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to take some copper back to their home, and use it to heat water. The very second they pushed off and backed into the water with their canoe, the eerie voice of the water panther surrounded them. The water panther came growling after them, vigorously accusing them of stealing the playthings of his
347:
were said to live in the deepest parts of lakes and rivers, where they can cause storms. Some traditions believed the underwater panthers to be helpful, protective creatures, but more often they were viewed as malevolent beasts that brought death and misfortune. They often need to be placated for
488:, represents the underwater panther. Lepper posits that early European settlers, when learning from Native Americans that the mound represented a fierce creature that lived in the water and ate people, mistakenly assumed that the Native Americans were referring to an alligator.
337:; and parts from other animals as well, depending on the particular myth. Underwater panthers are represented with exceptionally long tails, occasionally with serpentine properties. The creatures are thought to roar or hiss in the sounds of storms or rushing rapids.
274:("Gitche-anahmi-bezheu"), which translates as "the fabulous night panther". However, it is also commonly referred to as the "Great underground wildcat" or "Great under-water wildcat." It is the most important of the underwater animals for the Ojibwa.
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arrived in the Great Lakes Region. By that time, taking copper from the region was extremely taboo and forbidden by the Ojibwe tribe. It was even worse to take it from the Great Lynx's home,
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children. All four of the people died on the way back to their village, the last one surviving just long enough to tell the tale of what had happened in his final moments before he died.
1600:
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translates into "the Great Lynx". It has the head and paws of a giant cat but is covered in scales and has dagger-like spikes running along its back and tail. Mishipeshu calls
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314:, masters of the powers of the air. Underwater Panthers are seen as an opposing yet complementary force to the Thunderbirds, and they are engaged in eternal conflict.
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Region. Indigenous people mined copper long before the arrival of
Europeans to the area. Later, during the 17th century, missionaries of the
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artworks, contemporary paintings based on Ojibwe oral history and cosmology. The emblem has been embellished, and appears as a decorative
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is another mythological figure in the area with similar features including: Lizard like skin, a large feline body, saber teeth and horns.
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1131:"Alligator Mound: Geoarchaeological and Iconographical Interpretations of a Late Prehistoric Effigy Mound in Central Ohio, USA"
39:
883:, which then was translated into English. The direct translation would be something closer to "The greatly revered lynx." See
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his home and is a powerful creature in the mythological traditions of some
Indigenous North American tribes, particularly
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Indians performed a traditional ceremony to placate the
Underwater Panther and maintain balance with the Thunderbird.
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of the Great Lakes, underwater panthers are described as water monsters that live in opposition to the
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The underwater panther was an amalgam of parts from many animals: the body of a wild feline, often a
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traditionally held them to be masters of all water creatures, including snakes. Some versions of the
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men's bags often feature an underwater panther on one panel and the
Thunderbird on the other.
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There are a few stories of encounters with this great beast. A Jesuit missionary named
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Weird
Michigan: your travel guide to Michigan's local legends and best kept secrets
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Some archaeologists believe that underwater panthers were major components of the
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told a story about four Ojibwe people who embarked on a journey to the home of
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98:), is one of the most important of several mythical water beings among many
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is known for guarding the vast amounts of copper in Lake
Superior and the
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Reilly, F. Kent; Garber, James; Steponaitis, Vincas P., foreword (2004).
477:
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Final Report — 1997 Archaeological
Excavations La Vase Heritage Project
617:
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141:
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safe passage across a lake. As late as the 1950s, the
Prairie Band of
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1100:"Dragon Sideplates from York Factory, A New Twist on an Old Tail"
334:
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1303:
1268:
627:
463:
318:
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137:
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Legendary creatures of the indigenous peoples of North
America
1596:
902:
Encyclopedia of
American literature of the sea and Great Lakes
402:; this was considered to be stealing from Mishipeshu himself.
4310:
2980:
2726:
2256:
2118:
607:
602:
580:
330:
133:
1222:
Odawa twined bag with images of the Underwater Panther, NMAI
4270:
1290:
326:
322:
184:
157:
359:
visited the United States in the 1850s, he spoke with a
807:
751:
Mountain Lion: An Unnatural History of Pumas and People
1077:
363:
chief, who showed Kohl a piece of copper kept in his
183:
creation legend refers to whole communities of water
1084:
Jesuit Relations, Volume LIV. Chapter XI. Section 26
473:
includes an underwater panther in its coat of arms.
