55:
2103:
2172:
2193:
2146:, and only targets military and political bodies for that purpose, seeking to render the military proficiency of the enemy irrelevant. Limited conventional warfare tactics can be used unconventionally to demonstrate might and power, rather than to reduce the enemy's ability to fight substantially. In addition to the surgical application of traditional weapons, other armaments that specifically target the military can be used are:
2212:
instructing his troops in ways inspired by indigenous methods of warfare and ways of living. He emphasized the adoption of indigenous techniques, which prioritized small, mobile and flexible units which used the countryside for cover, in lieu of massed frontal assaults by large formations. Church also pioneered the use of indigenous warriors as auxiliaries to bolster and educate his soldiers. In 1716, his memoirs, entitled
2216:, was published and is considered by some to constitute the first American military manual and first written guide to unconventional warfare. Benjamin Church is sometimes referred to as the father of unconventional warfare. The ideas of Benjamin Church were widely incorporated into warfare by early colonial officers, especially by American colonialists who prevailed in the
2164:, inserted deep behind enemy lines, are used unconventionally to train, equip, and advise locals who oppose their government. They can also spread subversion and propaganda, while they aid native resistance fighters, to ultimately cause a hostile government to capitulate. Tactics focus on destroying military targets while avoiding damage to civilian infrastructure and
2211:
Church developed a special full-time unit mixing white colonists selected for frontier skills with friendly Native
Americans to carry out offensive strikes against hostile Native Americans in terrain where normal militia units were ineffective. Church paid special care to outfitting, supplying and
2126:
There is another type of warfare— new in its intensity, ancient in its origin—war by guerrillas, subversives, insurgents, assassins; war by ambush instead of by combat, by infiltration instead of aggression, seeking victory by eroding and exhausting the enemy instead of engaging him. It preys on
2207:
Between the 17th and 18th centuries, there were wars between
American colonists and Native American tribes. Benjamin Church designed his force primarily to emulate Native American patterns of war. Toward this end, Church endeavored to learn to fight like Native Americans from Native Americans.
2246:
Using soft power methods, to target civilians instead of military units, however had begun earlier, particularly as a strategy for use against
Republics. These were developed as a tool of national socialism, or neo-liberalism, and evolved into other doctrines.
2183:
defines unconventional warfare as activities conducted to enable a resistance movement or insurgency to coerce, disrupt, or overthrow a government or occupying power by operating through or with an underground, auxiliary, and guerrilla force in a denied area.
2236:
changed forever philosophies of conventional warfare, and the necessity to conceal authorship of actions by hostile states. The age of asymmetric, or unconventional warfare & terrorism had begun.
2208:
Americans became rangers exclusively under the tutelage of the Native
American allies. (Until the end of the colonial period, rangers depended on Native Americans as both allies and teachers.)
2137:
2456:
2691:
Carroll's study, forwarded to Draper on 24 February 1949, recommended that a separate "unit" be established to take charge of the Army's psychological warfare responsibilities.
2702:
republicanism. . . offered new conceptions of the individual, the family, the state, and the individual's relationship to the family, the state, and other individuals.
2673:
Second, and equal in importance to the first, we must have trained men in every part of our own country ready and able to meet disorder, sabotage, and even invasion.
2415:
2779:
2504:
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998:
2250:
There is an overlap in the world of
Corporate Security & Defense Contracting where these models have extended to the field of
1430:
20:
2611:
2769:
2754:
Intervention decisions: The value of flexibility. White paper report prepared for the 1994 CIA Threat
Management Conference
2122:
Aside from the earlier definition of warfare that is not conventional, unconventional warfare has also been described as:
2180:
1786:
54:
1981:
1759:
369:
1435:
2383:
1513:
1858:
1496:
1283:
103:
2430:
1622:
2099:. This is typically done to avoid escalation into conventional warfare as well as international conventions.
2039:
1486:
1976:
675:
435:
2254:. One of the first instances of Unconventional Warfare techniques against civilians was documented by the
2426:
1986:
1173:
970:
841:
379:
2217:
1450:
2785:
Instruments of
Statecraft: U.S. Guerrilla Warfare, Counterinsurgency, and Counterterrorism, 1940–1990
2288:
1560:
1068:
412:
286:
120:
2653:, vol. 278, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, p. 126-136
2804:
2393:
2196:
2143:
2011:
1878:
1425:
1118:
931:
779:
2351:
2293:
1964:
1946:
1702:
1261:
1183:
1128:
1008:
721:
384:
263:
2313:
2308:
1831:
1806:
1528:
1440:
1313:
1188:
784:
187:
86:
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2328:
2255:
1420:
1353:
1306:
955:
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881:
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751:
635:
445:
238:
142:
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2102:
2060:
1811:
1713:
1570:
1565:
1383:
1348:
1083:
898:
756:
692:
546:
516:
93:
8:
2687:
US Army
Special Warfare, Its Origins: Psychological and Unconventional Warfare, 1941-1952
2339:
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1662:
1647:
1523:
1410:
1388:
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893:
660:
650:
615:
407:
397:
147:
71:
2789:
2378:
2298:
2278:
2268:
2243:
referred to as "the next kind of war- technological war, machine war, or atomic war."
