315:. Ventilation is the primary method of clearing hazardous gases and/or dust which are created from drilling and blasting activity (e.g., silica dust, NOx), diesel equipment (e.g., diesel particulate, carbon monoxide), or to protect against gases that are naturally emanating from the rock (e.g., radon gas). Ventilation is also used to manage underground temperatures for the workers. In deep, hot mines ventilation is used to cool the workplace; however, in very cold locations the air is heated to just above freezing before it enters the mine. Ventilation raises are typically used to transfer ventilation from surface to the workplaces, and can be modified for use as emergency escape routes. The primary sources of heat in underground hard rock mines are virgin rock temperature, machinery, auto compression, and fissure water. Other small contributing factors are human body heat and blasting.
572:: Vertical retreat mining (VRM) also known as Vertical crater retreat (VCR) is a method where mine is divided in vertical zones with depth of about 50 meters using open stoping, bottom-up mining. Long-hole large-diameter holes are drilled vertically into the ore body from the top using in-the-hole (ITH) drills, and then blasting horizontal slices of the ore body into an undercut. Ore blasted in retrieval taken in phase. This retrieval is done from bottom of the section developed. Last cleaning of ore is done through remote controlled LHD machines. A system of primary and secondary stopes is often used in VCR mining, where primary stopes are mined in the first stage and then backfilled with cemented fill to provide wall support for the blasting of successive stopes. Side chambers will be mined in pre-planned sequence after the fill has solidified.
595:. An undercut with haulage access is driven under the orebody, with "drawbells" excavated between the top of the haulage level and the bottom of the undercut. The drawbells serve as a place for caving rock to fall into. The orebody is drilled and blasted above the undercut, and the ore is removed via the haulage access. Due to the friability of the orebody the ore above the first blast caves and falls into the drawbells. As ore is removed from the drawbells the orebody caves in, providing a steady stream of ore. If caving stops and removal of ore from the drawbells continues, a large void may form, resulting in the potential for a sudden and massive collapse and potentially catastrophic
498:
20:
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632: : Room and pillar mining is commonly done in flat or gently dipping bedded ore bodies. Pillars are left in place in a regular pattern while the rooms are mined out. In many room and pillar mines, the pillars are taken out starting at the farthest point from the stope access, allowing the roof to collapse and fill in the stope. This allows for greater recovery as less ore is left behind in pillars.
405:) are much easier to install than mechanical bolts or grouted bolts. The bolt is hammered into the drill hole, which has a smaller diameter than the bolt. Pressure from the bolt on the wall holds the rock together. Friction stabilizers are particularly susceptible to corrosion and rust from water unless they are grouted. Once grouted the friction increases by a factor of 3â4.
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ore is removed from the stope to allow for drilling and blasting the next slice. The stope is emptied when all of the ore has been blasted. Although it is very selective and allows for low dilution, since most of the ore stays in the stope until mining is completed, there is a delayed return on capital investments.
522:
of the orebody also has an influence on the mining method for example a narrow horizontal vein orebody will be mined by room and pillar or a longwall method whereas a vertical narrow vein orebody will be mined by an open stoping or cut and fill method. Further consideration is needed for the strength
187:
Planning also involves determining the equipment and resources required for the core drilling operation. This includes selecting the appropriate drilling rig, drill bits, and accessories based on factors such as the material being drilled, desired core diameter, and drilling depth. Adequate resources
812:
Penna shaft (#3 shaft) is believed to be the deepest single lift shaft in the
Western Hemisphere. The new #4 shaft bottoms out at 2,840 m (9,320 ft) down. LaRonde mine expansion was completed in June 2016 at the depth of 3,008 m (9,869 ft), the deepest longhole open stopes in the
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is a short-hole mining method which is suitable for steeply dipping orebodies. This method is similar to cut and fill mining with the exception that after being blasted, broken ore is left in the stope where it is used to support the surrounding rock and as a platform from which to work. Only enough
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Depending on the location and regulations governing the site, it may be necessary to obtain permits and permissions before commencing drilling activities. This involves understanding and complying with local regulations, environmental guidelines, and any specific requirements for drilling in certain
552:
is similar to cut and fill, except that it is used in ore zones, which are wider than the method of drifting will allow to be mined. In this case, the first drift is developed in the ore, and is backfilled using consolidated fill. The second drift is driven adjacent to the first drift. This carries
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Establishing a timeline for the core drilling project is essential for effective project management. This includes setting deadlines, scheduling equipment and personnel, and coordinating with other stakeholders involved in the project. Logistics, such as transportation of equipment and materials to
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Before drilling can begin, a thorough site assessment is conducted to determine the optimal drilling locations. This assessment involves evaluating factors such as the type of material to be drilled, subsurface conditions, potential obstacles (e.g., underground utilities), and structural integrity.
