Determinism - Knowledge

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at all. The truth is that every man himself is a piece of fate; when he thinks he is striving against fate in the way described, fate is being realized here, too; the struggle is imaginary, but so is resignation to fate; all these imaginary ideas are included in fate. The fear that most people have of the doctrine of determinism of the will is precisely the fear of this Turkish fatalism. They think man will give up weakly and stand before the future with folded hands because he cannot change anything about it; or else he will give free rein to his total caprice because even this cannot make what is once determined still worse. The follies of man are just as much a part of fate as his cleverness: this fear of the belief in fate is also fate. You yourself, poor frightened man, are the invincible Moira reigning far above the gods; for everything that comes, you are blessing or curse and in any case the bonds in which the strongest man lies. In you the whole future of the human world is predetermined; it will not help you if you are terrified of yourself.

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behavior of the quantum stoplight with certainty (physicists call this approach a "hidden variable theory"; see, e.g., Bell 1987, 1–13, 29–39; Bohm 1952a, 1952b; Bohm and Hiley 1993; Bub 1997, 40–114, Holland 1993; see also the preceding essay in this volume by Hodgson). Or perhaps there is an interaction with the broader environment (e.g., neighboring buildings, trees) that we have not taken into account in our observations that explains how these probabilities arise (physicists call this approach decoherence or consistent histories). Under either of these approaches, we would interpret the observed indeterminism in the behavior of stoplights as an expression of our ignorance about the actual workings. Under an ignorance interpretation, indeterminism would not be a fundamental feature of quantum stoplights, but merely epistemic in nature due to our lack of knowledge about the system. Quantum stoplights would turn to be deterministic after all.

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moves to play to achieve a perfect game. This implies that, given a less complex environment (with the original 32 pieces reduced to 7 or fewer pieces), a perfectly predictable game of chess is possible. In this scenario, the winning player can announce that a checkmate will happen within a given number of moves, assuming a perfect defense by the losing player, or fewer moves if the defending player chooses sub-optimal moves as the game progresses into its inevitable, predicted conclusion. By this analogy, it is suggested, the experience of free will emerges from the interaction of finite rules and deterministic parameters that generate nearly infinite and practically unpredictable behavioural responses. In theory, if all these events could be accounted for, and there were a known way to evaluate these events, the seemingly unpredictable behaviour would become predictable. Another hands-on example of generative processes is

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ordinary causation. But the creator also provided for souls that could exert a causal force analogous to the primordial causal force and alter outcomes in the physical universe via the acts of their bodies. Thus, it emerges that no events in the physical universe are uncaused. Some are caused entirely by the original creative act and the way it plays itself out through time, and some are caused by the acts of created souls. But those created souls were not created by means of physical processes involving ordinary causation. They are another order of being entirely, gifted with the power to modify the original creation. However, determinism is not necessarily limited to matter; it can encompass energy as well. The question of how these immaterial entities can act upon material entities is deeply involved in what is generally known as the "

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universe or through continuous divine interactions with the world. Either way, the consequence is that everything that happens becomes God's action, and determinism is closely linked to divine action and God's omnipotence. According to the second type of theological determinism, God has perfect knowledge of everything in the universe because God is omniscient. And, as some say, because God is outside of time, God has the capacity of knowing past, present, and future in one instance. This means that God knows what will happen in the future. And because God's omniscience is perfect, what God knows about the future will inevitably happen, which means, consequently, that the future is already fixed.

3296: 1874:, which depicts the physical matter of the universe as operating according to a set of fixed laws. The "billiard ball" hypothesis, a product of Newtonian physics, argues that once the initial conditions of the universe have been established, the rest of the history of the universe follows inevitably. If it were actually possible to have complete knowledge of physical matter and all of the laws governing that matter at any one time, then it would be theoretically possible to compute the time and place of every event that will ever occur ( 608: 1884:

else, the Newtonians argue, one must question one's measurements of the original position of the object, the exact direction of the striking object, gravitational or other fields that were inadvertently ignored, etc. Then, they maintain, repeated experiments and improvements in accuracy will always bring one's observations closer to the theoretically predicted results. When dealing with situations on an ordinary human scale, Newtonian physics has been successful. But it fails as velocities become some substantial fraction of the

1000:. Causal determinism has also been considered more generally as the idea that everything that happens or exists is caused by antecedent conditions. In the case of nomological determinism, these conditions are considered events also, implying that the future is determined completely by preceding events—a combination of prior states of the universe and the laws of nature. These conditions can also be considered metaphysical in origin (such as in the case of theological determinism). 4281:

plan. We might think of God here as the all-powerful movie director who writes script and causes everything to go accord with it. We should note, as an aside, that there is some debate over what would be sufficient for theological determinism to be true. Some people claim that God's merely knowing what will happen determines that it will, while others believe that God must not only know but must also cause those events to occur in order for their occurrence to be determined.

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the universe should be objective and deterministic, it must be acknowledged that no answer exists for such a question. It is in the nature of theoretical science that there can be no such thing as certainty. A theory is only "true" for as long as the majority of the scientific community maintain a consensus view that the theory is the one best able to explain the observations. And the story of quantum theory is not over yet.

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divine foreknowledge of an omniscient divinity. If this divinity is also omnipotent, as in the case of the Judeo-Christian religions, this weaker version is hard to distinguish from the previous one because, though able to prevent what happens and knowing that it is going to happen, God lets it happen. To this, advocates of free will reply that God permits it to happen in order to make room for the free will of humans.

2144: 991:...One's deliberations, choices, and actions will often be necessary links in the causal chain that brings something about. In other words, even though our deliberations, choices, and actions are themselves determined like everything else, it is still the case, according to causal determinism, that the occurrence or existence of yet other things depends upon our deliberating, choosing and acting in a certain way. 2169: 1821: 4709:"At length I pass to the remaining portion of my Ethics, which is concerned with the way leading to freedom. I shall therefore treat therein of the power of the reason, showing how far the reason can control the emotions, and what is the nature of Mental Freedom or Blessedness; we shall then be able to see, how much more powerful the wise man is than the ignorant." Ethics, book V, Preface 12683: 11171: 9391: 2758: 89: 1529:, focuses on the implications of determinism for free will. He suggests free will is denied whether determinism is true or not. He says that if determinism is true, all actions are predicted and no one is assumed to be free; however, if determinism is false, all actions are presumed to be random and as such no one seems free because they have no part in controlling what happens. 1437:

level, structural determinists believe that larger issues in the society—especially those pertaining to minorities and subjugated communities—are predominantly assessed through existing structural conditions, making change of prevailing conditions difficult, and sometimes outright impossible. For example, the concept has been applied to the politics of race in the

3384:, which, under a strict set of assumptions, demonstrates that quantum mechanics can make statistical predictions that would be violated if local hidden variables really existed. A number of experiments have tried to verify such predictions, and so far they do not appear to be violated. Current experiments continue to verify the result, including the 2015 " 1897:

must be also some absolute natural laws behind. Belief in perfect natural laws driving everything, instead of just describing what we should expect, led to searching for a set of universal simple laws that rule the world. This movement significantly encouraged deterministic views in Western philosophy, as well as the related theological views of

4361:"Quantum physics might seem to undermine the idea that nature is governed by laws, but that is not the case. Instead it leads us to accept a new form of determinism: Given the state of a system at some time, the laws of nature determine the probabilities of various futures and pasts rather than determining the future and past with certainty." 3969:'Determinism' is, in essence, the position which holds that all behavior is caused by prior behavior. "Predeterminism" is the position which holds that all behavior is caused by conditions which predate behavior altogether (such impersonal boundaries as "the human conditions", instincts, the will of God, inherent knowledge, fate, and such). 1429:

without loss of identity) or disintegrations (alteration of structure with loss of identity). Such changes or disintegrations are not ascertained by the elements of the disturbing agent, as each disturbance will only trigger responses in the respective system, which in turn, are determined by each system's own structure.

4700:"Human infirmity in moderating and checking the emotions I name bondage: for, when a man is a prey to his emotions, he is not his own master, but lies at the mercy of fortune: so much so, that he is often compelled, while seeing that which is better for him, to follow that which is worse." – Ethics, Book IV, Preface 1469:

criticize the notion for overemphasizing deterministic forces such as structure over the role of human agency and the ability of the people to act. These critics argue that politicians, academics, and social activists have the capability to bring about significant change despite stringent structural conditions.

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Fatalism is the belief that everything an individual may encounter in his life is determined against his will and that this destiny cannot be changed by effort. In a fatalistic attitude, individuals believe that they cannot control their lives and that there is no point in making choices. Fatalism is

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are fired one-by-one through a double-slit apparatus at a distant screen. They do not arrive at any single point, nor even the two points lined up with the slits (the way it might be expected of bullets fired by a fixed gun at a distant target). Instead, the light arrives in varying concentrations at

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Other "deterministic" theories actually seek only to highlight the importance of a particular factor in predicting the future. These theories often use the factor as a sort of guide or constraint on the future. They need not suppose that complete knowledge of that one factor would allow the making of

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Weak theological determinism is based on the concept of divine foreknowledge—"because God's omniscience is perfect, what God knows about the future will inevitably happen, which means, consequently, that the future is already fixed." There exist slight variations on this categorization, however. Some

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of human actions by reasons, motives, and desires. Determinism is about interactions which affect cognitive processes in people's lives. It is about the cause and the result of what people have done. Cause and result are always bound together in cognitive processes. It assumes that if an observer has

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There is a way to escape the inference of superluminal speeds and spooky action at a distance. But it involves absolute determinism in the universe, the complete absence of free will. Suppose the world is super-deterministic, with not just inanimate nature running on behind-the-scenes clockwork, but

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Turkish fatalism contains the fundamental error of placing man and fate opposite each other like two separate things: Man, it says, can strive against fate, can try to defeat it, but in the end it always remains the winner, for which reason the smartest thing to do is to give up or live just any way

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terms). Therefore the soul stands to the activities of the individual agent's body as does the creator of the universe to the universe. The creator of the universe put in motion a deterministic system of material entities that would, if left to themselves, carry out the chain of events determined by

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Theological determinism, on the other hand, claims that all events are determined by God. On this view, God decree that everything will go thus-and-so and ensure that everything goes that way, so that ultimately God is the cause of everything that happens and everything that happens is part of God's

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Theological determinism constitutes a fifth kind of determinism. There are two types of theological determinism, both compatible with scientific and metaphysical determinism. In the first, God determines everything that happens, either in one all-determining single act at the initial creation of the

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is recorded as saying that "just as the word 'chariot' exists on the basis of the aggregation of parts, even so the concept of 'being' exists when the five aggregates are available." The early Buddhist texts outline different ways in which dependent origination is a middle way between different sets

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was a determinist thinker, and argued that human freedom can be achieved through knowledge of the causes that determine desire and affections. He defined human servitude as the state of bondage of anyone who is aware of their own desires, but ignorant of the causes that determined them. However, the

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We are happy to agree with scientists and philosophers who feel that quantum effects are for the most part negligible in the macroscopic world. We particularly agree that they are negligible when considering the causally determined will and the causally determined actions set in motion by decisions

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reaches, while fatalism in which the steps between do not connect an initial cause to the results would make it impossible for observational data to correct false hypotheses. This is often combined with the argument that if the brain had fixed views and the arguments were mere after-constructs with

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argue that, while causal determinism (in which everything including the brain/mind is subject to the laws of causality) is compatible with minds capable of science, fatalism and predestination is not. These philosophers make the distinction that causal determinism means that each step is determined

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Whether or not it is all-encompassing in so doing, Newtonian mechanics deals only with caused events; for example, if an object begins in a known position and is hit dead on by an object with some known velocity, then it will be pushed straight toward another predictable point. If it goes somewhere

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said of the deterministic implications of an omniscient god: "Does God know or does He not know that a certain individual will be good or bad? If thou sayest 'He knows', then it necessarily follows that man is compelled to act as God knew beforehand he would act, otherwise God's knowledge would be

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Historically, debates about determinism have involved many philosophical positions and given rise to multiple varieties or interpretations of determinism. One topic of debate concerns the scope of determined systems. Some philosophers have maintained that the entire universe is a single determinate

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So, was Einstein wrong? In the sense that the EPR paper argued in favor of an objective reality for each quantum particle in an entangled pair independent of the other and of the measuring device, the answer must be yes. But if Einstein was wrong to hold to the realist's belief that the physics of

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A new picture of the world must encompass three properties that evidently seem to play a significant role in quantum experimentsThe second important property of the world that we always implicitly assume is the freedom of the individual experimentalist. This is the assumption of free will. It is a

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come into play, and where physicists begin to require rather unintuitive mental models: A particle's path simply cannot be exactly specified in its full quantum description. "Path" is a classical, practical attribute in everyday life, but one that quantum particles do not meaningfully possess. The

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explains that understanding the universe, at such small scales as atoms, requires a different logic than day-to-day life does. O'Connell does not deny that it is all interconnected: the scale of human existence ultimately does emerge from the quantum scale. O'Connell argues that we must simply use

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to quantum mechanics), Newtonian physics depicts a universe in which objects move in perfectly determined ways. At the scale where humans exist and interact with the universe, Newtonian mechanics remain useful, and make relatively accurate predictions (e.g. calculating the trajectory of a bullet).

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events (such as dice-rolling) happen within the game. Yet, chess and especially Go with its extremely simple deterministic rules, can still have an extremely large number of unpredictable moves. When chess is simplified to 7 or fewer pieces, however, endgame tables are available that dictate which

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accepts the linear causal sets of sequential events with adequate consistency yet also suggests constant forking of causal chains creating "multiple universes" to account for multiple outcomes from single events. Meaning the causal set of events leading to the present are all valid yet appear as a

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Causal determinism proposes that there is an unbroken chain of prior occurrences stretching back to the origin of the universe. The relation between events and the origin of the universe may not be specified. Causal determinists believe that there is nothing in the universe that has no cause or is

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The key question is whether to understand the nature of this probability as epistemic or ontic. Along epistemic lines, one possibility is that there is some additional factor (i.e., a hidden mechanism) such that once we discover and understand this factor, we would be able to predict the observed

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Theological determinism, or the doctrine of predestination: the view that everything which happens has been predestined to happen by an omniscient, omnipotent divinity. A weaker version holds that, though not predestined to happen, everything that happens has been eternally known by virtue of the

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Newtonian mechanics, as well as any following physical theories, are results of observations and experiments, and so they describe "how it all works" within a tolerance. However, old western scientists believed if there are any logical connections found between an observed cause and effect, there

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level, what this means is that human beings as free and independent entities are triggered to react by external stimuli or change in circumstance. However, their own internal state and existing physical and mental capacities determine their responses to those triggers. On a much broader societal

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The interpretation sidesteps the exclusive retrospective causal chain problem of "could not have done otherwise" by suggesting "the other outcome does exist" in a set of parallel universe time streams that split off when the action occurred. This theory is sometimes described with the example of

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of a particle at the same time—if we increase the accuracy in measuring one quantity, we are forced to lose accuracy in measuring the other. "These uncertainty relations give us that measure of freedom from the limitations of classical concepts which is necessary for a consistent description of

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Nomological determinism is the most common form of causal determinism and is generally synonymous with physical determinism. This is the notion that the past and the present dictate the future entirely and necessarily by rigid natural laws and that every occurrence inevitably results from prior

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popularized the notion, writing that a living system's general order is maintained via a circular process of ongoing self-referral, and thus its organization and structure defines the changes it undergoes. According to the authors, a system can undergo changes of state (alteration of structure

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Proponents of the notion highlight the usefulness of structural determinism to study complicated issues related to race and gender, as it highlights often gilded structural conditions that block meaningful change. Critics call it too rigid, reductionist and inflexible. Additionally, they also

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Predeterminism can be categorized as a specific type of determinism when it is used to mean pre-established causal determinism. It can also be used interchangeably with causal determinism—in the context of its capacity to determine future events. However, predeterminism is often considered as

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explains, the result is not traditional determinism, but rather determined probabilities. In some cases, a quantum particle may indeed trace an exact path, and the probability of finding the particles in that path is one (certain to be true). In fact, as far as prediction goes, the quantum

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Structural determinism is the philosophical view that actions, events, and processes are predicated on and determined by structural factors. Given any particular structure or set of estimable components, it is a concept that emphasizes rational and predictable outcomes. Chilean biologists

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not only does free will exist, but it is a prerequisite for science, philosophy, and our very ability to think rationally in a meaningful way. Without free will, there could be no rational thought. As a consequence, it is quite simply impossible for science and philosophy to deny free

3399:. To abandon this assumption would require the construction of a non-local hidden variable theory. Therefore, it is possible to augment quantum mechanics with non-local hidden variables to achieve a deterministic theory that is in agreement with experiment. An example is the 1193:

introduced theological determinism into Christianity in 412 CE, whereas all prior Christian authors supported free will against Stoic and Gnostic determinism. However, there are many Biblical passages that seem to support the idea of some kind of theological determinism.

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With respect to free will, "theological determinism is the thesis that God exists and has infallible knowledge of all true propositions including propositions about our future actions," more minimal criteria designed to encapsulate all forms of theological determinism.

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But when you truly see the origin of the world with right understanding, you won't have the notion of non-existence regarding the world. And when you truly see the cessation of the world with right understanding, you won't have the notion of existence regarding the

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contains several concepts which some scholars describe as deterministic to various levels. However, the direct analysis of Buddhist metaphysics through the lens of determinism is difficult, due to the differences between European and Buddhist traditions of thought.

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with our behavior, including our belief that we are free to choose to do one experiment rather than another, absolutely predetermined, including the 'decision' by the experimenter to carry out one set of measurements rather than another, the difficulty disappears."

