to satisfy a loan Vanderbilt gave Grant after one of the latter's financial partners absconded with
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father-in-law, Colonel Dent. His experience running this may have influenced him in his later roles as the
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Hurt, R. Douglas. Agriculture and Slavery in Missouri's Little Dixie. University of Missouri Press, 1992.
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Casey, Emma Dent. "When Grant Went A-Courtin'." Unpublished manuscript, Ulysses S. Grant NHS collection.
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Wade, Richard C. Slavery in the Cities: The South 1820–1860. Oxford University Press, 1964.
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329:. Ulysses worked with his brothers selling leather goods made in their father's tannery.
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Greene, Lorenzo, et al. Missouri's Black Heritage. University of Missouri Press, 1993.
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Vlach, John Michael. Back of the Big House. University of North Carolina Press, 1993.
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University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
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worked by enslaved people; Grant supervised their forced labor from 1854 to 1859.
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In Mary Robinson's July 24, 1885, recollections, during an interview for the
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National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis County, Missouri
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investment funds. A portion of the plantation was later purchased by
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List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
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2012:
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National Register of Historic Places in St. Louis County, Missouri
542:"National Register Information System – (#79003205)"
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general in the Civil War and as President of the United States.
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National Park Service: Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site.
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Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
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293:, commemorates the life, military career and presidency of
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Buildings and structures in St. Louis County, Missouri
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St. Louis Convention and Visitors Commission web site
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White Haven; Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site
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History of the National Register of Historic Places
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2187:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
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1861:First Missouri State Capitol State Historic Site
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2579:National Register of Historic Places portal
517:List of National Historic Landmarks in Missouri
3555:Protected areas of St. Louis County, Missouri
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416:off, as they did on many plantations in both
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2688:National Historic Sites and Historical Parks
285:is a 9.65-acre (3.91 ha) United States
16:National Historic Site of the United States
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463:In 1989, White Haven became a part of the
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2127:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
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40:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
3481:Missouri Department of Natural Resources
2049:Greater St. Louis Air & Space Museum
1074:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act
1064:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871
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3565:National Historic Landmarks in Missouri
3525:Presidential homes in the United States
1980:St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum
1921:Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site
1737:William and Florence Schmidt Art Center
1722:St. Louis Mercantile Library Art Museum
722:Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site
479:(Grant's Tomb), New York City, New York
283:Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site
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1876:Scott Joplin House State Historic Site
435:The Grants turned White Haven over to
241:Ulsses S. Grant National Historic Site
3545:Museums in St. Louis County, Missouri
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1826:Basilica of St. Louis, King of France
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485:, on Mount McGregor, Wilton, New York
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2054:Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum
1727:Saint Louis University Museum of Art
1232:Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant
983:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo
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547:National Register of Historic Places
