610:
52:
68:
1275:
437:(Qweilbeh, Jordan) undertook construction of a water supply system of 170 km of aqueduct tunnels connecting the cities to springs throughout southern Syria and an artificially constructed lake at Dille. Constructed between 90–210 CE the network of rock cut tunnels included 2,900 access shafts, and a single 106 km section represents one of the most significant hydro-engineering accomplishments of the ancient world. During the
145:
319:
75:
528:
records the village had expanded significantly with the construction of larger houses, noting also that many of the tombs recorded by early visitors were no longer present. Umm Qais's most impressive building, the
Ottoman governor's residence known as Beit Rousan, "Rousan House", dates to this period
352:
The oldest archaeological evidence at Umm Qais, extends back to the second half of the third century BC. and the site appears to have been founded as a military colony by
Alexander the Great's Macedonian Greeks. However, the site's name "Gadara" is not Greek in origin, but rather a Greek version of a
570:
Umm Qais' strategic location put it on the front line of conflict again. Heavy shelling from the Golan
Heights and aircraft bombing damaged both the village and the ancient city. The underground Roman mausoleum below the five-aisled basilica in the west of the ancient was discovered by accident by
390:
subjected the city to a 10 month siege, wresting control of the city and the trade routes to the ports of the
Eastern Mediterranean that passed through it from the Nabateans. The Nabatean response culminated in Nabatean King Obdas 1st' decisive victory over Jannaeus at the
545:(courtyard) of Hajj Mahmoud al Rousan's house in Umm Qais hosted a conference of Arab leaders from across the middle east to draw up a treaty in response to the British and French plan to divide the region following the end of the British and French Mandates.
469:. Whilst the city was extensively damaged, archaeological evidence of limited reconstruction, including conversion of the large five aisle basilica church into a mosque indicates the continued settlement of the site at least into the 11th Century.
441:
period (193–235 CE) the city underwent a rapid expansion westwards and many of the large civic monuments still visible on the site today date to this period and attest to an increase in importance and prosperity. After the
Christianisation of the
472:
By the 13th
Century the site is noted in historic sources under the new name of "Mukais" a local term meaning border place or customs house and from which the modern name of Umm Qais gradual derived.
1080:
520:
visited Umm Qais and identified it as the location of ancient Gadara, describing the
Ottoman settlement and the tombs and other monuments still visible on the surface. The ancient ruins at
356:
Located on the boundary between
Seleucid and Ptolemaic territory, the city was strategically important and was repeatedly the focus of military conquests throughout the succession of
617:
Many visitors come to Umm Qais on day trips from the capital, Amman, roughly 110 kilometres (68 mi) to the north, to see its extensive ruins and enjoy its panoramic views. The
509:
households. The villagers paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on agricultural products; including wheat, barley, summer crops, fruit trees, goats and bee-hives. The total tax was 8,500
601:
collaborated to better preserve the Roman
Aqueduct of Gadara in Umm Qais. This project was completed in 2018, strengthening the largest remaining subterranean Roman aqueduct.
1523:
1036:
1025:
1084:
282:. Today, the site is divided into three main areas: the archaeological site (Gadara), the traditional village (Umm Qais), and the modern town of Umm Qais.
498:
353:
local
Semitic name meaning "fortifications" or "the fortified city" suggesting the military colony was founded on a pre-existing fortified site.
1241:
1513:
1263:
298:. It expanded from the ruins of ancient Gadara, which are located on a ridge 378 metres (1,240 ft) above sea level, overlooking the
310:
gorge. Strategically central and located close to multiple water sources, Umm Qais has historically attracted a high level of interest.
594:
586:
under the direction of Claudia Bührig has been active at Gadara. The team has uncovered Egyptian and Greek imported pottery, stamped
99:
524:
were recorded again by western visitors in 1816 and 1838. By 1899 Schumacher, visiting the site as part of his survey work for the
1518:
1098:
1538:
1004:
931:
719:
1148:. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft.