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This debate is relevant because there are possibly specific situations in which the arrival of an electron at a screen at a certain point and time would trigger one event, whereas its arrival at another point would trigger an entirely different event (e.g. see

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that pertains to the false reality of the material world, while concepts like non-self and dependent origination belong to the ultimate reality; the transition between the two can be truly understood, Buddhists claim, by one who has attained enlightenment.

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Predeterminism is here defined by the assumption that the experimenter's 'free will' in deciding what to measure (such as his choice to measure the x- or the y-component of an electron's spin), is in fact limited by deterministic laws, hence not free at

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singular linear time stream within a much broader unseen conic probability field of other outcomes that "split off" from the locally observed timeline. Under this model causal sets are still "consistent" yet not exclusive to singular iterated outcomes.

2037:, in which the cycle of Saṃsara is a completely mechanistic process, occurring without any divine intervention. The Jains hold an atomic view of reality, in which particles of karma form the fundamental microscopic building material of the universe. 3108:, argue that a certain form of determinism (not necessarily causal) is true. They suggest instead that an illusion of free will is experienced due to the generation of infinite behaviour from the interaction of finite-deterministic set of rules and 5626:, the result of evil committed in the previous lives or in the present one, were declared by Gosāla to be without cause or basis, other, presumably, than the force of destiny. Similarly, the escape from evil, the working off of accumulated evil 3918:

Quantum Theory provided a beautiful description of the behaviour of isolated atoms and nuclei and small aggregates of elementary particles. Modern science recognized that predisposition rather than predeterminism is what is widely prevalent in

3020:. If there is no autonomous self, in this view, and all events are necessarily and unchangeably caused by others, then no type of autonomy can be said to exist, moral or otherwise. However, other scholars disagree, claiming that the 3410:, which has been argued to be foundational to the scientific method as a whole. Bell acknowledged that abandoning this assumption would both allow for the maintenance of determinism as well as locality. This perspective is known as 3342:

widely separated points, and the distribution of its collisions with the target can be calculated reliably. In that sense the behavior of light in this apparatus is predictable, but there is no way to predict where in the resulting

1786:, as part of their theory of universal causal determinism. The resulting philosophical debates, which involved the confluence of elements of Aristotelian Ethics with Stoic psychology, led in the 1st–3rd centuries CE in the works of 3369:

in which order photons reach the detector screen. They argue that the course of the universe is absolutely determined, but that humans are screened from knowledge of the determinative factors. So, they say, it only

4635: 923:, including human decisions and actions, are causally inevitable. Deterministic theories throughout the history of philosophy have developed from diverse and sometimes overlapping motives and considerations. Like 3361:) have argued that the inability to predict any more than probabilities is simply due to ignorance. The idea is that, beyond the conditions and laws can be observed or deduced, there are also hidden factors or " 3317:

that cannot be easily expressed in ordinary language. As far as the thesis of determinism is concerned, these probabilities, at least, are quite determined. These findings from quantum mechanics have found many

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free or virtuous person becomes capable, through reason and knowledge, to be genuinely free, even as they are being "determined". For the Dutch philosopher, acting out of one's own internal necessity is genuine

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agent based choices but more involved models argue that recursive causal splitting occurs with all wave functions at play. This model is highly contested with multiple objections from the scientific community.

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stretching back to the origin of the universe. In the case of predeterminism, this chain of events has been pre-established, and human actions cannot interfere with the outcomes of this pre-established chain.

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and results in future lives. In other words, righteous or unrighteous actions in one life will necessarily cause good or bad responses in another future life or more lives. The early Buddhist texts and later

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The problem of predeterminism is one that involves the factors of heredity and environment, and the point to be debated here is the relation of the present self that chooses to these predetermining agencies.

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Thus, quantum physics casts reasonable doubt on the traditional determinism of classical, Newtonian physics in so far as reality does not seem to be absolutely determined. This was the subject of the famous

1880:). In this sense, the basic particles of the universe operate in the same fashion as the rolling balls on a billiard table, moving and striking each other in predictable ways to produce predictable results. 3861:

Predeterminism: the philosophical and theological view that combines God with determinism. On this doctrine events throughout eternity have been foreordained by some supernatural power in a causal sequence.

4359:(2010), p. 32: "The molecular basis of biology shows that biological processes are governed by the laws of physics and chemistry and therefore are as determined as the orbits of the planets.", and p. 72: 1892:

effects and other challenges to Newtonian physics, "uncertainty" was always a term that applied to the accuracy of human knowledge about causes and effects, and not to the causes and effects themselves.

2779: 2002:). Karma, either positive or negative, accumulates according to an individual's actions throughout their life, and at their death determines the nature of their next life in the cycle of Saṃsāra. Most 3178:

no causal effect on the conclusions, science would have been impossible and the use of arguments would have been a meaningless waste of energy with no persuasive effect on brains with fixed views.

5514:, and also individual lives. Suffering is not attributed to past actions, but just takes place without any cause or rationale, as does relief from suffering. There is nothing we can do to achieve 959:

sufficient information about an object or human being, that such an observer might be able to predict every consequent move of that object or human being. Determinism rarely requires that perfect

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posited that an omniscient observer, knowing with infinite precision all the positions and velocities of every particle in the universe, could predict the future entirely. For a discussion, see

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By "soul" is meant an autonomous immaterial agent that has the power to control the body but not to be controlled by the body (this theory of determinism thus conceives of conscious agents in

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Although it was once thought by scientists that any indeterminism in quantum mechanics occurred at too small a scale to influence biological or neurological systems, there is indication that

1959:, which they held to be ultimately responsible for every phenomena that occurs on Earth and for the destiny of humankind. Accordingly, they shaped their entire lives in accordance with their 3732:

A theory is deterministic if, and only if, given its state variables for some initial period, the theory logically determines a unique set of values for those variables for any other period.

1272:. They will suggest that one factor will entirely determine behavior. As scientific understanding has grown, however, the strongest versions of these theories have been widely rejected as a 2854:

on, like links in a massive, never-ending chain; the basic principle is that all things (dharmas, phenomena, principles) arise in dependence upon other things, which means that they are

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while being driven by exterior determinations is akin to bondage. Spinoza's thoughts on human servitude and liberty are respectively detailed in the fourth and fifth volumes of his work

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of quantum mechanics. Bohm's Interpretation, though, violates special relativity and it is highly controversial whether or not it can be reconciled without giving up on determinism.

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of the forces accelerating a bullet would produce an absolutely accurate prediction of its path, modern quantum mechanics casts reasonable doubt on this main thesis of determinism.

1465:, argues that the state, in its political, economic, and legal structures, reproduces the discourse of capitalism, in turn, allowing for the burgeoning of capitalistic structures. 4061:

However, predeterminism is not completely avoided. If the codes within the genotype are not designed properly, then the organisms being evolved will be fundamentally handicapped.

2029:, god's grace, gained through worship, can erase one's karmic debts, a belief which reconciles the principle of karma with a monotheistic god one must freely choose to worship. 4604: 11035: 3452:

points out that purely deterministic classical mechanics cannot explain the cosmological origins of the universe; today the early universe is modeled quantum mechanically.

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there is a fundamental core of permanent being, identity, or personality which can be called the "soul", and that all sentient beings (including humans) are instead made of

987:), is "the idea that every event is necessitated by antecedent events and conditions together with the laws of nature." However, it is a broad enough term to consider that: 3392:" experiment that used cosmic data streaming from different directions toward the Earth, precluding the possibility the sources of data could have had prior interactions. 5302:

Bodewitz, Henk (2019). "Chapter 1 – The Hindu Doctrine of Transmigration: Its Origin and Background". In Heilijgers, Dory H.; Houben, Jan E. M.; van Kooij, Karel (eds.).

3437:, which argues that hidden variable theories cannot be "sensible", meaning that the values of the hidden variables inherently depend on the devices used to measure them. 3389: 1189:

Theological determinism can also be seen as a form of causal determinism, in which the antecedent conditions are the nature and will of God. Some have asserted that

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in measurement. Such considerations can motivate the consideration of a stochastic model even though the underlying system is governed by deterministic equations.

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Kent, Adrian. "One world versus many: the inadequacy of Everettian accounts of evolution, probability, and scientific confirmation." Many worlds (2010): 307–354.

3330:. Put another way: personal computers, Blu-ray players and the Internet all work because humankind discovered the determined probabilities of the quantum world. 6107:

Nowak A., Vallacher R.R., Tesser A., Borkowski W., (2000) "Society of Self: The emergence of collective properties in self-structure", Psychological Review 107.

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claim either that theological determinism requires predestination of all events and outcomes by the divinity—i.e., they do not classify the weaker version as

2786: 3202:, some deterministic models may appear to behave non-deterministically; in such cases, a deterministic interpretation of the model may not be useful due to 1763:

at all. Mechanistic determinism assumes that every event has an unbroken chain of prior occurrences, but a selectionistic or probabilistic model does not.

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The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism: A Comparative Study Based on the Sutranga Portion of the Pali Samyutta-Nikaya and the Chinese Samyuktagama,

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does not present a complete understanding of the universe, because while it can describe determinate interactions among material things, it ignores the

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The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism: A Comparative Study Based on the Sutranga Portion of the Pali Samyutta-Nikaya and the Chinese Samyuktagama

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proposes that the physical environment, rather than social conditions, determines culture. Supporters of environmental determinism often also support

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is the idea that all events are determined in advance. The concept is often argued by invoking causal determinism, implying that there is an unbroken

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Although it is not possible to predict the arrival position or time for any particle, probabilities of arrival predict the final pattern of events.

3112:. Thus the unpredictability of the emerging behaviour from deterministic processes leads to a perception of free will, even though free will as an 6709: 11856: 7000: 3395:

Bell's theorem has been criticized from the perspective of its strict set of assumptions. A foundational assumption to quantum mechanics is the

6387: 3194:(notably, those measuring rate of change over time). Mathematical models that are not deterministic because they involve randomness are called 943:

system, while others identify more limited determinate systems. Another common debate topic is whether determinism and free will can coexist;

11813: 9849: 5443:), or simply fatalism. The Ājīvikas' emphasis on fate and determinism was so profound that later sources would consistently refer to them as 3795: 2233: 1994:

deals with similar philosophical issues to the Western concept of determinism. Karma is understood as a spiritual mechanism which causes the

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Philosophers have debated both the truth of determinism, and the truth of free will. This creates the four possible positions in the figure.

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Nowak A., Vallacher R.R., Tesser A., Borkowski W., (2000) "Society of Self: The emergence of collective properties in self-structure",

4388:"Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), 3465: 3003:

stated that "this world mostly relies on the dual notions of existence and non-existence" and then explains the right view as follows:

99: 3263:

different models and constructs when dealing with the quantum world. Quantum mechanics is the product of a careful application of the

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that things proceed in a merely probabilistically determinative way. In actuality, they proceed in an absolutely deterministic way.

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probabilities discovered in quantum mechanics do nevertheless arise from measurement (of the perceived path of the particle). As

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dictating all events in history: "everything that happens has been predestined to happen by an omniscient, omnipotent divinity."

1125:

who determines all that humans will do. This may be accomplished through either foreknowledge of their actions, achieved through

931:, or the view that events are not deterministically caused but rather occur due to chance. Determinism is often contrasted with 11208: 1105:

determinism. Fatalism is the idea that everything is fated to happen, resulting in humans having no control over their future.

892: 9103: 209: 13467: 13387: 13362: 13241: 13121: 12724: 12312: 11823: 11005: 10173: 9890: 7097: 7013: 6721: 6487: 6458: 6341: 6022: 5333: 4986: 4266: 4228: 4195: 4159: 3048:; i.e., those who still haven't achieved enlightenment. Therefore, Buddhism perceives free will as a notion belonging to the 3949:

Leibniz presents a clear case of a philosopher who does not think that predeterminism requires universal causal determinism.

1007:

Many philosophical theories of determinism frame themselves with the idea that reality follows a sort of predetermined path.

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to the status of the motive factor of the universe and the sole agent of all phenomenal change. This is quite clear in our

4509: 4434: 2772: 1449:, with structural determinists lamenting structural factors for the prevalence of racism in these countries. Additionally, 4921:

Though Moses Maimonides was not arguing against the existence of God, but rather for the incompatibility between the full

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Werndl, Charlotte (2009). "Are Deterministic Descriptions and Indeterministic Descriptions Observationally Equivalent?".

5946: 5731: 5056: 4945:, edited, annotated, and translated with an Introduction by Joseph I. Gorfinkle, pp. 99–100. (New York: AMS Press), 1966. 1564: 1312: 14027: 13979: 13612: 12998: 12751: 11884: 11632: 9968: 9923: 7672: 6955: 6680: 6307: 6275: 4324: 4082: 3779: 3725: 3703: 3538: 1090:

explained that human beings are "determined" by their bodies and are subject to its passions, impulses, and instincts.

1084:. Biological determinism is the idea that all human behaviors, beliefs, and desires are fixed by human genetic nature. 8729: 1396:

attributes primacy to economic structure over politics in the development of human history. It is associated with the

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unless libertarian free will is assumed to be denied as a consequence—or that the weaker version does not constitute

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principle that denies all mere possibility and maintains that there is only one possible way for the world to exist.

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proposes that language determines (or at least limits) the things that humans can think and say and thus know. The

568: 542: 2609: 13642: 13622: 13335: 13080: 12788: 12783: 12756: 12505: 10955: 10057: 9775: 9316: 7338: 924: 763: 699: 404: 8924: 6001:(2009). "Free Will, Physics, Biology and the Brain". In Murphy, Nancy; Ellis, George; O'Connor, Timothy (eds.). 3173:

by the step before and therefore allows sensory input from observational data to determine what conclusions the

1976:, the ebb and flow of favorable and unfavorable conditions suggests the path of least resistance is effortless ( 14099: 13900: 13860: 13815: 13522: 13345: 12915: 12852: 12675: 11842: 11743: 9928: 9342: 8502: 4294: 2025:

The views on the interaction of karma and free will are numerous, and diverge from each other. For example, in

927:, determinism focuses on particular events rather than the future as a concept. The opposite of determinism is 811: 672: 277: 3084:

given various possible reactions to the problem in the first place. Many biologists do not grant determinism:

13972: 13657: 13637: 13574: 13025: 12894: 12835: 10811: 10721: 10696: 10607: 10029: 7916: 7501: 6404:

Jabs, Arthur (2016). "A conjecture concerning determinism, reduction, and measurement in quantum mechanics".

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have rigorous rules in which no information (such as cards' face-values) is hidden from either player and no

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to the first recorded Western debate over determinism and freedom, an issue that is known in theology as the

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is the theory that a society's technology drives the development of its social structure and cultural values.

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Garris, M.D.; et al. (1992). "A Platform for Evolving Genetic Automata for Text Segmentation (GNATS)".

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scriptures of ancient India. The predetermined fate of all sentient beings and the impossibility to achieve

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of particles (where the laws of quantum mechanics asymptotically approach the laws of classical mechanics).

13820: 13592: 13412: 13035: 13003: 12911: 12365: 12358: 11682: 11140: 10246: 10039: 9670: 9434: 9321: 9226: 8874: 7591: 7299: 5186: 3647: 3476: 3089: 2810: 2692: 2276: 2152: 1500: 537: 31: 17: 4339: 1276:. In other words, the modern deterministic theories attempt to explain how the interaction of both nature 14066: 13632: 12867: 12217: 12192: 12177: 11677: 11583: 11493: 11015: 9647: 9125: 8839: 7468: 7056: 6772: 5251: 4314:

Augustine's Conversion from Traditional Free Choice to "Non-free Free Will": A Comprehensive Methodology

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In the West, some elements of determinism have been expressed in Greece from the 6th century BCE by the

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Immaterial souls exist and exert a non-deterministic causal influence on bodies (traditional free-will,

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involves the idea that all behavior can be traced to specific causes—either environmental or reflexive.

1025:. Although sometimes called scientific determinism, the term is a misnomer for nomological determinism. 13527: 13397: 13377: 13156: 12901: 11201: 11120: 10586: 10201: 10019: 9988: 8992: 8661: 7967: 7743: 7331: 5100: 4364: 3400: 2996: 2923: 1956: 1243: 667: 475: 7377: 4403: 3818: 2722: 2707: 1496: 1076:

is also frequently used in the context of biology and heredity, in which case it represents a form of

13947: 13918: 13805: 13719: 13627: 13602: 13427: 13392: 13168: 12390: 12370: 12278: 12274: 12197: 11889: 11818: 11619: 11611: 11508: 11353: 10856: 10691: 10311: 10166: 9883: 9831: 9689: 9566: 9198: 7410: 7400: 7165: 7155: 7135: 7090: 5528:, and they justified this in terms of its practice being just as determined by fate as anything else. 4389: 3457: 3280: 3247: 3037: 2947: 2915: 2800: 2093:. The oldest descriptions of the Ājīvika fatalists and their founder Gosāla can be found both in the 1697: 1407: 1390:

argues that individuals experience the world based on the grammatical structures they habitually use.

1373: 1328: 955: 783: 289: 6857: 6384: 6064: 5960: 5891: 13840: 13724: 13597: 13417: 13350: 13212: 13185: 13040: 12815: 12778: 12395: 12035: 12020: 12009: 11986: 11780: 11692: 11588: 11553: 11313: 11130: 11065: 9805: 9734: 9621: 9301: 8864: 8114: 7954: 7951: 7677: 7511: 7496: 7225: 7203: 6805: 5191: 5091: 4148:

Anne Lockyer Jordan; Anne Lockyer Jordan Neil Lockyer Edwin Tate; Neil Lockyer; Edwin Tate (2004).