1172:
871:"The fabulous night panther" is a translation from
676:
367:. The chief said it was a strand of hair from the
1052:
679:Kitchi-Gami: Life Among the Lake Superior Ojibway
4384:
1217:American Museum of Natural History on Mishepishu
294:as well as two giant serpents and a canoe, from
100:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
19:"Mishipeshu" redirects here. For the episode of
3329:
1019:
171:, the underwater panther was the most powerful
1128:
1046:
442:The underwater panther is well represented in
3315:
1582:
1242:
1533:Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School
846:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
454:(Ojibwe) painted underwater panthers in his
416:
384:
369:
341:
288:
268:
260:
252:
244:
236:
228:
220:
212:
114:
80:
72:
64:
52:
1193:"Man pounces on panther theory about mound"
530:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
333:; upright scales on its back; occasionally
3322:
3308:
1589:
1575:
1249:
1235:
739:
737:
375:, and thus considered extremely powerful.
3830:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
550:Learn how and when to remove this message
1179:Indian Rock Paintings of the Great Lakes
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
929:
778:
743:
702:
700:
646:
644:
642:
430:
281:
29:
1256:
1129:Lepper, Brad; Frolking, Tod A. (2003).
895:
734:
405:
266:, which translates as "Great Lynx", or
198:in the prehistoric American Southeast.
4385:
1122:
983:
962:
896:Gidmark, Jill B. (November 30, 2000).
889:
670:
668:
666:
650:
93:
40:National Museum of the American Indian
3303:
1570:
1230:
1004:
746:"Native Americans and American Lions"
697:
639:
572:" involves the possession of a young
491:
308:mythologies of the indigenous peoples
1190:
1057:. New York: Sterling Publishing Co.
935:
674:
528:adding citations to reliable sources
495:
426:
302:, Canada. Attributed to the Ojibwe.
210:, this creature is sometimes called
4301:Norse colonization of North America
1404:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
663:
446:. Historical Anishnaabe twined and
156:. In addition to the Anishinaabeg,
13:
1605:Mississippian and related cultures
1166:
706:
14:
4454:
1513:Anishinabek Educational Institute
1210:
811:Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms
1598:
1191:Lore, David (January 21, 2001).
1136:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
1033:Native American Indian Resources
908:: Greenwood Press. p. 168.
500:
4321:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
3239:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
1104:Manitoba Archaeological Journal
1097:
1091:
1071:
744:Bolgiano, Chris (August 1995).
623:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
593:Anishinaabe traditional beliefs
192:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
106:region, particularly among the
4403:Algonquian legendary creatures
1621:Timeline of Mississippi valley
865:
854:
801:
772:
277:
1:
2821:Grand Village of the Illinois
1364:Mishi-ginebig ("great snake")
990:. London: Thames and Hudson.
779:Townsend, Richard F. (2004).
633:
296:Lake Superior Provincial Park
4286:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
4236:Eastern Agricultural Complex
2598:Grand Village of the Natchez
1523:Canadian residential schools
7:
3670:Bandelier National Monument
3544:List of Mississippian sites
3331:Pre-Columbian North America
1616:List of Mississippian sites
1184:University of Toronto Press
1176:; Kidd, Kenneth E. (1975).
756:Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania
586:
10:
4459:
4428:Great Lakes tribal culture
4398:Ojibwe legendary creatures
4090:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
3695:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
3404:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
1053:Godfrey, Linda S. (2006).
885:Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary
861:Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary
576:by an underwater panther.
471:Canadian Museum of History
18:
4359:
4331:Three Sisters agriculture
4186:
4118:
3650:
3379:
3337:
3266:
3155:
3087:
3019:
2958:
2951:
2904:
2776:
2765:
2695:
2546:
2503:
2435:
2143:
2017:
1929:
1848:
1775:
1638:
1629:
1611:
1546:
1528:Hannahville Indian School
1503:
1470:
1432:
1285:
1267:
1149:10.1017/S0959774303000106
987:North American Indian Art
984:Penney, David W. (2004).
