Tunnel - Knowledge

1895: 2255: 376: 110: 40: 95: 1235: 2618:, England. It is 32.1 m (105 ft) long. Built in the late 1820s, the exact date is unknown, however probably built in 1828 or 1829. This is the first tunnel in the world constructed under a railway line. The construction of the Liverpool to Manchester Railway ran over a horse-drawn tramway that ran from the Sutton collieries to the Liverpool-Warrington turnpike road. A tunnel was bored under the railway for the tramway. As the railway was being constructed the tunnel was made operational, opening prior to the Liverpool tunnels on the Liverpool to Manchester line. The tunnel was made redundant in 1844 when the tramway was dismantled. 2278: 2664:

under construction. The station and tunnel was opened to passengers in 1836. In the 1880s the tunnel was converted to a deep cutting, open to the atmosphere, being four tracks wide. This is the only occurrence of a major tunnel being removed. Two short sections of the original tunnel still exist at Edge Hill station and further towards Lime Street, giving the two tunnels the distinction of being the oldest rail tunnels in the world still in use, and the oldest in use under streets. Over time a 525 m (0.326 mi) section of the deep cutting has been converted back into tunnel due to sections having buildings built over.

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Environmental Information estimates total damages to be 40 billion dollars. According to an article issued by Steve Hymon of TheSource – Transportation News and Views, there was no serious damage sustained by the LA subway system. Metro, the owner of the LA subway system, issued a statement through their engineering staff about the design and consideration that goes into a tunnel system. Engineers and architects perform extensive analysis as to how hard they expect earthquakes to hit that area. All of this goes into the overall design and flexibility of the tunnel.

1151:. This pressurizes the ground ahead of the TBM cutter head to balance the water pressure. The operators work in normal air pressure behind the pressurized compartment, but may occasionally have to enter that compartment to renew or repair the cutters. This requires special precautions, such as local ground treatment or halting the TBM at a position free from water. Despite these difficulties, TBMs are now preferred over the older method of tunnelling in compressed air, with an airlock/decompression chamber some way back from the TBM, which required operators to 2302: 2266: 2247: 1297: 989: 3553:. Elaborately engineered 300-metre (1,000 ft) tunnels built to smuggle drugs across the Mexico-US border were estimated to require up to 9 months to complete, and an expenditure of up to $ 1 million. Some of these tunnels were equipped with lighting, ventilation, telephones, drainage pumps, hydraulic elevators, and in at least one instance, an electrified rail transport system. Secret tunnels have also been used by thieves to break into bank vaults and retail stores after hours. Several tunnels have been discovered by the 3142: 3494: 1116: 76: 2329: 717: 2743:. The tunnel is split into two tunnels with a short open air cutting linking the two. The cutting is where the cable hauled trains from Edge Hill were hitched and unhitched. The two tunnels are effectively one on the same centre line and are regarded as one. However, as initially the 2,375 m (1.476 mi) long Victoria section was originally cable hauled and the shorter 862 m (943 yd) Waterloo section was locomotive hauled, two separate names were given, the short section was named the 2108:

7.2 ripped through Kobe Japan in 1995, leaving no damage to the tunnels themselves. Entry portals sustained minor damages, however these damages were attributed to inadequate earthquake design that originated from the original construction date of 1965. In 2010 a magnitude 8.8, massive by any scale, afflicted Chile. Entrance stations to subway systems suffered minor damages, and the subway system was down for the rest of the day. By the next afternoon, the subway system was operational again.

6677: 6530: 1561: 3154: 6576: 6489: 3585: 6477: 3424: 6588: 432: 233: 353: 6639: 6564: 6465: 1442: 4784: 1370: 2968: 64: 2289: 1525: 52: 6612: 1937: 2194: 654: 6665: 6653: 2314: 6689: 6600: 7534: 2632:, a single track railway tunnel 266 m long (873 ft), was bored from Edge Hill to Crown Street to serve the world's first intercity passenger railway terminus station. The station was abandoned in 1836 being too far from Liverpool city centre, with the area converted for freight use. Closed down in 1972, the tunnel is disused. However it is the oldest passenger rail tunnel running under streets in the world. 6713: 6629: 6552: 3352:, in England, opened in 2010, is notable in that it converted an existing railway cutting into a tunnel to create ground to build a supermarket over the tunnel. The railway in the cutting was first opened around 1906, stretching over 104 years to complete a railway tunnel. The tunnel was built using the cover method with craned in prefabricated forms in order to keep the busy railway operating. A branch of the 6453: 3126: 6701: 6501: 2122: 1828: 2404:. The tunnel's existence was recorded by Herodotus (as was the mole and harbour, and the third wonder of the island, the great temple to Hera, thought by many to be the largest in the Greek world). The precise location of the tunnel was only re-established in the 19th century by German archaeologists. The tunnel proper is 1,030 m long (3,380 ft) and visitors can still enter it. 605:

pilot tunnel (or "drift tunnel") may be driven ahead of the main excavation. This smaller tunnel is less likely to collapse catastrophically should unexpected conditions be met, and it can be incorporated into the final tunnel or used as a backup or emergency escape passage. Alternatively, horizontal boreholes may sometimes be drilled ahead of the advancing tunnel face.

1063:, where bored tunnels were used for stations and passenger access. Nevertheless, the original parts of the London Underground network, the Metropolitan and District Railways, were constructed using cut-and-cover. These lines pre-dated electric traction and the proximity to the surface was useful to ventilate the inevitable smoke and steam. 2551:, England. The tunnel was built simultaneously with the 1793 Fritchley railway tunnel. The tunnel partially collapsed in 1900 splitting the Cromford Canal, and has not been used since. The Friends of Cromford Canal, a group of volunteers, are working at fully restoring the Cromford Canal and the Butterley Tunnel. 1289:. Other support measures can include steel arches, rock bolts, and mesh. Technological developments in sprayed concrete technology have resulted in steel and polypropylene fibers being added to the concrete mix to improve lining strength. This creates a natural load-bearing ring, which minimizes the rock's 2103:

Earthquakes are one of nature's most formidable threats. A magnitude 6.7 earthquake shook the San Fernando valley in Los Angeles in 1994. The earthquake caused extensive damage to various structures, including buildings, freeway overpasses and road systems throughout the area. The National Center for

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is sometimes necessary during the excavation of a tunnel. They are usually circular and go straight down until they reach the level at which the tunnel is going to be built. A shaft normally has concrete walls and is usually built to be permanent. Once the access shafts are complete, TBMs are lowered

1028:: A trench is excavated, with ground support as necessary, and the tunnel is constructed in it. The tunnel may be of in situ concrete, precast concrete, precast arches, or corrugated steel arches; in early days brickwork was used. The trench is then carefully back-filled and the surface is reinstated. 3356:

supermarket chain occupies the newly created ground above the railway tunnel, with an adjacent existing railway station at the end of the tunnel. During construction, a portion of the tunnel collapsed when soil cover was added. The prefabricated forms were covered with a layer of reinforced concrete

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engineered and built by the Butterley company, however reverted to horses. Steam trains used the tunnel continuously from the 1840s when the railway was converted to a narrow gauge. The line closed in 1933. In the Second World War, the tunnel was used as an air raid shelter. Sealed up in 1977 it was

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Tunnels are more stable under a symmetric load, which improves ground-lining interaction. Improving the tunnel lining by placing thicker and stiffer sections without stabilizing surrounding poor ground may result in excess seismic forces in the lining. Backfilling with non-cyclically mobile material

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of buildings and land, with potentially lengthy planning inquiries, is eliminated. Disadvantages of TBMs arise from their usually large size – the difficulty of transporting the large TBM to the site of tunnel construction, or (alternatively) the high cost of assembling the TBM on-site, often within

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control is very important in tunnel construction. Water leaking into a tunnel or vertical shaft will greatly decrease stand-up time, causing the excavation to become unstable and risking collapse. The most common way to control groundwater is to install dewatering pipes into the ground and to simply

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tunnel, Liverpool. A two track rail tunnel, 1.811 km (1.125 mi) long was bored under the metropolis from Edge Hill in the east of the city to Lime Street in Liverpool's city centre. The tunnel was in use from 1832 being used to transport building materials to the new Lime St station while

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This same trend of limited subway damage following an earthquake can be seen in many other places. In 1985 a magnitude 8.1 earthquake shook Mexico City; there was no damage to the subway system, and in fact the subway systems served as a lifeline for emergency personnel and evacuations. A magnitude

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was near totally removed, apart from a 50-metre (55 yd) section at Edge Hill and a section nearer to Lime Street, as four tracks were required. The tunnel was dug out into a very deep four-track cutting, with short tunnels in places along the cutting. Train services were not interrupted as the

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under a contract with the local community. Eupalinos organised the work so that the tunnel was begun from both sides of Mount Kastro. The two teams advanced simultaneously and met in the middle with excellent accuracy, something that was extremely difficult in that time. The aqueduct was of utmost

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in west Paris consists of two bored tunnel tubes, the eastern one of which has two levels for light motorized vehicles, over a length of 10 km (6.2 mi). Although each level offers a physical height of 2.54 m (8.3 ft), only traffic up to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall is allowed in

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Box jacking is similar to pipe jacking, but instead of jacking tubes, a box-shaped tunnel is used. Jacked boxes can be a much larger span than a pipe jack, with the span of some box jacks in excess of 20 metres (66 ft). A cutting head is normally used at the front of the box being jacked, and

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There are three basic types of tunnel construction in common use. Cut-and-cover tunnels are constructed in a shallow trench and then covered over. Bored tunnels are constructed in situ, without removing the ground above. Finally, a tube can be sunk into a body of water, which is called an immersed

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Conventional desk and preliminary site studies may yield insufficient information to assess such factors as the blocky nature of rocks, the exact location of fault zones, or the stand-up times of softer ground. This may be a particular concern in large-diameter tunnels. To give more information, a

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and by other geophysical techniques. An informed choice can then be made of machinery and methods for excavation and ground support, which will reduce the risk of encountering unforeseen ground conditions. In planning the route, the horizontal and vertical alignments can be selected to make use of

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to transport limestone to its ironworks factory. The Butterley company engineered and built its own railway. A victim of the depression the company closed after 219 years in 2009. The tunnel is the world's oldest railway tunnel traversed by rail wagons. Gravity and horse haulage was utilised. The

2467:. The tunnel is presently under a narrow part of a lake formed by a dam some kilometers further downstream. Estimated to have been built more than 2000 years ago, possibly by the same civilization that also built the royal tombs in a rock face nearby, it is assumed to have had a defensive purpose. 1812:

the 4.0 km (2.5 mi) double-deck roadway tunnel. In this scenario, traffic continues normally. Only during heavy, prolonged rains when the threat of extreme flooding is high, the upper tunnel tube is closed off to vehicles and automated flood control gates are opened so that water can be

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There are a variety of TBM designs that can operate in a variety of conditions, from hard rock to soft water-bearing ground. Some TBMs, the bentonite slurry and earth-pressure balance types, have pressurized compartments at the front end, allowing them to be used in difficult conditions below the

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An open building pit consists of a horizontal and a vertical boundary that keeps groundwater and soil out of the pit. There are several potential alternatives and combinations for (horizontal and vertical) building pit boundaries. The most important difference with cut-and-cover is that the open

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in London. This construction form generally has two levels, which allows economical arrangements for ticket hall, station platforms, passenger access and emergency egress, ventilation and smoke control, staff rooms, and equipment rooms. The interior of Canary Wharf station has been likened to an

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or contiguous bored piling. Only a shallow excavation is needed to construct the tunnel roof using precast beams or in situ concrete sitting on the walls. The surface is then reinstated except for access openings. This allows early reinstatement of roadways, services, and other surface features.

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was chosen over a massively high bridge for defense reasons; it was feared that aircraft could destroy a bridge in times of war, not merely impairing road traffic but blocking the river to navigation. Maintenance costs of a massive bridge to allow the world's largest ships to navigate under were

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Tunnels are dug in types of materials varying from soft clay to hard rock. The method of tunnel construction depends on such factors as the ground conditions, the groundwater conditions, the length and diameter of the tunnel drive, the depth of the tunnel, the logistics of supporting the tunnel

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was constructed at Persepolis in Iran at the same time as the construction of its foundation in 518 BC. In most places the network was dug in the sound rock of the mountain and then covered by large pieces of rock and stone followed by earth and piles of rubble to level the ground. During

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is the amount of time a newly excavated cavity can support itself without any added structures. Knowing this parameter allows the engineers to determine how far an excavation can proceed before support is needed, which in turn affects the speed, efficiency, and cost of construction. Generally,

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opened in 1842, is a 3.9-kilometre (2.4 mi) subterranean wagonway with a maximum depth of 26 metres (85 ft) that drops 222 feet (68 m) from entrance to exit. The tunnel runs under Newcastle upon Tyne, England, and originally exited at the River Tyne. It remains largely intact.

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are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a TBM or shield. This method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures, such as roads or railways. Tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores with a maximum size of around 3.2 metres

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was the world's first deep-level underground railway. By 1892 the extensions on land from Birkenhead Park station to Liverpool Central Low level station gave a tunnel 5.02 km (3.12 mi) in length. The under river section is 1.21 km (0.75 mi) in length, and was the longest

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The three eastern portals of Liverpool Edge Hill tunnels, built into a hand-dug deep cutting. The left tunnel with tracks is the short 1846 second Crown Street Tunnel, still used for shunting. In the center, partially hidden by undergrowth, is the disused 2.03 km (1.26 mi) 1829

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is also very important in determining stand-up time. If a tunnel excavation is wider than it is high, it will have a harder time supporting itself, decreasing its stand-up time. A square or rectangular excavation is more difficult to make self-supporting, because of a concentration of

627:, using pipes which are inserted into the ground surrounding the excavation, which are then cooled with special refrigerant fluids. This freezes the ground around each pipe until the whole space is surrounded with frozen soil, keeping water out until a permanent structure can be built. 1066:

A major disadvantage of cut-and-cover is the widespread disruption generated at the surface level during construction. This, and the availability of electric traction, brought about London Underground's switch to bored tunnels at a deeper level towards the end of the 19th century.