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can mean that humans must act according to reason, but it can also be synonymous with some sort of

1295:, is the idea that each of human behaviors, beliefs, and desires are fixed by human genetic nature. 842: 837: 726: 711: 166: 5680: 5246: 3803: 3319: 2574: 14004: 13845: 13711: 13537: 13517: 13507: 13322: 13302: 13173: 13161: 13151: 13008: 12740: 12633: 12380: 12375: 12348: 12283: 12237: 12232: 12167: 12060: 11760: 11593: 11469: 11403: 11225: 10995: 10925: 10806: 10591: 10271: 9856: 9427: 8879: 8820: 8773: 8631: 8594: 7962: 7877: 7867: 7791: 7657: 7629: 7170: 7048: 6619: 6328: 5672: 5617: 5612: 5547: 4653: 4356: 3313:

development is at least as predictable as the classical motion, but the key is that it describes

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introduced this thesis, when arguments that free will is required for moral judgments, as such:

1380:. The latter is the view that humans will always act according to their perceived best interest. 13962: 13957: 13932: 13880: 13875: 13715: 13707: 13698: 13693: 13662: 13554: 13340: 13277: 13030: 12949: 12588: 12578: 11996: 11922: 11879: 11707: 11627: 10867: 10761: 10741: 10618: 10546: 10491: 10414: 10196: 9951: 9943: 9795: 9012: 8944: 8024: 7862: 7440: 7415: 7405: 7279: 7150: 7145: 7120: 6852: 6800: 6059: 5955: 4549:"Structural determinism as hindrance to teachers' learning: Implications for teacher education" 3668: 3419: 3362: 3334: 3207: 2970: 2884: 2831: 2579: 2311: 2291: 1760: 1383: 1352: 1344: 1288: 1077: 1044:

claimed there are no uncaused events and that everything occurs for a reason and by necessity.

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That something else should have been done instead implies that there was something else to do.

1325:, is the nurture-focused theory that the culture in which we are raised determines who we are. 1140:

is a form of determinism that holds that all events that happen are either preordained (i.e.,

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Another Buddhist concept which many scholars perceive to be deterministic is the doctrine of

2862:. In traditional Buddhist philosophy, this concept is used to explain the functioning of the 2534: 2464: 1518: 1387: 1269: 1227: 1222:

is one of determined probabilities. That is, quantum effects rarely alter the predictions of

1207: 857: 816: 721: 687: 512: 504: 490: 445: 270: 255: 119: 104: 6765:(2007) "Aspects of Determinism in Modern Physics" in Butterfield, J., and Earman, J., eds., 6293: 3581: 3295: 3012:

Some Western scholars argue that the concept of non-self necessarily disproves the ideas of

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to occur given its omniscience. Two forms of theological determinism exist, referred to as

847: 741: 634: 480: 361: 342: 228: 30:

This article is about the general notion of determinism in philosophy. For other uses, see

11333: 5522:, we just have to hope that all will go well with us. But the Ajivikas were committed to 3582:"Determinism, Counterpredictive Devices, and the Impossibility of Laplacean Intelligences" 3045: 3041: 8: 14009: 13774: 13559: 13477: 13018: 12962: 12889: 12480: 12162: 12055: 12030: 12015: 11944: 11795: 11790: 11770: 11672: 11657: 11652: 11453: 10945: 10781: 10746: 10726: 10681: 10496: 10486: 10456: 10140: 9780: 9699: 9506: 9501: 9461: 9407: 9362: 9352: 9311: 9259: 9244: 9173: 9153: 9135: 8967: 8934: 8795: 8782: 8589: 8386: 8297: 8252: 8158: 8044: 7857: 7705: 7140: 6987: 6362: 5938: 5740: 5665:"Just Another Word for Nothing Left to Lose: Freedom, Agency, and Ethics for Mādhyamikas" 5563: 5061: 4973:"Are Health Fatalism and Styles of Coping with Stress Affected by Poverty? A Field Study" 4654:"Free Will, Determinism and the 'Problem' of Structure and Agency in the Social Sciences" 3415: 3284: 3238: 3203: 3029: 2823: 2804: 2727: 2336: 2331: 2160: 1898: 1871: 1733: 1721: 1713: 1223: 1203: 1087: 806: 748: 736: 731: 547: 351: 306: 260: 193: 173: 124: 109: 10661: 8119: 7029: 6838:"Dynamical evolutionary psychology: Individual decision rules and emergent social norms" 6830:

Of Liberty and Necessity: The Free Will Debate in Eighteenth-Century British Philosophy.

6796: 6645: 6547: 6202: 6045:"Dynamical evolutionary psychology: Individual decision rules and emergent social norms" 6014: 5011: 4972: 4525: 4510:"Neo-Environmental Determinism, Intellectual Damage Control, and Nature/Society Science" 4098: 4040: 3905: 14104: 13967: 13810: 13800: 13769: 13564: 13512: 13422: 13372: 13231: 13190: 13106: 13013: 12993: 12847: 12825: 12820: 12628: 12583: 12470: 12293: 12114: 11949: 11939: 11448: 11238: 11135: 11125: 10895: 10885: 10389: 10301: 10086: 9719: 9357: 9326: 9306: 9254: 9236: 9211: 9206: 9158: 9145: 9112: 9007: 8909: 8844: 8800: 8744: 8584: 8413: 8307: 8215: 8019: 7898: 7889: 7852: 7847: 7753: 7748: 7725: 7644: 7458: 7385: 7160: 6921: 6878: 6631: 6533: 6431: 6413: 6214: 6188: 6085: 5783: 5224: 5204: 5120: 5112: 5024: 4822: 4797: 4683: 4627: 4485: 4460: 4052: 3940: 3875: 3187: 3145: 3127:, the interaction of just four simple rules creates patterns that seem somehow "alive". 3097: 3021: 2879: 2384: 2366: 2361: 2301: 2208: 1944: 1876: 1705: 1462: 1322: 1210:

can be ignored for most macroscopic events. Random quantum events "average out" in the

1190: 1022: 1018: 793: 682: 622: 599: 465: 371: 331: 326: 311: 301: 294: 245: 240: 218: 156: 6985:'s assertion that God does not play dice with the universe has been misinterpreted)", 5722: 1802:

and early Christian thought were instrumental in this development. Jewish philosopher

1626:

That there was something else to do, implies that something else could have been done.

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Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Far Western Philosophy of Education Society

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should not have been done implies that something else should have been done instead.

13259: 13200: 12989: 12932: 12658: 12613: 12593: 12129: 12119: 12102: 11775: 11727: 11662: 11413: 11388: 11348: 11263: 10801: 10786: 10766: 10566: 10378: 10321: 10135: 10100: 10047: 9980: 9765: 9760: 9591: 9347: 9281: 9271: 8972: 8919: 8869: 8849: 8810: 8805: 8646: 8574: 8292: 8203: 8094: 8066: 8051: 8014: 7720: 7700: 7667: 7572: 7534: 7289: 7284: 7264: 7244: 7213: 6913: 6862: 6810: 6649: 6592: 6551: 6423: 6206: 6069: 5965: 5903: 5676: 5319: 5315: 5264: 5208: 5104: 5006: 4990: 4817: 4809: 4740:". It is a significant problem which philosophers have not reached agreement about. 4673: 4665: 4619: 4583: 4529: 4480: 4472: 4411: 4044: 4013: 3909: 3874:

Hooft, G. (2001). "How does god play dice? (Pre-)determinism at the Planck scale".

3767: 3593: 3411: 3351: 3199: 2687: 2529: 2419: 2346: 2003: 1799: 1574: 1504: 1425: 1234:, then, would be "adequately determined" (even in light of quantum indeterminacy). 1033: 677: 607: 366: 282: 13131: 11548: 7043: 6653: 2549: 2213: 1315:, contends that the physical world impacts and sets constraints on human behavior. 13999: 13890: 13855: 13764: 13652: 13546: 13502: 13482: 13355: 13071: 13050: 12805: 12648: 12608: 12530: 12485: 12322: 12227: 12212: 12187: 12001: 11981: 11667: 11533: 11528: 11423: 11378: 11258: 10915: 10846: 10831: 10751: 10731: 10706: 10516: 10326: 10261: 10130: 9053: 9022: 8987: 8952: 8830: 8681: 8579: 8537: 8448: 8436: 8421: 8396: 8371: 8141: 8009: 8004: 7921: 7906: 7579: 7463: 7060: 6995: 6982: 6391: 6376: 5726: 5599: 5595: 5051: 4878: 4256: 4216: 4183: 4149: 3962: 3528: 3430: 3358: 3309: 3258:

Quantum physics works differently in many ways from Newtonian physics. Physicist

3233:—the physics of the extremely small—has revealed previously concealed aspects of 2751: 2732: 2717: 2657: 2564: 2281: 2098: 2054: 1725: 1681: 1499:

hold that free will is incompatible with both determinism and indeterminism, the

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has arbitrary power, and does not necessarily follow any causal or deterministic

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Deterministic Versus Indeterministic Descriptions: Not That Different After All?

6210: 3555: 3283:. The uncertainty principle actually describes how precisely we may measure the 2888: 2855: 2454: 2316: 2183: 13492: 13472: 13382: 13075: 12967: 12842: 12699: 12568: 12428: 12067: 11976: 11443: 11438: 11428: 11338: 11303: 11293: 11268: 11243: 11233: 11045: 10826: 10816: 10671: 10656: 10601: 10372: 10231: 10120: 10105: 10072: 9739: 9729: 9709: 8962: 8957: 8825: 8790: 8722: 8696: 8532: 8381: 8320: 8233: 8076: 7972: 7715: 7395: 7274: 7070: 6889: 6752: 5591: 5138: 3771: 3501: 3241:—the physics of everyday life—dominated. Taken in isolation (rather than as an 3073: 3000: 2961: 2677: 2652: 2637: 2504: 2094: 1888:

and when interactions at the atomic scale are studied. Before the discovery of

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that determinism does hold and free will does not exist. The Dutch philosopher

1442: 1302: 1231: 1211: 1141: 1118: 1052: 768: 460: 46: 42: 9606: 8403: 8178: 6866: 6596: 6427: 6379:

insisted that, "I am convinced God does not play dice" in a private letter to

6073: 5969: 5907: 5511: 5324: 5268: 4994: 4959: 4750: 4623: 3913: 2931: 2863: 2850:) are necessarily caused by some other phenomenon, which it can be said to be 2198: 2123: 2110: 1995: 14088: 13994: 13937: 13927: 13487: 13307: 13267: 13263: 13254: 13097: 13066: 13055: 13045: 12972: 12874: 12768: 12618: 12553: 12525: 12453: 12182: 12097: 11558: 11498: 11463: 11398: 11373: 11368: 11328: 11298: 11115: 10841: 10791: 10756: 10736: 10716: 10281: 9017: 8929: 8859: 8601: 8391: 8325: 8282: 8151: 7776: 7562: 7544: 7269: 7259: 7065: 7005: 6978: 6714:

Beyond Measure: Modern Physics, Philosophy, and the Meaning of Quantum Theory

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Stochastic Differential Equations: Selected Applications in Continuum Physics

5998: 5915: 5847: 5756: 5748: 5581: 5480: 5464: 5396: 5343: 5276: 5220: 5002: 4906: 4669: 4461:"Firing up the nature/nurture controversy: Bioethics and genetic determinism" 4415: 3605: 3434: 3314: 3242: 3190:

of physical systems are deterministic. This is true of most models involving

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One concept which is argued to support a hard determinism is the doctrine of

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Although some of the above forms of determinism concern human behaviors and

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of this heterodox school of Indian philosophy, annoverated among the other

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Immaterial souls exist, but exert no causal influence, free or determined (

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10.1002/(sici)1099-0526(199905/06)4:5<41::aid-cplx9>3.0.co;2-f

6783:

Epstein, J.M. (1999). "Agent Based Models and Generative Social Science".

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to acquire more information without violating the uncertainty principle).

2814: 2459: 13835: 13779: 13617: 13402: 13101: 12920: 12653: 12638: 12623: 12603: 12520: 12448: 12265: 12242: 12207: 12157: 12087: 12040: 11927: 11917: 11722: 11578: 11568: 11513: 11488: 11433: 11408: 11393: 11363: 11343: 11318: 11248: 10851: 10771: 10701: 10651: 10429: 10357: 10336: 10291: 10256: 10182: 10115: 9993: 9899: 9826: 9770: 9744: 9581: 9561: 9471: 9043: 8982: 8854: 8834: 8739: 8676: 8636: 8616: 8542: 8173: 8109: 7801: 7786: 7662: 7652: 7601: 7506: 6762: 6237:. In: A. Hieke and H. Leitgeb (eds), "Reduction, Abstraction, Analysis", 5939:"On Indeterminism, Chaos, and Small Number Particle Systems in the Brain" 5892:"On indeterminism, chaos, and small number particle systems in the brain" 5586:

The fundamental principle of Ājīvika philosophy was Fate, usually called

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The Structure of Science: Problems in the Logic of Scientific Explanation

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That something else could have been done implies that there is free will.

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Epstein J.M. (1999) "Agent Based Models and Generative Social Science".

3944: 3931:

Borst, C. (1992). "Leibniz and the Compatibilist Account of Free Will".

3758:

McKewan, Jaclyn (2009). "Evolution, Chemical". In H. James Birx" (ed.).

13870: 13865: 13582: 13317: 12857: 12540: 12269: 12260: 12247: 11991: 11954: 11732: 11712: 11563: 11538: 11503: 11358: 11323: 11308: 11283: 11253: 10985: 10711: 10676: 10626: 10511: 10409: 10296: 10221: 10024: 9586: 9541: 9521: 9516: 8889: 8717: 8666: 8656: 8527: 8431: 8376: 8183: 8163: 8029: 7796: 7710: 7539: 7486: 7450: 7354: 7220: 6925: 6153: 5524: 5228: 5158: 5116: 4849: 4678: 4605:"Critical Race Theory and Education: History, Theory, and Implications" 3880: 3461: 3449: 3323: 3272: 3234: 3195: 3140: 2988: 2957: 2887:

associate dependent arising with the fundamental Buddhist doctrines of

2697: 2594: 2474: 2414: 2351: 2326: 2296: 2223: 1803: 1775: 1729: 1701: 1665: 1658: 1145: 960: 916: 646: 592: 435: 66: 12694: 4048: 2444: 13532: 12307: 11900: 11687: 11145: 11110: 11090: 10636: 10521: 10451: 10404: 10367: 10306: 10236: 10082: 10067: 9963: 9836: 9639: 9601: 9576: 9546: 9536: 9526: 8904: 8899: 8759: 8686: 8621: 8492: 8426: 8238: 8228: 8223: 8198: 7994: 7554: 7516: 7254: 7186: 5866:"Buddhist Hard Determinism: No Self, No Free Will, No Responsibility" 5484: 5400: 5356:

House, H. Wayne. 1991. "Resurrection, Reincarnation, and Humanness."

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Sukumar, C.V. (1996). "A new paradigm for science and architecture".

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Quantum Chance: Nonlocality, Teleportation and Other Quantum Marvels

5212: 4001: 3689: 3448:

In his 1939 address "The Relation between Mathematics and Physics"

2306: 1003: 74: 13984: 13744: 13449: 12327: 12045: 11543: 11085: 10646: 10501: 10276: 10241: 10062: 9821: 9785: 9714: 9571: 9466: 8734: 8641: 8606: 8564: 8552: 8340: 8134: 8034: 7977: 7781: 7735: 7619: 7249: 7208: 6636: 6538: 6380: 6239:

Proceedings of the 31st International Ludwig Wittgenstein-Symposium

5436: 3673:

Arguments for Incompatibilism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

3288: 3113: 2746: 2647: 2489: 2479: 2404: 2394: 2341: 2258: 2218: 2070: 2058: 2019: 2007: 1948: 1914: 1783: 1759:

comprised a wholly separate conception of determinism that was not

1680:. Some of the main philosophers who have dealt with this issue are 1677: 1602: 1601:

Another topic of debate is the implication that determinism has on

1557: 1503:

that determinism does not hold, and free will might exist, and the

1457:

within the context of structural determinism as well. For example,

1098: 971:

Determinism may commonly refer to any of the following viewpoints.

920: 773: 470: 38: 6418: 6193: 5846:

Kaccānagottasutta SN 12.15 SN ii 16, translated by Bhikkhu Sujato

5698: 5506:

are fatalistic. For example, the Ajivika school argued that fate (

4933:, his argument is considered by some as affected by modal fallacy. 4895:

The Inadvertent Conception and Late Birth of the Free-Will Problem

4390:

https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/qm-manyworlds

3764:

Encyclopedia of Time: Science, Philosophy, Theology, & Culture

3502:"Determinism | Definition, Philosophers, & Facts | Britannica" 2544: 2524: 2519: 1525:

The standard argument against free will, according to philosopher

13885: 12025: 11523: 10935: 10641: 10571: 10541: 10506: 10441: 10399: 10384: 10251: 9556: 9486: 9476: 9419: 8361: 8335: 8330: 8272: 8267: 8099: 7987: 7982: 7941: 7763: 7609: 7491: 7230: 5556:

History and Doctrines of the Ājīvikas, a Vanished Indian Religion

3685: 3033: 2939: 2927: 2856:

fundamentally "empty" or devoid of any intrinsic, eternal essence

2599: 2243: 2015: 2011: 1968: 1926: 1782:. The first notions of determinism appears to originate with the 1570:

Immaterial souls exist but are part of a deterministic framework.