454:National Register of Historic Places
3515:National Historic Sites in Missouri
1886:Lewis and Clark State Historic Site
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3520:Historic house museums in Missouri
3318:Gen. John J. Pershing Boyhood Home
3253:Thomas Hart Benton Home and Studio
2542:National Historic Preservation Act
14:
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2059:National Museum of Transportation
1866:The Griot Museum of Black History
1836:Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis
1692:Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis
1674:Museums and cultural institutions
1415:Grant Cottage State Historic Site
1139:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
710:
483:Grant Cottage State Historic Site
394:
3580:Tourist attractions in St. Louis
3540:Presidential museums in Missouri
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3263:Nathan and Olive Boone Homestead
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799:Grant and the American Civil War
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685:
667:"NHL nomination for White Haven"
640: This article incorporates
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574: This article incorporates
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368:Growing up as an enslaved person
359:Early farm residents and slavery
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3575:1979 establishments in Missouri
3140:Roger Pryor Pioneer Backcountry
2894:Ozark National Scenic Riverways
1816:Alton Museum of History and Art
477:General Grant National Memorial
49:U.S. National Historic Landmark
2495:Federated States of Micronesia
2141:Architectural style categories
1758:Frank Lloyd Wright Kraus House
1707:Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum
783:President of the United States
593:
512:History of slavery in Missouri
456:in 1979, and was designated a
349:
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1:
1985:St. Louis Soccer Hall of Fame
1702:Lemp Neighborhood Arts Center
1029:Specie Payment Resumption Act
527:
149:Show map of the United States
3308:First Missouri State Capitol
1954:Mastodon State Historic Site
1896:Museum of Westward Expansion
903:State of the Union addresses
304:White Haven was an 850-acre
21:United States historic place
7:
3348:Locust Creek Covered Bridge
3298:Gov. Daniel Dunklin's Grave
1472:1922 Grant Memorial coinage
470:
163:Grantwood Village, Missouri
58:U.S. National Historic Site
10:
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3383:Sandy Creek Covered Bridge
2547:Historic Preservation Fund
2526:American Legation, Morocco
1964:Saint Louis Science Center
1871:Jefferson Barracks Museums
1168:Naturalization Act of 1870
1059:U.S. Department of Justice
1019:General Mining Act of 1872
458:National Historic Landmark
403:
377:Household responsibilities
311:
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3323:Harry S Truman Birthplace
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2734:National Wildlife Refuges
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2488:Lists by associated state
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1998:
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1911:Benjamin Stephenson House
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1779:Missouri Botanical Garden
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1079:Yellowstone National Park
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999:Public Credit Act of 1869
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447:, where he developed his
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247:NRHP reference
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2762:Middle Mississippi River
2678:George Washington Carver
2469:Northern Mariana Islands
1990:World Chess Hall of Fame
1712:Pulitzer Arts Foundation
1281:Ulysses S. Grant Cottage
1183:Civil Rights Act of 1875
1091:Electoral Commission Act
1069:Civil Service Commission
601:"Slavery at White Haven"
437:William Henry Vanderbilt
3585:Plantations in Missouri
1891:Missouri History Museum
1841:Chatillon-DeMenil House
1697:Laumeier Sculpture Park
1151:Enforcement Act of 1870
669:. National Park Service
323:financial panic in 1857
209:9.9 acres (4.0 ha)
3368:Missouri State Capitol
3243:Battle of Island Mound
3040:Jones-Confluence Point
2868:Wild and Scenic Rivers
2464:Minor Outlying Islands
2447:Lists by insular areas
2161:Keeper of the Register
1901:Old Cahokia Courthouse
1821:Anheuser-Busch Brewery
1717:Saint Louis Art Museum
1442:Ohio Statehouse statue
1156:Second Enforcement Act
1119:Native American policy
848:Commanding generalship
648:Slavery at White Haven
642:public domain material
576:public domain material
503:, Point Pleasant, Ohio
333:Slavery at White Haven
287:National Historic Site
3373:Missouri State Museum
3353:Mark Twain Birthplace
2886:Other Protected Areas
2716:National Battlefields
2166:National Park Service
2146:Contributing property
2018:National Blues Museum
1959:McDonnell Planetarium
1831:Campbell House Museum
1617:Rutherford B. Hayes →
1054:Judiciary Act of 1869
1004:Copyright Act of 1870
898:Judicial appointments
724:at Wikimedia Commons
653:National Park Service
587:National Park Service
552:National Park Service
489:Ulysses S. Grant Home
465:National Park Service
232:Long, William Lindsay
190:38.55111°N 90.35194°W
99:Show map of St. Louis
3403:Union Covered Bridge
3283:Confederate Memorial
3220:State Historic Sites
3130:Rock Bridge Memorial
2521:District of Columbia
1577:Ulysses S. Grant III
1559:Ulysses S. Grant Jr.