943:The Canadian Encyclopedia
820:University of Texas Press
781:Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand
657:Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
378:
81:
65:
36:George Gustav Heye Center
4433:Native American religion
3870:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
3429:Buttermilk Creek complex
2533:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
1538:U.S. residential schools
1518:Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School
1029:– Cultural Preservation"
4070:Town Creek Indian Mound
4040:Sierra de San Francisco
3895:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
3163:Ballgame (Southeastern)
3059:Long-nosed god maskette
2939:SunWatch Indian Village
2886:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs
2747:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village
659:: Heritage Discoveries.
476:In 2003, archaeologist
201:
16:Indigenous folk monster
3725:Coso Rock Art District
3612:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
3515:List of Hopewell sites
2914:Alligator Effigy Mound
2528:Hickory Ridge Cemetery
2480:Leon-Jefferson culture
1876:Caborn-Welborn culture
1334:Grand Medicine Society
709:"Aboriginal Artifacts"
482:Alligator Effigy Mound
439:
436:Alligator Effigy Mound
417:
385:
370:
342:
303:
289:
269:
261:
253:
245:
237:
229:
221:
213:
115:
73:
53:
42:
4393:Anishinaabe mythology
4133:Arlington Springs Man
3975:Portsmouth Earthworks
1643:and Upper Mississippi
1198:The Columbus Dispatch
1079:Thwaites, Reuben Gold
906:Westport, Connecticut
785:Yale University Press
675:Kohl, Johann (1859).
651:Conway, Thor (2010).
434:
285:
196:Mississippian culture
33:
4438:Supernatural legends
4423:Mythological hybrids
4418:Mythological felines
4341:Transoceanic contact
4231:Container Revolution
3805:Gila Cliff Dwellings
3770:Etowah Indian Mounds
3202:Earth/fertility cult
2906:Fort Ancient culture
1790:Dogtooth Bend Mounds
1776:Lower Ohio River and
1762:Steed-Kisker culture
1394:Seven fires prophecy
873:Anishinaabe language
524:improve this section
406:Purported encounters
270:Gichi-anami'e-bizhiw
95:[mɪʃʃɪbɪʑɪw]
34:Underwater Panther,
4261:Green Corn Ceremony
4075:Turkey River Mounds
3865:Lake Jackson Mounds
3685:Blue Spring Shelter
3207:Green Corn Ceremony
2767:Upper Mississippian
2717:Blue Spring Shelter
2437:Fort Walton culture
1891:Hovey Lake District
1414:Traditional beliefs
1087:. pp. 152–153.
758:: Stackpole Books.
480:suggested that the
400:Michipicoten Island
122:Michipicoten Island
4346:Underwater panther
4020:Rosenstock Village
3890:Marmes Rockshelter
3875:L'Anse aux Meadows
3289:de Soto Expedition
3254:Underwater panther
3100:Central Algonquian
2811:Fisher Mound Group
2455:Apalachee Province
2422:Waddells Mill Pond
1447:Birch bark scrolls
1419:Underwater panther
1205:on March 11, 2007.
1023:(August 3, 1996).
717:North Bay, Ontario
492:In popular culture
440:
355:When ethnographer
304:
47:underwater panther
43:
25:Mishipeshu (Grimm)
4380:
4379:
4372:Pre-Columbian era
4173:Spirit Cave mummy
3970:Plum Bayou Mounds
3880:Lynch Quarry Site
3399:Ancient Beringian
3297:
3296:
3262:
3261:
2947:
2946:
2563:Atchafalaya Basin
2505:Pensacola culture
2470:Fort Walton Mound
2362:Punk Rock Shelter
2322:Mouse Creek phase
2145:South Appalachian
2139:
2138:
2018:Central and Lower
1959:Castalian Springs
1949:Brentwood Library
1849:Middle Ohio River
1702:Emerald Acropolis
1564:
1563:
1064:978-1-4027-3907-1
950:on March 30, 2012
936:Lemaître, Serge.
833:978-0-292-71347-5
707:Barnes, Michael.