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are installed in the hole. The rebar bolt is installed after the resin and spun by the installation drill. This opens the resin cartridge and mixes it. Once the resin hardens, the drill spinning tightens the rebar bolt holding the rock together. Resin grouted rebar is considered a permanent ground
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Safety is paramount in any drilling operation. During the planning stage, safety protocols and measures are established to protect personnel, equipment, and the surrounding environment. This includes assessing potential hazards, developing emergency response plans, and ensuring the availability of
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mine when the ore body is of a payable grade sufficient to support an underground mining operation, but the strip ratio has become too great to support open cast extraction methods. They are also often built and maintained as an emergency safety access from the underground workings and a means of
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Development mining is composed of excavation almost entirely in (non-valuable) waste rock in order to gain access to the orebody. There are six steps in development mining: remove previously blasted material (muck out round), scaling (removing any unstable slabs of rock hanging from the roof and
351:
department). There is an expansion shell at the end of the bolt which is inserted into the hole. As the bolt is tightened by the installation drill the expansion shell expands and the bolt tightens holding the rock together. Mechanical bolts are considered temporary support as their lifespan is
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Production mining is further broken down into two methods, long hole and short hole. Short hole mining is similar to development mining, except that it occurs in ore. There are several different methods of long hole mining. Typically, long hole mining requires two excavations within the ore at
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planning and preparing for core drilling, professionals can mitigate risks, ensure compliance with regulations, and streamline the drilling process. Thorough site assessments, obtaining necessary permits, and considering safety measures and equipment requirements contribute to a successful and
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etceteras, drill face rock, load explosives, and blast explosives. To start the mining, the first step is to make the path to go down. The path is defined as 'Decline' as describe above. Before the start of a decline, all pre-planning of the power facility, drilling arrangement, de-watering,
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Planning and preparation are crucial initial steps in the core drilling process. This stage involves conducting a comprehensive assessment of the site and establishing the necessary groundwork for a successful drilling operation. Here's a breakdown of the key aspects involved:
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of the ore as well as the surrounding rock. An orebody hosted in strong self-supporting rock may be mined by an open stoping method and an orebody hosted in poor rock may need to be mined by a cut and fill method where the void is continuously filled as the ore is removed.
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is similar to
Friction stabilizers, except the bolt diameter is smaller than the hole diameter. High pressure water is injected into the bolt to expand the bolt diameter to hold the rock together. Like the friction stabilizer, swellex is poorly protected from corrosion and
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In shallower mines the ore is then dumped into a truck to be hauled to the surface. In deeper mines, the ore is dumped down an ore pass (a vertical or near vertical excavation) where it falls to a collection level. On the collection level, it may receive primary
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In some cases the underground primary crusher feeds an inclined conveyor belt which delivers ore via an incline shaft direct to the surface. The ore is fed down ore passes, with mining equipment accessing the ore body via a decline from the surface.