3622:, a Norwegian island with a hat-shaped silhouette, has a natural tunnel in the middle of the hat, letting light come through. The 160-metre (520 ft) long, 35-metre (115 ft) high, and 20-metre (66 ft) wide tunnel is said to be the hole made by an arrow of the angry 1138:(TBMs) and associated back-up systems are used to highly automate the entire tunnelling process, reducing tunnelling costs. In certain predominantly urban applications, tunnel boring is viewed as a quick and cost-effective alternative to laying surface rails and roads. Expensive 1247:

to the bottom and excavation can start. Shafts are the main entrance in and out of the tunnel until the project is completed. If a tunnel is going to be long, multiple shafts at various locations may be bored so that entrance to the tunnel is closer to the unexcavated area.

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metro network, with work started and abandoned because of costs. The tunnel is in excellent condition and is still being considered for reuse by Merseyrail, maybe with an underground station cut into the tunnel for Liverpool university. The river portal is opposite the new

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both decks are for motor vehicles. In each direction, only cars and taxis travel on the 2.6 m (8.5 ft) high two-lane upper deck, and heavier vehicles, like trucks and buses, as well as cars, may use the 4.0 m (13 ft) high single-lane lower level.

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this tunnel tube, and motorcyclists are directed to the other tube. Each level was built with a three-lane roadway, but only two lanes per level are used – the third serves as a hard shoulder within the tunnel. The A86 Duplex is Europe's longest double-deck tunnel.

3379:, 2016, is the longest, 8.58 km (5.33 mi), mountain tunnel in South America. It crosses beneath a mountain at 2,500 m (8,202.1 ft) above sea level with six traffic lanes, and it has a parallel emergency tunnel. The tunnel is subject to serious 215:

The definition of what constitutes a tunnel can vary widely from source to source. For example, in the United Kingdom, a road tunnel is defined as "a subsurface highway structure enclosed for a length of 150 metres (490 ft) or more." In the United States, the

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was opened in late 1886, at 7.008 km (4.355 mi) long, although only 3.62 km (2.25 mi) of the tunnel is actually under the River Severn. The tunnel replaced the Mersey Railway tunnel's longest under water record, which was held for less than a

2747:. In 1895 the two tunnels were converted to locomotive haulage. Used until 1972, the tunnel is still in excellent condition. A short section of the Victoria tunnel at Edge Hill is still used for shunting trains. The tunnel is being considered for reuse by the 2336:

The history of ancient tunnels and tunneling in the world is reviewed in various sources which include many examples of these structures that were built for different purposes. Some well known ancient and modern tunnels are briefly introduced below:

3616:. Hindus believe that crawling through the tunnel (which they believe was created by a Hindu god) from one end to the other will wash away all of one's sins and thus allow one to attain rebirth. Only men are permitted to crawl through the tunnel. 2909:, between Switzerland and Italy. It is 19.8 km (12.3 mi) long, and was the longest tunnel in the world until 1982. It was also the deepest tunnel in the world, with a maximum rock overlay of approximately 2,150 m (7,050 ft). 2606:

in Tennessee, an 88 m long (289 ft) water diversion tunnel, 4.50 m × 2.45 m high (14.8 ft × 8.0 ft), to power a water wheel, was built by slave labour in 1819, being the first full-scale tunnel in North

945:. Also, the land needed for excavation and construction staging, and the proper machinery must be selected. Large infrastructure projects require millions or even billions of dollars, involving long-term financing, usually through issuance of 4754: 1079:

with his hands, inserts with his feet a tool with a cup-like rounded end, then turns the tool with his hands to extract a section of soil, which is then placed on the waste extract. Clay-kicking is a specialized method developed in the

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techniques for developing a major structure. Understanding the amount of time the project requires, and the amount of labor and materials needed is a crucial part of project planning. The project duration must be identified using a

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had ordered built in 76–77 AD. A modern road, the SS 3 Flaminia, still uses this tunnel, which had a precursor dating back to the 3rd century BC, remnants of this earlier tunnel (one of the first road tunnels) are also still

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for an infrastructure such as a tunnel must be identified. Political disputes can occur, as in 2005 when the US House of Representatives approved a $ 100 million federal grant to build a tunnel under New York Harbor. However, the

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was originally to have road vehicles running on the upper deck and trams on the lower. During construction the tram usage was cancelled. The lower section is only used for cables, pipes and emergency accident refuge enclosures.

1587:, the largest-diameter bored tunnel in the world. At construction this was a combination bidirectional rail and truck pathway on the lower deck with automobiles above, now converted to one-way road vehicle traffic on each deck. 601:

the best ground and water conditions. It is common practice to locate a tunnel deeper than otherwise would be required, in order to excavate through solid rock or other material that is easier to support during construction.

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Lined and grouted tunnels are safer than unlined tunnels in rock. Shaking damage can be reduced by stabilizing the ground around the tunnel and by improving the contact between the lining and the surrounding ground through

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These last two shafts are now expected to be done by 2026, according to the DEP, but the tunnel still won't be complete. The original plans called for one more extension—a 14-mile conduit between Yonkers, the Bronx and

2572:'s new customs duties. Jefferson had ordered local militias to help the Custom House in each port collect these dues, but the smugglers, led by Elias Derby, hired the Salem militia to dig the tunnels and hide the spoil. 2089:

High frequency motions may explain the local spalling of rock or concrete along planes of weakness. These frequencies, which rapidly attenuate with distance, may be expected mainly at small distances from the causative

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Government funds are often required for the creation of tunnels. When a tunnel is being planned or constructed, economics and politics play a large factor in the decision making process. Civil engineers usually use

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Niu, Jiqiang; Zhou, Dan; Liu, Feng; Yuan, Yanping (1 October 2018). "Effect of train length on fluctuating aerodynamic pressure wave in tunnels and method for determining the amplitude of pressure wave on trains".

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on national road Rv 653 in Norway is the world's deepest subsea road tunnel, measuring 7.776 km (4.832 mi) long, with deepest point at −287 m (−942 ft) below the sea level, opened in February

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wavefront and vice versa). When two wavefronts of the same sign meet the train, significant and rapid air pressure may cause ear discomfort for passengers and crew. When a high-speed train exits a tunnel, a loud

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tunnel excavators developed a specialized method called clay-kicking for digging tunnels in clay-based soils. The clay-kicker lies on a plank at a 45-degree angle away from the working face and rather than a

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of digging tunnels in strong clay-based soil structures. This method of cut and cover construction required relatively little disturbance of property during the renewal of the United Kingdom's then ancient

2357:, which after 2700 years, still provides drinking and agricultural water to nearly 40,000 people. Its main well depth is more than 360 m (1,180 ft), and its length is 45 km (28 mi). 2040:

When there is a parallel, separate tunnel available, airtight but unlocked emergency doors are usually provided which allow trapped personnel to escape from a smoke-filled tunnel to the parallel tube.

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in Liverpool, England, at 2.03 km (1.26 mi) long on a twin track railway, was the first rail tunnel bored under a metropolis. The tunnel's path is from Edge Hill in the east of the city to

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mountains was opened, permitting the establishment of the commercial mass transportation of passengers and freight over the Sierras for the first time. It remained in daily use until 1993, when the

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are water management systems used to provide a reliable supply of water to human settlements or for irrigation in hot, arid and semi-arid climates. The deepest known qanat is in the Iranian city of

885:), aesthetic reasons (preserving the above-ground view, landscape, and scenery), and also for weight capacity reasons (it may be more feasible to build a tunnel than a sufficiently strong bridge). 5964: 1669:

tunnel boring machine, with a 17.5-metre (57.5 ft) cutterhead diameter. After several delays, tunnel boring was completed in April 2017, and the tunnel opened to traffic on 4 February 2019.

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A database of seismic damage to underground structures using 217 case histories shows the following general observations can be made regarding the seismic performance of underground structures:

2735:, England, was bored under a metropolis opening in 1848. The tunnel was initially used only for rail freight serving the Waterloo Freight terminal, and later freight and passengers serving the 1361:

spoil removal is normally by excavator from within the box. Recent developments of the Jacked Arch and Jacked deck have enabled longer and larger structures to be installed to close accuracy.

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or utility tunnels carry two or more utility lines. Through co-location of different utilities in one tunnel, organizations are able to reduce the costs of building and maintaining utilities.

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Approach. The original two-track tunnel was removed to create a deep cutting. Some of the road bridges seen across the cutting are solid rock and in effect are a series of short tunnels.

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Siamak Hashemi, 2013, The Magnificence of Civilization in Depths of Ground (A Review of Underground Structures in Iran – Past to Present), Shadrang Printing and Publishing Co., Tehran.

1715: train) of the New York City Subway, was not opened for passenger service until 1989. The lower level, intended for commuter rail, saw passenger service after completion of the 4904: 3338:

in South East Asia and second longest in Asia. The facility can be operated as a simultaneous traffic and stormwater passage, or dedicated exclusively to stormwater when necessary.

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being an ideal location for a serving station. If reused the tunnel will be the oldest used underground rail tunnel in the world and oldest section of any underground metro system.

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in 1944, killing 426 passengers. Designers try to reduce these risks by installing emergency ventilation systems or isolated emergency escape tunnels parallel to the main passage.

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Other reasons for choosing a tunnel instead of a bridge include avoiding difficulties with tides, weather, and shipping during construction (as in the 51.5-kilometre or 32.0-mile

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Schmidt, E.F., 1953, Persepolis I – Structures, Reliefs, Inscriptions; The University of Chicago Oriental Institute Publications, Volume LXVIII, The University of Chicago Press.

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to the river, in WW2 part of the tunnel was used as a shelter. Under the management of a charitable foundation called the Ouseburn Trust it is currently used for heritage tours.

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National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972).

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investigations and surveys, long sections of similar rock tunnels extending beneath the palace area were traced by Herzfeld and later by Schmidt and their archeological teams.

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to stabilize the tunnel, by allowing a measured relaxation and stress reassignment into the surrounding rock to prevent full loads becoming imposed on the supports. Based on

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For water crossings, a tunnel is generally more costly to construct than a bridge. However, both navigational and traffic considerations may limit the use of high bridges or

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in England, which opened in 1841, was the longest railway tunnel in the world at the time of construction. It was dug by hand, and has a length of 2.9 km (1.8 mi).

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network used to transport escaped slaves was "underground" mostly in the sense of secrecy, hidden tunnels were occasionally used. Secret tunnels were also used during the

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definition of a tunnel is "An underground structure with a design length greater than 23 m (75 ft) and a diameter greater than 1,800 millimetres (5.9 ft)."

2878:, in constructing the City & South London Railway tunnel beneath the Thames, opened in 1890, brought together three key elements of tunnel construction under water: 413:("cask"). The modern meaning, referring to an underground passageway, evolved in the 16th century as a metaphor for a narrow, confined space like the inside of a cask. 175:

are used for routing steam, chilled water, electrical power or telecommunication cables, as well as connecting buildings for convenient passage of people and equipment.

3010:, opened in 2016, is the longest and deepest railway tunnel in the world at 57.1 km (35.5 mi) length and 2,450 m (8,040 ft) maximum depth below the 755:

project replaced elevated roadways with a tunnel system to increase traffic capacity, hide traffic, reclaim land, redecorate, and reunite the city with the waterfront.

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is an underground or undersea passageway. It is dug through surrounding soil, earth or rock, or laid under water, and is usually completely enclosed except for the two

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Owing to the enclosed space of a tunnel, fires can have very serious effects on users. The main dangers are gas and smoke production, with even low concentrations of

6480: 4666: 1605:-level tunnel, also under the Bosporus. The tunnel is intended to carry both the Istanbul metro and a two-level highway, over a length of 6.5 km (4.0 mi). 3178:. The tunnel is 10.0 km (6.2 mi) long and at an elevation of 2,816 m (9,239 ft) is the highest active railroad tunnel in the U.S. (The inactive 6591: 6567: 1304: 3149:

in England, completed in 2010. Looking west towards the station in March 2005, showing the extent of construction three months before a small section collapsed.

2254: 1857:, and then leveling the surface with earth. In railway parlance, a surface-level track which has been built or covered over is normally called a "covered way". 6178: 4189: 2831:

closed it and transferred all rail traffic through the 3,146-metre (10,322 ft) long Tunnel #41 (a.k.a. "The Big Hole") built a mile to the south in 1925.

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Reported damage decreases with increasing over burden depth. Deep tunnels seem to be safer and less vulnerable to earthquake shaking than are shallow tunnels.

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was completed between France and Italy, being the second-oldest Alpine tunnel, 13.7 km (8.5 mi) long. At that time it was the longest in the world.

2002:. Both types of tunnels often have provisions to increase ventilation under emergency conditions, such as a fire. Although there is a risk of increasing the 3867: 1699:

commuter trains on the lower level. Construction started in 1969, and the two sides of the tunnel were bored through in 1972. The upper level, used by the

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is sometimes considered the longest tunnel, of any type, in the world at 154 km (96 mi), though the aqueduct's tunnel section is not continuous.