560:
559:
552:
452:Norval Morrisseau
427:Depictions in art
357:Johann Georg Kohl
286:Pictographs of a
4450:
4316:Projectile point
4153:Leanderthal Lady
4080:Upward Sun River
4055:Stallings Island
4045:Shell ring sites
3995:Recapture Canyon
3910:Moorehead Circle
3755:El Fin del Mundo
3740:Cueva de la Olla
3546:
3533:Maritime Archaic
3517:
3347:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3301:
3300:
3064:Mill Creek chert
3054:Duck River cache
2956:
2955:
2774:
2773:
2538:Pensacola people
2332:Muscogee (Creek)
2172:Bell Field Mound
1886:Hovey Lake-Klein
1840:Wickliffe Mounds
1815:Rowlandton Mound
1732:Lunsford-Pulcher
1636:
1635:
1603:
1602:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1480:Birchbark biting
1291:myth and stories
1251:
1244:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1206:
1201:. Archived from
1187:
1161:
1160:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1098:Fox, William A.
1095:
1089:
1088:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1017:
1002:
1001:
981:
960:
959:
957:
955:
946:. Archived from
933:
927:
926:
924:
922:
893:
887:
869:
863:
858:
852:
851:
845:
837:
805:
799:
798:
776:
770:
769:
741:
732:
731:
729:
728:
719:. Archived from
704:
695:
694:
682:
672:
661:
660:
653:Spirits in Stone
648:
555:
548:
544:
541:
535:
504:
496:
420:
396:Society of Jesus
388:
373:
345:
292:
272:
264:
256:
248:
240:
232:
224:
216:
118:
97:
92:
84:
83:
76:
68:
67:
61:Ojibwe syllabics
56:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4367:Genetic history
4355:
4209:Ceremonial pipe
4182:
4163:Minnesota Woman
4120:
4114:
3935:Ocmulgee Mounds
3915:Morrison Mounds
3860:Kolomoki Mounds
3850:Kimball Village
3710:Candelaria Cave
3652:
3646:
3627:Suwannee Valley
3562:Old Cordilleran
3542:
3513:
3381:
3375:
3341:
3333:
3328:
3298:
3293:
3279:Clarksdale bell
3258:
3244:Stone box grave
3185:Ceremonial pipe
3151:
3110:Mobilian Jargon
3083:
3015:
2943:
2900:
2768:
2761:
2698:
2691:
2549:
2542:
2499:
2431:
2377:Rucker's Bottom
2167:Beaverdam Creek
2147:
2135:
2019:
2013:
1974:Hiwassee Island
1931:
1925:
1916:Welborn Village
1844:
1805:Millstone Bluff
1778:Confluence area
1777:
1771:
1767:Sugarloaf Mound
1707:Emmons Cemetery
1642:
1640:American Bottom
1631:
1625:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1565:
1560:
1542:
1499:
1466:
1428:
1281:
1263:
1255:
1213:
1174:Dewdney, Selwyn
1169:
1167:Further reading
1164:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1096:
1092:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1021:Strom, Karen M.
1018:
1005:
998:
982:
963:
953:
951:
934:
930:
920:
918:
916:
894:
890:
870:
866:
859:
855:
839:
838:
834:
806:
802:
795:
777:
773:
766:
742:
735:
726:
724:
705:
698:
691:
673:
664:
649:
640:
636:
589:
574:Native American
556:
545:
539:
536:
521:
505:
494:
486:Granville, Ohio
456:Woodlands style
429:
408:
381:
325:; the horns of
280:
208:Ojibwe language
204:
90:
79:(in syllabics:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4456:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4291:Mound Builders
4288:
4283:
4278:
4276:Medicine wheel
4273:
4268:
4266:Horned Serpent
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4005:Roberts Island
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3940:Old Stone Fort
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3905:Moaning Cavern
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3855:Kincaid Mounds
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3735:Cuarenta Casas
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3690:Bluefish Caves
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3651:Archaeological
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3449:Caloosahatchee
3446:
3441:
3436:
3434:Caborn-Welborn
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3380:Archaeological
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3304:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3284:Mound Builders
3281:
3276:
3271:
3270:Related topics
3267:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3232:Village bundle
3224:
3219:
3217:Platform mound
3214:
3212:Horned Serpent
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3079:Stone statuary
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2929:Leo Petroglyph
2926:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2866:Moccasin Bluff
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2816:Gentleman Farm
2813:
2808:
2803:
2801:Carcajou Point
2798:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2771:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2732:Caddoan Mounds
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2518:Dauphin Island
2515:
2509:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2192:Bussell Island
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1944:Beasley Mounds
1941:
1935:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1795:Kincaid Mounds
1792:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1712:Horseshoe Lake
1709:
1704:
1699:
1697:Dickson Mounds
1694:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1457:Ottawa dialect
1454:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1359:Medicine wheel
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1329:Gitche Manitou
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1211:External links
1209:
1208:
1207:
1188:
1186:. p. 149.