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are vertical excavations sunk adjacent to an ore body. Shafts are sunk for ore bodies where haulage to surface via truck is not economical. Shaft haulage is more economical than truck haulage at depth, and a mine may have both a decline and a
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This region is also the location of the harshest conditions for hard rock mining, with air temperatures of up to 45 °C (113 °F). However, massive refrigeration plants are used to bring the temperature down to around 28 °C
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Using this method, mining is planned to extract rock from the stopes without filling the voids; this allows the wall rocks to cave in to the extracted stope after all the ore has been removed. The stope is then sealed to prevent access.
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are used to bind large masses of rock in the hanging wall and around large excavations. Cable bolts are much larger than standard rock bolts and rebar, usually between 6 and 25 metres long. Cable bolts are grouted with a cement
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The mining method selected is determined by the size, shape, orientation and type of orebody to be mined. The orebody can be narrow vein such as a gold mine in the
Witwatersrand, the orebody can be massive similar to the
347:(or expansion shell bolts) are a common style of area ground support. A point anchor bolt is a metal bar between 20 mm â 25 mm in diameter, and between 1 m â 4 m long (the size is determined by the
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different elevations below surface, (15 m â 30 m apart). Holes are drilled between the two excavations and loaded with explosives. The holes are blasted and the ore is removed from the bottom excavation.
543:. Either fill option may be cemented with binders to add cohesion to the matrix or left uncemented. Cut and fill mining is an expensive but selective method, with the advantages of low ore loss and dilution.
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Vertical retreat mining (VRM) was introduced in the mid-1980s to replace the cut-and-fill mining method. The slot-slash mining method, a modified VRM, was introduced in the late 1990s and replaced the VRM
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is a metal screen with 10 cm x 10 cm (4 inch) openings. The mesh is held to the backs and walls using friction stabiliser bolts, point anchor bolts, or resin grouted rebar.
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in Grass Valley
California. Closed in 1956 the main shaft had reached an incline depth of 11,007 ft (3,355 m). The combined length of all shafts is 367 miles (591 km).
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Some means of support is required in order to maintain the stability of the openings that are excavated. This support comes in two forms; local support and area support.
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is fibre-reinforced spray-on concrete which coats the back and ribs preventing smaller rocks from falling. Shotcrete thickness can be between 50 mm â 100 mm.
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are horizontal excavations into the side of a hill or mountain. Adits are used for horizontal or near-horizontal ore bodies where there is no need for a ramp or shaft.
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Where large bulk ore bodies are to be mined at great depth, or where leaving pillars of ore is uneconomical, the open stope is filled with backfill, which can be a
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1198:
Sjöberg, J., F. Perman, D. Lope Ălvarez, B-M. Stöckel, K. MĂ€kitaavola, E. Storvall andT. Lavoie. "Deep sublevel cave mining and surface influence", in:
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mixture. This method is popular as the refilled stopes provide support for the adjacent stopes, allowing total extraction of economic resources.
335:) is installed to hold the ground together. There are three categories of rock bolt, differentiated by how they engage the host rock. They are:
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1202:(Perth, March 28â30, 2018), Wesseloo, J. (ed.), pp. 357 â372. Perth: Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, ISBN 978-0-9924810-6-3, 2017.
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Local ground support is used to prevent smaller rocks from falling from the back and ribs. Not all excavations require local ground support.
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limits the use of long-hole methods. The ore is mined in horizontal or slightly inclined slices, and then filled with waste rock, sand or
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used is of similar size as a point anchor bolt but does not have an expansion shell. Once the hole for the rebar is drilled, cartridges of
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Area ground support is used to prevent major ground failure. Holes are drilled into the back (ceiling) and walls and a long steel rod (or
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mine in the world, and its low surface elevation means that the bottom of the mine is the deepest accessible non-marine point on earth.
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throughout the mine. Where caving does continue, the ground surface may collapse into a surface depression such as those at the
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can be a spiral tunnel which circles either the flank of the deposit or circles around the deposit. The decline begins with a
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on until the ore zone is mined out to its full width, at which time the second cut is started atop of the first cut.