1758:, featuring a gallery containing five water mains lines with diameters between 1.2 and 1.5 m (4 and 5 ft) below the road section of the tunnel. 5961: 5169:"Risks of Ear Complaints of Passengers and Drivers While Trains Are Passing Through Tunnels at High Speed: A Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study" 2778: 5072:

Kim, Joon-Hyung; Rho, Joo-Hyun (1 March 2018). "Pressure wave characteristics of a high-speed train in a tunnel according to the operating conditions".

2520:. The tunnel is 2.9 kilometres (1.83 mi) long. Closed in 1962 the tunnel was reopened in 1973. The series of tunnels was extended in 1984 and 1989. 7559: 6615: 6401: 4815: 4336: 4306: 5757: 6668: 5880: 2716:

until 2007. It was the oldest section of the network, although not the oldest purpose built rail section. From 2010 the tunnel became a part of the

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Duration of strong-motion shaking during earthquakes is of utmost importance because it may cause fatigue failure and therefore, large deformations.

1266:(NATM)—also referred to as the Sequential Excavation Method (SEM)—was developed in the 1960s. The main idea of this method is to use the geological 349:

These terms provide a foundation for understanding the technical aspects of tunneling projects. If you have a specific context in mind, let me know!

4044: 1182:, had a diameter of about 9 metres (30 ft). A larger TBM was built to bore the Green Heart Tunnel (Dutch: Tunnel Groene Hart) as part of the 5802: 1043:

Shallow tunnels are often of the cut-and-cover type (if under water, of the immersed-tube type), while deep tunnels are excavated, often using a

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equipment is often used, and real-time pictures of traffic conditions for some highways may be viewable by the general public via the Internet.

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was not aware of this bill and had not asked for a grant for such a project. Increased taxes to finance a large project may cause opposition.

7552: 2845:, between northern and southern Switzerland, opened in 1882 and was the longest rail tunnel in the world, measuring 15 km (9.3 mi). 616:

certain configurations of rock and clay will have the greatest stand-up time, while sand and fine soils will have a much lower stand-up time.

578:, the network of tunnels was used by Jewish strategists as rock-cut shelters, in first links to Judean resistance against Roman rule in the 7366: 2037:" may occur, which can disturb residents near the mouth of the tunnel, and it is exacerbated in mountain valleys where the sound can echo. 3075:

was the longest land rail tunnel, with a length of 34.5 km (21.4 mi), from its inauguration in 2007 until the completion of the

8095: 5816: 3634:. The tunnel is thought actually to be the work of ice. The sun shines through the tunnel during two few minutes long periods every year. 2083:

Damage may be related to peak ground acceleration and velocity based on the magnitude and epicentral distance of the affected earthquake.

2396:

defensive importance, since it ran underground, and it was not easily found by an enemy who could otherwise cut off the water supply to

1976:

of 1982, the majority of fatalities were caused by toxic smoke, rather than by the initial crash. Likewise 84 people were killed in the

5383:

Klaus Grewe, 1998, Licht am Ende des Tunnels – Planung und Trassierung im antiken Tunnelbau, Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein.

5467: 5856: 3064:. It has a total length of 50 km (31 mi), of which 39 km (24 mi) are the world's longest undersea tunnel section. 2273:. This and a short section of the original tunnel nearer to Lime Street are the oldest rail tunnels in the world still in active use. 2072:

Underground facilities constructed in soils can be expected to suffer more damage compared to openings constructed in competent rock.

958: 4368: 375: 6227: 2536:

rediscovered in 2013 and inspected. The tunnel was resealed to preserved the construction as it was designated an ancient monument.

1195: 5910: 5671: 5443: 5003: 7411: 5487: 4922: 4470: 3468:. Excavation techniques, as well as the construction of underground bunkers and other habitable areas, are often associated with 3211:

streets. It operated between 1906 and 1956 as a freight network, connecting building basements and railway stations. Following a

6036: 4601: 3368:

is the world's highest railway tunnel, about 4.905 km (3.05 mi) above sea level and 1,338 m (0.831 mi) long.

1646:

was opened in 2016. Each level accommodates a full height, two by two-lane highway. The two lower tubes of the tunnel carry the

6394: 5262: 3956: 3665:(1925) – tunnel collapse on a work train during renovation, killing four men and trapping a steam locomotive and ten flat cars. 2852:, at 3.182 km (1.977 mi) long, was one of the first long road tunnels under a pass, running between France and Italy. 1654: 1219: 422: 6119: 5407: 5263:"A Case Study Boston Central Artery/Tunnel Integrated Project Control System, Responding to incidents Rapidly and Effectively" 6157: 4706: 4107: 2660: 2281: 1472: 1174:. The borehole has a diameter of 8.03 metres (26.3 ft). The four TBMs used for excavating the 57-kilometre (35 mi) 4851: 2762:, the first Alpine tunnel, was opened in 1848 and was 1.431 km (0.889 mi) long. It connected rail traffic between 5226:

Fridolf, K.; Ronchi, E.; Nilsson, D.; Frantzich, H. (2013). "Movement speed and exit choice in smoke-filled rail tunnels".

3207:

is the largest urban street tunnel network, comprising 97 km (60 mi) of tunnels beneath the majority of downtown

2896:

from Morden to East Finchley via Bank was the longest railway tunnel in the world at 27.8 km (17.3 mi) in length.

2887:

construction in a compressed air environment to inhibit water flowing through soft ground material into the tunnel heading.

1650:, which originates in Amsterdam, through the city; and the two upper tubes take the N2 regional highway for local traffic. 1576: 1569: 217: 4729: 4276: 4144: 2927:

tunnel was completed, supplying water to New York City. At 137 km (85 mi) it is the longest tunnel in the world.

2587:. The locomotive made the historic journey from Penydarren to Abercynon in 1804. Part of this tunnel can still be seen at 5401:

UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage List: Qanats of Gonabad, Date of Inscription 2007, Reference No. 5207, At:

3566: 3254:) were bypassed in the 1960s; the latter two tunnels are on a bypassed section of the Turnpike now commonly known as the 2736: 2006:

through increased airflow, the primary focus is on providing breathable air to persons trapped in the tunnel, as well as

1094: 5936: 4549: 4082: 1187: 7951: 5492: 5372: 3171: 5604: 2704:

opened in 1843, was the first tunnel (after Terelek) traversing under a water body, and the first to be built using a

8100: 6821: 6419: 6387: 6171: 5550: 4428: 3875: 3690: 2233: 2164: 1949: 1711: 1633: 701: 596:

A major tunnel project must start with a comprehensive investigation of ground conditions by collecting samples from

5729: 4193: 3825:"New Technologies and Challenges in the Construction of the Immersed Tube Tunnel of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Link" 1642:

In the Netherlands, a 2.3 km (1.4 mi) two-storey, eight-lane, cut-and-cover road tunnel under the city of

743:

Bridges usually require a larger footprint on each shore than tunnels. In areas with expensive real estate, such as

683: 109: 5984: 3408:, started in 1970, has an expected completion beyond 2026, and will measure more than 97 km long (60 mi). 3405: 2952:

is the longest undersea road tunnel. It is 14.3 km (8.9 mi) in length. The tunnel opened for use in 2020.

2599:. This is arguably the oldest railway tunnel in the world, dedicated only to self-propelled steam engines on rails. 1764:'s Yangtze River Highway and Railway Tunnel is a 2.59 km (1.61 mi) two-tube double-deck tunnel under the 1705: 1163: 1059:

underground cathedral, owing to the sheer size of the excavation. This contrasts with many traditional stations on

908: 297:: Structural materials used to support the tunnel walls, which can be made of concrete, steel, or other materials. 4520:"National Railway Museum / Science & Society image # 10445944: "Building a railway bridge in Liverpool, 1881"" 4134:

United States Army Corps of Engineers. (1978). Tunnels and shafts in rock. Washington, DC: Department of the Army.

4401: 3300: 3277:. Both tunnels handle around 150,000 vehicles a day, making them two of the most trafficked tunnels in the world. 3255: 2751:

network. Stations cut into the tunnel are being considered and also reuse by a monorail system from the proposed

2644: 1899: 1627:, China, a 2.8 km (1.7 mi) two-tube double-deck tunnel was built starting in 2002. In each tube of the 39: 4527: 4497: 2096:

may be amplified upon incidence with a tunnel if wavelengths are between one and four times the tunnel diameter.

1964:

of 2001 for example, all of the victims succumbing to smoke and gas inhalation. Over 400 passengers died in the

1598:, opened in 2016, has at its core a 5.4 km (3.4 mi) two-deck road tunnel with two lanes on each deck. 7997: 7860: 7855: 7840: 5778:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: St. Clair River Tunnel / St. Clair Railroad Tunnel" 5350: 2708:. Originally used as a foot-tunnel, the tunnel was converted to a railway tunnel in 1869 and was a part of the 2215: 1662: 1263: 1211: 779:, tunnels were chosen over bridges for strategic considerations; in the event of damage, bridges might prevent 679: 6010: 5371:

Hymon, Steve. "Designing A Subway to Withstand an Earthquake." The Source. N.p., 2017. Web. 11 November 2017.

1413:

During construction of a tunnel it is often convenient to install a temporary railway, particularly to remove

1018:

over with an overhead support system strong enough to carry the load of what is to be built above the tunnel.

129:

common at each end, though there may be access and ventilation openings at various points along the length. A

94: 7069: 6950: 6492: 5842: 4800: 4652: 4454: 4122:

Powers, P.J. (2007). Construction dewatering and groundwater control. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

3472:, or civilian responses to threat of attack. Another use for tunnels was for the storage of chemical weapons 3308: 3102: 1785:

light rail. The middle level is used by car traffic, and the top layer is for bicycle and pedestrian access.

1234: 5534: 4344: 4314: 993: 7850: 6220: 5754: 3942:

Brodziewska, J. (2005). Wildlife tunnels and fauna bridges in Poland: past, present and future, 1997-2013.

3775: 3512: 3094:

is the world's longest road tunnel, intended for cars and similar vehicles, at 24.5 km (15.2 mi).

2621: 893: 5299: 4017: 8007: 7382: 3387:

and its urban area with the coffee-growing region, and with the main port on the Colombian Pacific coast.

3223: 3041:

by rail. It is 53.9-kilometre (33.5 mi) long, of which 23.3 km (14.5 mi) are crossing the

2724: 2681: 1425:

to allow the operation of empty and loaded trains at the same time. The temporary way is replaced by the

4667:"Istanbul's mega-project: World's first three-level tunnel to be built under the Bosporus – Daily Sabah" 4060:"Eupalinos Tunnel – First Tunnel to be excavated simultaneously from both ends in the 6th centurty B.C." 3905: 201:, are built to allow wildlife to cross human-made barriers safely. Tunnels can be connected together in 8090: 8002: 7931: 7926: 7901: 7524: 6982: 6427: 4905:"Black & Veatch uses trenchless technology for water main rehabilitation in Hong Kong – WaterWorld" 3798: 3235: 2999:, opened in 2009, is the third longest water tunnel in the world at 85.3 km (53.0 mi) length. 2277: 1999: 1888: 1186:

in the Netherlands, with a diameter of 14.87 metres (48.8 ft). This in turn was superseded by the

839: 591: 1480:

work progressed. There are other occurrences of tunnels being replaced by open cuts, for example, the

8033: 7285: 6680: 3824: 3644: 3599: 3465: 3399: 3391: 3231: 3227: 2828: 2804:

were built using the cut-and-cover method in the 1860s, and opened in January 1863. What are now the

2740: 2677:

near Darlington, England, is the oldest sizeable tunnel in the world still in use under a settlement.

2137: 1969: 1926: 1647: 1468: 1402: 1243: 1215: 1055: 953: 729: 721: 17: 3656: 3068: 1977: 1389:

There are also several approaches to underwater tunnels, the two most common being bored tunnels or

262:

The terminology related to tunnels encompasses various concepts and terms. Here are some key terms:

7827: 7361: 7351: 7223: 7213: 7043: 6781: 6579: 6410: 5962:

Author lifts lid on chemical wartime history – Local News – News – General – Blue Mountains Gazette

5579: 3714: 3680: 3650: 3196:, from 1804 and completed around 1840 by a wealthy eccentric, are probably the largest underground 2849: 2816: 2490: 2183: 1961: 1945: 1282: 938: 903:

There are particular hazards with tunnels, especially from vehicle fires when combustion gases can

867: 664: 631: 540:

around the 8th century BC. Another tunnel excavated from both ends, maybe the second known, is the

212:, although similar shorter excavations can be constructed, such as cross passages between tunnels. 4953: 3215:

the network was sealed, although some parts still carry utility and communications infrastructure.

2917: 2739:. The tunnel's path is from Edge Hill in the east of the city to the north end Liverpool docks at 2558:

is reputed to be the oldest rail tunnel in the world. The rail wagons were originally horse-drawn.

1657:, is a $ 3.3 billion 2.83-kilometre (1.76 mi), double-decker bored highway tunnel under 1405:

are a novel approach under consideration; however, no such tunnels have been constructed to date.

7787: 7576: 7201: 7176: 7116: 6796: 6737: 6213: 6063:"Day after India-Pakistan flag meet, BSF detects trans-border tunnel in Jammu's Arnia sub-sector" 5708: 5687: 5074:

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit

4519: 4489: 3428: 3189: 2962: 2767: 2701: 2561: 2474: 2211: 2204: 2146: 1768:

completed in 2018. Each tube carries three lanes of local traffic on the top deck with one track

1755: 1290: 1285:

is computed. The excavation is protected by a layer of sprayed concrete, commonly referred to as

815: 776: 675: 668: 557: 545: 31: 5625: 3372: 3319:

through the tunnels. The Big Dig replaced Boston's old badly deteriorated I-93 elevated highway.