2240:
2088:
1996:
1851:
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1637:
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1533:
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568:
402:
196:
115:
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2155:
2096:
2032:
1941:
1888:
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1333:
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1023:
1013:
1003:
993:
908:
861:
831:
670:
463:
440:
374:
2657:
United States, President's
Advisory Commission on Universal Training (29 May 1947),
2001:
2552:
2542:
2373:
2064:
2006:
1971:
1903:
1796:
1734:
1627:
1555:
1548:
1405:
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152:
81:
64:
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1038:
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816:
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736:
588:
573:
496:
468:
258:
253:
233:
76:
2171:
2487:"U.S. Army Special Forces Unconventional Warfare Training Manual November 2010"
2283:
2221:
2161:
1991:
1739:
1163:
1123:
1101:
1088:
1078:
1048:
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913:
716:
707:
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551:
531:
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346:
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268:
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110:
43:
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1358:
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871:
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712:
687:
563:
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341:
248:
206:
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98:
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2530:
2059:) is broadly defined as "military and quasi-military operations other than
2025:
1951:
1931:
1926:
1821:
1766:
1400:
1395:
1218:
1133:
876:
610:
511:
308:
192:
2668:
2192:
2142:
Unconventional warfare targets the civilian population psychologically to
2746:
Catalytic model of issues management. In
Encyclopedia of public relations
1936:
1687:
1652:
1491:
1178:
1143:
851:
794:
697:
481:
182:
177:
2168:
military resupply are used to decrease the morale of government forces.
2784:
2233:
2092:
2084:
2068:
1893:
1863:
1585:
949:
2658:
2547:
2345:
2147:
2138:
Unconventional warfare (United States Department of Defense doctrine)
2080:
1883:
1707:
1657:
1607:
1597:
1592:
1457:
1248:
1243:
1208:
645:
331:
298:
167:
2603:
The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814
2239:
One of the first references is in "Manpower and Atomic War," which
2573:"Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms"
2165:
2076:
1898:
1873:
1506:
1138:
1113:
726:
281:
223:
135:
2628:"Timeline of the Office of Strategic Services (Record Group 226)"
2203:, father of unconventional warfare, American Ranging, and Rangers
1908:
1868:
1632:
1466:
1462:
804:
789:
665:
326:
321:
291:
210:
172:
2718:, vol. 9, Zeitschrift fĂĽr Sozialforschung, p. 440-455
1415:
811:
628:
364:
2505:"The Rise of the Present Unconventional Character of Warfare"
2457:"The Rise of the Present Unconventional Character of Warfare"
2110:
2072:
886:
422:
417:
2780:
Unconventional Warfare: Definitions from 1950 to the Present
2175:
Unconventional warfare structure by guerrilla organizations.
162:
157:
35:
2448:
2748:, vol. 1, SAGE Publications, Inc., p. 101
2698:
Classical republicanism and the American Revolution
2663:, Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., p. 14,
2416:"Unconventional Warfare: A Historical Perspective"
2731:The Social Problems of an Industrial Civilization
2796:
2775:goarmy.com/special_forces/unconventional_warfare
2407:
2606:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–35.
2214:Entertaining Passages relating to Philip's War
2656:
2595:
2593:
2033:
2648:
2131:
2590:
2040:
2026:
2556:
2546:
2531:"The Evolution of Unconventional Warfare"
2528:
2535:Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies
2191:
2170:
2101:
999:List of military strategies and concepts
2713:
2684:
2599:
2797:
2700:, vol. 13, Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 66,
2454:
2423:National Institute for Defense Studies
21:Unconventional warfare (United States)
2751:
2413:
2728:
2695:
13:
2716:Is National Socialism a new order?
19:For the US military doctrine, see
14:
2816:
2770:Allied war terminology (File #5a)
2763:
2743:
2790:Pentagon plans cyber-insect army
2455:Fowler, Mike (4 November 2019).