1513: 1450: 1359:, although his status as an environmental determinist is debated. 1152: 1106: 4286: 3406:

Another foundational assumption to quantum mechanics is that of

1017:

events. Nomological determinism is sometimes illustrated by the

12092: 11637: 11186: 10531: 10481: 10394: 10266: 9616: 9531: 9496: 9450: 8626: 8547: 8277: 7936: 7926: 7624: 7526: 7030:

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Causal Determinism

6716:. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. p. 203. 6302:]. Leipzig: Hirzel/University of Chicago Press. p. 4. 5517: 5476: 5392: 5311: 5307: 3350:

will make its contribution (although, there may be ways to use

3347: 3338: 2966: 2919: 2907: 2896: 2843: 2509: 2499: 2484: 2424: 2248: 2168: 2143: 2102: 1981: 1973: 1910: 1649:

Determinism was developed by the Greek philosophers during the

1218:

explains a similar idea: he says that the microscopic world of

417: 10151: 9868: 7075: 5415:

The Ājīvikas' doctrinal signature was indubitably the idea of

3163: 3080:. It is unclear what implications this has for the problem of 3044:, which is considered to be "real" or "true" by those who are 11737: 11383: 11036:

Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments

10631: 10581: 9724: 9491: 8442: 8104: 7390: 7323: 7053: 6900:, 1966, John Wiley and Sons, vol. I, chapter IV, section III. 6823:

Growing Artificial Societies – Social Science from the Bottom

6482:. Switzerland: Sringer International Publishing. p. 90. 6276:"Struggling with quantum logic: Q&A with Aaron O'Connell" 6123:

Growing Artificial Societies – Social Science from the Bottom

5622: 5559: 4943:

The Eight Chapters of Maimonides on Ethics (Semonah Perakhim)

4404:"Q&A: Gerard 't Hooft on the future of quantum mechanics" 4316:

in the series Studien und Texte zu Antike und Christentum 111

3530:

Freewill and Determinism: A Study of Rival Conceptions of Man

3327: 3268: 3174: 3132: 2871: 2642: 2514: 2494: 2079: 1990: 1148: 422: 27:

Philosophical view that events are determined by prior events

6451:

Dance of the Photons: From Einstein to Quantum Teleportation

5034:

a response to overwhelming threats that seem uncontrollable.

1166:

Strong theological determinism is based on the concept of a

11971: 10576: 10556: 10551: 10476: 10434: 10419: 9684: 6256:

Stochastic Partial Differential Equations: Six Perspectives

5420: 4572:"An introduction to some of the ideas of Humberto Maturana" 3967:. Far Western Philosophy of Education Society. p. 12. 2066: 1922: 1546: 1542: 2057:(around 500 BCE), otherwise referred to as "Ājīvikism" in 1491:

is, in some sense, compatible with determinism. The three

8287: 5427:), the doctrine of predetermined concurrence of factors ( 4458: 3663: 3661: 2253: 1122: 1110: 1101:

is normally distinguished from determinism, as a form of

4261:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 21. 3641: 3639: 3637: 3445:—a thought experiment used as part of a deeper debate). 3388:" that plugged all known sources of error and the 2017 " 1268:, others frame themselves as an answer to the debate on 10976:

A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge

6904:

Ernest Nagel (3 March 1960). "Determinism in history".

5391:. Routledge Advances in Jaina Studies (1st ed.). 4964: 4798:"Adaptation, teleology, and selection by consequences" 4757:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2022. 4103:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2016. 3675:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2018. 3658: 3617: 3615: 1961:

interpretations of astral configurations and phenomena

1584:

Immaterial souls do not exist – there is no mind–body

5890:

Lewis, Edwin R.; Macgregor, Ronald J. (1 June 2006).

4910:

A Free Will: Origins of the Notion in Ancient Thought

4784:

Radical Behaviorism: The Philosophy & The Science

4319:. Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 273–298. 4254: 4214: 3743:

Leucippus, Fragment 569 – from Fr. 2 Actius I, 25, 4.

3696:

The Big Questions: A Short Introduction to Philosophy

3634: 3092:, by making arguments based on generative processes ( 7044:

Philosopher Ted Honderich's Determinism web resource

6466:

free decision what measurement one wants to perform.

6453:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 261. 6003:

Downward Causation and the Neurobiology of Free Will

5936: 5669:

Free Will, Agency, and Selfhood in Indian Philosophy

3961:

Far Western Philosophy of Education Society (1971).

3425:

More advanced variations on these arguments include

3088:, for instance, argues against it, and in favour of 3050:

illusory belief in the unchanging self or personhood

935:, although some philosophers claim that the two are 6991:, vol. 313, no. 3 (September 2015), pp. 88–93. 6181:

Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics

5784:"Dependent Origination: The Twelve Links Explained" 4117:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 3612: 3475:, above) is the reason that Stephen Hawking called 6581:"XI.—The Relation between Mathematics and Physics" 6519: 5447:, or 'the propounders of the doctrine of destiny'. 4770:The Powers of Rational Beings: Freedom of the Will 3213: 5667:. In Dasti, Matthew R.; Bryant, Edwin F. (eds.). 5658: 5240: 5238: 4223:. Vol. 1. Macmillan Reference. p. 217. 3046:ignorant about the nature of metaphysical reality 1870:Determinism in the West is often associated with 1632:If there is no free will to have done other than 14086: 6350: 5737:Center for the Study of Language and Information 5716: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5389:Early Asceticism in India: Ājīvikism and Jainism 5297: 5295: 5293: 5066:Center for the Study of Language and Information 3714:"§V: Alternative descriptions of physical state" 3056: 1986:philosophical schools of the Indian Subcontinent 1280:nurture is entirely predictable. The concept of 7001:Determined: A Science of Life Without Free Will 6835: 6325: 6042: 5859: 5857: 5855: 4755:Free Will (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) 4718:J. J. C. Smart, "Free-Will, Praise and Blame," 3698:(8th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 232. 3690:Robert C. Solomon; Kathleen M. Higgins (2009). 3333:On the topic of predictable probabilities, the 3076:are influenced by quantum indeterminism due to 3042:illusory or false reality of the material world 2073:or determinism, which negates the existence of 6937: 6836:Kenrick, D. T.; Li, N. P.; Butner, J. (2003). 6282: 6043:Kenrick, D. T.; Li, N. P.; Butner, J. (2003). 5889: 5811:The University Press of Hawaii, 1975, page 78. 5809:Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism. 5542: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5235: 5203:on behalf of the Sage School of Philosophy at 5131: 4248: 4141: 4091: 3766:. Sage Publications, Inc. pp. 1035–1036. 2117:) was the major distinctive philosophical and 2006:hold this belief to some degree, most notably 1937:religions, philosophy, music, and literature. 1343:. Key proponents of this notion have included 979:Causal determinism, sometimes synonymous with 12725: 11850: 11202: 10167: 9884: 9850:The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time 9655: 9435: 7339: 7315: 7091: 6942:. In Sahotra Sarkar; Jessica Pfeifer (eds.). 6585:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 6506:BBC Radio interview with Paul Davies, 1985: " 5705: 5635: 5290: 4208: 4154:(OCR ed.). Nelson Thornes. p. 211. 3845:"Some Varieties of Free Will and Determinism" 3414:, and is defended by some physicists such as 3156:is wary of such models, and coined the term " 3131:As an illustration, the strategy board-games 2780: 1363: 1284:has been helpful in making this distinction. 1259: 1230:) at larger scales. Something as large as an 1202:Adequate determinism is the idea, because of 951:represent the opposing sides of this debate. 893: 569: 6903: 6406:Quantum Studies: Mathematics and Foundations 6326:Hawking, Stephen; Mlodinow, Leonard (2010). 5852: 5304:Vedic Cosmology and Ethics: Selected Studies 5079: 4026: 3711: 3710:Another view of determinism is discussed by 3553: 3036:, which can only be truly understood by the 954:Determinism should not be confused with the 12739: 6295:Physikalische Prinzipien der Quantentheorie 5533: 5452: 5382: 5365: 5306:. Gonda Indological Studies. Vol. 19. 5179: 4970: 4960:https://www.sfu.ca/philosophy/physical-law/ 4882:Determinism and Freedom in Stoic Philosophy 4767: 4452: 4438:. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 374. 4175: 4136:Free-Will and Predestination in Early Islam 3954: 3720:(2nd ed.). Hackett. pp. 285–292. 3164:Compatibility with the existence of science 2127:movements that emerged in India during the 1596: 1592:explanation for intuitions to the contrary. 1309:developed this nurture-focused determinism. 12732: 12718: 11857: 11843: 11209: 11195: 10174: 10160: 9891: 9877: 9662: 9648: 9442: 9428: 7346: 7332: 7098: 7084: 6520:Hossenfelder, Sabine; Palmer, Tim (2020). 6321: 6319: 6288: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6038: 6036: 6034: 5848:https://suttacentral.net/sn12.15/en/sujato 4958:. Chapter 10: "Free Will and Determinism" 4936: 4342:, "Adequate Determinism", from the site: " 3753: 3751: 3749: 3200:sensitive dependence on initial conditions 3028:. Buddhism perceives reality occurring on 2932:eternal cycle of birth, death, and rebirth 2864:eternal cycle of birth, death, and rebirth 2787: 2773: 2111:eternal cycle of birth, death, and rebirth 1996:eternal cycle of birth, death, and rebirth 1254: 900: 886: 576: 562: 12513: 12476:Relationship between religion and science 11864: 6896:, English translation by G. M. Temmer of 6856: 6804: 6635: 6620:"Review of the no-boundary wave function" 6555: 6537: 6448: 6417: 6192: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6063: 5959: 5681:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199922734.003.0008 5558:. Lala L. S. Jain Series (1st ed.). 5323: 5245:al-Abbasi, Abeer Abdullah (August 2020). 5244: 5137: 5010: 4821: 4677: 4651: 4587: 4484: 4072: 3930: 3879: 3873: 3380:criticized Einstein's work in his famous 3229:Since the beginning of the 20th century, 2083:, and is therefore considered one of the 1858:Learn how and when to remove this message 1552:A number of positions can be delineated: 1226:, which are quite accurate (albeit still 13896:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance 6994: 6906:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 6103: 6101: 6099: 5824:, pp. 192-197. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 5720: 5662: 5301: 5089:(October 2003). "On Fate and Fatalism". 4292: 3645: 3556:"Determinism – Explanation and examples" 3526: 3294: 3118: 1955:) alongside a fearful consideration for 1441:and other Western countries such as the 1002: 6782: 6707: 6617: 6316: 6258:, American Mathematical Society (1998) 6254:, in: R.A. Carmona, B. Rozovskii (ed.) 6128: 6031: 5863: 5475:. Routledge Key Guides (1st ed.). 5247:"The Arabsʾ Visions of the Upper Realm" 5085: 4569: 4401: 4299:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4181: 4107: 3891: 3757: 3746: 3652:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3628:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3519: 3061: 2938:). Sentient beings are composed of the 2918:involves one realizing that neither in 1947:used to profess a widespread belief in 1636:we cannot make the moral judgment that 14: 14087: 9669: 7049:Determinism on Information Philosopher 6666: 6178: 6110: 5630:, was likewise without cause or basis. 5546: 5463: 5362:148 (590). Retrieved 29 November 2013. 5185: 4795: 4546: 4507: 4311: 3999: 3679: 3621: 3579: 3181: 3096:). Other proponents of emergentist or 1957:the sky and the stars as divine beings 1810: 13388:Psychological effects of Internet use 12713: 11838: 11190: 11006:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics 10155: 9872: 9643: 9423: 9085: 7827: 7365: 7327: 7314: 7079: 6946:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 197 6775:(2005) "Physics and the Real World", 6669:"Chaos, Indeterminism, and Free Will" 6578: 6477: 6358:"What is Quantum Mechanics Good For?" 6300:Physical Principles of Quantum Theory 6096: 5937:Lewis, E.R.; MacGregor, R.J. (2006). 5781: 5602:was a rigid determinist, who exalted 5431:), the doctrine of intrinsic nature ( 4987:Tehran University of Medical Sciences 4428: 4190:. Taylor & Francis. p. 194. 4029:Science of Artificial Neural Networks 3218: 2981:views of mind-body relation). In the 1940:The ancient Arabs that inhabited the 1556:Immaterial souls are all that exist ( 1495:positions deny this possibility. The 11106:Interpretations of quantum mechanics 11026:The World as Will and Representation 7197:Correlation does not imply causation 7066:Determinism and Free Will in Judaism 6403: 5997: 5991: 5385:"Determinism, Ājīvikas, and Jainism" 5045: 4971:Durmaz, H.; Çapik, C. (March 2023). 4802:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 4641:from the original on 19 August 2020. 4602: 4435:Quantum Theory: Concepts and Methods 4363:(Emphasis in original, discussing a 4221:Encyclopedia of Science and Religion 4128: 2928:several, constantly changing factors 2870:); all thoughts and actions exert a 2004:major religions originating in India 1904: 1814: 1766: 1453:have conceptualized the writings of 1129:or by predetermining their actions. 13368:Digital media use and mental health 6821:Epstein, J.M. and Axtell R. (1996) 5947:Journal of Integrative Neuroscience 5896:Journal of Integrative Neuroscience 5840: 5827: 5732:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5723:"The Theory of Two Truths in Tibet" 5616:. Sin and suffering, attributed by 5057:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5039: 4553:Proceedings of PME-33 and PME-NA-20 4258:Key Terms in Philosophy of Religion 3022:Buddhist conception of the universe 1064:independent of causal determinism. 1028: 24: 12999:Automatic and controlled processes 9924:Novikov self-consistency principle 9449: 7039:Dictionary of the History of Ideas 6972: 6710:"Complementarity and Entanglement" 6121:Epstein J.M. and Axtell R. (1996) 5473:Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy 4459:Inmaculada de Melo-Martín (2005). 4151:Philosophy of Religion for A Level 3527:Franklin, Richard Langdon (1968). 2946:): matter, sensation, perception, 2874:that attaches to the individual's 1830:tone or style may not reflect the 25: 14116: 13408:Smartphones and pedestrian safety 12496:Sociology of scientific knowledge 12491:Sociology of scientific ignorance 12444:History and philosophy of science 7023: 5987:from the original on 8 June 2011. 5837:p. 192. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 4658:Philosophy of the Social Sciences 4402:Melinda, Baldwin (11 July 2017). 3580:Ismael, Jenann (1 October 2019). 1755:or selectionistic determinism of 1472: 1113:. Types of fatalism include hard 1047: 543:Social and political philosophers 14059: 14046: 14034: 14033: 13433:Mobile phones and driving safety 12693: 12681: 11216: 11169: 11159: 11158: 9934:Quantum mechanics of time travel 9914:Chronology protection conjecture 9403: 9402: 9389: 7192:Proximate and ultimate causation 6673:The Oxford Handbook of Free Will 5763:from the original on 28 May 2022 5735:. The Metaphysics Research Lab, 4978:Iranian Journal of Public Health 4534:10.1046/j.1467-8330.2003.00354.x 3554:Conceptually (20 January 2019). 3279:is frequently confused with the 3277:Heisenberg uncertainty principle 3253: 2756: 2745: 2167: 2142: 2053:school of philosophy founded by 1840:guide to writing better articles 1819: 1608:Philosopher and incompatibilist 1532: 606: 87: 73: 13336:Computer-mediated communication 10956:Meditations on First Philosophy 10181: 9898: 7105: 6746: 6701: 6660: 6618:Lehners, Jean-Luc (June 2023). 6611: 6572: 6513: 6500: 6471: 6442: 6397: 6370: 6268: 6244: 6225: 6172: 6160: 6146: 5930: 5883: 5814: 5801: 5775: 5721:Thakchoe, Sonam (Summer 2022). 5435:), occasionally also linked to 5350: 4948: 4915: 4900: 4887: 4872: 4855: 4838: 4789: 4776: 4761: 4743: 4725: 4712: 4703: 4694: 4645: 4612:Review of Research in Education 4596: 4563: 4540: 4501: 4422: 4395: 4379: 4370: 4350: 4333: 4305: 4295:"Arguments for Incompatibilism" 4066: 3974: 3924: 3866: 3837: 3788: 3669:"Arguments for Incompatibilism" 3214:Quantum and classical mechanics 13613:Empathising–systemising theory 12916:female intrasexual competition 12853:Evolutionarily stable strategy 11885:Analytic–synthetic distinction 11633:Analytic–synthetic distinction 7353: 7071:Snooker, Pool, and Determinism 7054:The Society of Natural Science 6944:The Philosophy of Science: A–M 4255:Raymond J. VanArragon (2010). 4215:Wentzel Van Huyssteen (2003). 4188:Dictionary of World Philosophy 4115:God, Foreknowledge and Freedom 3737: 3573: 3547: 3494: 3472: 2878:, which will manifest through 1237: 1132: 1011: 673:Collectively exhaustive events 13: 1: 13973:Standard social science model 13026:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis 10030:Parallel universes in fiction 9086: 6767:Philosophy of Physics, Part B 6654:10.1016/j.physrep.2023.06.002 6522:"Rethinking Superdeterminism" 5788:Tricycle: The Buddhist Review 4073:Nietzsche, Friedrich (1974). 3482: 3225:Macroscopic quantum phenomena 3057:Modern scientific perspective 2965:of "extreme" views (such as " 1929:has been articulated in both 1537:Some determinists argue that 1414: 1067: 13821:Missing heritability problem 13413:Social aspects of television 13036:Evolution of nervous systems 13004:Computational theory of mind 11141:Philosophy of space and time 10040:Philosophy of space and time 8875:Ordinary language philosophy 7366: 7300:Libertarianism (metaphysics) 6168:Conjectures and rRefutations 6154:"John Conway's Game of Life" 5439:, and the doctrine of fate ( 5189:(January 1962). "Fatalism". 4297:. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). 4182:Iannone, Abel Pablo (2001). 4113:Fischer, John Martin (1989) 4002:"Freedom and psycho-genesis" 3650:. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). 3626:. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). 3322:, and allow people to build 2950:, and consciousness. In the 2940:five aggregates of existence 2811:Four stages of enlightenment 2277:Buddhist logico-epistemology 1751:Mecca Chiesa notes that the 966: 919:view that all events in the 32:Determinism (disambiguation) 7: 14067:Evolutionary biology portal 12218:Hypothetico-deductive model 12193:Deductive-nomological model 12178:Constructivist epistemology 11678:Internalism and externalism 11016:The Phenomenology of Spirit 8925:Contemporary utilitarianism 8840:Internalism and externalism 6981:, "Is the Cosmos Random? ( 6769:. North Holland: 1369–1434. 6211:10.1016/j.shpsb.2009.06.004 5383:Balcerowicz, Piotr (2016). 5252:Marburg Journal of Religion 4956:The Concept of Physical Law 4768:van Inwagen, Peter (2009). 4340:The Information Philosopher 3692:"Free will and determinism" 3533:. Routledge & K. Paul. 2885:Tibetan Buddhist scriptures 2134: 1872:Newtonian mechanics/physics 1197: 1093: 10: 14121: 14028:Evolutionary psychologists 13901:Trivers–Willard hypothesis 13816:Human–animal communication 13528:Ovulatory shift hypothesis 13378:Imprinted brain hypothesis 13346:Human–computer interaction 10020:Many-worlds interpretation 9907:General terms and concepts 8189:Svatantrika and Prasangika 7828: 6667:Bishop, Robert C. (2011). 6231:Werndl, Charlotte (2009). 6125:. Cambridge MA, MIT Press. 5873:Journal of Buddhist Ethics 5512:cycle of birth and rebirth 5101:University of Hawaii Press 5046:Rice, Hugh (Winter 2018). 4365:many worlds interpretation 3986:Merriam-Webster Dictionary 3823:Collins English Dictionary 3772:10.4135/9781412963961.n191 3471:Adequate determinism (see 3222: 3065: 2808: 2798: 2312:Interdependent origination 2089:or "heterodox" schools of 2040: 1945:before the advent of Islam 1708:(Paul Heinrich Dietrich), 1644: 1640:should not have been done. 1476: 1364:Determinism and prediction 1260:Nature/nurture controversy 1244:many-worlds interpretation 1057:chain of prior occurrences 36: 29: 14022: 13948:Environmental determinism 13919:Cultural selection theory 13911: 13806:Evolutionary epistemology 13793: 13720:evolutionary neuroscience 13682: 13675: 13573: 13448: 13393:Rank theory of depression 13316: 13240: 13142: 12948: 12941: 12895:Parent–offspring conflict 12804: 12747: 12672: 12504: 12406: 12336: 12279:Semantic view of theories 12198:Epistemological anarchism 12150: 12135:dependent and independent 11872: 11804: 11753: 11602: 11509:Evolutionary epistemology 11479: 11224: 11154: 11078: 10877: 10617: 10345: 10189: 10081: 10038: 10002: 9979: 9942: 9906: 9832:Post hoc ergo propter hoc 9814: 9753: 9690:A priori and a posteriori 9677: 9457: 9383: 9335: 9235: 9197: 9144: 9111: 9102: 9098: 9081: 9031: 8943: 8781: 8772: 8705: 8488: 8479: 8457: 8412: 8354: 8306: 8260: 8251: 8214: 8085: 7950: 7897: 7888: 7838: 7834: 7823: 7762: 7734: 7691: 7643: 7600: 7553: 7525: 7477: 7449: 7411:Philosophy of mathematics 7401:Philosophy of information 7376: 7372: 7361: 7321: 7316:Links to related articles 7179: 7113: 6867:10.1037/0033-295x.110.1.3 6671:. In Kane, Robert (ed.). 6597:10.1017/S0370164600012207 6449:Zeilinger, Anton (2010). 6428:10.1007/s40509-016-0077-7 6074:10.1037/0033-295x.110.1.3 5970:10.1142/S0219635206001112 5908:10.1142/S0219635206001112 5864:Repetti, Ricardo (2012). 5833:Choong, Mun-keat (2000). 5820:Choong, Mun-keat (2000). 5663:Garfield, Jay L. (2014). 5502:Some of the teachings of 5325:10.1163/9789004400139_002 5269:10.17192/mjr.2020.22.8301 4995:10.18502/ijph.v52i3.12140 4722:, July 1961, pp. 293–294. 4624:10.3102/0091732X022001195 4576:Journal of Family Therapy 4465:Journal of Medical Ethics 4217:"Theological determinism" 4138:. London: Luzac & Co. 3914:10.1080/13604819608900044 3646:Eshleman, Andrew (2009). 2801:Enlightenment in Buddhism 1663:Pre-socratic philosophers 1408:Technological determinism 1374:Psychological determinism 1337:geographical determinism, 1329:Environmental determinism 1163:theological determinism. 974: 963:be practically possible. 290:Middle Eastern philosophy 13841:Cultural group selection 13725:Biocultural anthropology 13418:Societal impacts of cars 13351:Media naturalness theory 13041:Fight-or-flight response 12021:Intertheoretic reduction 12010:Ignoramus et ignorabimus 11987:Functional contextualism 11781:Philosophy of perception 11584:Representational realism 11554:Naturalized epistemology 11131:Philosophy of psychology 11066:Simulacra and Simulation 9929:Self-fulfilling prophecy 9735:Multiple time dimensions 7204:Contingency (philosophy) 6828:Harris, James A. (2005) 6708:Baggott, Jim E. (2004). 6579:Dirac, P. A. M. (1940). 6385:Albert Einstein Archives 5192:The Philosophical Review 5151:: Spinoza and Nietzsche" 5092:Philosophy East and West 4884:(Oxford 1998) chapter 1. 4670:10.1177/0048393118814952 4508:Andrew, Sluyter (2003). 4416:10.1063/PT.6.4.20170711a 4312:Wilson, Kenneth (2018). 4293:Vihvelin, Kadri (2011). 4134:Watt, Montgomery (1948) 3487: 2842:, which states that all 2819:Three marks of existence 2069:") doctrine of absolute 1909:Throughout history, the 1788:Alexander of Aphrodisias 1616:The moral judgment that 1597:With ethics and morality 1487:refers to the view that 1439:United States of America 843:Law of total probability 838:Conditional independence 727:Exponential distribution 712:Probability distribution 37:Not to be confused with 14041:Evolutionary psychology 14005:Sociocultural evolution 13846:Dual inheritance theory 13303:Personality development 12764:Theoretical foundations 12741:Evolutionary psychology 12506:Philosophers of science 12284:Scientific essentialism 12233:Model-dependent realism 12168:Constructive empiricism 12061:Evidence-based practice 11761:Outline of epistemology 11594:Transcendental idealism 10996:Critique of Pure Reason 9857:An Experiment with Time 8880:Postanalytic philosophy 8821:Experimental philosophy 7059:26 January 2021 at the 6938:John T Roberts (2006). 6557:10.3389/fphy.2020.00139 6478:Gisin, Nicolas (2014). 5673:Oxford University Press 5671:. Oxford and New York: 4589:10.1046/j..1988.00323.x 4477:10.1136/jme.2004.008417 4301:(Spring 2011 ed.). 4100:SEP, Causal Determinism 3851:. philosophy.lander.edu 3654:(Winter 2009 ed.). 3630:(Winter 2009 ed.). 3346:pattern any individual 3337:are a popular example. 3335:double-slit experiments 3246:But whereas in theory, 3206:and a finite amount of 3170:philosophers of science 3116:entity does not exist. 3106:evolutionary psychology 2930:which bind them to the 2916:attaining enlightenment 2713:Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo 2379:Pre-modern philosophers 2287:Buddhism and psychology 1921:subject to the will of 1398:dialectical materialism 1255:Philosophical varieties 1180:theological determinism 1176:theological determinism 1138:Theological determinism 1115:theological determinism 822:Conditional probability 51:Theological determinism 13963:Social constructionism 13958:Psychological nativism 13933:Biological determinism 13881:Recent human evolution 13876:Punctuated equilibrium 13699:Behavioral epigenetics 13694:evolutionary economics 13663:Variability hypothesis 13608:Emotional intelligence 13341:Engineering psychology 13031:Evolution of the brain 12589:Alfred North Whitehead 12579:Charles Sanders Peirce 11708:Problem of other minds 10587:Type–token distinction 10415:Hypostatic abstraction 10197:Abstract object theory 10093:closed timelike curves 9944:Time travel in fiction 9796:Growing block universe 9013:Social constructionism 8025:Hellenistic philosophy 7441:Theoretical philosophy 7416:Philosophy of religion 7406:Philosophy of language 7280:Metaphysical necessity 7035:Determinism in History 6390:19 August 2010 at the 4954:Swartz, Norman (2003) 4814:10.1901/jeab.1993.60-3 4796:Ringen, J. D. (1993). 4077:. Vintage. p. 7. 3988:. Merriam-Webster, Inc 3849:Philosophy 302: Ethics 3802:. 2010. Archived from 3648:"Moral Responsibility" 3300: 3192:differential equations 3128: 3010: 2292:Buddhist vegetarianism 1565:interactionist dualism 1388:Sapir–Whorf hypothesis 1384:Linguistic determinism 1353:Thomas Griffith Taylor 1345:Ellen Churchill Semple 1341:behavioral determinism 1289:Biological determinism 1212:limit of large numbers 1078:biological determinism 1008: 993: 981:historical determinism 764:Continuous or discrete 717:Bernoulli distribution 513:Aesthetic philosophers 14100:Metaphysical theories 13990:Multilineal evolution 13953:Nature versus nurture 13912:Theoretical positions 13760:Functional psychology 13755:Evolutionary medicine 13730:Biological psychiatry 13438:Texting while driving 13428:Lead–crime hypothesis 13288:Cognitive development 13273:Caregiver deprivation 12784:Gene selection theory 12688:Philosophy portal 12439:Hard and soft science 12434:Faith and rationality 12303:Scientific skepticism 12083:Scientific Revolution 11866:Philosophy of science 11786:Philosophy of science 11766:Faith and rationality 11648:Descriptive knowledge 11519:Feminist epistemology 11459:Nicholas Wolterstorff 11176:Philosophy portal 11056:Being and Nothingness 10472:Mental representation 10141:Traversable wormholes 9919:Closed timelike curve 9843:The Unreality of Time 9695:A series and B series 9396:Philosophy portal 8915:Scientific skepticism 8895:Reformed epistemology 7421:Philosophy of science 7295:Uncertainty principle 5552:"Chapter XII: Niyati" 5261:University of Marburg 5201:Duke University Press 5109:10.1353/pew.2003.0047 4897:(Phronesis 43, 1998). 