1553:Frederick Dent Grant
1535:Hannah Simpson Grant
1385:Presidential library
1210:Bid for a third term
1009:Currency Act of 1870
963:Treaty of Washington
124:Show map of Missouri
3550:Houses in St. Louis
3408:Watkins Woolen Mill
3388:Sappington Cemetery
3278:Clark's Hill/Norton
3248:Battle of Lexington
1589:Ulysses S. Grant IV
1565:Jesse Root Grant II
1494:Cultural depictions
1457:U.S. Postage stamps
1447:Philadelphia statue
1427:U.S. Capitol statue
1014:Funding Act of 1870
871:Second inauguration
829:Richmond–Petersburg
411:Missouri Republican
273:Designated NHL
195:38.55111; -90.35194
186: /
3418:Conservation areas
3393:Scott Joplin House
3238:Battle of Carthage
3170:Taum Sauk Mountain
3055:Lake of the Ozarks
3035:Johnson's Shut-Ins
2876:Eleven Point River
2670:National Monuments
1916:Soldiers' Memorial
1856:Eugene Field House
1506:(2002 documentary)
1452:San Francisco bust
1403:General Grant tree
1024:Timber Culture Act
866:First inauguration
497:, Georgetown, Ohio
495:Grant Boyhood Home
491:, Galena, Illinois
431:Post-Grant history
337:A large number of
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3338:Jefferson Landing
3303:Felix Vallé House
3135:Rock Island Trail
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2858:Rockpile Mountain
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2151:Historic district
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1851:Daniel Boone Home
1678:Greater St. Louis
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1521:
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1514:(2020 miniseries)
1479:Grant High School
1196:
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978:Korean Expedition
720:Media related to
280:
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260:Significant dates
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3530:Ulysses S. Grant
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3333:Iliniwek Village
3233:Battle of Athens
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2815:Wilderness Areas
2797:National Forests
2706:Ulysses S. Grant
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2500:Marshall Islands
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1949:Crow Observatory
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1629:
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1610:← Andrew Johnson
1595:Julia Dent Grant
1541:Jesse Root Grant
1503:Ulysses S. Grant
1484:U.S. Grant Hotel
1368:
1367:
1296:speeding arrests
1269:White Haven home
1188:Page Act of 1875
1161:Ku Klux Klan Act
1146:Enforcement Acts
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327:Galena, Illinois
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2828:Devils Backbone
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2696:Harry S. Truman
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1202:Post-presidency
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1134:Great Sioux War
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992:Economic policy
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1124:"Peace Policy"
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804:Fort Donelson
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276:June 23, 1986
275:
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268:April 4, 1979
267:
265:Added to NRHP
263:
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245:
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59:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
29:
25:
19:
3491:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3293:Dillard Mill
3268:Boone's Lick
3205:Watkins Mill
3150:St. Francois
3125:Robertsville
3000:Finger Lakes
2995:Eleven Point
2980:Don Robinson
2970:Cuivre River