2384:Ranger Regiment (United Kingdom)
53:
16:Opposite of conventional warfare
2737:
2733:, London: Routledge & Kegan
2722:
2707:
2678:
2660:A program for national security
2649:Fitzpatrick, Edward A. (1951),
2529:Kilcullen, David (2019-06-20).
2642:
2620:
2565:
2522:
2497:
2479:
2117:
1:
2400:
2227:
7:
2714:Pollock, Frederick (1941),
2261:
1497:Military–industrial complex
971:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
2821:
2187:
2158:, or other such weapons.
2135:
2067:forces or actions such as
18:
2289:Fourth generation warfare
1561:Loss-of-strength gradient
413:Combat information center
2696:Wood, Gordon S. (1990),
2685:Paddock Jr., Alfred H.,
2414:Nagao, Yuichiro (2001).
2394:U.S. Army Special Forces
2132:Methods and organization
1879:Military science fiction
1364:Technology and equipment
780:List of military tactics
2651:Manpower and Atomic War
2367:US & NATO specific:
2352:Total Resistance (book)
2294:Full-spectrum dominance
2197:Colonel Benjamin Church
1947:Wartime sexual violence
1703:Full-spectrum dominance
1514:Supply-chain management
2600:Grenier, John (2005).
2314:New generation warfare
2309:Low intensity conflict
2204:
2176:
2129:
2114:
2053:Unconventional warfare
1859:Awards and decorations
1832:Peace through strength
1807:Low-intensity conflict
1441:Conscientious objector
1314:Area of responsibility
2558:1959.4/unsworks_67429
2329:Psychological warfare
2256:La Follette Committee
2199:(1639–1718) from the
2195:
2181:Department of Defense
2174:
2136:Further information:
2124:
2105:
446:Torpedo data computer
436:Ship gun fire-control
2729:Mayo, Elton (1966),
2359:Unrestricted Warfare
2144:win hearts and minds
2061:conventional warfare
1977:Military occupations
1812:Military engineering
1714:Unrestricted Warfare
1571:Force multiplication
464:Military manoeuvrers
2509:The Strategy Bridge
2461:The Strategy Bridge
2427:Ministry of Defense
2340:Six-legged Soldiers
2334:Resistance movement
2319:Partisan (military)
2274:Counterintelligence
2107:Soviet Armed Forces
1663:Penal military unit
1648:Rules of engagement
1324:Command and control
944:Operations research
408:Director (military)
398:Fire-control system
148:Command and control
29:Part of a series on
2578:. pp. JP 1-02
2467:on 6 November 2019
2379:Project Eldest Son
2299:Irregular military
2279:Gerasimov Doctrine
2269:Asymmetric warfare
2241:Edward Fitzpatrick
2232:The advent of the
2205:
2177:
2156:incendiary devices
2115:
1772:Counter-insurgency
1693:Command of the sea
1638:Jewish laws on war
1613:Geneva Conventions
1149:Divide and conquer
939:Military operation
904:Tactical objective
403:Fire-control radar
380:Electronic-warfare
2613:978-1-139-44470-5
2436:on 16 August 2022
2324:Political warfare
2304:Irregular warfare
2218:Revolutionary War
2109:members instruct
2097:guerrilla warfare
2050:
2049:
1942:Horses in warfare
1889:Anti-war movement
1792:Gunboat diplomacy
1782:Disaster response
1730:Philosophy of war
1725:Principles of war
1698:Deterrence theory
1643:Right of conquest
1566:Lanchester's laws
1334:Principles of war
1024:Counter-offensive
1004:Military campaign
909:Target saturation
832:Counterinsurgency
441:Gun data computer
375:Close air support
337:Aircraft carriers
2812:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2693:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2654:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2630:. 15 August 2016
2624:
2618:
2617:
2597:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2550:
2548:10.31374/sjms.35
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2493:. March 3, 2011.