874:

was constructed to provide a second harbour crossing and to alleviate traffic congestion on the

8012: 7464: 7275: 7089: 6925: 6900: 6751: 6730: 6622: 4171: 3708: 3668: 3554: 3204: 2992: 2603: 2532: 2470: 1965: 1876: 1666: 1152: 916: 859: 827: 357: 164: 4095: 2297:. On the right, hidden by undergrowth, is the disused original short 1829 Crown Street Tunnel. 1101:

lines, because it was almost silent and so not susceptible to listening methods of detection.

1039:

Excavation then takes place under the permanent tunnel roof, and the base slab is constructed.

7896: 7835: 7151: 6960: 6468: 6353: 5777: 4038: 3750: 3674: 3562: 3365: 3349: 3312: 3296: 3219: 3146: 3011: 2048: 2025: 1973: 1696: 1533: 1492: 1464:

was replaced with a double-track tunnel, with the original tunnel used for growing mushrooms.

1452:

The vehicles or traffic using a tunnel can outgrow it, requiring replacement or enlargement:

1324: 1319:

rock consistency during the tunneling work. The measured rock properties lead to appropriate

1135: 1120: 1110: 875: 871: 863: 811: 784: 443: 243: 126: 5514: 3281: 2916:

was the first underwater tunnel designed for automobiles. The construction required a novel

2902:, also opened later in 1890, linked the elements of the Greathead tunnels on a larger scale. 2835: 1034:: Side support walls and capping beams are constructed from ground level by such methods as 1000: 7992: 7976: 7971: 7504: 7356: 7313: 7206: 7131: 6514: 5464: 5311: 5235: 5125: 5030: 3520: 3498: 3303:

completed around 2007, and carries approximately 200,000 vehicles/day under the city along

3251: 3239: 3158: 3076: 3003: 2842: 2824: 2697: 2653: 2565: 1995: 1772: 1692: 1312: 1175: 1124: 942: 847: 494: 486: 474: 380: 5881:"NYC's Giant Water Tunnel Begins Work On Final Shafts, Following 50 Years Of Construction" 4229:"Analysis of mechanized tunneling parameters to determine the overcutting characteristics" 3958:

Highway Structures & Bridges Design CD 352, Design of road tunnels (formerly BD 78/99)

2643:

in the south end Liverpool docks. The tunnel was used only for freight terminating at the

2481:, dug through hills, which opened in 1789, was 3.5 km (2.2 mi) long and allowed 1238:

1886 illustration showing the ventilation and drainage system of the Mersey railway tunnel

8: 7966: 7961: 7881: 7845: 7626: 7538: 7280: 7270: 6826: 6811: 6771: 6744: 6519: 6509: 6363: 3906:"Making the Subterranean Visible: Security, Tunnels, and the United States–Mexico Border" 3684: 3179: 3098: 2786: 2372: 2034: 1816: 1223: 970: 568: 541: 469: 5315: 5239: 5129: 5034: 4978: 4019: 3596:

are emptied lava conduits, formed during volcanic eruptions by flowing and cooling lava.

2859:

tunnel opened in 1886, running from Liverpool to Birkenhead under the River Mersey. The

2301: 269:: An underground passage, often used for transportation (roads, railways) or utilities. 208:

A tunnel is relatively long and narrow; the length is often much greater than twice the

8085: 7921: 7803: 7544: 7231: 6940: 6723: 6642: 6292: 6277: 5914: 5668: 5439: 5327: 5203: 5168: 5149: 5097: 5054: 5017:

Mishra, V K; Aggarwal, M L; Berghmans, P; Frijns, E; Int Panis, L; Chacko, K M (2015).

4374: 4258: 3803: 3662: 3361: 3316: 3285: 3270: 3243: 2981: 2977: 2801: 2713: 2584: 2548: 2318: 2258: 2056: 2003: 1930: 1778: 1676: 1584: 1580: 1565: 1538: 1060: 976:

excavation, the final use and the shape of the tunnel and appropriate risk management.

933: 636: 130: 5323: 4930: 3602:(Virginia, US) features an 260-metre (850 ft) natural tunnel, really a limestone 3460:

Some tunnels are not for transport at all but rather, are fortifications, for example

2265: 2246: 2080:

and rock-stabilizing measures may improve the safety and stability of shallow tunnels.

1394: 1296: 1162:

In February 2010, Aker Wirth delivered a TBM to Switzerland, for the expansion of the

988: 7746: 7328: 7074: 6965: 6935: 6786: 6338: 6167: 6153: 5836: 5651: 5331: 5298:

Hashash, Youssef M.A.; Hook, Jeffrey J.; Schmidt, Birger; Yao, John I-Chiang (2001).

5208: 5190: 5153: 5141: 5101: 5089: 5058: 5046: 5018: 4824: 4646: 4448: 4262: 4250: 4103: 4083:

https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/documents/1702/guide-tunnelling.pdf

3925: 3921: 3871: 3844: 3718: 3694: 3266: 3222:

opened in 1940 with seven tunnels, most of which were bored as part of the stillborn

2924: 2805: 2759: 2717: 2705: 2629: 2527: 2132: 2052: 2017: 1984: 1941: 1808:. When necessary, floodwater is first diverted into a separate bypass tunnel located 1700: 1609: 1496: 1251: 1156: 1044: 843: 579: 498: 490: 198: 5373:

http://thesource.metro.net/2012/08/10/designing-a-subway-to-withstand-an-earthquake/

5273: 4245: 3288:

in Norway as the world's northernmost road tunnel, except for mines (which exist on

8080: 8028: 7936: 7798: 7793: 7762: 7741: 7706: 7646: 7378: 7265: 7156: 7121: 7096: 6955: 6776: 5483: 5403: 5354: 5319: 5243: 5198: 5180: 5133: 5081: 5038: 4240: 4020:"KARSTIC FEATURES GENERATED FROM LARGE PALAEOVERTEBRATE TUNNELS IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL" 4018:

Frank, de Carvalho Buchmann, Gonçalves de Lima, Caron, Lopes & Fornari (2011).

3994: 3917: 3836: 3740: 3659:(1904) – train fire in Couronnes underground station, 84 killed by smoke and gases. 3493: 3488: 3274: 3247: 3141: 2899: 2808:, Hammersmith & City and Circle lines were the first to prove the success of a 2752: 2709: 2569: 2540: 2523: 2444: 1751: 1743: 1723: 1716: 1658: 1488: 1377: 1267: 1171: 855: 771:

considered higher than for a tunnel. Similar conclusions were reached for the 1971

759: 537: 6603: 5247: 4816:"Governor Rockefeller and Mayor Lindsay Attend 'Holing Through' of 63d St. Tunnel" 4698: 4633:– Yapı Merkezi, SK EC Joint Venture. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016 3973:

NFPA Standard for Safeguarding Construction, Alteration, and Demolition Operations

3840: 3083: 1115: 75: 8059: 7782: 7494: 7318: 7236: 7171: 7166: 7064: 6930: 6801: 6656: 6067: 5968: 5761: 5675: 5538: 5471: 3780: 3760: 3558: 3395: 3335: 3053: 2875: 2744: 2728: 2408: 2328: 2021: 1957: 1872: 1457: 1384: 1300: 1167: 1090: 835: 772: 624: 44: 4878: 3109:

tunnel and the longest mountain road tunnel in Asia, at 18 km (11 mi).

2971:

The Gotthard Base Tunnel is the first flat route through a major mountain range.

1846:

Over-bridges can sometimes be built by covering a road or river or railway with

716: 7941: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7721: 7441: 7333: 7250: 7054: 6816: 6806: 6692: 6236: 6182: 5335: 5137: 4284: 4148: 3702: 3609: 3508: 3504: 3484: 3469: 3342: 3061: 3049: 3042: 2985: 2935: 2913: 2906: 2860: 2856: 2686: 2636: 2592: 2544: 2294: 2055:

which monitors and reports on traffic conditions, and responds to emergencies.

1591: 1348: 1271: 1139: 1081: 946: 889: 882: 799: 795: 396: 325:

Techniques used to manage water that may enter the tunnel during construction.

202: 178: 172: 160: 148: 83: 79: 56: 7371: 5940: 5042: 2099:

Damage at and near tunnel portals may be significant due to slope instability.

2066:

Underground structures suffer appreciably less damage than surface structures.

1155:

and go through decompression procedures at the end of their shifts, much like

997: 8074: 7886: 7772: 7726: 7701: 7686: 7681: 7656: 7469: 7308: 7186: 7181: 6905: 5803:"Nå er siste fjellrest sprengt vekk i verdens lengste undersjøiske veitunnel" 5655: 5194: 5145: 5093: 5085: 4828: 4254: 4228: 3998: 3929: 3848: 3770: 3613: 3546: 3304: 3212: 3183: 3167: 3026: 2931: 2893: 2892:

Built in sections between 1890 and 1939, the section of London Underground's

2868: 2809: 2693: 2505: 2464: 2439:

The world's oldest tunnel traversing under a water body is claimed to be the

2361: 2093: 1868: 1782: 1672: 1614: 1560: 1500: 1481: 1426: 1390: 1098: 1071: 1070:

Prior to the replacement of manual excavation by the use of boring machines,

1051: 807: 791: 529: 168: 156: 134: 6676: 6529: 6122:[The hobby photographer has waited three years for this rare shot]. 3671:(1944) – asphyxiation of about 500 "unofficial" passengers on freight train. 3153: 1250:

Once construction is complete, construction access shafts are often used as

732:, serves as an example of a water-crossing tunnel built instead of a bridge. 7876: 7736: 7489: 7484: 7474: 7454: 7141: 7084: 6915: 6632: 6575: 6488: 6379: 6343: 6328: 5212: 5185: 5050: 4190:"Encouraging U.S. Infrastructure Investment – Council on Foreign Relations" 3745: 3584: 3443: 3327: 3323: 3262: 3226:

and giving the highway the nickname "Tunnel Highway". Four of the tunnels (

2640: 2509: 2416: 2401: 2397: 2380: 2376: 2014: 1805: 1789: 1727: 1422: 1418: 1373: 1343: 1336: 1316: 1278: 1207: 851: 763: 549: 290:: A vertical section through the tunnel, showing its shape and dimensions. 114: 99: 6541: 6476: 3423: 2364:

was built before 701 BC for a reliable supply of water, to withstand

1601:

Additionally, in 2015 the Turkish government announced that it will build

133:

differs significantly from a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used

8054: 7946: 7891: 7808: 7691: 7499: 7196: 7079: 7018: 6587: 6307: 5733: 4671: 3792: 3786: 3765: 3528: 3380: 3113: 3072: 3007: 2820: 2460: 2306: 2029: 2007: 1988: 1769: 1747: 1575:

Some tunnels are double-deck, for example, the two major segments of the

1179: 1148: 1128: 1035: 912: 823: 619: 463: 352: 6638: 6563: 6464: 6092:"20-Foot Tunnel From Pakistan Found By BSF At Sambha, Jammu and Kashmir" 5167:

Xie, Pengpeng; Peng, Yong; Wang, Tiantian; Zhang, Honghao (April 2019).

3631: 1369: 431: 311:: A method of constructing tunnels by digging a trench and covering it. 232: 7323: 7303: 7191: 7003: 6998: 6920: 6910: 6791: 6536: 6456: 6368: 6348: 6272: 4755:"Unique stacked tunnel under Maastricht - Division Traffic & Infra" 4369:"Engineering Projects Will Transform Seattle, All Along the Waterfront" 3647:(1861) – confusion about block signals leading to collision, 23 killed. 3619: 3542: 3461: 3432: 3402:. Started in the mid-1970s, the project is due to be completed in 2029. 3019: 2967: 2748: 2667: 2648: 2588: 2576: 2555: 2498: 2493:

was constructed which carries the "Golden Valley" railway line between

2420: 2269:

A short section remains of the 1832 Edge Hill to Lime Street tunnel in

2218: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1925:"Tunnel fire" redirects here. For the 1991 wildfire in California, see 1735: 1680: 1643: 888:

Some water crossings are a mixture of bridges and tunnels, such as the

803: 737: 575: 528:

The earliest tunnel known to have been excavated from both ends is the

514: 403: 384: 190: 137:

construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods.

87: 68: 5551:"Bourne's Tunnel at Sj5033491804 – Saint Helens – St Helens – England" 3986: 2452: 1441: 63: 7822: 7716: 7636: 7479: 7459: 7345: 7161: 7146: 6762: 6704: 6504: 5358: 4630: 3593: 3532: 3193: 2782: 2732: 2625: 2615: 2580: 2432: 2428: 2388: 2270: 1864: 1860: 1836: 1832: 1731: 1684: 1595: 1476: 1461: 1414: 1286: 767: 748: 744: 725: 533: 489:. The etymology of the terms "mining" (for mineral extraction or for 365: 182: 3711:(1999) – Transport truck caught on fire and combusted inside tunnel. 3384: 3326:, is a combined storm drainage and road structure opened in 2007 in 3087: 2288: 2193: 1936: 1524: 1516:

building pit is muted after tunnel construction; no roof is placed.