4782:Chiesa, Mecca (2004) 4652:Pleasants, N (2019). 4570:Leyland, M.L (1988). 4000:Ormond, A.T. (1894). 3712:Ernest Nagel (1999). 3622:Hoefer, Carl (2008). 3598:10.1093/monist/onz021 3477:libertarian free will 3460:between Einstein and 3458:Bohr–Einstein debates 3427:quantum contextuality 3397:Principle of locality 3305:statistical mechanics 3298: 3223:Further information: 3204:numerical instability 3125:Conway's Game of Life 3122: 3098:generative philosophy 3090:libertarian free will 3024:allows for a form of 3005: 2832:dependent origination 2809:Further information: 2763:Philosophy portal 2465:Dharmapala of Nalanda 2119:metaphysical doctrine 1549:of conscious beings. 1497:hard incompatibilists 1369:perfect predictions. 1228:not perfectly certain 1208:quantum indeterminacy 1006: 989: 722:Binomial distribution 94:Philosophy portal 13943:Cultural determinism 13750:Evolutionary biology 13735:Cognitive psychology 13683:Academic disciplines 13331:Cognitive ergonomics 13298:Language acquisition 13278:Childhood attachment 13091:Wason selection task 12985:Behavioral modernity 12774:Cognitive revolution 12757:Evolutionary thought 12414:Criticism of science 12289:Scientific formalism 12173:Constructive realism 12078:Scientific pluralism 12051:Problem of induction 11718:Procedural knowledge 11703:Problem of induction 11101:Feminist metaphysics 9952:Timelines in fiction 9597:Religious naturalism 8816:Critical rationalism 8523:Edo neo-Confucianism 8367:Acintya bheda abheda 8346:Renaissance humanism 8057:School of the Sextii 7431:Practical philosophy 7426:Political philosophy 7236:Deterministic system 6966:Psychological Review 6845:Psychological Review 6526:Frontiers in Physics 6250:J. Glimm, D. Sharp, 6052:Psychological Review 5675:. pp. 172–185. 5566:. pp. 224–238. 5403:. pp. 136–174. 4006:Psychological Review 3624:"Causal Determinism" 3479:"just an illusion". 3062:Generative processes 3030:two different levels 3018:moral responsibility 2840:early Buddhist texts 2628:Anagarika Dharmapala 1974:philosophical Taoism 1919:deterministic system 1792:paradox of free will 1736:and, more recently, 1710:Pierre-Simon Laplace 1676:, and mainly by the 1394:Economic determinism 1378:psychological egoism 1349:Ellsworth Huntington 1319:Cultural determinism 1313:Cultural materialism 1274:single-cause fallacy 848:Law of large numbers 817:Marginal probability 742:Poisson distribution 591:Part of a series on 538:Philosophers of mind 14010:Unilineal evolution 13775:Population genetics 13560:Sexy son hypothesis 13498:Hormonal motivation 13478:Concealed ovulation 13019:Dual process theory 12890:Parental investment 12481:Rhetoric of science 12419:Descriptive science 12163:Confirmation holism 12056:Scientific evidence 12016:Inductive reasoning 11945:Demarcation problem 11796:Virtue epistemology 11791:Social epistemology 11771:Formal epistemology 11658:Epistemic injustice 11653:Exploratory thought 11454:Ludwig Wittgenstein 10946:Daneshnameh-ye Alai 10457:Linguistic modality 9989:Grandfather paradox 9781:Four-dimensionalism 8387:Nimbarka Sampradaya 8298:Korean Confucianism 8045:Academic Skepticism 6996:Sapolsky, Robert M. 6988:Scientific American 6898:Mécanique Quantique 6797:1999Cmplx...4e..41E 6646:2023PhR..1022....1L 6548:2020FrP.....8..139P 6383:, 4 December 1926, 6363:Scientific American 6203:2009SHPMP..40..232W 6015:2009dcnf.book.....M 5879:: 136–137, 143–145. 5782:Goldstein, Joseph. 5741:Stanford University 5598:sources agree that 5564:Motilal Banarsidass 5510:) governs both the 5155:The Other Nietzsche 5062:Stanford University 4526:2003Antip..35..813S 4041:1992SPIE.1710..714G 3906:1996City....1..181S 3806:on 4 September 2012 3800:Oxford Dictionaries 3416:Sabine Hossenfelder 3401:Bohm interpretation 3292:atomic processes." 3188:mathematical models 3182:Mathematical models 2995:12.15, parallel at 2824:Buddhist philosophy 2805:Two truths doctrine 2752:Religion portal 2622:Modern philosophers 2332:Two truths doctrine 2161:Buddhist philosophy 2129:Second urbanization 2059:Western scholarship 1899:classical pantheism 1811:Newtonian mechanics 1734:Ralph Waldo Emerson 1722:Friedrich Nietzsche 1714:Arthur Schopenhauer 1293:genetic determinism 1291:, sometimes called 1224:classical mechanics 1204:quantum decoherence 1121:, where there is a 1088:Friedrich Nietzsche 1082:genetic determinism 1080:, sometimes called 807:Complementary event 749:Probability measure 737:Pareto distribution 732:Normal distribution 548:Women in philosophy 278:Indigenous American 61:Part of a series on 13968:Social determinism 13851:Fisher's principle 13811:Great ape language 13801:Cultural evolution 13770:Philosophy of mind 13603:Division of labour 13565:Westermarck effect 13513:Mating preferences 13423:Distracted driving 13157:Literary criticism 13014:Domain specificity 12994:modularity of mind 12700:Science portal 12629:Carl Gustav Hempel 12584:Wilhelm Windelband 12471:Questionable cause 12294:Scientific realism 12115:Underdetermination 11950:Empirical evidence 11940:Creative synthesis 11449:Timothy Williamson 11239:Augustine of Hippo 11136:Philosophy of self 11126:Philosophy of mind 10390:Embodied cognition 10302:Scientific realism 10087:general relativity 10010:Alternative future 10003:Parallel timelines 9981:Temporal paradoxes 9957:in science fiction 9671:Philosophy of time 9008:Post-structuralism 8910:Scientific realism 8865:Quinean naturalism 8845:Logical positivism 8801:Analytical Marxism 8020:Peripatetic school 7932:Chinese naturalism 7459:Aesthetic response 7386:Applied philosophy 6290:Heisenberg, Werner 5807:David Kalupahana, 5613:Samaññaphala Sutta 5487:. pp. 80–81. 5205:Cornell University 5161:. pp. 79–81. 5087:Solomon, Robert C. 4929:and genuine human 4547:Proulx, J (2008). 3933:Studia Leibnitiana 3506:www.britannica.com 3466:still no consensus 3386:Loophole Free Test 3301: 3260:Aaron D. O'Connell 3248:absolute knowledge 3219:Day-to-day physics 3146:John Horton Conway 3129: 3102:cognitive sciences 2984:Kaccānagotta Sutta 2385:Moggaliputta-Tissa 2367:Buddhist modernism 1794:. The writings of 1463:structural Marxist 1323:social determinism 1270:nature and nurture 1191:Augustine of Hippo 1019:thought experiment 1009: 956:self-determination 858:Boole's inequality 794:Stochastic process 683:Mutual exclusivity 600:Probability theory 241:Eastern philosophy 14082: 14081: 14076: 14075: 14054:Psychology portal 14018: 14017: 13861:Hologenome theory 13831:Unit of selection 13826:Primate cognition 13740:Cognitive science 13671: 13670: 13542:Sexual attraction 13518:Mating strategies 13283:Cinderella effect 13213:Moral foundations 13117:Visual perception 13009:Domain generality 12978:Facial expression 12926:Sexual dimorphism 12885:Natural selection 12831:Hamiltonian spite 12707: 12706: 12549: 12548: 12461:Normative science 12318:Uniformitarianism 12073:Scientific method 11967:Explanatory power 11832: 11831: 11698:Privileged access 11334:Søren Kierkegaard 11184: 11183: 10363:Category of being 10332:Truthmaker theory 10149: 10148: 10101:Alcubierre metric 10015:Alternate history 9866: 9865: 9637: 9636: 9512:Feminist theology 9417: 9416: 9379: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9371: 9370: 9077: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9069: 9068: 8796:Analytic feminism 8768: 8767: 8730:Kierkegaardianism 8692:Transcendentalism 8652:Neo-scholasticism 8498:Classical Realism 8475: 8474: 8247: 8246: 8062:Neopythagoreanism 7819: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7436:Social philosophy 7308: 7307: 7015:978-0-5255-6097-5 6894:Quantum Mechanics 6759:. Viking Penguin. 6723:978-0-19-852536-3 6489:978-3-319-05472-8 6460:978-0-374-23966-4 6343:978-0-553-80537-6 6024:978-3-642-03204-2 5548:Basham, Arthur L. 5504:Indian philosophy 5359:Bibliotheca Sacra 5335:978-90-04-40013-9 5318:. pp. 3–19. 4738:mind–body problem 4268:978-1-4411-3867-5 4230:978-0-02-865705-9 4197:978-0-415-17995-9 4161:978-0-7487-8078-5 4049:10.1117/12.140132 3525:For example, see 3443:Schrödinger's cat 3365:" that determine 3265:scientific method 3239:Newtonian physics 3231:quantum mechanics 3001:historical Buddha 2962:historical Buddha 2948:mental formations 2836:pratītyasamutpāda 2797: 2796: 2683:K. N. Jayatilleke 2580:Acariya Anuruddha 2091:Indian philosophy 1988:, the concept of 1942:Arabian Peninsula 1905:Eastern tradition 1868: 1867: 1860: 1834:used on Knowledge 1832:encyclopedic tone 1767:Western tradition 1698:Gottfried Leibniz 1610:Peter van Inwagen 1588:, and there is a 1505:hard determinists 1422:Humberto Maturana 1220:quantum mechanics 1144:) to happen by a 910: 909: 812:Joint probability 759:Bernoulli process 658:Probability space 586: 585: 394: 393: 16:(Redirected from 14112: 14063: 14050: 14037: 14036: 13680: 13679: 13676:Related subjects 13463:Adult attachment 12990:Cognitive module 12946: 12945: 12933:Social selection 12907:Costly signaling 12902:Sexual selection 12789:Modern synthesis 12734: 12727: 12720: 12711: 12710: 12698: 12697: 12686: 12685: 12684: 12659:Bas van Fraassen 12614:Hans Reichenbach 12594:Bertrand Russell 12511: 12510: 12337:Philosophy of... 12120:Unity of science 11913:Commensurability 11859: 11852: 11845: 11836: 11835: 11776:Metaepistemology 11754:Related articles 11728:Regress argument 11663:Epistemic virtue 11414:Bertrand Russell 11389:Duncan Pritchard 11349:Hilary Kornblith 11264:Laurence BonJour 11211: 11204: 11197: 11188: 11187: 11174: 11173: 11172: 11162: 11161: 11071: 11061: 11051: 11041: 11031: 11021: 11011: 11001: 10991: 10981: 10971: 10961: 10951: 10941: 10931: 10921: 10911: 10901: 10891: 10567:Substantial form 10379:Cogito, ergo sum 10322:Substance theory 10176: 10169: 10162: 10153: 10152: 10136:van Stockum dust 10048:Butterfly effect 9893: 9886: 9879: 9870: 9869: 9815:Related articles 9766:B-theory of time 9761:A-theory of time 9754:Theories of time 9678:Concepts in time 9664: 9657: 9650: 9641: 9640: 9592:Process theology 9444: 9437: 9430: 9421: 9420: 9406: 9405: 9394: 9393: 9392: 9109: 9108: 9100: 9099: 9083: 9082: 8973:Frankfurt School 8920:Transactionalism 8870:Normative ethics 8850:Legal positivism 8826:Falsificationism 8811:Consequentialism 8806:Communitarianism 8779: 8778: 8647:New Confucianism 8486: 8485: 8293:Neo-Confucianism 8258: 8257: 8067:Second Sophistic 8052:Middle Platonism 7895: 7894: 7836: 7835: 7825: 7824: 7668:Epiphenomenalism 7535:Consequentialism 7469:Institutionalism 7374: 7373: 7363: 7362: 7348: 7341: 7334: 7325: 7324: 7312: 7311: 7290:Superdeterminism 7285:Necessitarianism 7265:Hard determinism 7245:Non-essentialism 7214:Cause (medicine) 7100: 7093: 7086: 7077: 7076: 7019: 6961: 6930:(Online version 6929: 6886: 6860: 6842: 6832:Clarendon Press. 6818: 6808: 6740: 6739: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6639: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6576: 6570: 6569: 6559: 6541: 6517: 6511: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6421: 6401: 6395: 6394:reel 8, item 180 6374: 6368: 6367: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6329:The Grand Design 6323: 6314: 6313: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6272: 6266: 6248: 6242: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6196: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6150: 6144: 6137: 6126: 6119: 6108: 6105: 6094: 6093: 6067: 6049: 6040: 6029: 6028: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5963: 5943: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5870: 5861: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5831: 5825: 5818: 5812: 5805: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5727:Zalta, Edward N. 5718: 5703: 5702: 5660: 5633: 5632: 5544: 5531: 5530: 5461: 5450: 5449: 5380: 5363: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5327: 5316:Brill Publishers 5299: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5242: 5233: 5232: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5052:Zalta, Edward N. 5043: 5037: 5036: 5014: 4968: 4962: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4919: 4913: 4912:(Berkeley 2011). 4904: 4898: 4893:Susanne Bobzien 4891: 4885: 4876: 4870: 4859: 4853: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4825: 4793: 4787: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4747: 4741: 4729: 4723: 4716: 4710: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4681: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4609: 4603:Tate, W (1997). 4600: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4488: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4399: 4393: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4368: 4354: 4348: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4277: 4275: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4239: 4237: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4145: 4139: 4132: 4126: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4024: 4018:10.1037/h0065249 3998:See for example 3997: 3995: 3993: 3982:"Predeterminism" 3978: 3972: 3971: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3900:(1–2): 181–183. 3889: 3883: 3872:See for example 3870: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3819:"Predeterminism" 3815: 3813: 3811: 3796:"Predeterminism" 3792: 3786: 3785: 3755: 3744: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3709: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3665: 3656: 3655: 3643: 3632: 3631: 3619: 3610: 3609: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3560:conceptually.org 3551: 3545: 3544: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3498: 3412:superdeterminism 3390:Cosmic Bell Test 3363:hidden variables 3357:Some (including 3352:weak measurement 3038:enlightened ones 3034:ultimate reality 2973:" ontologies or 2914:). In Buddhism, 2789: 2782: 2775: 2761: 2760: 2759: 2750: 2749: 2688:David Kalupahana 2347:Buddhist atomism 2171: 2146: 2139: 2138: 1913:that the entire 1863: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1843: 1842:for suggestions. 1838:See Knowledge's 1823: 1822: 1815: 1804:Moses Maimonides 1800:middle Platonist 1575:epiphenomenalism 1426:Francisco Varela 1331:, also known as 1117:and the idea of 1034:Necessitarianism 1029:Necessitarianism 902: 895: 888: 678:Elementary event 610: 588: 587: 578: 571: 564: 283:Aztec philosophy 162:Ancient Egyptian 144: 143: 96: 92: 91: 90: 77: 58: 57: 21: 14120: 14119: 14115: 14114: 14113: 14111: 14110: 14109: 14085: 14084: 14083: 14078: 14077: 14072: 14014: 14000:Neoevolutionism 13907: 13891:Species complex 13856:Group selection 13794:Research topics 13789: 13765:Neuropsychology 13667: 13653:Substance abuse 13575:Sex differences 13569: 13483:Coolidge effect 13444: 13356:Neuroergonomics 13321: 13312: 13236: 13138: 13072:Folk psychology 12953: 12937: 12807: 12800: 12743: 12738: 12708: 12703: 12692: 12682: 12680: 12668: 12649:Paul Feyerabend 12609:Michael Polanyi 12545: 12531:Galileo Galilei 12500: 12486:Science studies 12402: 12332: 12323:Verificationism 12228:Instrumentalism 12213:Foundationalism 12188:Conventionalism 12146: 11982:Feminist method 11868: 11863: 11833: 11828: 11800: 11749: 11668:Gettier problem 11598: 11529:Foundationalism 11475: 11424:Wilfrid Sellars 11379:Alvin Plantinga 11259:George Berkeley 11226:Epistemologists 11220: 11215: 11185: 11180: 11170: 11168: 11150: 11074: 11069: 11059: 11049: 11039: 11029: 11019: 11009: 10999: 10989: 10979: 10969: 10959: 10949: 10939: 10929: 10919: 10916:De rerum natura 10909: 10899: 10889: 10873: 10613: 10517:Physical object 10353:Abstract object 10341: 10327:Theory of forms 10262:Meaning of life 10185: 10180: 10150: 10145: 10131:Tipler cylinder 10090: 10077: 10034: 9998: 9975: 9938: 9902: 9897: 9867: 9862: 9810: 9749: 9673: 9668: 9638: 9633: 9453: 9448: 9418: 9413: 9390: 9388: 9367: 9331: 9231: 9193: 9140: 9094: 9093: 9065: 9054:Russian cosmism 9027: 9023:Western Marxism 8988:New Historicism 8953:Critical theory 8939: 8935:Wittgensteinian 8831:Foundationalism 8764: 8701: 8682:Social contract 8538:Foundationalism 8471: 8453: 8437:Illuminationism 8422:Aristotelianism 8408: 8397:Vishishtadvaita 8350: 8302: 8243: 8210: 8081: 8010:Megarian school 8005:Eretrian school 7946: 7907:Agriculturalism 7884: 7830: 7811: 7758: 7730: 7687: 7639: 7596: 7580:Incompatibilism 7549: 7521: 7473: 7445: 7368: 7357: 7352: 7317: 7309: 7304: 7175: 7109: 7104: 7061:Wayback Machine 7026: 7016: 6975: 6973:Further reading 6958: 6918:10.2307/2105051 6858:10.1.1.526.5218 6840: 6757:Freedom Evolves 6749: 6744: 6743: 6724: 6706: 6702: 6683: 6665: 6661: 6624:Physics Reports 6616: 6612: 6577: 6573: 6518: 6514: 6505: 6501: 6490: 6476: 6472: 6461: 6447: 6443: 6402: 6398: 6392:Wayback Machine 6377:Albert Einstein 6375: 6371: 6356: 6355: 6351: 6344: 6324: 6317: 6310: 6287: 6283: 6274: 6273: 6269: 6249: 6245: 6241:. Ontos, 63–78. 6230: 6226: 6177: 6173: 6165: 6161: 6152: 6151: 6147: 6138: 6129: 6120: 6111: 6106: 6097: 6065:10.1.1.526.5218 6047: 6041: 6032: 6025: 5996: 5992: 5984: 5961:10.1.1.361.7065 5941: 5935: 5931: 5888: 5884: 5868: 5862: 5853: 5845: 5841: 5832: 5828: 5819: 5815: 5806: 5802: 5792: 5790: 5780: 5776: 5766: 5764: 5719: 5706: 5691: 5661: 5636: 5620:to the laws of 5608:locus classicus 5574: 5545: 5534: 5495: 5462: 5453: 5411: 5381: 5366: 5355: 5351: 5336: 5300: 5291: 5281: 5279: 5243: 5236: 5213:10.2307/2183681 5187:Taylor, Richard 5184: 5180: 5169: 5139:Stambaugh, Joan 5136: 5132: 5084: 5080: 5070: 5068: 5044: 5040: 4969: 4965: 4953: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4920: 4916: 4905: 4901: 4892: 4888: 4879:Susanne Bobzien 4877: 4873: 4860: 4856: 4843: 4839: 4794: 4790: 4781: 4777: 4766: 4762: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4730: 4726: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4607: 4601: 4597: 4568: 4564: 4545: 4541: 4506: 4502: 4457: 4453: 4446: 4427: 4423: 4400: 4396: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4355: 4351: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4310: 4306: 4291: 4287: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4253: 4249: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4213: 4209: 4198: 4180: 4176: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4146: 4142: 4133: 4129: 4112: 4108: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4075:The Gay Science 4071: 4067: 3991: 3989: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3959: 3955: 3929: 3925: 3871: 3867: 3854: 3852: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3817: 3809: 3807: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3756: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3728: 3706: 3684: 3680: 3667: 3666: 3659: 3644: 3635: 3620: 3613: 3578: 3574: 3564: 3562: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3524: 3520: 3510: 3508: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3431:Simon B. Kochen 3359:Albert Einstein 3310:Stephen Hawking 3281:observer effect 3256: 3237:. Before that, 3227: 3221: 3216: 3184: 3166: 3074:nervous systems 3070: 3064: 3059: 2953:Saṃyutta Nikāya 2924:sentient beings 2860:are impermanent 2821: 2807: 2799:Main articles: 2793: 2757: 2755: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2733:14th Dalai Lama 2718:Jamgon Kongtrul 2708:Thích Nhất Hạnh 2658:Keiji Nishitani 2623: 2615: 2614: 2565:Abhayakaragupta 2380: 2372: 2371: 2282:Buddhist ethics 2272: 2264: 2263: 2179: 2137: 2131:(600–200 BCE). 2055:Makkhali Gosāla 2043: 1907: 1877:Laplace's demon 1864: 1853: 1847: 1844: 1837: 1828:This section's 1824: 1820: 1813: 1769: 1726:Albert Einstein 1706:Baron d'Holbach 1682:Marcus Aurelius 1647: 1599: 1535: 1493:incompatibilist 1481: 1475: 1459:Louis Althusser 1434:individualistic 1417: 1366: 1262: 1257: 1240: 1216:Stephen Hawking 1200: 1135: 1096: 1070: 1050: 1031: 1023:Laplace's demon 1014: 985:path dependence 977: 969: 949:incompatibilism 906: 754:Random variable 705:Bernoulli trial 582: 553: 552: 518:Epistemologists 508: 507: 496: 495: 432: 408: 407: 396: 395: 141: 140: 129: 88: 86: 85: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14118: 14108: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14080: 14079: 14074: 14073: 14071: 14070: 14057: 14044: 14031: 14023: 14020: 14019: 14016: 14015: 14013: 14012: 14007: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13987: 13982: 13977: 13976: 13975: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13921: 13915: 13913: 13909: 13908: 13906: 13905: 13904: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13828: 13823: 13818: 13813: 13808: 13803: 13797: 13795: 13791: 13790: 13788: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13705: 13696: 13686: 13684: 13677: 13673: 13672: 13669: 13668: 13666: 13665: 13660: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13590: 13585: 13579: 13577: 13571: 13570: 13568: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13544: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13485: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13454: 13452: 13446: 13445: 13443: 13442: 13441: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13383:Mind-blindness 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13359: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13327: 13325: 13314: 13313: 13311: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13257: 13252: 13246: 13244: 13238: 13237: 13235: 13234: 13229: 13228: 13227: 13217: 13216: 13215: 13205: 13204: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13183: 13178: 13177: 13176: 13166: 13165: 13164: 13159: 13148: 13146: 13140: 13139: 13137: 13136: 13135: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13095: 13094: 13093: 13088: 13078: 13076:theory of mind 13069: 13060: 13059: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13022: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13006: 13001: 12987: 12982: 12981: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12959: 12957: 12943: 12939: 12938: 12936: 12935: 12930: 12929: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12909: 12899: 12898: 12897: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12871: 12870: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12845: 12843:Baldwin effect 12840: 12839: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12818: 12812: 12810: 12802: 12801: 12799: 12798: 12793: 12792: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12761: 12760: 12759: 12748: 12745: 12744: 12737: 12736: 12729: 12722: 12714: 12705: 12704: 12702: 12690: 12678: 12673: 12670: 12669: 12667: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12634:W. V. O. Quine 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12569:Rudolf Steiner 12566: 12561: 12559:Henri Poincaré 12556: 12550: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12517: 12515: 12508: 12502: 12501: 12499: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12457: 