1168:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1143:(2): 147–167.
1121:
1090:
1081:, ed. (1899).
1070:
1063:
1045:
1025:"Morrisseau's
1003:
996:
961:
928:
914:
888:
864:
853:
832:
800:
793:
771:
764:
733:
696:
689:
662:
637:
635:
632:
631:
630:
625:
620:
615:
613:Horned Serpent
610:
605:
600:
595:
588:
585:
558:
557:
508:
506:
499:
493:
490:
428:
425:
407:
404:
380:
377:
279:
276:
203:
200:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4455:
4444:
4443:Water deities
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4408:Lake Superior
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4251:Falcon dancer
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4187:Miscellaneous
4185:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4158:Melbourne Man
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4148:La Brea Woman
4146:
4144:
4143:Kennewick Man
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4035:Serpent Mound
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3985:Pueblo Bonito
3983:
3981:
3980:Poverty Point
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3965:Pinson Mounds
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3955:Painted Bluff
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:Horr's Island
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3765:Effigy Mounds
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3730:Crystal River
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3642:Weeden Island
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3607:Safety Harbor
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3597:Poverty Point
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3577:Paleo-Indians
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3538:Mississippian
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3320:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3227:Sacred bundle
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3143:
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3047:Wulfing cache
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3032:Copper plates
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3006:Three Sisters
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2976:Little barley
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2723:
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2702:
2700:
2699:Mississippian
2694:
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2553:
2551:
2550:Mississippian
2545:
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2465:Corbin–Tucker
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2372:Roods Landing
2370:
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2242:Hoojah Branch
2240:
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2173:
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2168:
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2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2149:Mississippian
2146:
2142:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
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2100:
2097:
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2092:
2088:
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2083:
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2072:Menard-Hodges
2070:
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2022:
2016:
2010:
2009:Swallow Bluff
2007:
2005:
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1930:Tennessee and
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1800:Marshall Site
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1632:Mississippian
1628:
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1592:
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1409:Turtle Island
1407:
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1397:
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1387:
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1377:
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1349:Little people
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997:0-500-20377-6
993:
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949:
945:
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932:
917:
915:0-313-30148-4
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:"Mishi-Peshu"
892:
886:
882:
878:
874:
868:
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849:
843:
835:
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:Austin, Texas
813:
812:
804:
796:
794:0-300-10601-7
790:
786:
782:
775:
767:
765:0-8117-1044-0
761:
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753:
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747:
740:
738:
723:on 2007-10-17
722:
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690:0-87351-172-7
686:
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543:
540:February 2024
533:
529:
525:
519:
518:
514:
509:This section
507:
503:
498:
497:
489:
487:
483:
479:
474:
472:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
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421:
419:
413:
412:Claude Dablon
403:
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154:United States
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127:
126:Lake Superior
123:
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96:
88:
78:
77:
75:
62:
58:
57:
55:
48:
41:
37:
32:
26:
22:
4351:Water glyphs
4345:
4306:Oasisamerica
4296:N.A.G.P.R.A.