2955:Bryant Creek
2945:Big Oak Tree
2930:Sam A. Baker
2757:Loess Bluffs
2705:
2660:Gateway Arch
2393:South Dakota
2383:Rhode Island
2378:Pennsylvania
2358:North Dakota
2001:music venues
1999:Theatres and
1920:
1881:Lemp Mansion
1753:Gateway Arch
1746:Architecture
1624:
1615:
1608:
1571:Nellie Grant
1509:
1501:
1419:
1395:
1362:Bibliography
1303:Grant's Tomb
1291:Horsemanship
1268:
1259:Boyhood home
1230:
1173:Comstock Act
968:
714:
671:. Retrieved
661:
647:
604:. Retrieved
595:
581:
545:
536:
507:Grant's Farm
462:
449:Grant's Farm
434:
426:
409:
407:
398:
389:
380:
371:
362:
353:
336:
319:
315:
303:
290:
282:
281:
159:Nearest city
18:
3288:Deutschheim
3210:Weston Bend
3070:Long Branch
3050:Knob Noster
3015:Ha Ha Tonka
3005:Graham Cave
2917:State Parks
2853:Piney Creek
2848:Paddy Creek
2752:Great River
2514:Other areas
2474:Puerto Rico
2308:Mississippi
2223:Connecticut
2033:The Sheldon
2028:Powell Hall
2008:Fox Theatre
1935:Science and
1795:City Museum
1732:The Sheldon
1547:Julia Grant
1286:Galena home
1264:Schoolhouse
1112:Amnesty Act
839:Court House
819:Chattanooga
785:(1869–1877)
422:Confederate
350:The setting
291:White Haven
193: /
169:Coordinates
3509:Categories
3228:Arrow Rock
3200:Washington
3165:Table Rock
3075:Mark Twain
3045:Katy Trail
3010:Grand Gulf
2985:Echo Bluff
2960:Castlewood
2805:Mark Twain
2787:Two Rivers
2777:Pilot Knob
2423:Washington
2343:New Mexico
2338:New Jersey
2213:California
2068:Zoological
1788:Children's
1591:(grandson)
1585:(grandson)
1579:(grandson)
1573:(daughter)
1390:Grant Park
1337:convention
1322:convention
1254:Birthplace
1249:Early life
1215:World tour
1178:Poland Act
1044:Government
858:Presidency
834:Appomattox
528:References
306:plantation
3474:St. Louis
3398:Towosahgy
3185:Van Meter
3030:Jay Nixon
2782:Swan Lake
2742:Big Muddy
2433:Wisconsin
2398:Tennessee
2303:Minnesota
2278:Louisiana
1774:Jewel Box
1767:Botanical
1467:$ 50 bill
1372:Memorials
1312:Elections
1129:Modoc War
814:Vicksburg
673:March 20,
460:in 1986.
441:embezzled
181:90°21′7″W
178:38°33′4″N
3467:Category
3358:Mastodon
3160:Stockton
3145:Route 66
3105:Pershing
2940:Big Lake
2635:Missouri
2589:Category
2418:Virginia
2368:Oklahoma
2348:New York
2323:Nebraska
2313:Missouri
2298:Michigan
2288:Maryland
2273:Kentucky
2253:Illinois
2228:Delaware
2218:Colorado
2208:Arkansas
2013:The Muny
1631:Category
1543:(father)
1537:(mother)
1462:Currency
1342:election
1327:election
881:Grantism
876:Scandals
824:Overland
606:June 10,
471:See also
254:79003205
229:Built by
3493:Commons
3195:Wallace
3190:Wakonda
3155:St. Joe
3115:Prairie
3085:Montauk
3080:Meramec
2965:Crowder
2643:Federal
2535:Related
2438:Wyoming
2413:Vermont
2318:Montana
2258:Indiana
2238:Georgia
2233:Florida
2203:Arizona
2193:Alabama
1809:History
1046:reforms
969:Alabama
893:Cabinet
888:Pardons
404:Freedom
312:History
237:Website
219: (
3090:Morris
2925:Babler
2373:Oregon
2328:Nevada
2268:Kansas
2243:Hawaii
2198:Alaska
2134:Topics
1973:Sports
1549:(wife)
1527:Family
1354:Legacy
971:Claims
809:Shiloh
2908:State
2843:Mingo
2838:Irish
2767:Mingo
2505:Palau
2403:Texas
2283:Maine
2248:Idaho
1567:(son)
1561:(son)
1555:(son)
1511:Grant
1408:grove
1333:1872
1318:1868
1224:Books
644:from
578:from
418:Union
344:Union
214:Built
3444:List
3426:List
3025:Hawn
2459:Guam
2408:Utah
2363:Ohio
2263:Iowa
1398:ship
1274:farm
1242:Life
943:1876
938:1875
933:1874
928:1873
923:1872
918:1871
913:1870
908:1869
780:18th
675:2017
608:2018
420:and
221:1795
217:1795
206:Area
2633:of
1685:Art
1676:in
249:No.
3511::
651:.
616:^
585:.
560:^
550:.
544:.
301:.
2623:e
2616:t
2609:v
2189::
2119:e
2112:t
2105:v
1666:e
1659:t
1652:v
762:e
755:t
748:v
677:.
655:.
610:.
589:.
413:'
223:)
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