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mining is a method of short-hole mining used in steeply dipping or irregular ore zones, in particular where the
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Door for directing ventilation in an old lead mine. The ore hopper at the front is not part of the ventilation.
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This information helps identify suitable areas for drilling that minimize risks and ensure accurate results.
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such as water supply, drilling mud, and coolants are also considered to ensure smooth drilling operations.
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518:. The width or size of the orebody is determined by the grade as well as the distribution of the ore. The
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sidewalls to protect workers and equipment from damage), installing support or/and reinforcement using
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region of South Africa, which are currently working at depths exceeding 3,900 m (12,800 ft).
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region of India. Closed in 2001, the main shaft had reached a depth of 10,560 ft (3,220 m).
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There are two principal phases of underground mining: development mining and production mining.
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removal, the ore (or "muck") is removed ("mucked out" or "bogged") from the stope using
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utilize trailing cables which are flexible and can be extended or retracted on a reel.
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611:. Such a configuration is one of several to which miners apply the term "glory hole".
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are then excavated perpendicular (or near perpendicular) to the level into the ore.
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824:. In September 2018 it reaches depth of 2,056 m (6,745 ft) below surface.
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is used in areas which require more support than a point anchor bolt can give. The
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Levels are excavated horizontally off the decline or shaft to access the ore body.
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can be sprayed on the backs and ribs similar to shotcrete, but in smaller amounts.
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may be required for safety purposes. They may also be started into the wall of an
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Deep Mining 2017: Eighth
International Conference on Deep and HighStress Mining
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802:. At the maximum depth of 9,889 feet (3,014 m) this mine is the deepest
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876:, currently worked to a depth of approximately 2,200 m (7,200 ft).
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891:, Russia. At 12,262 m (40,230 ft), it is the deepest artificial
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2006:
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1362:"Skalisty mine reaches design depth of 2,056 m below surface â Nornickel"
992:"Decline design in underground mines using constrained path optimisation"
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24:
1333:"Agnico Eagle Mines Limited - Operations - Operations - LaRonde Complex"
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Hard Rock Epic: Western Miners and the
Industrial Revolution, 1860â1910
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1213:"LKAB utvecklar ny brytningsmetod â sĂ„ gĂ„r metoden raise caving till"
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The deepest mine in Europe is the 16th shaft of the uranium mines in
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One of the most important aspects of underground hard rock mining is
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1376:"Mineral deposits: from their origin to their environmental impacts"
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The deepest active mine in
Eurasia and in Asia is Skalisty Mine of
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Orebodies that do not cave readily are sometimes preconditioned by
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panels, and to inducing caving in both coal and hard rock mines.
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215:, which is the portal to the surface. Depending on the amount of
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Declines are often started from the side of the high wall of an
82:. It also involves the same techniques used to excavate ores of
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1426:
Hard Rock Mining: State
Approaches to Environmental Protection
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The deepest inactive hard rock mine in North
America is the
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ventilation and, muck withdrawal facilities are required.
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16:
Mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals and gems
1689:
456:
1113:"Vale Inco's Creighton mine: Digging deeper by the day"
446:
782:
The deepest active hard rock mine in North
America is
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In mines which use rubber-tired equipment for coarse
98:
refers to the excavation of softer minerals, such as
1404:
Hard-Rock Miners: The InterMountain West, 1860â1920
872:, in South Africa, with a resource of 203 million
1166:
1042:. Finland: Tamrock Corporation. pp. 153â170.
838:The deepest hard rock mines in Australia are the
663:. These vehicles are referred to as "boggers" or
464:reaches surface at the Ridgeway underground mine.
2187:
1413:. (2003) Tempe/North Bay: McIntosh Engineering.
1062:. Finland: Tamrock Corporation. pp. 98â130.
127:can be achieved via a decline (ramp), inclined
667:. These pieces of equipment may operate using
197:the site, are also planned during this stage.