4256:Folsom point
4246:Effigy mound
4226:Clovis point
4194:Aridoamerica
4095:Wickiup Hill
4050:Spiro Mounds
4030:Salmon Ruins
4025:Russell Cave
3820:Helen Blazes
3815:Grimes Point
3795:Fort Juelson
3785:Fort Ancient
3760:El Vallecito
3720:Chaco Canyon
3660:Angel Mounds
3622:Steed-Kisker
3572:Paleo-Arctic
3494:Glacial Kame
3479:Fort Ancient
3371:Post-Classic
3342:
3274:Chevron bead
3253:
3180:Burial mound
3074:Shell gorget
3042:Spiro plates
3037:Rogan plates
2856:Knoll Spring
2831:Hartley Fort
2791:Beattie Park
2675:Transylvania
2513:Bottle Creek
2475:Lake Jackson
2357:Pisgah phase
2287:Little Egypt
2237:Garden Creek
2222:Dallas phase
2109:Tipton phase
2087:Nodena phase
1984:Mound Bottom
1969:Fewkes Group
1954:Brick Church
1856:Angel Mounds
1722:Kuhn Station
1717:John Chapman
1418:
1344:Jingle dress
1339:Jiibayaabooz
1314:Dreamcatcher
1203:the original
1196:
1178:
1140:
1134:
1124:
1114:December 25,
1112:. Retrieved
1107:
1103:
1093:
1083:
1073:
1054:
1048:
1036:. Retrieved
1032:
1026:
986:
954:December 25,
952:. Retrieved
948:the original
941:
938:"Mishipeshu"
931:
921:December 25,
919:. Retrieved
901:
891:
867:
856:
810:
803:
780:
774:
750:
725:. Retrieved
721:the original
712:
678:
652:
578:
563:
561:
546:
537:
522:Please help
510:
475:
468:
441:
415:
409:
383:
382:
368:
365:medicine bag
354:
340:
339:
316:
312:Thunderbirds
305:
287:
267:
259:
251:
243:
235:
227:
219:
211:
205:
189:
166:
161:
113:
112:
71:
70:
51:
50:
46:
44:
20:
4336:Thunderbird
4204:Black drink
4168:Peñon woman
4105:Winterville
4085:Velda Mound
4065:Taos Pueblo
3960:Parkin Park
3945:Orwell site
3930:Nodena site
3825:Holly Bluff
3800:Four Mounds
3790:Fort Center
3715:Casa Grande
3665:Anzick site
3557:Monongahela
3484:Fort Walton
3459:Coles Creek
3424:Belle Glade
3409:Anishinaabe
3249:Thunderbird
3175:Black drink
3027:Emmons mask
2971:Chenopodium
2959:Agriculture
2881:Plum Island
2836:Hotel Plaza
2685:Winterville
2665:Scott Place
2603:Holly Bluff
2523:Fort Walton
2277:Lamar phase
2131:Walls phase
2027:Belle Meade
2020:Mississippi
1964:Dunbar Cave
1866:Annis Mound
1861:Angel phase
1835:Ware Mounds
1830:Twin Mounds
1680:Ramey state
1665:Monks Mound
1490:Ribbon work
1369:Mudjekeewis
1324:Elbow witch
1277:Clan system
1258:Anishinaabe
1182:. Toronto:
822:. pp.
478:Brad Lepper
392:Great Lakes
371:mishibizhiw
361:Fond du Lac
343:Mishipizheu
290:mishibizhiw
278:Description
230:Mishipizheu
222:Mishipizhiw
214:Mishibizhiw
175:being. The
162:Mishibizhiw
146:Great Lakes
130:Anishinaabe
108:Anishinaabe
104:Great Lakes
4387:Categories
4281:Metallurgy
4241:Eden point
4138:Buhl Woman
4010:Rock Eagle
4000:River Styx
3925:Mummy Cave
3920:Moundville
3900:Mesa Verde
3885:Marksville
3632:Tchefuncte
3592:Plaquemine
3528:Las Palmas
3444:Calf Creek
3439:Cades Pond
2986:Marshelder
2871:Oak Forest
2841:Hoxie Farm
2655:Pocahontas
2548:Plaquemine
2485:Letchworth
2417:Town Creek
2352:Park Mound
2317:Moundville
2302:Mandeville
2292:Long Swamp
2252:Jere Shine