12456: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12429:Exact sciences 12426: 12421: 12416: 12410: 12408: 12407:Related topics 12404: 12403: 12401: 12400: 12399: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12366:Social science 12363: 12362: 12361: 12359:Space and time 12351: 12346: 12340: 12338: 12334: 12333: 12331: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12272: 12263: 12258: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12154: 12152: 12148: 12147: 12145: 12144: 12139: 12138: 12137: 12132: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12111: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12068:Scientific law 12065: 12064: 12063: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12006: 12005: 12004: 11999: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11977:Falsifiability 11974: 11969: 11964: 11963: 11962: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11936: 11935: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11909: 11908: 11906:Mill's Methods 11898: 11887: 11882: 11876: 11874: 11870: 11869: 11862: 11861: 11854: 11847: 11839: 11830: 11829: 11827: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11805: 11802: 11801: 11799: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11757: 11755: 11751: 11750: 11748: 11747: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11617: 11608: 11606: 11600: 11599: 11597: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11494:Constructivism 11491: 11485: 11483: 11477: 11476: 11474: 11473: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11444:Baruch Spinoza 11441: 11439:P. F. Strawson 11436: 11431: 11429:Susanna Siegel 11426: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11404:W. V. O. Quine 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11304:Nelson Goodman 11301: 11296: 11294:Edmund Gettier 11291: 11286: 11281: 11279:René Descartes 11276: 11271: 11269:Gilles Deleuze 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11244:William Alston 11241: 11236: 11234:Thomas Aquinas 11230: 11228: 11222: 11221: 11214: 11213: 11206: 11199: 11191: 11182: 11181: 11179: 11178: 11166: 11155: 11152: 11151: 11149: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11082: 11080: 11079:Related topics 11076: 11075: 11073: 11072: 11062: 11052: 11046:Being and Time 11042: 11032: 11022: 11012: 11002: 10992: 10982: 10972: 10962: 10952: 10942: 10932: 10922: 10912: 10902: 10892: 10881: 10879: 10875: 10874: 10872: 10871: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10623: 10621: 10619:Metaphysicians 10615: 10614: 10612: 10611: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10438: 10437: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10375: 10373:Causal closure 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10349: 10347: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10247:Libertarianism 10244: 10239: 10234: 10232:Existentialism 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10193: 10191: 10187: 10186: 10179: 10178: 10171: 10164: 10156: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10121:Krasnikov tube 10118: 10113: 10108: 10106:BTZ black hole 10103: 10097: 10095: 10079: 10078: 10076: 10075: 10073:Predestination 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10044: 10042: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10006: 10004: 10000: 9999: 9997: 9996: 9991: 9985: 9983: 9977: 9976: 9974: 9973: 9972: 9971: 9961: 9960: 9959: 9948: 9946: 9940: 9939: 9937: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9910: 9908: 9904: 9903: 9896: 9895: 9888: 9881: 9873: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9860: 9853: 9846: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9818: 9816: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9757: 9755: 9751: 9750: 9748: 9747: 9742: 9740:Temporal parts 9737: 9732: 9730:Imaginary time 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9710:Eternal return 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9681: 9679: 9675: 9674: 9667: 9666: 9659: 9652: 9644: 9635: 9634: 9632: 9631: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9458: 9455: 9454: 9451:Belief systems 9447: 9446: 9439: 9432: 9424: 9415: 9414: 9412: 9411: 9399: 9384: 9381: 9380: 9377: 9376: 9373: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9339: 9337: 9333: 9332: 9330: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9263: 9262: 9252: 9247: 9241: 9239: 9233: 9232: 9230: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9203: 9201: 9199:Middle Eastern 9195: 9194: 9192: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9150: 9148: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9117: 9115: 9106: 9096: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9087: 9079: 9078: 9075: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9063: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9035: 9033: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8963:Existentialism 8960: 8958:Deconstruction 8955: 8949: 8947: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8791:Applied ethics 8787: 8785: 8776: 8770: 8769: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8762: 8757: 8755:Nietzscheanism 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8726: 8725: 8715: 8709: 8707: 8703: 8702: 8700: 8699: 8697:Utilitarianism 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8598: 8597: 8595:Transcendental 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8562: 8561: 8560: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8533:Existentialism 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8489: 8483: 8477: 8476: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8469: 8463: 8461: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8451: 8446: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8418: 8416: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8406: 8401: 8400: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8358: 8356: 8352: 8351: 8349: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8321:Augustinianism 8318: 8312: 8310: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8264: 8262: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8245: 8244: 8242: 8241: 8236: 8234:Zoroastrianism 8231: 8226: 8220: 8218: 8212: 8211: 8209: 8208: 8207: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8156: 8155: 8154: 8149: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8091: 8089: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8079: 8077:Church Fathers 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8048: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7991: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7959: 7957: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7903: 7901: 7892: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7882: 7881: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7850: 7844: 7842: 7832: 7831: 7821: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7768: 7766: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7740: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7697: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7649: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7606: 7604: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7594: 7592:Libertarianism 7589: 7588: 7587: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7565: 7559: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7531: 7529: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7483: 7481: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7455: 7453: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7396:Metaphilosophy 7393: 7388: 7382: 7380: 7370: 7369: 7359: 7358: 7351: 7350: 7343: 7336: 7328: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7275:Predeterminism 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7217: 7216: 7206: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7194: 7183: 7181: 7180:Related topics 7177: 7176: 7174: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7117: 7115: 7111: 7110: 7103: 7102: 7095: 7088: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7032: 7025: 7024:External links 7022: 7021: 7020: 7014: 6992: 6974: 6971: 6970: 6969: 6962: 6957:978-0415977098 6956: 6935: 6912:(3): 291–317. 6901: 6890:Albert Messiah 6887: 6833: 6826: 6819: 6806:10.1.1.118.546 6780: 6770: 6760: 6753:Daniel Dennett 6748: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6722: 6700: 6682:978-0195399691 6681: 6659: 6610: 6571: 6512: 6499: 6488: 6470: 6459: 6441: 6412:(4): 279–292. 6396: 6369: 6349: 6342: 6315: 6309:978-0486601137 6308: 6281: 6278:. 2 June 2011. 6267: 6243: 6224: 6187:(3): 232–242. 6171: 6159: 6145: 6127: 6109: 6095: 6030: 6023: 5999:Koch, Christof 5990: 5954:(2): 223–247. 5929: 5902:(2): 223–247. 5882: 5851: 5839: 5826: 5813: 5800: 5774: 5704: 5689: 5634: 5572: 5532: 5493: 5467:, ed. (1999). 5465:Leaman, Oliver 5451: 5409: 5364: 5349: 5334: 5289: 5234: 5178: 5167: 5130: 5078: 5038: 4963: 4947: 4935: 4925:by God of his 4914: 4899: 4886: 4871: 4854: 4837: 4788: 4775: 4760: 4742: 4724: 4711: 4702: 4693: 4644: 4595: 4582:(4): 357–374. 4562: 4539: 4520:(4): 813–817. 4500: 4471:(9): 526–530. 4451: 4444: 4421: 4410:. No. 7. 4394: 4378: 4369: 4349: 4332: 4326:978-3161557538 4325: 4304: 4285: 4267: 4247: 4229: 4207: 4196: 4174: 4160: 4140: 4127: 4106: 4090: 4084:978-0394719856 4083: 4065: 4012:(3): 217–229. 3973: 3953: 3923: 3881:hep-th/0104219 3865: 3836: 3787: 3781:978-1412941648 3780: 3760:Predeterminism 3745: 3736: 3727:978-0915144716 3726: 3705:978-0495595151 3704: 3678: 3657: 3633: 3611: 3592:(4): 478–498. 3572: 3546: 3540:978-0710031570 3539: 3518: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3382:Bell's theorem 3315:wave functions 3303:This is where 3255: 3252: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3183: 3180: 3165: 3162: 3066:Main article: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 2922:nor any other 2858:and therefore 2795: 2794: 2792: 2791: 2784: 2777: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2740: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2728:Gendün Chöphel 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2678:Mahasi Sayadaw 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2653:Kitaro Nishida 2650: 2645: 2640: 2638:B. R. Ambedkar 2635: 2630: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2560:Ratnākaraśānti 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2505:Guifeng Zongmi 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2390:Katyāyāniputra 2387: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2164: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2148: 2147: 2136: 2133: 2042: 2039: 1906: 1903: 1886:speed of light 1866: 1865: 1827: 1825: 1818: 1812: 1809: 1768: 1765: 1746:Daniel Dennett 1694:Baruch Spinoza 1646: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1582: 1571: 1568: 1561: 1534: 1531: 1527:J. J. C. Smart 1509:Baruch Spinoza 1477:Main article: 1474: 1473:With free will 1471: 1443:United Kingdom 1416: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1405: 1391: 1381: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1326: 1316: 1310: 1303:John B. Watson 1296: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1239: 1236: 1199: 1196: 1134: 1131: 1119:predestination 1095: 1092: 1074:predeterminism 1069: 1066: 1053:Predeterminism 1049: 1048:Predeterminism 1046: 1030: 1027: 1013: 1010: 976: 973: 968: 965: 908: 907: 905: 904: 897: 890: 882: 879: 878: 877: 876: 871: 863: 862: 861: 860: 855: 853:Bayes' theorem 850: 845: 840: 835: 827: 826: 825: 824: 819: 814: 809: 801: 800: 799: 798: 797: 796: 791: 786: 784:Observed value 781: 776: 771: 769:Expected value 766: 761: 751: 746: 745: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 709: 708: 707: 697: 696: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 665: 660: 652: 651: 650: 649: 644: 639: 638: 637: 627: 626: 625: 612: 611: 603: 602: 596: 595: 584: 583: 581: 580: 573: 566: 558: 555: 554: 551: 550: 545: 540: 535: 533:Metaphysicians 530: 525: 520: 515: 509: 503: 502: 501: 498: 497: 494: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 461:Metaphilosophy 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 431: 430: 425: 420: 415: 409: 403: 402: 401: 398: 397: 392: 391: 390: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 346: 345: 339: 338: 337: 336: 335: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 299: 298: 297: 287: 286: 285: 275: 274: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 238: 237: 236: 231: 226: 213: 212: 206: 205: 204: 203: 202: 201: 196: 186: 181: 176: 171: 170: 169: 164: 151: 150: 142: 136: 135: 134: 131: 130: 128: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 82: 79: 78: 70: 69: 63: 62: 47:Predictability 43:Predeterminism 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14117: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14092: 14090: 14069: 14068: 14062: 14058: 14056: 14055: 14049: 14045: 14043: 14042: 14032: 14030: 14029: 14025: 14024: 14021: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13995:Neo-Darwinism 13993: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13980:Functionalism 13978: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13938:Connectionism 13936: 13934: 13931: 13930: 13929: 13928:indeterminism 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13916: 13914: 13910: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13833: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13798: 13796: 13792: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13717: 13713: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13691: 13688: 13687: 13685: 13681: 13678: 13674: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13648:Schizophrenia 13646: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13633:Mental health 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13580: 13578: 13576: 13572: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13552: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13508:Mate guarding 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13468:Age disparity 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13455: 13453: 13451: 13447: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13420: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13398:Schizophrenia 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13333: 13332: 13329: 13328: 13326: 13324: 13323:Mental health 13319: 13318:Human factors 13315: 13309: 13308:Socialization 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13268:paternal bond 13265: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13247: 13245: 13243: 13239: 13233: 13230: 13226: 13223: 13222: 13221: 13218: 13214: 13211: 13210: 13209: 13206: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13188: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13175: 13172: 13171: 13170: 13167: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13154: 13153: 13150: 13149: 13147: 13145: 13141: 13133: 13132:Naïve physics 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13119: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13099: 13098:Motor control 13096: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13083: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13064: 13061: 13057: 13056:Ophidiophobia 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13046:Arachnophobia 13044: 13043: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12996: 12995: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12973:Display rules 12971: 12969: 12966: 12965: 12964: 12961: 12960: 12958: 12956: 12951: 12947: 12944: 12940: 12934: 12931: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12904: 12903: 12900: 12896: 12893: 12892: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12875:Kin selection 12873: 12869: 12866: 12865: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12823: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12813: 12811: 12809: 12803: 12797: 12794: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12769:Adaptationism 12767: 12766: 12765: 12762: 12758: 12755: 12754: 12753: 12750: 12749: 12746: 12742: 12735: 12730: 12728: 12723: 12721: 12716: 12715: 12712: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12689: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12671: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12619:Rudolf Carnap 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12554:Auguste Comte 12552: 12551: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12526:Francis Bacon 12524: 12522: 12519: 12518: 12516: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12503: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12455: 12454:Pseudoscience 12452: 12451: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12411: 12409: 12405: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12368: 12367: 12364: 12360: 12357: 12356: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12341: 12339: 12335: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12313:Structuralism 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12276: 12275:Received view 12273: 12271: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12253: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12183:Contextualism 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12155: 12153: 12149: 12143: 12140: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12127: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12095: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12062: 12059: 12058: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12011: 12007: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11994: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11961: 11958: 11957: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11934: 11931: 11930: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11907: 11904: 11903: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11896: 11892: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11877: 11875: 11871: 11867: 11860: 11855: 11853: 11848: 11846: 11841: 11840: 11837: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11806: 11803: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11758: 11756: 11752: 11746: 11745: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11683:Justification 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11622: 11618: 11616: 11614: 11610: 11609: 11607: 11605: 11601: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11559:Phenomenalism 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11549:Naïve realism 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11499:Contextualism 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11486: 11484: 11482: 11478: 11472: 11471: 11467: 11465: 11464:Vienna Circle 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11399:Hilary Putnam 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11374:Robert Nozick 11372: 11370: 11369:John McDowell 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11329:Immanuel Kant 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11299:Alvin Goldman 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11227: 11223: 11219: 11212: 11207: 11205: 11200: 11198: 11193: 11192: 11189: 11177: 11167: 11165: 11157: 11156: 11153: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11121:Phenomenology 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11083: 11081: 11077: 11068: 11067: 11063: 11058: 11057: 11053: 11048: 11047: 11043: 11038: 11037: 11033: 11028: 11027: 11023: 11018: 11017: 11013: 11008: 11007: 11003: 10998: 10997: 10993: 10988: 10987: 10983: 10978: 10977: 10973: 10968: 10967: 10963: 10958: 10957: 10953: 10948: 10947: 10943: 10938: 10937: 10933: 10928: 10927: 10923: 10918: 10917: 10913: 10908: 10907: 10903: 10898: 10897: 10893: 10888: 10887: 10883: 10882: 10880: 10878:Notable works 10876: 10870: 10869: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10624: 10622: 10620: 10616: 10610: 10609: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10436: 10433: 10432: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10380: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10350: 10348: 10344: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10282:Phenomenalism 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10202:Action theory 10200: 10198: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10188: 10184: 10177: 10172: 10170: 10165: 10163: 10158: 10157: 10154: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10094: 10088: 10084: 10080: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10045: 10043: 10041: 10037: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10007: 10005: 10001: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9986: 9984: 9982: 9978: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9965: 9962: 9958: 9955: 9954: 9953: 9950: 9949: 9947: 9945: 9941: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9911: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9894: 9889: 9887: 9882: 9880: 9875: 9874: 9871: 9859: 9858: 9854: 9852: 9851: 9847: 9844: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9813: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9758: 9756: 9752: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9682: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9665: 9660: 9658: 9653: 9651: 9646: 9645: 9642: 9630: 9629: 9625: 9623: 9622:Transcendence 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9459: 9456: 9452: 9445: 9440: 9438: 9433: 9431: 9426: 9425: 9422: 9410: 9409: 9400: 9398: 9397: 9386: 9385: 9382: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9336:Miscellaneous 9334: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9261: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9242: 9240: 9238: 9234: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9196: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9143: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9118: 9116: 9114: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9089: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9062: 9061: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9032:Miscellaneous 9030: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9018:Structuralism 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9003:Postmodernism 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8993:Phenomenology 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8942: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8930:Vienna Circle 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8860:Moral realism 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8771: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8724: 8721: 