146:
27:of a modern underground mine with shaft access
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1167:Fowler, J. C. W.; Hebblewhite, B. K. (2003).
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711:to be hoisted to the surface in buckets or
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715:and emptied into bins beneath the surface
591:orebodies (typically low grade) with high
1269:
1239:http://www.mineweb.com/archive/greGreener
1060:Underground Drilling and Loading Handbook
1040:Underground Drilling and Loading Handbook
761:The deepest inactive mine in Asia is the
501:Schematic diagram of cut and fill mining
496:
455:
302:
272:Development mining vs. production mining
256:moving large equipment to the workings.
137:
18:
1057:
1037:
742:The deepest mines in the world are the
416:
378:support with a lifespan of 20â30 years.
2188:
1097:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
578:
326:
1663:
1468:
1442:
352:reduced by corrosion as they are not
155:
118:
451:
447:Stope and retreat vs. stope and fill
174:C) Safety Considerations
1252:"TauTona, Anglo Gold, South Africa"
969:: McIntosh Engineering. p. 2.
338:
38:techniques used to excavate "hard"
13:
2067:Naples underground geothermal zone
1396:
989:
691:by a jaw or cone crusher, or by a
205:efficient core drilling operation.
14:
2207:
1288:from the original on 19 July 2019
1276:Godkin, David (1 February 2014).
857:at 1,800 m (5,900 ft).
472:
389:
318:
183:D) Equipment and Resources
165:B) Permits and Permissions
835:at 1,838 m (6,030 ft).
730:
587:is used to mine massive steeply
360:
192:E) Timeline and Logistics
1354:
1343:from the original on 2022-02-01
1325:
1300:
1258:from the original on 2019-05-12
1244:
1232:
1205:
1181:from the original on 2006-09-20
1149:from the original on 2011-12-06
1080:from the original on 2017-02-02
665:LHD (Load, Haul, Dump machines)
481:and rock mixture, a cement and
2113:Forestiere Underground Gardens
1976:Underground mining (soft rock)
1971:Underground mining (hard rock)
1956:Subsurface utility engineering
1378:. Taylor & Francis. 1995.
1192:
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1131:
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1066:
983:
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868:mines in the world are on the
650:
292:
156:A) Site Assessment
113:
34:refers to various underground
1:
1308:"Home | Kidd Operations"
1139:"Mining & Metallurgy 101"
941:
675:, and resemble a low-profile
259:
1966:Underground mine ventilation
1119:(3): 2. 2008. Archived from
299:Underground mine ventilation
179:necessary safety equipment.
32:Underground hard-rock mining
7:
2123:Underground House Las Vegas
1278:"Being safe is no accident"
955:de la Vergne, Jack (2003).
899:
695:. The ore is then moved by
661:center articulated vehicles
147:1. Planning and Preparation
42:, usually those containing
10:
2212:
2118:Underground House Colorado
2047:Underground City, Montreal
2042:Underground City (Beijing)
1411:Hard Rock Miner's Handbook
958:Hard Rock Miner's Handbook
734:
605:Henderson molybdenum mines
492:
398:(frequently called by the
296:
2162:
2149:Hockerton Housing Project
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2100:
1984:
1932:
1870:
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1698:
1690:Man-made and man-related
1621:
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2163:Earth shelters Australia
1943:underground construction
1221:(in Swedish). 2021-06-08
527:Selective mining methods
485:mixture or a cement and
1903:Missile launch facility
1424:McElfish Jr., James M.
1282:Canadian Mining Journal
1058:Puhakka, Tulla (1997).
1038:Puhakka, Tulla (1997).
885:Kola Superdeep Borehole
786:in Canada, which mines
679:. Electrically powered
2128:Underground World Home
893:extreme point of Earth
750:(Western Deep Levels)
510:, South Australia, or
502:
465:
308:
143:
123:Accessing underground
28:
2017:KĆbĂĄnya cellar system
2012:Houston tunnel system
1951:Rock-cut architecture
737:List of deepest mines
500:
459:
400:genericized trademark
306:
141:
22:
2092:Subterranean fiction
2087:Subterranean warfare
1409:de la Vergne, Jack.