653: 318:: A device used to support the walls of a tunnel during excavation. 51: 7777: 7731: 7671: 7661: 7651: 7631: 7621: 7605: 7509: 7396: 7126: 7101: 7028: 6945: 6611: 6287: 6267: 6257: 5515:"Archaeologists find 'world's oldest railway tunnel' in Derbyshire" 4233:

Gornye Nauki I Tekhnologii = Mining Science and Technology (Russia)

3573: 3538: 3524: 3376: 3331: 3289: 3175: 3038: 2943: 2647:. Currently disused since 1972, the tunnel was to be a part of the 2611: 2313: 1914: 1793: 1624: 1398: 1199: 1183: 1086: 904: 897: 831: 597: 564: 518: 209: 6664: 6652: 4490:"National Railway Museum / Science & Society image # 10445941" 3627: 548:

1,036 m (3,400 ft) long running through Mount Kastro in

8038: 7956: 7676: 7641: 7449: 7421: 7106: 7033: 7023: 7013: 7008: 6716: 6688: 6358: 6205: 6200: 6120:"Hobbyfotografen har ventet tre år på dette sjeldne blinkskuddet" 5173:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

3823:

Zhou, Man; Su, Xiaolong; Chen, Yaying; An, Lin (2 October 2022).

3755: 3726: 3334:. The 9.7 km (6.0 mi) tunnel is the longest stormwater 3208: 3130: 3106: 3091: 2771: 2674: 2517: 2494: 2478: 2448: 2354: 2317:

A late 19th-century pneumatic rock-drilling machine, invented by

2044: 1898:

Underpass for cattle created in 1914 construction of what is now

1840: 1765: 1467:

The 1832 double-track 1.6-kilometre (1 mi)-long tunnel from

1076: 780: 752: 623:

pump the water out. A very effective but expensive technology is

369: 361: 144: 6599: 5531: 4098:. In Bickel, John O.; Kuesel, Thomas R.; King, Elwyn H. (eds.). 3576:

tunnels is unknown but theories connect it to a rebirth ritual.

3200:

in the world. The tunnels were built with no functional purpose.

1952:. There was no proper barrier and this contributed to her death. 1863:

are a kind of artificial tunnel built to protect a railway from

30:

This article is about underground passages. For other uses, see

7818: 7767: 7600: 7595: 7431: 7426: 7416: 7406: 7338: 7111: 7059: 6869: 6712: 6628: 6551: 6302: 6247: 3722: 3565:, mainly to allow terrorists access to the Indian territory of 3550: 3497:

Door to a compartment where runaway slaves would sleep, on the

3455: 3436: 3418: 3134: 3125: 3057: 3034: 2949: 2939: 2763: 2673:

The 1.1 km (0.68 mi) 1842 Prince of Wales Tunnel, in

2575:

A tunnel was created for the first true steam locomotive, from

2513: 2456: 2407:

One of the first known drainage and sewage networks in form of

2392: 2384: 2350: 2346: 1968:

in Italy in 1944, when the locomotive halted in a long tunnel.

1688: 1446: 1430: 1315:

the NATM method is flexible, even at surprising changes of the

1011: 1010:

is a simple method of construction for shallow tunnels where a

819: 553: 482: 194: 186: 103: 7533: 6452: 2946:. It was the longest railway tunnel in the world at that time. 2568:, were built in 1801 to smuggle imports affected by President 1800:" in the world, created to convey both traffic and occasional 346:

Systems designed to ensure air circulation within the tunnel.

7666: 6884: 6333: 6282: 6252: 5225: 5016: 3698: 3653:(1866) – train failed in tunnel, guard did not protect train. 3623: 3516: 3473: 3353: 3197: 3030: 2996: 2794: 2790: 2755:

redevelopment of Liverpool's Central Docks has been proposed.

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intersecting with shipping channels, necessitating a tunnel.

522: 152: 6700: 6500: 6195: 2543:

canal tunnel is 2,819 m (1.8 mi) in length on the

2024:

entering a tunnel reflect at its open ends and change sign (

1827: 1579:(completed in 1936) are linked by a 160-metre (540 ft) 790:

Water-crossing tunnels built instead of bridges include the

159:

network are usually in the tunnel. Some tunnels are used as

7711: 7590: 6879: 6874: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6839: 6297: 6096: 5823:. 2 March 2008. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012 3603: 3507:

have given entrance to or escape from an area, such as the

3015: 2486: 2322: 1854: 1499:

was enlarged using a borrowed TBM so as to be able to take

1320: 1274: 1015: 510: 141: 5937:"Glenbrook Tunnel – Alcatraz Down Under – History Channel" 4730:"Maastricht's new highway tunnel: a role model for Europe" 3946:. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4wd0j27j 2531:

railway was converted to steam locomotion in 1813 using a

2250:

Southern portal of the 1791 Dudley Canal tunnel in England

571:, hand-hewn in the Middle Ages, crosses a mountain ridge. 276:: The cylindrical cavity created when drilling a tunnel. 6262: 5019:"Dynamics of ultrafine particles inside a roadway tunnel" 4102:(2nd ed.). Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 210. 2387:) was built in 520 BC by the ancient Greek engineer 1214:", a 17.5-metre (57.5 ft) diameter machine built by 1050:

Large cut-and-cover boxes are often used for underground

751:, this is a strong factor in favor of a tunnel. Boston's 7574: 6179:

Progress In Technology Revives Interest In Great Tunnels

5261:

Johnson, Christine M.; Edward L. Thomas (October 1999).

3626:

Hestmannen, the hill being the hat of the troll-king of

2261:'s watercolour of the Liverpool Edge Hill tunnel portals 585: 339:: The material that has been excavated from the tunnel. 5817:"Safety: World's Deepest Subsea Tunnel Opens in Norway" 5353:. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. 5300:"Seismic design and analysis of underground structures" 5260: 3022:, at a maximum elevation of 549 m (1,801 ft). 2819:

506-metre (1,659 ft) Summit Tunnel (Tunnel #6) at

2785:

Mounts opened in 1854, linking the capital city of the

1555: 1210:. As of August 2013, the world's largest TBM was " 1021:

There are two basic forms of cut-and-cover tunnelling:

919:, was caused by a train stalling in the Armi tunnel in 481:

Much of the early technology of tunneling evolved from

113:

Southern portal of the 421 m long (1,381 ft)

6037:"Where 'Criminal Underworld' Is More Than a Euphemism" 5578:. The Liverpool Wiki. 22 February 1999. Archived from 3284:(4.443 km (2.76 mi) long) opened in 1999 on 2321:

and used to drill the first large tunnels through the

1206:. All of these machines were built at least partly by 1047:. For intermediate levels, both methods are possible. 926: 915:

in 2001. One of the worst railway disasters ever, the

473:

Joralemon Street Tunnel on 1913 postcard, part of the

332:: The process of removing earth to create the tunnel. 7522: 6166:

Railway Tunnels in Queensland by Brian Webber, 1997,

5476: 5297: 4402:"Understanding the New Austrian Tunnel Method (NATM)" 3993:(3 ed.), Oxford University Press, 2 March 2023, 3606:, that has been used as a railroad tunnel since 1890. 3105:

opened in January 2007 is the world's second longest

181:

are built for military purposes, or by civilians for

5465:

Map of Dudley Canals | Discover Black Country Canals

4208: 3894:. Delhi, India : White Word Publications, 2012. 3789:– tunnel-like effect from tree canopies above a road 2309:

Summit Tunnel (#6) was in service from 1868 to 1993.

1781:

has three levels. The bottom level is to be used by

556:. It was built in the 6th century BC to serve as an 5482: 3783:– measure of maximum physical clearance in a tunnel 3677:(1982) – major motor vehicle tunnel crash and fire. 1528:

Tunnel excavated with drilling and blasting method.

1506:

Tunnels can also be enlarged by lowering the floor.