8720: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8704: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8662:Phenomenology 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8602:Individualism 8600: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8566: 8563: 8559: 8556: 8555: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8490: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8478: 8468: 8467:Judeo-Islamic 8465: 8464: 8462: 8460: 8456: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8444: 8443:ʿIlm al-Kalām 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8411: 8405: 8402: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8392:Shuddhadvaita 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8364: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8353: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8326:Scholasticism 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8305: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8250: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8217: 8213: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8161: 8160: 8157: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8143: 8140: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8084: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7949: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7887: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7826: 7822: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7777:Conceptualism 7775: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7761: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7733: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7706:Particularism 7704: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7690: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7673:Functionalism 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7658:Eliminativism 7656: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7642: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7599: 7593: 7590: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7581: 7578: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7563:Compatibilism 7561: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7552: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7524: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7502:Particularism 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7448: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7349: 7344: 7342: 7337: 7335: 7330: 7329: 7326: 7320: 7313: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7270:Indeterminism 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7260:Compatibilism 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7178: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7166:Technological 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7156:Psychological 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7136:Environmental 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7101: 7096: 7094: 7089: 7087: 7082: 7081: 7078: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7058: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7017: 7011: 7007: 7006:Penguin Press 7003: 7002: 6997: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6984: 6980: 6979:George Musser 6977: 6976: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6940:"Determinism" 6936: 6933: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6902: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6839: 6834: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6781: 6778: 6777:Physics Today 6774: 6771: 6768: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6738: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6704: 6697: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6663: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6614: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6575: 6567: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6516: 6510: 6503: 6496: 6491: 6485: 6481: 6474: 6467: 6462: 6456: 6452: 6445: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6400: 6393: 6389: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6373: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6353: 6345: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6330: 6322: 6320: 6311: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6285: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6264:0-8218-0806-0 6261: 6257: 6253: 6247: 6240: 6236: 6235: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6175: 6169: 6166:Karl Popper: 6163: 6155: 6149: 6142: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6124: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6026: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5948: 5940: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5878: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5849: 5843: 5836: 5830: 5823: 5817: 5810: 5804: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5690:9780199395675 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5573:9788120812048 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5496: 5494:9780415173636 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5448: 5446: 5445:niyati-vādins 5442: 5438: 5434: 5433:svabhāva-vāda 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5410:9781317538530 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5361: 5360: 5353: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5241: 5239: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5182: 5175: 5170: 5168:9781438420929 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5082: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4967: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4944: 4939: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4911: 4908: 4907:Michael Frede 4903: 4896: 4890: 4883: 4880: 4875: 4868: 4864: 4858: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4785: 4779: 4771: 4764: 4756: 4752: 4746: 4739: 4734: 4728: 4721: 4715: 4706: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4606: 4599: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4566: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4447: 4445:0-7923-2549-4 4441: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4408:Physics Today 4405: 4398: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4373: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4346: 4345:of that will. 4341: 4336: 4328: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4282: 4270: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4251: 4244: 4232: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4204: 4199: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4184:"Determinism" 4178: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4152: 4144: 4137: 4131: 4124: 4123:1-55786-857-3 4120: 4116: 4110: 4102: 4101: 4094: 4086: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3970: 3966: 3965: 3957: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3882: 3877: 3869: 3862: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3824: 3820: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3783: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3740: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3707: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3662: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3616: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3542: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3522: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3493: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3467: 3464:and there is 3463: 3459: 3453: 3451: 3446: 3444: 3438: 3436: 3435:Ernst Specker 3432: 3428: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3254:Quantum realm 3251: 3249: 3244: 3243:approximation 3240: 3236: 3232: 3226: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3198:. Because of 3197: 3193: 3189: 3179: 3176: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3158:ludic fallacy 3155: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3086:Christof Koch 3083: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3026:compatibilism 3023: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2880:reincarnation 2877: 2876:consciousness 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2802: 2790: 2785: 2783: 2778: 2776: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2767: 2764: 2754: 2753: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2703:P. A. Payutto 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2663:Hajime Tanabe 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2605:Sakya Chokden 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2590:Je Tsongkhapa 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2570:Sakya Pandita 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2550:Jñanasrimitra 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2357:Buddha-nature 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2337:Dharma theory 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2214:Lokottaravāda 2212: 2210: 2209:Prajñaptivāda 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2140: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2061:, upheld the 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2047:ancient India 2038: 2036: 2035:compatibilism 2032: 2028: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1902: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1881: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1862: 1859: 1851: 1841: 1835: 1833: 1826: 1817: 1816: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1757:B. F. Skinner 1754: 1753:probabilistic 1749: 1747: 1743: 1742:Ted Honderich 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1718:William James 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1690:Thomas Hobbes 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1614: 1613: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1591: 1590:materialistic 1587: 1583: 1580: 1579:occasionalism 1576: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1533:With the soul 1530: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1485:Compatibilism 1480: 1470: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1358: 1357:Jared Diamond 1355:and possibly 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321:, along with 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1307:B. F. Skinner 1304: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1195: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1171: 1169: 1168:creator deity 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1065: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1005: 1001: 999: 992: 988: 986: 982: 972: 964: 962: 957: 952: 950: 946: 945:compatibilism 940: 938: 934: 930: 929:indeterminism 926: 922: 918: 917:philosophical 914: 903: 898: 896: 891: 889: 884: 883: 881: 880: 875: 872: 870: 867: 866: 865: 864: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 830: 829: 828: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 804: 803: 802: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 756: 755: 752: 750: 747: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 714: 713: 710: 706: 703: 702: 701: 698: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 670: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 655: 654: 653: 648: 645: 643: 642:Indeterminism 640: 636: 633: 632: 631: 628: 624: 621: 620: 619: 616: 615: 614: 613: 609: 605: 604: 601: 598: 597: 594: 590: 589: 579: 574: 572: 567: 565: 560: 559: 557: 556: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 510: 506: 500: 499: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 476:Phenomenology 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 433: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 410: 406: 400: 399: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 349: 348: 347: 344: 341: 340: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 304: 303: 300: 296: 293: 292: 291: 288: 284: 281: 280: 279: 276: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 243: 242: 239: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 221: 220: 217: 216: 215: 214: 211: 208: 207: 200: 197: 195: 192: 191: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 168: 167:Ancient Greek 165: 163: 160: 159: 158: 155: 154: 153: 152: 149: 146: 145: 139: 133: 132: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 95: 84: 83: 81: 80: 76: 72: 71: 68: 65: 64: 60: 59: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 14065: 14052: 14039: 14026: 13923: 13785:Sociobiology 13643:Neuroscience 13623:Intelligence 13169:Anthropology 13122:Color vision 13107:Multitasking 13086:Flynn effect 13081:Intelligence 13063:Folk biology 12806:Evolutionary 12664:Larry Laudan 12644:Imre Lakatos 12599:Otto Neurath 12574:Karl Pearson 12564:Pierre Duhem 12536:Isaac Newton 12466:Protoscience 12424:Epistemology 12298:Anti-realism 12296: / 12277: / 12268: / 12255: 12254: / 12252:Reductionism 12250: / 12223:Inductionism 12203:Evolutionism 12008: 11895:a posteriori 11894: 11890: 11742: 11643:Common sense 11621:A posteriori 11620: 11612: 11574:Reductionism 11468: 11419:Gilbert Ryle 11289:Fred Dretske 11274:Keith DeRose 11218:Epistemology 11096:Epistemology 11064: 11054: 11044: 11034: 11024: 11014: 11004: 10994: 10984: 10974: 10964: 10954: 10944: 10934: 10924: 10914: 10906:Nyāya Sūtras 10904: 10894: 10884: 10866: 10782:Wittgenstein 10727:Schopenhauer 10606: 10597:Unobservable 10447:Intelligence 10377: 10317:Subjectivism 10312:Spiritualism 10227:Essentialism 10211: 10207:Anti-realism 10126:Misner space 10111:Gödel metric 10091:can contain 10052: 9855: 9848: 9801:Perdurantism 9626: 9552:Neoplatonism 9482:Antireligion 9401: 9387: 9058: 9049:Postcritique 9039:Kyoto School 8998:Posthumanism 8978:Hermeneutics 8833: / 8774:Contemporary 8750:Newtonianism 8713:Cartesianism 8672:Reductionism 8512: 8508:Conservatism 8503:Collectivism 8441: 8169:Sarvāstivadā 8147:Anekantavada 8072:Neoplatonism 8040:Epicureanism 7973:Pythagoreans 7912:Confucianism 7878:Contemporary 7868:Early modern 7772:Anti-realism 7726:Universalism 7683:Subjectivism 7567: 7479:Epistemology 7241:Essentialism 7106: 7038: 7004:. New York: 6999: 6986: 6965: 6947: 6943: 6909: 6905: 6897: 6893: 6848: 6844: 6829: 6825:. MIT Press. 6822: 6791:(5): 41–60. 6788: 6784: 6776: 6773:George Ellis 6766: 6756: 6747:Bibliography 6735: 6713: 6703: 6694: 6672: 6662: 6627: 6623: 6613: 6588: 6584: 6574: 6529: 6525: 6515: 6507: 6502: 6493: 6479: 6473: 6464: 6450: 6444: 6409: 6405: 6399: 6372: 6361: 6352: 6334:Bantam Books 6327: 6299: 6294: 6284: 6270: 6255: 6251: 6246: 6238: 6232: 6227: 6184: 6180: 6174: 6167: 6162: 6148: 6140: 6122: 6055: 6051: 6005:. New York: 6002: 5993: 5951: 5945: 5932: 5899: 5895: 5885: 5876: 5872: 5842: 5834: 5829: 5821: 5816: 5808: 5803: 5791:. Retrieved 5787: 5777: 5765:. Retrieved 5730: 5668: 5627: 5621: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5587: 5585: 5555: 5523: 5516: 5515: 5507: 5499: 5498: 5472: 5444: 5440: 5437:materialists 5432: 5429:saṅgati-vāda 5428: 5424: 5416: 5414: 5388: 5357: 5352: 5303: 5280:. Retrieved 5256: 5250: 5196: 5190: 5181: 5172: 5154: 5148: 5144: 5133: 5096: 5090: 5081: 5069:. Retrieved 5055: 5041: 5032: 4982: 4976: 4966: 4955: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4922: 4917: 4909: 4902: 4894: 4889: 4881: 4874: 4862: 4857: 4845: 4840: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4783: 4778: 4769: 4763: 4754: 4745: 4727: 4719: 4714: 4705: 4696: 4661: 4657: 4647: 4615: 4611: 4598: 4579: 4575: 4565: 4556: 4552: 4542: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4433: 4430:Peres, Asher 4424: 4407: 4397: 4386:Vaidman, Lev 4381: 4372: 4360: 4357:Grand Design 4352: 4343: 4335: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4298: 4288: 4279: 4272:. Retrieved 4257: 4250: 4241: 4234:. Retrieved 4220: 4210: 4201: 4187: 4177: 4165:. Retrieved 4150: 4143: 4135: 4130: 4114: 4109: 4099: 4093: 4074: 4068: 4060: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4009: 4005: 3990:. Retrieved 3985: 3976: 3968: 3963: 3956: 3948: 3939:(1): 49–58. 3936: 3932: 3926: 3917: 3897: 3893: 3885: 3868: 3860: 3853:. Retrieved 3848: 3839: 3827:. Retrieved 3822: 3808:. Retrieved 3804:the original 3799: 3790: 3763: 3759: 3739: 3731: 3717: 3695: 3681: 3672: 3651: 3627: 3589: 3585: 3575: 3563:. Retrieved 3559: 3549: 3529: 3521: 3509:. Retrieved 3505: 3496: 3470: 3454: 3447: 3439: 3424: 3405: 3394: 3378:John S. Bell 3376: 3371: 3366: 3356: 3344:interference 3332: 3320:applications 3302: 3257: 3228: 3185: 3167: 3154:Nassim Taleb 3150:Game of Life 3148:'s playable 3130: 3078:chaos theory 3071: 3011: 3006: 2982: 2951: 2943: 2935: 2911: 2905: 2900: 2892: 2872:karmic force 2867: 2851: 2847: 2835: 2829: 2822: 2743: 2673:D. T. Suzuki 2633:Ledi Sayadaw 2535:Śāntarakṣita 2470:Chandrakirti 2455:Buddhapālita 2420:Saṃghabhadra 2184:Vibhajyavāda 2122: 2114: 2106: 2085: 2078: 2062: 2044: 2024: 1999: 1989: 1977: 1967: 1965: 1952: 1939: 1908: 1895: 1882: 1875: 1869: 1854: 1845: 1829: 1807:imperfect." 1773:Presocratics 1770: 1750: 1686:Omar Khayyam 1648: 1637: 1633: 1617: 1607: 1600: 1551: 1536: 1524: 1517: 1501:libertarians 1482: 1467: 1431: 1418: 1367: 1336: 1332: 1292: 1282:heritability 1277: 1263: 1249: 1241: 1201: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1146:monotheistic 1136: 1103:teleological 1097: 1086: 1081: 1073: 1071: 1062: 1051: 1038:metaphysical 1032: 1015: 994: 990: 978: 970: 953: 941: 912: 911: 874:Tree diagram 869:Venn diagram 833:Independence 779:Markov chain 663:Sample space 629: 505:Philosophers 413:Epistemology 234:South Africa 189:Contemporary 138:Philosophies 55: 18:Undetermined 14095:Determinism 13924:Determinism 13836:Coevolution 13780:Primatology 13618:Gender role 13523:Orientation 13403:Screen time 13260:Affectional 13242:Development 12921:Mate choice 12848:By-products 12816:Adaptations 12779:Cognitivism 12654:Ian Hacking 12639:Thomas Kuhn 12624:Karl Popper 12604:C. D. Broad 12521:Roger Bacon 12449:Non-science 12391:Linguistics 12371:Archaeology 12266:Rationalism 12256:Determinism 12243:Physicalism 12208:Fallibilism 12158:Coherentism 12088:Testability 12041:Observation 12036:Objectivity 11997:alternative 11928:Correlation 11918:Consilience 11723:Proposition 11693:Objectivity 11579:Reliabilism 11569:Rationalism 11514:Fallibilism 11489:Coherentism 11434:Ernest Sosa 11409:Thomas Reid 11394:James Pryor 11364:G. E. Moore 11354:David Lewis 11344:Saul Kripke 11339:Peter Klein 11319:Susan Haack 11249:Robert Audi 10926:Metaphysics 10910:(c. 200 BC) 10900:(c. 350 BC) 10890:(c. 350 BC) 10777:Collingwood 10682:Malebranche 10430:Information 10358:Anima mundi 10337:Type theory 10292:Physicalism 10257:Materialism 10212:Determinism 10183:Metaphysics 10116:Kerr metric 10053:Determinism 9994:Causal loop 9900:Time travel 9827:Metaphysics 9771:Endurantism 9745:Temporality 9582:Panentheism 9562:New Thought 9507:Esotericism 9472:Agnosticism 9044:Objectivism 8983:Neo-Marxism 8945:Continental 8855:Meta-ethics 8835:Coherentism 8740:Hegelianism 8677:Rationalism 8637:Natural law 8617:Materialism 8543:Historicism 8513:Determinism 8404:Navya-Nyāya 8179:Sautrāntika 8174:Pudgalavada 8110:Vaisheshika 7963:Presocratic 7863:Renaissance 7802:Physicalism 7787:Materialism 7693:Normativity 7678:Objectivism 7663:Emergentism 7653:Behaviorism 7602:Metaphysics 7568:Determinism 7507:Rationalism 7226:Illusionism 7171:Theological 7107:Determinism 6851:(1): 3–28. 6763:John Earman 6591:: 122–129. 6058:(1): 3–28. 5618:other sects 5425:niyati-vāda 5417:determinism 5103:: 435–454. 4989:: 575–583. 4927:omniscience 4808:(1): 3–15. 4751:"Free Will" 4679:10871/34537 4618:: 195–247. 4274:22 December 4236:22 December 4167:22 December 4035:: 714–724. 3992:20 December 3855:19 December 3829:20 December 3816:. See also 3810:20 December 3511:23 February 3429:, by Bell, 3324:transistors 3114:ontological 2975:materialist 2610:Mikyö Dorje 2530:Jñānagarbha 2450:Dharmakirti 2435:Buddhadatta 2430:Buddhaghosa 2234:Pramāṇavāda 2204:Pudgalavada 2199:Sautrāntika 2109:) from the 2033:believe in 1798:as well as 1761:mechanistic 1738:John Searle 1539:materialism 1299:Behaviorism 1238:Many-worlds 1232:animal cell 1142:predestined 1133:Theological 1127:omniscience 1012:Nomological 998:self-caused 983:(a sort of 913:Determinism 789:Random walk 630:Determinism 618:Probability 428:Metaphysics 343:By religion 199:Continental 179:Renaissance 14089:Categories 13871:Population 13866:Lamarckism 13712:behavioral 13690:Behavioral 13638:Narcissism 13583:Aggression 13373:Hypophobia 13363:Depression 13250:Attachment 13232:Universals 13196:Psychology 13174:Biological 13162:Musicology 13152:Aesthetics 13051:Basophobia 12858:Exaptation 12836:Reciprocal 12541:David Hume 12514:Precursors 12396:Psychology 12376:Economics‎ 12270:Empiricism 12261:Pragmatism 12248:Positivism 12238:Naturalism 12108:scientific 11992:Hypothesis 11955:Experiment 11824:Discussion 11814:Task Force 11733:Simplicity 11713:Perception 11589:Skepticism 11564:Positivism 11539:Infinitism 11504:Empiricism 11359:John Locke 11324:David Hume 11314:Anil Gupta 11309:Paul Grice 11284:John Dewey 11254:A. J. Ayer 10986:Monadology 10920:(c. 80 BC) 10627:Parmenides 10512:Perception 10410:Experience 10297:Relativism 10272:Naturalism 10222:Enactivism 10083:Spacetimes 10058:Eternalism 10025:Multiverse 9806:Presentism 9776:Eternalism 9725:Eviternity 9607:Shramanism 9587:Polytheism 9567:Nondualism 9542:Monotheism 9522:Henotheism 9517:Gnosticism 9462:Abrahamism 9343:Amerindian 9250:Australian 9189:Vietnamese 9169:Indonesian 8718:Kantianism 8667:Positivism 8657:Pragmatism 8632:Naturalism 8612:Liberalism 8590:Subjective 8528:Empiricism 8432:Avicennism 8377:Bhedabheda 8261:East Asian 8184:Madhyamaka 8164:Abhidharma 8030:Pyrrhonism 7797:Nominalism 7792:Naturalism 7721:Skepticism 7711:Relativism 7701:Absolutism 7630:Naturalism 7540:Deontology 7512:Skepticism 7497:Naturalism 7487:Empiricism 7451:Aesthetics 7355:Philosophy 7221:Falliblism 7151:Linguistic 7146:Historical 7121:Biological 6932:found here 6785:Complexity 6637:2303.08802 6539:1912.06462 6141:Complexity 5793:26 January 5699:2013017925 5525:asceticism 5469:"Fatalism" 5441:daiva-vāda 5159:SUNY Press 5048:"Fatalism" 4850:Heraclitus 3586:The Monist 3565:20 January 3483:References 3462:Niels Bohr 3450:Paul Dirac 3420:Tim Palmer 3367:absolutely 3273:empiricism 3196:stochastic 3110:parameters 3040:, and the 2999:301), the 2989:Pāli Canon 2958:Pāli Canon 2698:Buddhadasa 2595:Longchenpa 2555:Ratnakīrti 2540:Haribhadra 2475:Shantideva 2440:Dhammapāla 2415:Vasubandhu 2410:Harivarman 2327:Middle Way 2297:Abhidharma 2224:Madhyamaka 2194:Vaibhāṣika 2178:Traditions 2103:liberation 1984:). 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