1169:"Mining publication"
1143:www.miningbasics.com
617:hydraulic fracturing
579:Bulk mining methods
417:Local ground support
2082:Subterranean Toledo
2077:Subterranean London
1997:Caves of Maastricht
1961:Tunnel construction
1742:Burial vault (tomb)
1517:Mountaintop removal
1337:www.agnicoeagle.com
1174:. New South Wales.
512:Cadia-Ridgeway Mine
396:Friction stabilizer
367:Resin grouted rebar
327:Area ground support
2196:Underground mining
2037:Underground living
1919:Underground hangar
1241:underground mining
931:Mining Act of 1872
503:
466:
349:mine's engineering
345:Point anchor bolts
309:
144:
119:Underground access
29:
2183:
2182:
2137:Earth shelters UK
2108:Bill Gates' house
2101:Earth shelters US
1871:Military features
1862:Ventilation shaft
1730:Civilian features
1657:
1656:
1617:
1616:
1402:Brown, Ronald C.
999:math.uwaterloo.ca
558:Shrinkage stoping
460:Sub-Level Caving
452:Stope and retreat
2203:
2144:Underhill, Holme
2052:Mine exploration
1914:Underground base
1909:Scallywag bunker
1878:Air raid shelter
1857:Smuggling tunnel
1822:Underground city
1762:Dugout (shelter)
1699:Natural features
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1512:Hydraulic mining
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1310:. Archived from
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1070:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1007:
1001:. Archived from
996:
987:
981:
980:
952:
703:or occasionally
677:front end loader
508:Olympic Dam mine
426:Welded Wire Mesh
339:Mechanical bolts
225:galvanized steel
96:Soft-rock mining
2211:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2175:Lightning Ridge
2158:
2132:
2096:
1980:
1941:
1928:
1898:Fallout shelter
1866:
1725:
1694:
1688:
1658:
1653:
1639:Deep sea mining
1613:
1599:Room and pillar
1585:
1549:
1521:
1473:
1467:
1399:
1397:Further reading
1394:
1393:
1386:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1359:
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1346:
1344:
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1184:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1150:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1123:on 2015-06-21.
1111:
1110:
1106:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1074:"Archived copy"
1072:
1071:
1067:
1056:
1047:
1036:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1005:
994:
988:
984:
977:
953:
949:
944:
902:
889:Murmansk Oblast
770:
739:
733:
673:electric motors
653:
637:Sublevel caving
629:Room and pillar
581:
529:
516:New South Wales
495:
475:
454:
449:
440:Latex Membranes
419:
392:
375:polyester resin
363:
341:
329:
321:
301:
295:
274:
262:
219:and quality of
194:
185:
176:
167:
158:
149:
121:
116:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2209:
2199:
2198:
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2110:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2057:Mines of Paris
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2032:Trench warfare
2029:
2027:Tunnel network
2024:
2022:Tunnel warfare
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1985:Related topics
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
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1874:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1837:Secret passage
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
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1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
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1429:
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1398:
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1391:
1385:978-9054105503
1384:
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858:
836:
833:Czech Republic
825:
814:
807:
780:
773:
759:
735:Main article:
732:
729:
697:conveyor belts
669:diesel engines
652:
649:
648:
647:
640:
633:
613:
612:
580:
577:
574:
573:
563:
554:
544:
528:
525:
494:
491:
474:
473:Stope and fill
471:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
443:
437:
429:
418:
415:
414:
413:
406:
391:
390:Friction bolts
388:
387:
386:
379:
362:
359:
358:
357:
340:
337:
328:
325:
320:
319:Ground support
317:
297:Main article:
294:
291:
273:
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261:
258:
249:
248:
242:
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206:
193:
190:
184:
181:
175:
172:
166:
163:
157:
154:
148:
145:
142:Decline portal
129:vertical shaft
120:
117:
115:
112:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2208:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
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2075:
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2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:Civil defense
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
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1948:
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1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1888:Blast shelter
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1842:Semi-basement
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1817:Utility vault
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:Rock-cut tomb
1800:
1798:
1797:Rapid transit
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1772:Earth shelter
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1728:
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1719:
1717:
1714:
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1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1650:
1649:Seabed mining
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1607:
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1602:
1600:
1597:
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1594:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1434:
1431:Wyman, Mark.