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2463:. Archived from
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2429:. Archived from
2420:
2411:
2374:Operation Gladio
2042:
2035:
2028:
1797:Humanitarian aid
1735:Security dilemma
1556:Power projection
1339:Economy of force
1319:Chain of command
1034:Defence in depth
1019:Commerce raiding
837:Defeat in detail
153:Defense ministry
57:
48:
47:
38:
26:
25:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2805:Warfare by type
2795:
2794:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2752:de Becker, G.,
2742:
2738:
2727:
2723:
2712:
2708:
2683:
2679:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2626:
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2614:
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2503:
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2468:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2389:Reagan Doctrine
2364:
2264:
2252:Risk assessment
2230:
2201:Plymouth Colony
2190:
2152:nuclear weapons
2140:
2134:
2120:
2046:
2017:
2016:
1967:
1957:
1956:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1854:
1844:
1843:
1817:Multilateralism
1802:Law enforcement
1762:
1752:
1751:
1720:Just war theory
1678:
1668:
1667:
1618:Geneva Protocol
1588:
1578:
1577:
1551:
1541:
1540:
1482:
1472:
1471:
1379:
1369:
1368:
1309:
1299:
1298:
1264:
1254:
1253:
1184:Network-centric
1104:
1094:
1093:
996:
986:
985:
934:
924:
923:
872:Rapid dominance
777:
767:
766:
722:Electromagnetic
631:
621:
620:
607:
560:
508:
484:
474:
473:
469:Combat training
450:
427:
393:Combat systems:
389:
351:
347:Auxiliary ships
313:
273:
215:
138:
128:
127:
67:
41:
40:
39:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2793:
2792:
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2782:
2777:
2772:
2765:
2764:External links
2762:
2759:
2758:
2744:Heath, R. L.,
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2284:Hybrid warfare
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2229:
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2222:British Empire
2189:
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2162:Special Forces
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2063:" and may use
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2047:
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2019:
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1982:Military terms
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1740:Tripwire force
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1164:Fleet in being
1161:
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1111:
1105:
1102:Grand strategy
1100:
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1089:Scorched earth
1086:
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1016:
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1006:
997:
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988:
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984:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
961:Deep operation
958:
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762:Unconventional
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708:Disinformation
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1869:Warrior caste
1867:
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1848:
1847:
1840:
1839:Show of force
1837:
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1827:Peacebuilding
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1683:Air supremacy
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1623:Islamic rules
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1603:Court-martial
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1502:Arms industry
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1119:Broken-backed
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956:Expeditionary
954:
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855:
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850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
827:Counterattack
825:
823:
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815:
813:
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806:
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798:
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791:
788:
786:
783:
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776:
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763:
760:
758:
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753:
752:Psychological
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
714:
711:
709:
706:
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694:
691:
689:
688:Combined arms
686:
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669:
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527:Fortification
525:
523:
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368:
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361:
358:
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353:
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348:
345:
343:
342:Landing craft
340:
338:
335:
333:
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328:
325:
323:
320:
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315:
314:
310:
307:
305:
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235:
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216:
212:
208:
207:Standing army
205:
203:
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176:
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140:
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132:
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122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
112:
109:
105:
102:
100:
99:pike and shot
97:
96:
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92:
88:
85:
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83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
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69:
66:
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
45:
37:
33:
32:
28:
27:
22:
2753:
2745:
2739:
2730:
2724:
2715:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2672:
2659:
2650:
2644:
2632:. Retrieved
2622:
2602:
2580:. Retrieved
2567:
2541:(1): 61–71.
2538:
2534:
2524:
2513:. Retrieved
2511:. 2019-11-04
2508:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2469:. Retrieved
2465:the original
2460:
2450:
2438:. Retrieved
2431:the original
2422:
2409:
2366:
2365:
2357:
2350:
2338:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2220:against the
2213:
2210:
2206:
2178:
2160:
2141:
2125:
2121:
2056:
2052:
2051:
1952:Fifth column
1932:War resister
1927:Women in war
1822:Peacekeeping
1767:Arms control
1712:
1401:Mobilization
1396:Conscription
1354:Intelligence
1307:Organization
948:
877:Encirclement
761:
757:Radiological
693:Conventional
547:Subterranean
454:Development:
453:
430:
392:
354:
317:Naval units:
316:
309:Signal corps
276:
239:Intelligence
219:Specialties:
218:
143:Organization
94:Early modern
2689:, Minerva,
2118:Description
2113:insurgents.
1937:War studies
1760:Non-warfare
1688:Appeasement
1653:Martial law
1492:War economy
1431:Transgender
1384:Recruitment
1144:Containment
1029:Culminating
1009:Anti-access
932:Operational
852:Envelopment
795:Air assault
676:Air cavalry
636:Air defence
616:Information
517:Cold-region
482:Battlespace
431:Historical:
277:Land units:
183:Space force
178:Coast guard
111:Late modern
72:Prehistoric
2655:Also see:
2515:2024-05-15
2401:References
2234:Atomic Age
2228:Atomic Age
2166:blockading
2148:airstrikes
2093:propaganda
2085:biowarfare
2069:subversion
1997:War crimes
1987:Operations
1894:Foot drill
1864:Battle cry
1777:deterrence
1436:Harassment
1411:Specialism
1234:Technology
1229:Succession
1174:Liberation
1109:Asymmetric
1044:Empty fort
950:Blitzkrieg
919:Withdrawal
882:Investment
661:Camouflage
656:Biological
594:Underwater
569:Amphibious
488:Aerospace
355:Air units:
332:Submarines
121:fourth-gen
116:industrial
104:napoleonic
2634:August 7,
2491:U.S. ARMY
2471:18 August
2440:18 August
2346:Terrorism
2179:The U.S.