1033:
571:
the Jordanian army and the large intact underground chamber was used as a temporary field hospital during the conflict.
986:
579:
In 1974 the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology uncovered the ruins of a Byzantine church building in Umm Qais.
1022:
383:
kingdoms whose rivalries continued to make Gadara a strategically important city and the focus of continued conflict.
1153:
862:
827:
1232:
1062:
1340:
1271:
1256:
583:
371:(192–188 BCE) weakened Seleucid control over the region devolving autonomy in Palestine and trans-Jordan to the
1543:
1533:
664:
statues and Christian mosaics discovered during archaeological excavations of ancient Gadara are exhibited.
67:
1325:
919:
1236:
1131:
First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population
360:
between 274–188 BCE. The city's military importance during this period was noted by the Greek historian
1249:
1173:
Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838
734:
Alawneh, Firas (Dec 21, 2018). "INVESTIGATIONS OF HELLENISTIC MORTAR FROM UMM QAIS (GADARA), JORDAN".
685:
Alawneh, Firas (Dec 21, 2018). "INVESTIGATIONS OF HELLENISTIC MORTAR FROM UMM QAIS (GADARA), JORDAN".
51:
1163:
1129:
225:
1066:
446:, Gadara retained its important regional status and became for many years the seat of a Christian
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1227:
267:
172:
854:
848:
466:
157:
844:
711:
1381:
1177:
769:
517:
705:
1330:
549:
443:
206:
1350:
1145:
Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century
609:
462:
in 636 CE a short distance from Gadara, brought the entire region under Arab-Muslim rule.
406:
conquered the region, Gadara was rebuilt and became a member of the semi-autonomous Roman
364:' describing it in 218 BCE as a fortress and "the strongest of all places in the region".
8:
1376:
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542:
249:
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392:
944:
1401:
1222:
1143:
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1029:
783:
Piotrkowski, Meron M. (2011). "When Did Alexander Yannai Capture Which Gadara?".
657:
418:. After King Herod's death in 4 BCE, Gadara became part of the Roman province of
415:
299:
240:
796:
618:
530:
338:
1127:
1507:
1487:
1456:
1441:
1431:
1406:
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The Armies of the Hasmonaeans and Herod: From Hellenistic to Roman Frameworks
755:
The Armies of the Hasmonaeans and Herod: From Hellenistic to Roman Frameworks
634:
630:
525:
481:
307:
303:
114:
101:
963:
1446:
818:
Fitzgerald, John Thomas; Obbink, Dirk D.; Holland, Glenn Stanfield (2004).
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346:
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804:
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407:
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187:
274:
in the extreme northwest of the country, near Jordan's borders with
1421:
1416:
622:
587:
411:
380:
361:
1083:. UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 11 June 2009. Archived from
1451:
1371:
650:
553:
438:
376:
510:
262:
principally known for its proximity to the ruins of the ancient
1466:
1411:
1396:
1283:
1274:
1046:"CRS Issue Brief for Congress: Israeli-United States Relations"
894:
661:
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502:
493:
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150:
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318:
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33:
1216:
1210:
1005:"Umm Qais aqueduct opens as preservation project concludes"
552:
making it the third oldest school in Jordan after those in
465:
On 18 January 749 CE much of the city was destroyed by the
945:"An enthroned Tyche statue from Gadara / Umm Qais, Jordan"
563:
By 1961 the population of Umm Qais was 1,196 inhabitants.
425:
To supply larger populations Gadara, and the neighbouring
930:
Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p.
707:
Herod's Judea: A Mediterranean State in the Classic World
217:
196:
1128:
Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics (1964).
918:, in Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p.
817:
987:"German research continues in ancient city of Gadara"
853:, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, pp.
1141:
548:
The village's school was opened in 1922 by HRH King
1142:Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977).
1524:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Western Asia
1081:"Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories"
629:, are visible, and just across the valley of the
1505:
1051:. Congressional Research Service. April 5, 2002
590:, and a Seleucid fortress, among other things.
414:attached it to the Jewish kingdom of his ally,
791:(3). Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG: 266–276.