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1419:0-9687006-1-6
1416:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1387:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1363:
1357:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1314:on 2020-03-02
1313:
1309:
1303:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1240:
1235:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1201:
1195:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1100:
1094:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1008:on 2010-11-24
1004:
1000:
993:
986:
978:
976:0-9687006-1-6
972:
968:
964:
960:
959:
951:
947:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
875:
871:
870:Merensky Reef
867:
863:
859:
856:
852:
848:
845:
841:
837:
834:
830:
826:
823:
820:, located in
819:
815:
811:
808:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
778:
774:
772:(82 °F).
768:
764:
760:
757:
756:Witwatersrand
754:mines in the
753:
749:
745:
741:
740:
738:
731:Deepest mines
728:
724:
723:to the mill.
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
646:
645:
641:
639:
638:
634:
631:
630:
626:
625:
624:
622:
618:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
583:
582:
576:
571:
567:
564:
560:
559:
555:
551:
549:
545:
542:
538:
534:
531:
530:
524:
521:
517:
513:
509:
499:
490:
488:
484:
480:
470:
463:
458:
441:
438:
435:
434:
430:
427:
424:
423:
422:
410:
407:
404:
401:
397:
394:
393:
383:
380:
376:
372:
368:
365:
364:
361:Grouted bolts
355:
350:
346:
343:
342:
336:
334:
324:
316:
314:
305:
300:
290:
286:
283:
277:
269:
267:
257:
254:
246:
243:
239:
236:
233:
229:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:
203:
200:
199:
198:
189:
180:
171:
162:
153:
140:
136:
134:
130:
126:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
26:
21:
1992:Cave dweller
1852:Storm cellar
1432:
1425:
1410:
1403:
1370:
1356:
1345:. Retrieved
1336:
1327:
1316:. Retrieved
1312:the original
1302:
1290:. Retrieved
1281:
1271:
1260:. Retrieved
1246:
1234:
1223:. Retrieved
1216:
1207:
1199:
1194:
1183:. Retrieved
1162:
1151:. Retrieved
1142:
1133:
1124:
1121:the original
1116:
1107:
1082:. Retrieved
1068:
1059:
1039:
1010:. Retrieved
1003:the original
998:
985:
956:
950:
926:Shaft Mining
879:The deepest
860:The deepest
725:
685:
654:
644:Raise caving
642:
635:
627:
614:
585:Block caving
584:
575:
569:
565:
556:
546:
537:hanging wall
533:Cut and fill
532:
504:
476:
467:
439:
431:
425:
420:
408:
402:
395:
381:
366:
344:
330:
322:
310:
287:
278:
275:
263:
250:
244:
237:
208:
202:By carefully
201:
195:
186:
177:
168:
159:
150:
122:
31:
30:
2170:Coober Pedy
2062:Mole people
2007:Coober Pedy
1924:Spider hole
1807:Root cellar
1692:subterranea
1644:Prospecting
1526:Sub-surface
1292:19 February
990:Brazil, M.