2089:sanctions
2081:espionage
2073:diversion
1884:War novel
1787:Grey-zone
1747:War games
1708:Overmatch
1658:War crime
1608:Desertion
1598:Ceasefire
1593:Armistice
1480:Logistics
1458:Mercenary
1446:Volunteer
1377:Personnel
1349:Engineers
1294:Sociology
1249:World war
1244:Total war
1224:Strategic
1214:Religious
1199:Political
1194:Perpetual
1169:Irregular
1084:Offensive
1059:Defensive
1054:Deception
1014:Attrition
862:Guerrilla
857:Formation
800:Airbridge
732:Loitering
646:Artillery
299:Artillery
234:Engineers
197:Irregular
168:Air force
2799:Category
2262:See also
2127:unrest.
2077:sabotage
1899:War song
1874:War film
1507:Materiel
1426:Children
1406:Training
1344:Medicine
1329:Doctrine
1284:Training
1219:Resource
1204:Princely
1154:Economic
1139:Conquest
1134:Colonial
1129:Cold war
1114:Blockade
994:Strategy
966:Maneuver
727:Infantry
683:Chemical
537:Mountain
497:Airborne
360:Fighters
327:Warships
282:Infantry
224:Rifleman
188:Reserves
136:Military
2582:25 June
2188:History
2012:Writers
2007:Weapons
1972:Battles
1921:Related
1909:Wargame
1904:Uniform
1852:Culture
1633:Perfidy
1628:Justice
1549:Science
1534:Outpost
1487:History
1467:Warrior
1463:Soldier
1451:foreign
1389:counter
1289:Service
1239:Theater
1179:Limited
1159:Endemic
1074:Nuclear
842:Foxhole
817:Cavalry
805:Airdrop
790:Airlift
775:Tactics
747:Nuclear
737:Missile
666:Cavalry
651:Barrage
629:Weapons
589:Surface
370:Command
365:Bombers
322:Frogman
292:Cavalry
249:Medical
211:Militia
193:Regular
173:Marines
87:castles
77:Ancient
65:History
44:outline
2669:500618
2667:
2610:
2065:covert
1992:Sieges
1676:Theory
1416:Morale
1274:Policy
1269:Branch
1049:Mosaic
1039:Fabian
981:Covert
914:Trench
899:Screen
822:Charge
812:Battle
785:Aerial
703:Denial
671:Horses
599:Seabed
552:Tunnel
532:Jungle
522:Desert
492:Aerial
259:Diving
254:Police
2576:(PDF)
2434:(PDF)
2419:(PDF)
2111:SWAPO
1965:Lists
1421:Women
1359:Ranks
1279:Staff
1209:Proxy
1124:Class
1079:Naval
1064:Depth
894:Swarm
887:Siege
867:Naval
847:Drone
742:Music
717:Robot
713:Drone
698:Cyber
641:Armor
611:Cyber
584:Green
579:Brown
542:Urban
502:Space
423:Radar
418:Sonar
287:Armor
269:Pilot
264:Comms
244:Recon
229:Staff
202:Ranks
2665:OCLC
2636:2021
2608:ISBN
2584:2019
2473:2022
2442:2022
2002:Wars
1519:Base
1069:Goal
976:Raid
574:Blue
512:Land
163:Navy
158:Army
2553:hdl
2543:doi
2095:or
1586:Law
1529:FOB
1524:MOB
564:Sea
36:War
2801::
2750:;
2694:;
2671:,
2592:^
2551:.
2537:.
2533:.
2507:.
2489:.
2459:.
2425:.
2421:.
2258:.
2224:.
2154:,
2150:,
2091:,
2087:,
2083:,
2079:,
2075:,
2071:,
2057:UW
1465:/
715:/
209:/
195:/
2638:.
2616:.
2586:.
2561:.
2555::
2545::
2539:2
2518:.
2475:.
2444:.
2055:(
2041:e
2034:t
2027:v
46:)
42:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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