1257:
1162:
660:, now housing a visitor Centre and a museum,
501:. It had 21 households and 15 bachelors; all
26:
1228:Greco-Roman & Decapolis city of Gadara
782:
1264:
1250:
653:is visible in the distance on clear days.
595:Ambassadors Fund for Cultural Preservation
497:(subdistrict) of Bani Kinana, part of the
984:
582:Since 2005, the Orient Department of the
254:'Mother of Qais'), also known as
608:
317:
290:Umm Qais is located 28 km north of
1063:"Presidency Statement on Golan Heights"
942:
906:Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 202
820:Philodemus and the New Testament world
733:
684:
574:
453:
1506:
1514:Populated places in Irbid Governorate
1245:
703:
641:, under Israeli occupation since the
842:
836:
752:
1341:Al-Aghwar Al Shamaliyyeh Department
244:
27:
13:
943:Almasri, Eyad (December 1, 2017).
14:
1555:
1193:
1188:(1989. Amman: Economic Press Co.)
1186:Umm Qais: Gadara of the Decapolis
1099:"The Arab Peace Initiative, 2002"
985:Rawashdeh, Saeb (8 August 2019).
475:
341:culture in the region during the
1273:
850:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
710:, Eugene: Mohr Siebeck, p.
536:
322:Church terrace at ancient Gadara
266:. It is the largest city in the
143:
74:
73:
66:
50:
1200:GCatholic - (titular) bishopric
1120:
1065:. April 1, 2004. Archived from
1015:
997:
978:
936:
924:
909:
900:
888:
584:German Archaeological Institute
1519:Archaeological sites in Jordan
1326:Al-Mazar Al-Shamali Department
1101:. Al-Bab. 2002. Archived from
871:
811:
776:
761:
746:
727:
697:
678:
1:
1539:Catholic titular sees in Asia
667:
386:In 98 BCE the Hasmonean King
1034:Text of Resolution at UN.org
672:
326:
7:
1237:American Center of Research
822:. BRILL. pp. 365–366.
633:is the southern end of the
480:In 1596 it appeared in the
285:
10:
1560:
1211:Greater Irbid Municipality
797:10.1628/094457011797248453
736:Arqueología Iberoamericana
687:Arqueología Iberoamericana
604:
330:
313:
182:1,240 ft (378 m)
1475:
1364:
1308:
1290:
881:, XVII, xi, 4; Josephus,
529:of expansion in the Late
294:and 120 km north of
224:
203:
186:
178:
168:
156:
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130:
95:
61:
49:
42:
21:
843:Mare, W. Harold (2000),
785:Jewish Studies Quarterly
258:, is a town in northern
1346:Bani Kinanah Department
1176:. Vol. 3. Boston:
964:10.1556/170.2017.58.1.1
541:In 1920 the Madafa and
337:Gadara was a centre of
268:Bani Kinanah Department
34:
1178:Crocker & Brewster
704:Rocca, Samuel (2008),
614:
323:
1382:Al-Shuna al-Shamalyah
1321:Bani Obaid Department
952:Acta Historiae Artium
612:
518:Ulrich Jasper Seetzen
321:
205: • Summer (
115:32.65417°N 35.68750°E
16:Town in Irbid, Jordan
1544:Hellenistic colonies
1534:New Testament cities
1331:Ar Ramtha Department
1223:History and pictures
575:Preservation efforts
550:Abdullah I of Jordan
454:Early Islamic period
444:Eastern Roman Empire
433:(Dera'a, Syria) and
1483:Capitolias/Beit Ras
1377:Al Mazar al Shamali
1356:Wasatieh Department
1011:. 18 December 2018.
505:, in addition to 3
111: /
56:Umm Qais from north
1233:Photos of Umm Qais
1039:2011-01-12 at the
1028:2009-11-27 at the
753:Shatzman, Israel.