643: 5879: 5404:"Qanats of Gonabad – UNESCO World Heritage Centre" 4850: 4814: 4469: 4461: 4367: 4130: 4128: 2797:. The tunnel was 3.25 km (2.02 mi) long. 2554:The 1796 Stoddart Tunnel in Chapel-en-le-Frith in 1960:being highly toxic. Fires killed 11 people in the 504: 304:: A specialized machine used to excavate tunnels. 5599: 5597: 4785:"To Break Ground For 63rd St., East River Tunnel" 3116:in France, over 7.12 km (4.42 mi) long. 2930:In 1988 the 53.850 km (33.461 mi) long 1909:is a road or railway or other passageway passing 462:Some of the earliest tunnels used by humans were 8072: 6150:Ellis' British Railway Engineering Encyclopaedia 5857:"Costain finishes Gerrards Cross tunnel rebuild" 5488:"Fritchley Tunnel, Butterley Gangroad (1422984)" 5166: 3018:between the North and South of Europe under the 1887:"Underpass" redirects here. For other uses, see 6201:Tunnels & Tunnelling International magazine 5771: 5769: 4429:"Mushrooms and Tours | Li-Sun Exotic Mushrooms" 4420: 4125: 3242:) remain in active use, while the other three ( 6196:ITA-AITES International Tunnelling Association 5594: 5114: 4396: 4394: 4392: 1257: 1143:the confines of the tunnel being constructed. 7560: 6395: 6221: 5270:Metropolitan Transportation Management Center 4471:"Mittagong mushroom business will close down" 4435:. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018 3394:is a network of 175 km (109 mi) of 3322:The Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel or 2905:In 1906 the fourth Alpine tunnel opened, the 1788:Some tunnels have more than one purpose. The 1519: 1119:A workman is dwarfed by the cutting end of a 6409: 6083: 5985:"Drug Tunnels Have Feds Digging for Answers" 5766: 4852:"The 'Subway to Nowhere' Now Goes Somewhere" 4359: 4043:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3822: 3588:View through a natural tunnel in South Korea 3531:and elsewhere, to smuggle refugees, and for 2834:In 1870, after fourteen years of works, the 6054: 5645: 5507: 5304:Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 5118:Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 5004:"Drive through these 10 tremendous tunnels" 4550:"UK's biggest TBM rebores Farnworth Tunnel" 4389: 2864:underwater tunnel in world in January 1886. 2526:, constructed in 1793 in Derbyshire by the 1754:, carries a motorway but also serves as an 1254:, and may also be used as emergency exits. 682:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 501:" reveals these deep historic connections. 7567: 7553: 6402: 6388: 6228: 6214: 6008: 6002: 4172:"$ 100 Million for a Tunnel. What Tunnel?" 4057: 3864:Water Storage, Transport, and Distribution 3795:– tunnel bored through the trunk of a tree 2043:Larger, heavily used tunnels, such as the 6185:, 24 June 1986. Retrieved 15 August 2010. 6090:Iqbal, Sheikh Zaffar (14 February 2017). 5877: 5202: 5184: 4244: 4226: 4093: 3903: 3861: 3717:(2006) – Concrete ceiling panel falls in 3541:use secret tunnels to transport or store 2583:. The Penydarren locomotive was built by 2234:Learn how and when to remove this message 2165:Learn how and when to remove this message 1661:. Construction began in July 2013 using " 1429:at completion, thus explaining the term " 1303:utility tunnel, Port Kembla. One of many 959:Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 702:Learn how and when to remove this message 4576:"Report on Redeveloping Railway Tunnels" 4307:"Tunnels & Tunnelling International" 3583: 3492: 3442:The use of tunnels for mining is called 3422: 3152: 3140: 3124: 2966: 2332:Small operational brick tunnel in France 2327: 2312: 2300: 2287: 2276: 2264: 2253: 2245: 1944:tunnel, the site where the car carrying 1935: 1929:. For the 2022 wildfire in Arizona, see 1893: 1826: 1559: 1523: 1440: 1368: 1295: 1233: 1114: 987: 715: 468: 374: 351: 108: 93: 74: 62: 50: 38: 6117: 5978: 5976: 5023:Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 4365: 3975:. National Fire Protection Association. 2800:The oldest underground sections of the 2685:Originally designed to carry coal from 2051:, may have a dedicated 24-hour staffed 1550: 167:to supply water for consumption or for 14: 8073: 5755:Engineering Timelines – Mersey Railway 5648:Merseyrail electrics: the inside story 5071: 5010: 4923:"新闻分析：这条隧道藏了多少科技秘密——揭秘"万里长江公铁第一隧"-新华网" 4467: 1983:Motor vehicle tunnels usually require 1920: 1822: 1655:Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel 1564:The upper-level traffic lanes through 1220:Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel 1131:), the world's longest railway tunnel. 423:History of water supply and sanitation 140:A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular 7548: 6383: 6209: 6147: 6089: 6034: 6028: 6011:"Thieves Drill Into Paris Bank Vault" 5775: 5639: 4848: 4727: 4679:from the original on 19 February 2017 4524:Science & Society Picture Library 4494:Science & Society Picture Library 4214: 3961:. The Department for Transport. 2020. 1798:Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel 1746:, built in the mid 1960s, connecting 1364: 1089:systems. It was also used during the 586:Geotechnical investigation and design 67:Decorated portal to a road tunnel in 6118:Warholm, Harald (10 November 2014). 6060: 5982: 5973: 5532:Friends of the Cromford Canal – HOME 5351:"Significant Earthquake Information" 4849:Lorch, Donatella (29 October 1989). 4699:"Shanghai to Dig Double-deck Tunnel" 4169: 3829:Structural Engineering International 3157:The eastern portal of the abandoned 2216:adding citations to reliable sources 2187: 2115: 1972:was the main cause of death. In the 1879:, protects the line from rockfalls. 1556:Double-deck and multipurpose tunnels 1510: 878:, without spoiling the iconic view. 680:adding citations to reliable sources 647: 509:Predecessors of modern tunnels were 426: 283:: The entrance or exit of a tunnel. 227: 27:Underground passage made for traffic 5878:Kensinger, Nathan (22 April 2021). 5576:"Liverpool's Historic Rail Tunnels" 3513:smuggling tunnels in the Gaza Strip 3398:designed to reduce flooding in the 3170:, opened in 1928, passes under the 1994:Rail tunnels usually require fewer 1665:", at the time the world's largest 1095:Royal Engineer tunnelling companies 927:Project planning and cost estimates 24: 8096:Transport buildings and structures 7952:Naples underground geothermal zone 7136: 6235: 6152:(3rd Revised ed.). Lulu.com. 5493:National Heritage List for England 5446:from the original on 27 March 2016 5410:from the original on 29 March 2016 4951: 4616: 4594:"San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge" 4281:The Tunneller's Memorial, Givenchy 4227:Konyukhov, D. S. (12 April 2022). 3904:Sorrensen, Cynthia (1 July 2014). 3638: 3579: 3470:military use during armed conflict 3295:The Central Artery road tunnel in 3172:Continental Divide of the Americas 2884:permanent cast iron tunnel lining; 1913:another road or railway, under an 1104: 25: 8112: 6420:Offshore geotechnical engineering 6189: 6009:Colchester, Max (31 March 2010). 5776:Lange, Robie S. (February 1993). 4911:from the original on 5 June 2017. 4728:Kalus, Ruben (22 December 2016). 4600:. 4 November 2015. Archived from 4530:from the original on 4 March 2016 4500:from the original on 4 March 2016 4408:. Benjamin Media. 5 December 2018 4366:Johnson, Kirk (5 December 2012). 3478: 2934:in Japan was completed under the 2447:, a little south of the towns of 1987:and powered fans to remove toxic 1917:. This is not strictly a tunnel. 466:excavated by prehistoric mammals. 395:The word "tunnel" comes from the 7532: 6711: 6699: 6687: 6675: 6663: 6651: 6637: 6627: 6610: 6598: 6586: 6574: 6562: 6550: 6528: 6499: 6487: 6475: 6463: 6451: 5983:Audi, Tamara (31 January 2013). 4761:. 17 August 2015. Archived from 4709:from the original on 15 May 2006 4433:www.li-sunexoticmushrooms.com.au 3922:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2014.12029.x 3406:New York City Water Tunnel No. 3 3112:The longest canal tunnel is the 2723:The 3.34 km (2.08 mi) 2192: 2120: 1577:San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge 1570:San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge 1491:in England was enlarged using a 1408: 983: 862:, Zeeland, Netherlands; and the 652: 644:Choice of tunnels versus bridges 608:Other key geotechnical factors: 430: 402:, meaning "a net," derived from 231: 6141: 6111: 6035:Evans, Peter (3 October 2014). 5955: 5929: 5903: 5871: 5849: 5809: 5795: 5748: 5722: 5701: 5680: 5662: 5618: 5605:"Subterranea Britannica: Sites" 5568: 5543: 5525: 5458: 5440:"TERELEK KAYA TÜNELİ – terelek" 5431: 5422: 5395: 5386: 5377: 5365: 5342: 5291: 5254: 5219: 5160: 5108: 5065: 4996: 4971: 4945: 4915: 4897: 4871: 4842: 4823:. 11 October 1972. p. 47. 4807: 4777: 4747: 4721: 4691: 4659: 4586: 4568: 4542: 4512: 4482: 4426: 4329: 4299: 4269: 4246:10.17073/2500-0632-2022-1-49-56 4220: 4182: 4163: 4137: 4116: 4087: 4076: 4051: 3449: 3383:pressure. The tunnel will link 3256:Abandoned Pennsylvania Turnpike 2431:through a tunnel which emperor 2203:needs additional citations for 1900:Historic Columbia River Highway 1813:diverted through both tunnels. 1546:Wall-cover construction method. 1330: 964: 525:are known from before 2000 BC. 505:Antiquity and early middle ages 7998:Forestiere Underground Gardens 7861:Underground mining (soft rock) 7856:Underground mining (hard rock) 7841:Subsurface utility engineering 4954:"揭秘武汉长江公铁第一隧"尖板眼" 68个通道可供江底逃生" 4170:Chan, Sewell (3 August 2005). 4058:gzichnalis (15 January 2022). 4011: 3979: 3965: 3949: 3936: 3897: 3884: 3855: 3816: 3205:Chicago freight tunnel network 2489:and other goods. Above it the 1695:trains on the upper level and 1436: 1355: 1264:New Austrian Tunnelling method 992:Cut-and-cover construction at 223: 13: 1: 7070:Mechanically stabilized earth 5939:. Youtube.com. Archived from 5324:10.1016/S0886-7798(01)00051-7 5248:10.1016/j.firesaf.2013.03.007 4801:Old Fulton New York Postcards 4791:. 20 November 1969. p. 8 4554:Railway Gazette International 3944:UC Davis: Road Ecology Center 3841:10.1080/10168664.2021.1904487 3810: 3630:trying to save the beautiful 3350:Gerrards Cross railway tunnel 3161:, Pennsylvania, U.S., in 2009 2841:The third Alpine tunnel, the 2737:Liverpool ship liner terminal 2459:, just downstream from where 2177: 7851:Underground mine ventilation 6822:Hydraulic conductivity tests 4979:"武汉长江公铁隧道工程打造全球"超级工程"样板-新华网" 4703:China Facts and Figures 2002 4468:Biscoe, Emma (15 May 2014). 3892:Tunnels in Civil Engineering 3776:Sequential Excavation Method 3037:with the northern island of 3033:connects the main island of 2881:shield method of excavation; 1950:hit a Fiat and then the wall 1882: 1164:Linth–Limmern Power Stations 894:Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel 390: 155:. The central portions of a 7: 8008:Underground House Las Vegas 7383:Stress distribution in soil 4100:Tunnel Engineering Handbook 3733: 3663:Church Hill Tunnel collapse 3392:Chicago Deep Tunnel Project 3364:, completed in 2005 on the 3224:South Pennsylvania Railroad 2661:Lime Street railway station 2654:King's Dock Liverpool Arena 2140:. The specific problem is: 2111: 1796:is the first multipurpose " 1258:Sprayed concrete techniques 582:during the 2nd century AD. 513:that transported water for 302:TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) 197:. Special tunnels, such as 10: 8117: 8003:Underground House Colorado 7932:Underground City, Montreal 7927:Underground City (Beijing) 6533:Pore pressure measurement 5821:www.tunnelintelligence.com 5138:10.1016/j.tust.2018.07.031 4147:. Cord.edu. Archived from 3862:Takahashi, Yutaka (2009). 3799:Tunnels in popular culture 3482: 3453: 3416: 3299:, is a part of the larger 3120: 3103:People's Republic of China 2960: 2956: 2817:Central Pacific Railroad's 2628:, England, 1829. Built by 2181: 1991:during routine operation. 1924: 1889:Underpass (disambiguation) 1886: 1683:, between the boroughs of 1520:Other construction methods 1403:Submerged floating tunnels 1382: 1334: 1108: 968: 907:users, as happened at the 814:between Manhattan and the 592:Geotechnical investigation 589: 420: 416: 82:for heating pipes between 29: 8047: 8034:Hockerton Housing Project 8021: 7985: 7869: 7817: 7755: 7614: 7583: 7575:Man-made and man-related 7440: 7395: 7294: 7286:Preconsolidation pressure 7258: 7249: 7222: 7042: 6991: 6978: 6893: 6847: 6838: 6761: 6681:Standard penetration test 6439: 6426: 6417: 6321: 6243: 6061:Khajuria, Ravi Krishnan. 5911:"City Water Tunnel No. 3" 5841:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5043:10.1007/s10661-015-4948-x 4651:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4453:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4192:. Cfr.org. Archived from 4094:Sutcliffe, Harry (2004). 3991:Oxford English Dictionary 3685:Heavy Good Vehicles (HGV) 3645:Clayton Tunnel rail crash 3600:Natural Tunnel State Park 3466:Cheyenne Mountain Complex 3427:Tunnel formerly used for 3412: 2938:, linking the islands of 2829:Southern Pacific Railroad 2758:The summit tunnel of the 2682:Victoria Tunnel Newcastle 2400:, the ancient capital of 1970:Carbon monoxide poisoning 1927:Oakland firestorm of 1991 1456:The original single line 1281:measurements, an optimal 1229: 1216:Hitachi Zosen Corporation 1056:Canary Wharf tube station 8101:Earthworks (engineering) 8048:Earth shelters Australia 7828:underground construction 6782:California bearing ratio 6580:Rotary-pressure sounding 6411:Geotechnical engineering 5650:. Sheffield: NBC Books. 5555:British Listed Buildings 5086:10.1177/0954409717702015 4952:汉网 (27 September 2018). 4789:New York Leader-Observer 4624:"Eurasia Tunnel Project" 4406:Tunnel Business Magazine 4337:"The Groene Hart Tunnel" 4145:"Capital Projects Funds" 4096:"Tunnel Boring Machines" 3729:to be closed for a year. 3715:Big Dig Ceiling collapse 3683:(1996) – Train carrying 3651:Welwyn Tunnel rail crash 2850:Col de Tende Road Tunnel 2645:Park Lane goods terminal 2184:History of rapid transit 1998:, but still may require 1946:Diana, Princess of Wales 1691:, was intended to carry 939:work breakdown structure 868:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 360:in the northern part of 7788:Missile launch facility 7202:Geosynthetic clay liner 7177:Expanded clay aggregate 6797:Proctor compaction test 6738:Crosshole sonic logging 6724:Nuclear densometer test 6481:Geo-electrical sounding 6041:The Wall Street Journal 6015:The Wall Street Journal 5989:The Wall Street Journal 5730:"Mersey Railway Tunnel" 5537:23 October 2016 at the 4598:Bay Area Toll Authority 3265:was opened in 1966, in 3133:road vehicle tunnel in 2963:List of longest tunnels 2768:Austro-Hungarian Empire 2702:Isambard Kingdom Brunel 2475:Thames and Severn Canal 2305:The 1,659-foot (506 m) 1875:"steel tunnel," on the 1867:of snow. Similarly the 1719:project, in late 2022. 1305:bunkers south of Sydney 777:Hampton Roads, Virginia 32:Tunnel (disambiguation) 8013:Underground World Home 7465:Earthquake engineering 7276:Lateral earth pressure 6901:Hydraulic conductivity 6752:Wave equation analysis 6731:Exploration geophysics 6623:Deformation monitoring 6592:Rotary weight sounding 6148:Ellis, Iain W (2015). 5967:9 January 2009 at the 5186:10.3390/ijerph16071283 4580:www.tunnel-online.info 4283:. 2009. Archived from 3999:10.1093/oed/1137765320 3709:Mont Blanc Tunnel fire 3693:(1997) – Car crash in 3691:Princess Diana's death 3669:Balvano train disaster 3657:Paris Métro train fire 3589: 3555:Border Security Forces 3501: 3439: 3162: 3150: 3138: 3069:Lötschberg Base Tunnel 2993:Dahuofang Water Tunnel 2972: 2604:Montgomery Bell Tunnel 2541:Butterley canal tunnel 2533:Steam Horse locomotive 2471:Sapperton Canal Tunnel 2333: 2325: 2310: 2298: 2285: 2274: 2262: 2251: 2000:forced-air ventilation 1978:Paris Métro train fire 1966:Balvano train disaster 1953: 1902: 1877:Illawarra railway line 1843: 1667:earth pressure balance 1572: 1529: 1449: 1380: 1308: 1239: 1136:Tunnel boring machines 1132: 1097:placing mines beneath 1004: 917:Balvano train disaster 890:Denmark to Sweden link 860:Western Scheldt Tunnel 828:Detroit-Windsor Tunnel 733: 478: 387: 372: 240:This section is empty. 