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or hypothetical taxon, must not be for a taxon below the rank of subspecies, etc. In some rare cases, a name which does not meet these requirements may nevertheless be available, for historical reasons, as the criteria for availability have become more stringent with successive Code editions. For
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For a name to be available, in addition to meeting certain criteria for publication, there are a number of general requirements it must fulfill: it must include a description or definition of the taxon, must use only the
103:); for generic-level names, the type is a single species; for family-level names, the type is a single genus. This hierarchical system of typification provides a concrete empirical anchor for all zoological names.
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McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Reine, W.F.P.h.V.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J. (2012).
361:
International
Commission for Zoological Nomenclature. 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4th edition. London: The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. Available online at
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example, a name originally appearing along with an illustration but no formal description may be an available name, but only if the illustration was published prior to 1930 (under
Article 12.2.7).
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International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011: Glossary
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framework, must be newly-proposed (not a redescription under the same name of a taxon previously made available) and originally used as a
255:"A taxon with no name: 'Ubirajara jubatus' (Saurischia: Compsognathidae) is an unavailable name and has no nomenclatural relevance"
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is a name that does not conform to the rules of that code and that therefore is not available for use as a valid name for a
58:. Such a name does not fulfil the requirements in Articles 10 through 20 of the Code, or is excluded under Article 1.3.
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Hutterer, R. & Zaitsev, M.V. 2004. Cases of homonymy in some
Palaearctic and Nearctic taxa of the genus
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Caetano, João Marcus Vale; Delcourt, Rafael & Ponciano, Luiza Corral
Martins de Oliveira (March 2023).
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of animals that has been published after 1757 and conforming to all the mandatory provisions of the
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Despite the frequent confusion caused by common sense, an unavailable name is not necessarily a
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Unavailable names include names that have not been published, such as "
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International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
201:, this term is not used. In botany, the corresponding term is
319:. Vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG.
205:. The botanical equivalent of zoology's term "valid name" is
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for the establishment of a zoological name. In contrast, an
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Hershkovitz, P. 1970. Supplementary notes on
Neotropical
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before a detailed analysis of its nomenclatural status.
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351:(Cricetinae). Journal of Mammalogy 51(4): 789-794.
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