615:
599:Yarmouk University
491:, situated in the
467:Galilee earthquake
388:Alexander Jannaeus
369:Roman-Seleucid War
324:
131:Grid position
120:32.65417; 35.68750
87:Location in Jordan
1501:
1500:
1351:Taybeh Department
1280:Irbid Governorate
1023:UN Resolution 242
897:, Palestine, 776.
767:Israel Shatzman,
721:978-1-4982-2454-3
460:Battle of Yarmouk
410:. 33 years later
272:Irbid Governorate
253:
234:
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1365:Cities and towns
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566:During the 1967
402:, Roman general
393:Battle of Gadara
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1087:on 20 July 2009
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96:Coordinates:
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1164:Robinson, E.
1144:
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1121:Bibliography
1107:. Retrieved
1103:the original
1089:. Retrieved
1085:the original
1071:. Retrieved
1067:the original
1053:. Retrieved
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173:Bani Kinanah
1427:Kafr Al-Maa
1392:AshShajarah
1309:Departments
1219:(in Arabic)
1213:(in Arabic)
1207:(in Arabic)
1205:Irbid Guide
958:(1): 5–20.
879:Antiquities
845:"Decapolis"
658:Beit Rousan
643:Six-Day War
613:Beit Rousan
395:in 93 BCE.
358:Syrian Wars
343:Hellenistic
158:Governorate
118: /
1508:Categories
1437:Kufr Rakeb
1432:Kufr 'Awan
1217:Irbid news
1091:2009-06-23
1073:2009-06-23
1055:2009-06-23
668:References
649:bordering
429:cities of
306:, and the
169:Department
106:35°41′15″E
103:32°39′15″N
1529:Decapolis
1493:Husn Camp
1387:Ar Ramtha
1316:Al-Qasbah
1168:Smith, E.
972:194802058
877:Josephus
673:Citations
645:in 1967.
507:Christian
487:named as
427:Decapolis
408:Decapolis
373:Hasmonean
349:periods.
327:Antiquity
226:Area code
188:Time zone
179:Elevation
1462:Umm Qais
1422:Johfiyeh
1417:Huwwarah
1170:(1841).
1043:(PDF), *
1037:Archived
1026:Archived
805:41289144
773:, p. 74.
623:Tiberias
588:amphorae
533:period.
516:In 1806
412:Augustus
381:Nabatean
362:Polybius
286:Location
237:Umm Qais
81:Umm Qais
23:Umm Qais
1452:Natifah
1372:Al Husn
1291:Capital
1235:at the
1109:23 June
855:333–334
651:Lebanon
605:Tourism
531:Ottoman
522:Um Keis
482:Ottoman
439:Severan
377:Iturean
314:History
252:
230:+(962)2
139:Country
134:213/228
1476:Others
1467:Zoubia
1412:Habaka
1402:Bushra
1397:Aydoun
1284:Jordan
1152:
970:
895:Reland
861:
826:
803:
718:
627:Israel
503:Muslim
494:nahiya
448:bishop
404:Pompey
398:In 63
333:Gadara
302:, the
276:Israel
264:Gadara
260:Jordan
245:أم قيس
241:Arabic
151:Jordan
148:
35:Gadara
28:أم قيس
1488:Pella
1457:Samma
1442:Malka
1299:Irbid
1135:(PDF)
1049:(PDF)
968:S2CID
948:(PDF)
916:Smith
801:JSTOR
662:Greek
639:Syria
558:Kerak
489:Mkeis
435:Abila
431:Adraa
420:Syria
416:Herod
347:Roman
339:Greek
296:Amman
292:Irbid
280:Syria
214:UTC+3
193:UTC+2
163:Irbid
1447:Marw
1150:ISBN
1111:2009
859:ISBN
824:ISBN
716:ISBN
621:and
597:and
556:and
554:Salt
543:Hosh
511:akçe
458:The
379:and
367:The
345:and
278:and
270:and
256:Qays
250:lit.
44:Town
1282:of
1032:, *
960:doi
920:163
793:doi
712:200
656:At
400:BCE
220:+3)
218:UTC
207:DST
199:+2)
197:UTC
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1166:;
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