118: 106: 91: 72: 60: 48: 7902:Kőbánya cellar system 7897:Houston tunnel system 7836:Rock-cut architecture 6643:Settlement recordings 6568:Rock control drilling 6469:Cone penetration test 5782:National Park Service 5760:22 March 2012 at the 3751:Counter-beam lighting 3675:Caldecott Tunnel fire 3587: 3563:India-Pakistan border 3496: 3426: 3366:Qinghai-Tibet railway 3313:Massachusetts Route 3 3297:Boston, Massachusetts 3263:Fredhälls road tunnel 3220:Pennsylvania Turnpike 3156: 3147:Gerrards Cross tunnel 3144: 3128: 2970: 2815:On 18 June 1868, the 2491:Sapperton Long Tunnel 2331: 2316: 2304: 2291: 2282:Liverpool Lime Street 2280: 2268: 2257: 2249: 2049:Boston, Massachusetts 2028:wavefront changes to 1974:Caldecott Tunnel fire 1939: 1897: 1830: 1697:Long Island Rail Road 1563: 1543:Slurry-shield machine 1534:Drilling and blasting 1527: 1493:tunnel boring machine 1444: 1372: 1299: 1237: 1153:work in high pressure 1123:used to excavate the 1121:tunnel boring machine 1118: 1111:Tunnel boring machine 991: 876:Sydney Harbour Bridge 872:Sydney Harbour Tunnel 864:North Shore Connector 812:Queens-Midtown Tunnel 785:Naval Station Norfolk 783:vessels from leaving 775:under the Mersey. In 728:, USA, which carries 719: 632:cross-sectional shape 472: 378: 355: 112: 97: 78: 66: 54: 42: 7977:Subterranean fiction 7972:Subterranean warfare 7505:Agricultural science 7207:Cellular confinement 5674:4 March 2016 at the 5646:Maund, T.B. (2001). 5470:9 April 2015 at the 5272:: 12. Archived from 4675:. 27 February 2015. 4347:on 25 September 2009 3870:. pp. 318–319. 3572:The actual usage of 3521:Underground Railroad 3515:which connect it to 3499:Underground Railroad 3271:New Elbe road tunnel 3190:Williamson's tunnels 3159:Sideling Hill Tunnel 3077:Gotthard Base Tunnel 3004:Gotthard Base Tunnel 2843:Gotthard Rail Tunnel 2698:Marc Isambard Brunel 2622:Crown Street station 2566:Salem, Massachusetts 2463:joins its tributary 2212:improve this article 2147:improve this section 2136:to meet Knowledge's 1996:air changes per hour 1962:Gotthard tunnel fire 1940:The entrance to the 1817:Common utility ducts 1722:In the UK, the 1934 1701:IND 63rd Street Line 1551:Variant tunnel types 1445:A utility tunnel in 1176:Gotthard Base Tunnel 1125:Gotthard Base Tunnel 943:critical path method 909:Gotthard Road Tunnel 848:Portsmouth, Virginia 676:improve this section 544:, which is a tunnel 495:military engineering 487:military engineering 475:New York City Subway 381:Moulvibazar District 323:Groundwater Control: 86:and Amagerværket in 7967:Subterranean Toledo 7962:Subterranean London 7882:Caves of Maastricht 7846:Tunnel construction 7627:Burial vault (tomb) 7397:Numerical analysis 7281:Overburden pressure 7271:Pore water pressure 7051:Shoring structures 6926:Reynolds' dilatancy 6827:Water content tests 6812:Triaxial shear test 6772:Soil classification 6745:Pile integrity test 5316:2001TUSTI..16..247H 5240:2013FirSJ..59....8F 5228:Fire Safety Journal 5130:2018TUSTI..80..277N 5035:2015EMnAs.187..756M 4705:. 1 November 2002. 4151:on 17 December 2011 3910:Geographical Review 3725:, which causes the 3681:Channel Tunnel fire 3357:after the collapse. 3236:Kittatinny Mountain 3180:Tennessee Pass Line 3099:Zhongnanshan Tunnel 2787:Kingdom of Sardinia 2506:Dudley canal tunnel 2441:Terelek kaya tüneli 2373:Eupalinian aqueduct 2142:just a random list. 1921:Safety and security 1823:Covered passageways 1775:on the lower deck. 1495:(TBM) in 2015. The 1270:of the surrounding 1242:A temporary access 1224:Seattle, Washington 1188:Madrid M30 ringroad 1140:compulsory purchase 971:Tunnel construction 569:Siqurto foot tunnel 542:Tunnel of Eupalinos 379:A fabric tunnel in 356:An entrance of the 7922:Underground living 7804:Underground hangar 7372:Slab stabilisation 7352:Stability analysis 6177:Sullivan, Walter. 5805:. 26 October 2017. 4879:"East Side Access" 4857:The New York Times 4821:The New York Times 4604:on 7 November 2016 4375:The New York Times 4311:Tunnelsonline.info 4176:The New York Times 3868:EOLSS Publications 3804:Underground living 3590: 3502: 3440: 3362:Fenghuoshan tunnel 3286:European route E69 3282:Honningsvåg Tunnel 3273:opened in 1975 in 3232:Tuscarora Mountain 3228:Allegheny Mountain 3163: 3151: 3139: 3016:flat transit route 2982:North West England 2978:Thirlmere Aqueduct 2973: 2918:ventilation system 2836:Fréjus Rail Tunnel 2823:in the California 2802:London Underground 2714:London Underground 2585:Richard Trevithick 2549:Ripley, Derbyshire 2334: 2326: 2319:Germain Sommeiller 2311: 2299: 2286: 2275: 2263: 2259:Thomas Talbot Bury 2252: 2057:Video surveillance 2004:rate of combustion 1985:ventilation shafts 1954: 1931:Tunnel Fire (2022) 1903: 1844: 1779:Mount Baker Tunnel 1677:63rd Street Tunnel 1629:Fuxing Road Tunnel 1585:Yerba Buena Island 1581:double-deck tunnel 1573: 1566:Yerba Buena Island 1539:Hydraulic splitter 1530: 1450: 1421:so that it can be 1381: 1365:Underwater tunnels 1309: 1252:ventilation shafts 1240: 1133: 1061:London Underground 1054:stations, such as 1005: 954:costs and benefits 934:project management 734: 479: 442:. You can help by 409:, a diminutive of 388: 373: 199:wildlife crossings 151:traffic, or for a 119: 115:Chirk canal tunnel 107: 92: 73: 61: 49: 8091:Civil engineering 8068: 8067: 8022:Earth shelters UK 7993:Bill Gates' house 7986:Earth shelters US 7756:Military features 7747:Ventilation shaft 7615:Civilian features 7520: 7519: 7391: 7390: 7367:Sliding criterion 7329:Response spectrum 7245: 7244: 7075:Pressure grouting 6974: 6973: 6834: 6833: 6787:Direct shear test 6493:Permeability test 6377: 6376: 6339:Civil engineering 6159:978-1-326-01063-8 5709:"Waterloo Tunnel" 5688:"Victoria Tunnel" 5669:Liverpool Lime St 4927:www.xinhuanet.com 4765:on 17 August 2015 4476:Illawarra Mercury 4287:on 23 August 2010 4109:978-1-4613-8053-5 3890:Salazar, Waneta. 3567:Jammu and Kashmir 3267:Stockholm, Sweden 3182:and the historic 2925:Delaware Aqueduct 2812:or subway system. 2779:Giovi Rail Tunnel 2766:, the capital of 2760:Semmering railway 2718:London Overground 2706:tunnelling shield 2630:George Stephenson 2610:Bourne's Tunnel, 2528:Butterley Company 2423:, penetrated the 2375:on the island of 2244: 2243: 2236: 2175: 2174: 2167: 2138:quality standards 2129:This section may 2053:operations center 2022:high speed trains 1831:The 19th century 1610:A86 Duplex Tunnel 1511:Open building pit 1497:Rhyndaston Tunnel 1166:located south of 1045:tunnelling shield 1014:is excavated and 806:and Manhattan in 712: 711: 704: 580:Bar Kokhba revolt 499:civil engineering 460: 459: 358:Rantaväylä Tunnel 260: 259: 16:(Redirected from 8108: 8029:Underhill, Holme 7937:Mine exploration 7799:Underground base 7794:Scallywag bunker 7763:Air raid shelter 7742:Smuggling tunnel 7707:Underground city 7647:Dugout (shelter) 7584:Natural features 7569: 7562: 7555: 7546: 7545: 7537: 7536: 7528: 7379:Bearing capacity 7266:Effective stress 7256: 7255: 7157:Land reclamation 7097:Land development 6992:Natural features 6989: 6988: 6956:Specific storage 6845: 6844: 6777:Atterberg limits 6715: 6703: 6691: 6679: 6667: 6655: 6641: 6631: 6616:Screw plate test 6614: 6602: 6590: 6578: 6566: 6554: 6532: 6503: 6491: 6479: 6467: 6455: 6437: 6436: 6404: 6397: 6390: 6381: 6380: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6207: 6206: 6163: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6115: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6071:. 1 October 2017 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5980: 5971: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5913:. Archived from 5907: 5901: 5900: 5894: 5892: 5883: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5840: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5773: 5764: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5732:. Archived from 5726: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5684: 5678: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5626:"Wapping Tunnel" 5622: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5601: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5547: 5541: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5484:Historic England 5480: 5474: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5435: 5429: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5399: 5393: 5390: 5384: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5359:10.7289/V5TD9V7K 5346: 5340: 5339: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5278: 5267: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5206: 5188: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5014: 5008: 5007: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4958:news.sina.com.cn 4949: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4929:. Archived from 4919: 4913: 4912: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4885:. 5 October 2023 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4854: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4818: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4798: 4796: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4650: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4628: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4556:. 12 August 2015 4546: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4473: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4452: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4398: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4371: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4343:. Archived from 4333: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4317:on 16 March 2012 4313:. Archived from 4303: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4248: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4123: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4091: 4085: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4042: 4034: 4024: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4007: 4005: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3953: 3947: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3901: 3895: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3820: 3741:Euphrates Tunnel 3489:Smuggling tunnel 3396:drainage tunnels 3315:, which share a 3275:Hamburg, Germany 3014:. It provides a 2900:St. Clair Tunnel 2753:Liverpool Waters 2710:East London Line 2570:Thomas Jefferson 2524:Fritchley Tunnel 2239: 2232: 2228: 2225: 2219: 2196: 2188: 2170: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2150: 2124: 2123: 2116: 1744:Lion Rock Tunnel 1724:Queensway Tunnel 1717:East Side Access 1714: 1708: 1659:Downtown Seattle 1637: 1618: 1583:section through 1489:Farnworth Tunnel 1378:Georgia Aquarium 1218:, which dug the 1172:canton of Glarus 1026:Bottom-up method 856:Queensway Tunnel 842:tunnels between 760:Queensway Tunnel 707: 700: 696: 693: 687: 656: 648: 536:by the kings of 455: 452: 434: 427: 316:Tunneling Shield 255: 252: 242:You can help by 235: 228: 21: 8116: 8115: 8111: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8106: 8105: 8071: 8070: 8069: 8064: 8060:Lightning Ridge 8043: 8017: 7981: 7865: 7826: 7813: 7783:Fallout shelter 7751: 7610: 7579: 7573: 7543: 7531: 7523: 7521: 7516: 7495:Earth materials 7436: 7398: 7387: 7296: 7290: 7241: 7218: 7172:Earth structure 7167:Erosion control 7065:Ground freezing 7055:Retaining walls 7038: 6980: 6970: 6931:Angle of repose 6889: 6830: 6764: 6757: 6756: 6717:Visible bedrock 6669:Simple sounding 6657:Shear vane test 6433:instrumentation 6432: 6430: 6422: 6413: 6408: 6378: 6373: 6317: 6239: 6234: 6192: 6160: 6144: 6139: 6129: 6127: 6116: 6112: 6102: 6100: 6088: 6084: 6074: 6072: 6068:Hindustan Times 6059: 6055: 6045: 6043: 6033: 6029: 6019: 6017: 6007: 6003: 5993: 5991: 5981: 5974: 5969:Wayback Machine 5960: 5956: 5946: 5944: 5935: 5934: 5930: 5920: 5918: 5917:on 21 June 2007 5909: 5908: 5904: 5890: 5888: 5876: 5872: 5862: 5860: 5855: 5854: 5850: 5834: 5833: 5826: 5824: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5801: 5800: 5796: 5786: 5784: 5774: 5767: 5762:Wayback Machine 5753: 5749: 5739: 5737: 5728: 5727: 5723: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5706: 5702: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5676:Wayback Machine 5667: 5663: 5644: 5640: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5595: 5585: 5583: 5574: 5573: 5569: 5559: 5557: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5539:Wayback Machine 5530: 5526: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5498: 5496: 5481: 5477: 5472:Wayback Machine 5463: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5423: 5413: 5411: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5382: 5378: 5370: 5366: 5347: 5343: 5296: 5292: 5282: 5280: 5279:on 9 March 2013 5276: 5265: 5259: 5255: 5224: 5220: 5165: 5161: 5113: 5109: 5070: 5066: 5015: 5011: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4987: 4985: 4983:m.xinhuanet.com 4977: 4976: 4972: 4962: 4960: 4950: 4946: 4936: 4934: 4933:on 16 July 2019 4921: 4920: 4916: 4907:. 5 June 2017. 4903: 4902: 4898: 4888: 4886: 4877: 4876: 4872: 4862: 4860: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4794: 4792: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4768: 4766: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4736: 4726: 4722: 4712: 4710: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4682: 4680: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4644: 4643: 4636: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4607: 4605: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4559: 4557: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4531: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4501: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4466: 4462: 4446: 4445: 4438: 4436: 4425: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4400: 4399: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4364: 4360: 4350: 4348: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4320: 4318: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4288: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4225: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4199: 4197: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4168: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4077: 4067: 4065: 4056: 4052: 4036: 4035: 4022: 4016: 4012: 4003: 4001: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3941: 3937: 3902: 3898: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3860: 3856: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3781:Structure gauge 3761:Hobby tunneling 3736: 3727:Big Dig project 3701:, which killed 3687:caught on fire. 3641: 3639:Major accidents 3582: 3580:Natural tunnels 3559:Line of Control 3519:. Although the 3491: 3483:Main articles: 3481: 3458: 3452: 3421: 3415: 3336:drainage tunnel 3123: 3086:in Norway from 3054:English Channel 3012:Gotthard Massif 2965: 2959: 2876:James Greathead 2793:, to its port, 2745:Waterloo Tunnel 2729:Waterloo Tunnel 2725:Victoria Tunnel 2419:, an important 2240: 2229: 2223: 2220: 2209: 2197: 2186: 2180: 2171: 2160: 2154: 2151: 2144: 2125: 2121: 2114: 1958:carbon monoxide 1934: 1923: 1892: 1885: 1873:New South Wales 1825: 1710: 1704: 1631: 1612: 1590:In Turkey, the 1558: 1553: 1522: 1513: 1439: 1415:excavated spoil 1411: 1395:Bjørvika Tunnel 1393:, examples are 1387: 1385:Undersea tunnel 1367: 1358: 1349:hydraulic jacks 1339: 1333: 1301:Illowra Battery 1260: 1232: 1157:deep-sea divers 1113: 1107: 1105:Boring machines 1091:First World War 1032:Top-down method 986: 973: 967: 929: 840:Elizabeth River 773:Kingsway Tunnel 708: 697: 691: 688: 673: 657: 646: 639:at the corners. 