2104:Quigualtam
2052:Chucalissa
1939:Backusburg
1932:Cumberland
1921:Yankeetown
1906:Slack Farm
1881:Ellerbusch
1785:Adams site
1692:Cloverdale
1462:Potawatomi
1442:Algonquian
1319:Drumkeeper
1309:Deer Woman
1110:(2): 21–35
1038:October 1,
1027:Missipeshu
727:2008-10-05
715:. City of
634:References
618:Wampus cat
570:Mishipeshu
444:pictograms
418:Mishipeshu
386:Mishipeshu
350:Potawatomi
262:Mishibijiw
254:Michipeshu
246:Mishepishu
238:Mishupishu
173:underworld
169:Algonquins
160:also have
148:region of
142:Potawatomi
116:Mishipeshu
74:Mishibijiw
54:Mishipeshu
4326:Stickball
4015:Rock Hawk
3845:Key Marco
3637:Troyville
3617:St. Johns
3602:Red Ocher
3361:Formative
3115:Muskogean
3088:Languages
3001:Sunflower
2861:Mero site
2796:Blood Run
2450:Apalachee
2397:Summerour
2337:Nacoochee
2094:Owl Creek
1989:Riverview
1979:Link Farm
1871:Bone Bank
1825:Turk Site
1820:Towosahgy
1685:Woodhenge
1505:Education
1485:Quillwork
1434:Languages
1399:Shingebis
1389:Pukwudgie
1374:Nanabozho
1157:161534362
842:cite book
598:Nguruvilu
568:episode "
511:does not
181:Nanabozho
164:stories.
144:, of the
49:, called
4214:Chanunpa
4199:Ballgame
4178:Vero man
4128:Anzick-1
4100:Windover
4060:SunWatch
3990:Rassawek
3810:Glenwood
3700:Brewster
3552:Mogollon
3523:La Jolla
3509:Hopewell
3469:Deptford
3382:cultures
3222:Red Horn
3190:Chanunpa
3168:Northern
3156:Religion
3137:Timucuan
3105:Cherokee
2891:Schwerdt
2851:Juntunen
2826:Griesmer
2769:cultures
2722:Bluffton
2608:Jaketown
2573:Fitzhugh
2427:Wilbanks
2407:Tomotley
2382:Savannah
2347:Ocmulgee
2327:Mulberry
2262:Joe Bell
2182:Biltmore
2177:Bessemer
2042:Campbell
2004:Old Town
1810:Orr-Herl
1747:Orendorf
1742:Mitchell
1675:Mound 72
1670:Mound 34
1655:Big Eddy
1287:Religion
587:See also
335:feathers
152:and the
4363:Related
4221:Chunkey
4121:remains
4110:Wupatki
3950:Paquime
3840:Huápoca
3705:Cahokia
3675:Bastian
3582:Patayan
3504:Hohokam
3489:Fremont
3464:Comondú
3419:Baytown
3414:Avonlea
3394:Alachua
3366:Classic
3356:Archaic
3344:Periods
3197:Chunkey
3142:Tunican
3120:Natchez
3095:Caddoan
3069:Pottery
3020:Artwork
3011:Tobacco
2991:Pumpkin
2952:Culture
2806:Fifield
2737:Gahagan
2712:Belcher
2697:Caddoan
2680:Venable
2643:Natchez
2628:Mazique
2583:Fosters
2578:Flowery
2568:Emerald
2445:Anhaica
2402:Taskigi
2367:Rembert
2342:Nikwasi
2307:McMahan
2282:Liddell
2157:Adamson
2067:Janet's
2057:Denmark
2032:Boone's
1994:Sellars
1901:Prather
1660:Cahokia
1650:Aztalan
1548:Housing
1424:Wendigo
1379:Nokomis
1354:Manitou
1299:Aayaase
1261:culture
532:removed
517:sources
464:muskets
448:quilled
300:Ontario
206:In the
194:of the
167:To the
3780:Folsom
3745:Cutler
3680:Benson
3567:Oneota
3499:Glades
3474:Folsom
3454:Clovis
3351:Lithic
3132:Siouan
3125:Taensa
2996:Squash
2919:Clover
2778:Oneota
2752:Keller
2742:Hughes
2707:Battle
2648:Taensa
2633:Medora
2623:Mangum
2618:Julice
2613:Jordan
2460:Cayson
2392:Sixtoe
2387:Shiloh
2297:Mabila
2232:Etowah
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