911:Gold mining
874:troy ounces
777:Empire mine
693:rockbreaker
651:Ore removal
382:Cable bolts
313:ventilation
293:Ventilation
114:Mine access
50:containing
1554:Directions
1472:techniques
1347:2022-02-01
1318:2020-02-19
1262:2009-05-01
1225:2024-06-21
1185:2007-05-30
1153:2017-01-27
1084:2017-01-29
942:References
855:Queensland
804:base metal
593:friability
462:Subsidence
260:Ore access
217:overburden
86:, such as
46:, such as
25:3D diagram
1938:quarrying
1832:Wine cave
1752:Catacombs
1634:Automated
1629:Abandoned
1545:Soft rock
1540:Hard rock
1492:Quarrying
1117:Viewpoint
967:North Bay
866:palladium
851:Mount Isa
849:mines in
818:Nornickel
810:LaRonde's
784:Kidd Mine
767:Karnataka
721:transport
717:headframe
597:windblast
433:Shotcrete
403:Split Set
333:rock bolt
282:shotcrete
108:oil sands
2190:Category
1893:Casemate
1847:Stepwell
1787:Hypogeum
1777:Erdstall
1767:Dry well
1747:Borehole
1737:Basement
1721:Sinkhole
1604:Longwall
1581:Borehole
1576:Bell pit
1507:Dredging
1487:Open-pit
1435:. (1989)
1428:. (1996)
1406:. (2000)
1341:Archived
1286:Archived
1256:Archived
1254:. 2009.
1176:Archived
1147:Archived
1093:cite web
1078:Archived
900:See also
881:borehole
862:platinum
689:crushing
621:longwall
609:Colorado
550:and fill
541:tailings
487:tailings
253:open cut
232:open cut
209:Declines
88:diamonds
40:minerals
2154:Malator
2072:Sapping
1792:Manhole
1757:Dungeon
1609:Retreat
1591:Stoping
1533:Classes
1479:Surface
1126:mining.
936:Stoping
883:is the
829:PĆĂbram
822:Talnakh
800:Ontario
796:Timmins
765:in the
748:TauTona
744:Mponeng
707:to the
589:dipping
493:Methods
409:Swellex
354:grouted
228:culvert
221:bedrock
213:box cut
170:areas.
1934:Mining
1905:(silo)
1883:Bunker
1812:Tunnel
1716:Grotto
1711:Cenote
1502:Placer
1470:Mining
1417:
1382:
1012:19 Jun
973:
916:Mining
840:copper
813:world.
792:copper
705:trains
701:trucks
601:Climax
479:cement
385:grout.
266:Stopes
238:Shafts
106:, and
92:rubies
78:, and
72:nickel
64:copper
56:silver
44:metals
36:mining
1940:, and
1782:Fogou
1622:Other
1571:Shaft
1566:Slope
1561:Drift
1497:Strip
1179:(PDF)
1172:(PDF)
1006:(PDF)
995:(PDF)
963:Tempe
921:Pinge
763:Kolar
713:skips
709:shaft
548:Drift
412:rust.
371:rebar
245:Adits
1827:Well
1706:Cave
1415:ISBN
1380:ISBN
1294:2020
1099:link
1014:2023
971:ISBN
906:Adit
847:lead
844:zinc
842:and
790:and
788:zinc
752:gold
746:and
719:for
603:and
483:sand
241:ramp
234:mine
223:, a
133:adit
104:coal
100:salt
90:and
84:gems
80:lead
68:zinc
60:iron
52:gold
1218:SVT
887:in
794:in
681:LHD
671:or
657:ore
607:in
570:VCR
566:VRM
520:dip
131:or
125:ore
76:tin
48:ore
2192::
1936:,
1339:.
1335:.
1284:.
1280:.
1215:.
1145:.
1141:.
1115:.
1095:}}
1091:{{
1076:.
1048:^
1022:^
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798:,
699:,
568:/
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1669:v
1462:e
1455:t
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1421:.
1388:.
1364:.
1350:.
1321:.
1296:.
1265:.
1228:.
1188:.
1156:.
1101:)
1087:.
1016:.
979:.
965:/
895:.
864:-
356:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