625:ground freezing 594: 588: 517:, drinking, or 507: 456: 450: 447: 440:needs expansion 425: 419: 393: 256: 250: 247: 226: 203:tunnel networks 173:Utility tunnels 45:Col du Galibier 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8114: 8104: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8062: 8057: 8051: 8049: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8025: 8023: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7989: 7987: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7942:Mines of Paris 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7917:Trench warfare 7914: 7912:Tunnel network 7909: 7907:Tunnel warfare 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7873: 7871: 7870:Related topics 7867: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7832: 7830: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7759: 7757: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7722:Secret passage 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7618: 7616: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7587: 7585: 7581: 7580: 7572: 7571: 7564: 7557: 7549: 7542: 7541: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7514: 7513: 7512: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7446: 7444: 7442:Related fields 7438: 7437: 7435: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7403: 7401: 7393: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7385: 7376: 7375: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7362:Classification 7359: 7354: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7334:Seismic hazard 7331: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7300: 7298: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7262: 7260: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7239: 7234: 7228: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7216: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7048: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6995: 6993: 6986: 6976: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6963: 6961:Shear strength 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6936:Friction angle 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6851: 6849: 6842: 6836: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6817:Oedometer test 6814: 6809: 6807:Sieve analysis 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6767: 6759: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6741: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6708: 6707: 6696: 6695: 6693:Total sounding 6684: 6683: 6672: 6671: 6660: 6659: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6635: 6619: 6618: 6607: 6606: 6595: 6594: 6583: 6582: 6571: 6570: 6559: 6558: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6539: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6496: 6495: 6484: 6483: 6472: 6471: 6460: 6459: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6434: 6424: 6423: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6407: 6406: 6399: 6392: 6384: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6237:Infrastructure 6233: 6232: 6225: 6218: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6198: 6191: 6190:External links 6188: 6187: 6186: 6183:New York Times 6175: 6164: 6158: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6126:(in Norwegian) 6110: 6082: 6053: 6027: 6001: 5972: 5954: 5943:on 17 May 2011 5928: 5902: 5870: 5848: 5808: 5794: 5765: 5747: 5736:on 29 May 2013 5721: 5700: 5679: 5661: 5638: 5617: 5593: 5582:on 17 May 2009 5567: 5542: 5524: 5506: 5475: 5457: 5430: 5421: 5394: 5385: 5376: 5364: 5341: 5336:Science Direct 5310:(4): 247–293. 5290: 5253: 5218: 5159: 5107: 5080:(3): 928–935. 5064: 5009: 4995: 4970: 4944: 4914: 4896: 4870: 4859:. p. 1.37 4841: 4806: 4776: 4746: 4720: 4690: 4658: 4615: 4585: 4567: 4541: 4511: 4481: 4460: 4419: 4388: 4358: 4328: 4298: 4268: 4219: 4217:, p. 118. 4207: 4196:on 23 May 2013 4181: 4162: 4136: 4124: 4115: 4108: 4086: 4075: 4050: 4010: 3978: 3964: 3948: 3935: 3916:(3): 328–345. 3896: 3883: 3876: 3854: 3835:(4): 455–464. 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3730: 3712: 3706: 3703:Princess Diana 3695:Pont de l'Alma 3688: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3635: 3617: 3610:Punarjani Guha 3607: 3597: 3581: 3578: 3509:Cu Chi Tunnels 3505:Secret tunnels 3485:Secret passage 3480: 3479:Secret tunnels 3477: 3451: 3448: 3417:Main article: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3403: 3388: 3369: 3358: 3347: 3343:Eiksund Tunnel 3339: 3320: 3293: 3278: 3259: 3216: 3201: 3187: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3110: 3095: 3080: 3065: 3062:United Kingdom 3050:Channel Tunnel 3046: 3043:Tsugaru Strait 3023: 3000: 2989: 2986:United Kingdom 2961:Main article: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2953: 2947: 2936:Tsugaru Strait 2928: 2921: 2914:Holland Tunnel 2910: 2907:Simplon Tunnel 2903: 2897: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2873: 2865: 2861:Mersey Railway 2857:Mersey Railway 2853: 2846: 2839: 2832: 2813: 2798: 2775: 2756: 2721: 2690: 2687:Spital Tongues 2678: 2671: 2665: 2657: 2637:Wapping Tunnel 2633: 2619: 2608: 2600: 2593:Merthyr Tydfil 2573: 2559: 2552: 2545:Cromford Canal 2537: 2521: 2502: 2468: 2437: 2413: 2405: 2369: 2358: 2295:Wapping Tunnel 2242: 2241: 2200: 2198: 2191: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2128: 2126: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2067: 1942:Pont de l'Alma 1922: 1919: 1884: 1881: 1824: 1821: 1592:Eurasia Tunnel 1568:, part of the 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1536: 1521: 1518: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1501:ISO containers 1485: 1465: 1438: 1435: 1410: 1407: 1391:immersed tubes 1383:Main article: 1366: 1363: 1357: 1354: 1352:(10 ft). 1335:Main article: 1332: 1329: 1259: 1256: 1231: 1228: 1109:Main article: 1106: 1103: 1082:United Kingdom 1041: 1040: 1036:slurry walling 1029: 985: 982: 969:Main article: 966: 963: 928: 925: 883:Channel Tunnel 800:Lincoln Tunnel 796:Holland Tunnel 794:in Japan; the 710: 709: 660: 658: 651: 645: 642: 641: 640: 628: 617: 590:Main article: 587: 584: 506: 503: 458: 457: 437: 435: 418: 415: 397:Middle English 392: 389: 258: 257: 251:September 2024 238: 236: 225: 222: 179:Secret tunnels 98:Tunnel on the 84:Rigshospitalet 80:Utility tunnel 57:Fort de Mutzig 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8113: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8046: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8020: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7984: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7887:Civil defense 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7868: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7773:Blast shelter 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7754: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7727:Semi-basement 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7702:Utility vault 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7687:Rock-cut tomb 7685: 7683: 7682:Rapid transit 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7657:Earth shelter 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7613: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7570: 7565: 7563: 7558: 7556: 7551: 7550: 7547: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7529: 7526: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7470:Geomorphology 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7439: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7394: 7384: 7380: 7377: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7326: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7314:Consolidation 7312: 7310: 7309:Frost heaving 7307: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7293: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7248: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7221: 7215: 7212: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7188: 7187:Geosynthetics 7185: 7183: 7182:Crushed stone 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7137:Cut-and-cover 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6990: 6987: 6984: 6977: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6906:Water content 6904: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6892: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6760: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6709: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6697: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6673: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6661: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6608: 6605: 6604:Sample series 6601: 6597: 6596: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6584: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6572: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6560: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6548: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6473: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6438: 6435: 6429: 6428:Investigation 6425: 6421: 6416: 6412: 6405: 6400: 6398: 6393: 6391: 6386: 6385: 6382: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6320: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6242: 6238: 6231: 6226: 6224: 6219: 6217: 6212: 6211: 6208: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6172:0-909937-33-8 6169: 6165: 6161: 6155: 6151: 6146: 6145: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6086: 6070: 6069: 6064: 6057: 6042: 6038: 6031: 6016: 6012: 6005: 5990: 5986: 5979: 5977: 5970: 5966: 5963: 5958: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5916: 5912: 5906: 5899: 5887: 5882: 5874: 5859:. 19 May 2010 5858: 5852: 5844: 5838: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5804: 5798: 5783: 5779: 5772: 5770: 5763: 5759: 5756: 5751: 5735: 5731: 5725: 5710: 5704: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5665: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5627: 5621: 5606: 5600: 5598: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5540: 5536: 5533: 5528: 5521:. 1 May 2013. 5520: 5516: 5510: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5461: 5445: 5441: 5434: 5425: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5389: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5275: 5271: 5264: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5214: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5163: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5111: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5013: 5005: 4999: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4858: 4853: 4845: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4810: 4802: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4735: 4731: 4724: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4662: 4654: 4648: 4632: 4625: 4619: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4485: 4477: 4472: 4464: 4456: 4450: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4377: 4376: 4370: 4362: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4216: 4211: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4131: 4129: 4119: 4111: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4090: 4084: 4079: 4064: 4061: 4054: 4046: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4014: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3974: 3968: 3960: 3959: 3952: 3945: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3893: 3887: 3879: 3877:9781848261761 3873: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3815: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3771:Rapid transit 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3614:Kerala, India 3611: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3577: 3575: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3547:illegal drugs 3544: 3540: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3305:Interstate 93 3302: 3298: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3252:Sideling Hill 3249: 3245: 3241: 3240:Blue Mountain 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3184:Alpine Tunnel 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3168:Moffat Tunnel 3165: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3148: 3143: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3084:Lærdal Tunnel 3081: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3027:Seikan Tunnel 3024: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2932:Seikan Tunnel 2929: 2926: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2894:Northern line 2891: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2869:Severn Tunnel 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2825:Sierra Nevada 2822: 2818: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2741:Waterloo Dock 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2694:Thames Tunnel 2691: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2562:Derby Tunnels 2560: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2485:transport of 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2362:Siloam Tunnel 2359: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2330: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2308: 2303: 2296: 2290: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2267: 2260: 2256: 2248: 2238: 2235: 2227: 2217: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2201:This section 2199: 2195: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2169: 2166: 2158: 2155:December 2017 2148: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2127: 2118: 2117: 2109: 2105: 2098: 2095: 2094:Ground motion 2092: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2018:pressure wave 2016: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1989:exhaust gases 1986: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1932: 1928: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1901: 1896: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1869:Stanwell Park 1866: 1862: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1783:Sound Transit 1780: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1766:Yangtze River 1763: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1713: 1709: and 1707: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1673:New York City 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1526: 1517: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1482:Auburn Tunnel 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1427:permanent way 1424: 1420: 1416: 1409:Temporary way 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1386: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1362: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1338: 1328: 1326: 1325:strengthening 1322: 1318: 1317:geomechanical 1314: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1283:cross section 1280: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1255: 1253: 1248: 1245: 1236: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1008:Cut-and-cover 1002: 999: 995: 990: 984:Cut-and-cover 981: 977: 972: 962: 960: 955: 950: 948: 944: 940: 935: 924: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 901: 899: 895: 891: 886: 884: 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 808:New York City 805: 801: 797: 793: 792:Seikan Tunnel 788: 786: 782: 778: 774: 769: 765: 761: 756: 754: 750: 746: 741: 739: 731: 727: 723: 722:Harbor Tunnel 718: 714: 706: 703: 695: 692:February 2021 685: 681: 677: 671: 670: 666: 661:This section 659: 655: 650: 649: 638: 633: 629: 626: 621: 618: 614: 613:Stand-up time 611: 610: 609: 606: 602: 599: 593: 583: 581: 577: 572: 570: 566: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 530:Siloam Tunnel 526: 524: 520: 516: 512: 502: 500: 496: 492: 491:siege attacks 488: 484: 476: 471: 467: 465: 454: 445: 441: 438:This section 436: 433: 429: 428: 424: 414: 412: 408: 405: 401: 398: 386: 382: 377: 371: 367: 363: 359: 354: 350: 347: 345: 340: 338: 333: 331: 326: 324: 319: 317: 312: 310: 309:Cut and Cover 305: 303: 298: 296: 291: 289: 288:Cross-section 284: 282: 277: 275: 270: 268: 263: 254: 245: 241: 237: 234: 230: 229: 221: 219: 213: 211: 206: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 174: 170: 169:hydroelectric 166: 162: 158: 157:rapid transit 154: 150: 146: 143: 138: 136: 135:immersed tube 132: 128: 124: 116: 111: 105: 101: 96: 89: 85: 81: 77: 70: 65: 58: 53: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7877:Cave dweller 7737:Storm cellar 7696: 7539:Architecture 7490:Biogeography 7485:Hydrogeology 7475:Soil science 7455:Geochemistry 7214:Infiltration 7142:Cut and fill 7085:Soil nailing 6951:Permeability 6916:Bulk density 6633:Inclinometer 6556:Ram sounding 6441: 6344:Construction 6329:Architecture 6325: 6312: 6149: 6142:Bibliography 6128:. Retrieved 6123: 6113: 6101:. Retrieved 6095: 6085: 6073:. Retrieved 6066: 6056: 6044:. Retrieved 6040: 6030: 6018:. Retrieved 6014: 6004: 5992:. Retrieved 5988: 5957: 5945:. Retrieved 5941:the original 5931: 5919:. Retrieved 5915:the original 5905: 5896: 5891:15 September 5889:. Retrieved 5885: 5873: 5863:30 September 5861:. Retrieved 5851: 5825:. Retrieved 5820: 5811: 5797: 5785:. Retrieved 5781: 5750: 5740:30 September 5738:. Retrieved 5734:the original 5724: 5714:30 September 5712:. Retrieved 5703: 5693:30 September 5691:. Retrieved 5682: 5664: 5647: 5641: 5631:30 September 5629:. Retrieved 5620: 5610:30 September 5608:. Retrieved 5584:. Retrieved 5580:the original 5570: 5560:30 September 5558:. Retrieved 5554: 5545: 5527: 5518: 5509: 5497:. Retrieved 5491: 5478: 5460: 5448:. Retrieved 5433: 5424: 5412:. Retrieved 5397: 5388: 5379: 5367: 5344: 5334:– via 5307: 5303: 5293: 5281:. 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